jrxGef;atmif · 4 jrxGef;atmif rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 84^95(2) pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf trSwf - 538^94(9) apmifa& - 500 wefzdk; - 85 usyf xkwfa0onfhtBudrf - yxrtBudrf xkwfa0onfhv

jrxGef;atmif4

rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 84^95(2)

pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf trSwf - 538^94(9)

apmifa& - 500

wefzdk; - 85 usyf

xkwfa0onfhtBudrf - yxrtBudrf

xkwfa0onfhv - 1995-ck? Zlvdkifv

- yHkES dyfol -- yHkES dyfol -- yHkES dyfol -- yHkES dyfol -- yHkES dyfol -

a':cifa<u(04780)? &wemrÍÆLyHkESdyfwdkuf?

207? a0Z,EÅmvrf;? 16^2 &yfuGuf? oCFef;uRef;/

- xkwfa0ol -- xkwfa0ol -- xkwfa0ol -- xkwfa0ol -- xkwfa0ol -

OD;&Jjrifh (01049)

wufvrf;pmay

967? ya'om&yfuGuf? apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;?

tif;pdef? &efukefNrdKU/

- jzefYcsDol -- jzefYcsDol -- jzefYcsDol -- jzefYcsDol -- jzefYcsDol -

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

c^55 (at)? uRef;a&T0gvrf;? bk&ifhaemifyGJ½Hkwef;?

r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/

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jrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmifjrxGef;atmif

jrxGef;atmif6

yef Mum; vTm

- pmayonf vlrsdK;\ OD;aESmuf

- pmayonf vlrsdK;\ ESvHk;

- pmayonf vlrsdK;\ aoG;aMum jzpfonf/

- EIwfwpf&m pmwpfaMumif;

- pmayr&SdvQif vlrsdK;r&SdEdkif

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- rdrdpmayudk wdk;wufjrifhrm;atmif

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xkwfa0ol\ trSm .... 11

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8/ ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh

vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; .... 114

9/ NAdwdoQcGmppf .... 130

10/ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; .... 137

11/ ESpf&Spfq,fausmfu ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu;

aumfrwD .... 156

12/ &cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pmrsm; .... 167

13/ ]a[;} \ &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;

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14/ &cdkifpmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm; .... 186

jrxGef;atmif8

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aomif;aomif;jzjz

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a'ydkif&mav? oligoifum;

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(q&m jrxGef;atmiftm; þuAsmjzifh *kPfjyKtyfygonf)(q&m jrxGef;atmiftm; þuAsmjzifh *kPfjyKtyfygonf)(q&m jrxGef;atmiftm; þuAsmjzifh *kPfjyKtyfygonf)(q&m jrxGef;atmiftm; þuAsmjzifh *kPfjyKtyfygonf)(q&m jrxGef;atmiftm; þuAsmjzifh *kPfjyKtyfygonf)

jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)jrifhaqGarmif (awmifukwf)


pma&;ol\ trSmpma&;ol\ trSmpma&;ol\ trSmpma&;ol\ trSmpma&;ol\ trSm

pm½Iolrsm;odk Ypm½Iolrsm;odk Ypm½Iolrsm;odk Ypm½Iolrsm;odk Ypm½Iolrsm;odk Y

&cdkifwefaqmifESif h &cdkifr*¾Zif;wdk YrSm &cdkifpmayavmuwGif

oufwrf; t&SnfqHk;r*¾Zif;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif; ESpfapmifrSm ikyfwpfcg

ay:wpfvSnfh tm;oGefBudK;pm;quf vufcsDwufaeqJ jzpfygonf/ tjcm;

&cdkifrS pmapmifrsm;? r*¾Zif;rsm;rSm wpfBudrfESpfBudrffavmufom xkwfa0EdkifNyD;

&yfqdkif; cJhMu&ygonf/

&cdkifESifhywfoufonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0onfrSm tvGef

enf;yg;ygonf/ oHk;av;ESpfMumonfhwdkif xGufrvm EdkifcJhyg/ &cdkifvli,frsm;

u &cdkifa&;&mESifhywfoufonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk zwf½Ivdkí ar;jref;onfh

tcg ñTefjyay; Edkifonfh pmtkyfpmwrff;rsm; tvGefenf;aeojzifh tm;rvdk

tm;r& jzpf&ygonf/

&cdkifhwefaqmif? &cdkifr*¾Zif;ESifh tjcm;&cdkifxkwfr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif

tcGifhtcgBuHKwdkif; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;avh&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfa&;onfh

aqmif;yg;aygif; (20)ausmf &Sdygonf/ ,if; aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm q,fhudk;&mpkESifh

ESpfq,f&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; &cdkifwdkY\ ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ESifh

tjcm;taMumif; &mrsm;udk a&;om;xm;onfh aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfygonf/ tcsdKU

aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm vGefcJhonfh ESpfESpfq,fausmfu xkwfa0cJhonfh pmapmifrsm;

wGif azmfjycJhojzifh ,cktcg zwf½I&ef rvG,fawmhyg/ uRefawmfhxHrSmyif

rl&if;pmrlrsm; r&Sdawmhyg/

ppfawG? txu trSwf(4)rS ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;Aodef;ESifh

OD;vSjrifhwdkYu uRefawmfa&;cJhonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk jyefxkwf&ef wdkufwGef;

Muygonf/ OD;Aodef;u olUrSm&Sdonf &cdkifhwefaqmifESifh &cdkifr*¾Zif;wdkUrS

oifhawmfonfh uRefawmfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;ygonf/ OD;vSjrifhu

jrxGef;atmif10

wm0ef,l xkwfa0&ef ajymojzifh vufcHvdkufygonf/ ,if;aMumifh aqmif;yg;

rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;ay;onfh a&;azmf OD;Aodef;ESifh OD;vSjrifhwdkYtm; aus;Zl;

wif&SdaMumif; azmfjyvdkygonf/

aqmif;yg;yg vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifh ,if;wdkY\ &mxl;bGJUwHqdyf awmfrsm;rSm

,if;acwftcgu tac:ta0:rsm; jzpfonfudk owdjyK&ef jzpfygonf/

aqmif;yg;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk jyifqifjznfhpGuf xkwfEkwfxm;jcif; r&SdbJ

r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmf jycJhonfhtwdkif; jyefvnfwifjyxm;ygonf/


1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/1994-ck? ZGefv (12)&uf/


xkwfa0ol trSmpmxkwfa0ol trSmpmxkwfa0ol trSmpmxkwfa0ol trSmpmxkwfa0ol trSmpm

udkvdkeDqdkaom a0g[m&udk i,fpOfynmoifMum;cJhcsdefrSpí rMum

cP Mum;emrSwfom;cJh&onf/ udkvdkeDb0odkY wpfEdkifiHvHk; usa&mufcJhpOfu

udkvdkeDb0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf cufcJeufeJ tepfemcH BudK;yrf;vIyf&Sm;rI

rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;\ t&if;tESD;rsm;yif r[kwfygavm/

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cH&aom EdkifiHESifhvlrsdK;wdkYrSmum; qHk;½HI;rIrsm;pGmyif/ udkvdkeDjyKcH&aom vlrsdK;wdkY

onf olUuRefb0wGif qHk;½HI;cJhaom tcGifhta&;wdkYudk jyefvnf&&Sdatmif

BudK;yrf;Mu&onf/

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onf/ jyKolwdkYudkvnf; &GH&Smonf/ w&m;aomenf;jzifh Opöm&Smvdkolrsm;

r[kwf/ avmbBuD;olwdkY\ rw&m;vdkcsif wyfrufrI[k i,fpOfu oifMum;cJh

&aom ausmif;oifcef;pmwdkYrS ay;aomtodudk &&SdcJhonf/

wpfEdkifiHvHk; udkvdkeDb0odkY a&mufcJhpOfu uREkfyfwdkY&cdkif jynfonf

vnf; olUuRefb0 a&mufcJhonf/ olUuRefb0wGif rw&m;rIudk &ufpufpGm

cHcJh&onf/ jyKorQ EkcJhMu&onf/ olUuRefqdkaom a0g[m&ESifhtnD cg;pnf;cH

&aom 'Pf&mwdkY onf ,aeYwdkif raysmufjy,fEdkifao;yg/ tppt&m&mwGif

acwfaemufusjcif;? tawG;tac:t,ltq ysufpD;jcif;? acwfrrDjcif;?

pnf;urf;ysufjcif;? pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI uif;rJhjcif;? wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;?

pD;yGm;a&; crwfjcHKusjcif; paompaom tarGqdk;rsm; &&SdcJhonf/ xdkqdk;arGrsm;

ESifhqufEG,fí aoG;xdk; rI? aoG;cGJrIjyKjcif;wdkY\ 'Pf&m'PfcsufwdkYudk ,aeYwdkif

cHpm; ae&qJyif r[kwfygvm;/

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rwD;acgufrdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aphpyfaocsmpGm avhvma&;om;

EdkifcJhonf/ aemifvm aemufom;wdkY od&SdEdkif&ef pHjy(wifjycsuf)yif jzpfygonf/

jrxGef;atmif12

uRefawmfonf i,fpOfuyif q&ma&;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk

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,cifvnf; rSefonf/ ,aeYvnf; rSefonf/ aemifvnf; rSefrnf/ udkvdkeD

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vmbfudk jy wwf\/ pum;<u,fonf/ rm,mrsm;onf/ vSnfhpm;wwfonf/

rufvHk;ay;wwfonf/ odkYaomf rsdK;cspfpdwf&SdolwdkYtwGufum; ,if;tcsuf

tvufwdkYonf ydef;Mumzufay: a&rwif ouJhodkY t&mra&muf c&D;rayguf

Edkifay/

,ck cufcJpGm pk½Hk;pDpOfxkwfa0aom q&mhaqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfí

rSwfí aemifvmaemufom;rsm; ]]wpfOD;wpfa,muf}} rQavmufcefY ZmwdaoG;?

Zmwdrmefwuf<uNyD; udkvdkeDb0 jzpf &yfrSefrsm;ESifh olUuRefb0\ 'ku©t00udk

em;vnfoabm aygufum rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf &SifoefEdkifygap[k qkawmif;rdyg

onf/

þaqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;ay;aom uRefawmhfi,fq&m armifAodef;

(ppfawG)tm; þpmtkyfxkwfa0rIjzifh uefawmhyg onf/

&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;&cdkifvSjrif hESif hnDrsm;

(5-7-1995?(5-7-1995?(5-7-1995?(5-7-1995?(5-7-1995?

Ak'¨[l;aeY)Ak'¨[l;aeY)Ak'¨[l;aeY)Ak'¨[l;aeY)Ak'¨[l;aeY)

03 ; 50 em&D/03 ; 50 em&D/03 ; 50 em&D/03 ; 50 em&D/03 ; 50 em&D/


(pmjyKpkol)(pmjyKpkol)(pmjyKpkol)(pmjyKpkol)(pmjyKpkol)


jrxGef;atmif14


(1940)(1940)(1940)(1940)(1940)

(udk,fa&;tusOf;)(udk,fa&;tusOf;)(udk,fa&;tusOf;)(udk,fa&;tusOf;)(udk,fa&;tusOf;)

&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifppfawG?

ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif; ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;?

a':rrBuD;wdkY\ q|rajrmufom; jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU abmif;'Gwfom;pk

Zmwdjzpfonf/ trnf &if;rSm jrxGef;atmif jzpfonf/

&cdkifvlrIa&; toif;tzGJUrsm;wGif i,fpOfuyif yg0ifaqmif&Guf

cJhonf/

&cd kifpmayaumfrwD (&efukef)rS xkwfa0onfh &cd kifñGef Yzl;

,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;rsm; pmtkyfESifh &cdkifñGefYzl;uAsmrsm; pmtkyfudk pkaygif;

acgif;aqmifwm0ef,l xkwfa0cJhonf/ &cdkif o[m,toif; (&efukef)\

aiG&wkpmapmifwGif wm0efcH pmwnf;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1968-ckrS pwifNyD; &cdkifordkif;a&;&mESifhywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;

rsm;udk &cdkifhwefaqmif? &cddkifñGefYzl;ESifh &cdkifr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a&;om;cJhonf/

&cdkifordkif;a&;&m? txl;ojzifh NAdwdoQudkvdkeDacwf &cdkifwdkY\ tajctaeudk

tav;ay; a&;om;onf/ jrxGef;atmif trnfjzifh vnf;aumif;? xGef;atmif

(abmif;'Gwf) trnfjzifhvnf;aumif; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/

tdrfaxmif&SdoljzpfNyD; om;ESpfa,muf &Sdonf/ tpdk;& trIxrf;

wpfOD;jzpfNyD; &efukefwGifaexdkifvsuf &Sdonf/


ESpfq,f&mpk

q,fpkESpfoHk;cktwGif;

xif&Sm;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

jrxGef;atmif

NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf (1824 rS 1885-cktxd) ESpfaygif; (60)

ausmftwGif; ppfoHk;Budrf qifETJNyD; tavmif;rif;w&m;? bdk;awmfbk&m;wdkY

odrf;ydkufwnfaxmifcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk tNyD;tydkif odrf;,lvdkufonf/

,if;jrefrmEdkifiHudk r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;u trSL;jyKí ta&;ydkif? e,fydkif?

NrdKUtkyfpaom t&m&SdwdkYjzifh tpyxrwGif tkyfcsKyfaponf/ odkY&mwGif t&m&Sd

tkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;om jzpf onf/

1897 ck? arv (1) &ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfudk tdEd,EdkifiH\ jynfe,f

wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHtm; tkyfcsKyfaponf/ 'kwd,

bk&ifcHtm; ulnDwdkifyif&ef rif;wdkifyiftrwf(9)OD;yg0ifaom Oya'jyK

tzGJUwpfckudkvnf; zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ odkY&mwGif Oya'jyKjcif;? jyifqifjcif;?

zsufodrf;jcif; tmPmwdkYrSm 'kwd,bk&ifcHüom &Sdonf/ twdkifyifcH rif;wdkif

yiftrwf (9)OD;rSm bk&ifcHtm; tMuHay;½Hkomjzpfonf/ 1919-ckwGif rif;wdkif

yiftrwf (15)OD;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 1920-ckwGif rif;wdkifyif trwf (28)OD;

jzifh vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,bk&ifcH twdkifyifcH Oya'jyKtzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh

onf/ AsL½dkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfom jzpfonf/

1917-ckESpfavmufwGif EdkifiHa&;Edk;Mum;pjyKvmonf[k qdk&ayrnf/

,if;ESpf Mo*kwfv(20)&ufwGif rGefaw*l aMunmcsuf xGufay:vmonf/

0dkif-trf-bD-at toif;rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIonfvnf; EdkifiHa&;toGif wjznf;

jznf;ajymif;vJvm onf/ 1910-ck 'DZifbmvwGif 'kwd,bk&ifcH qmtmom

jrxGef;atmif16

u&ufa'gufu tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (u&ufa'gufpuif;)udk xkwfjyefcJh&m

q&mawmfOD;Owår trSL;&Sdaom jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvHk;u uefYuGufrIrsm;

ay:aygufcJhonf/

1920-ckwGif &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'udk qefYusifonfhtae

jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1923-ck

Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYrSpí 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzifh jrefrmjynfudk NAdwdoQ

e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u tkyfcsKyfonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufcHolrsm;ESifh

vufrcHolrsm;[lí uGJjym;vmNyD; *sDpDbDattoif;rSmvnf; ESpfjcrf;uGJ&onf/

[kr®½l;tkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&ef awmif;qdkonfh a<u;aMumfoHrSm jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;

wkef[nf;vsuf&Sdaeonf/

1922-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf yxr

tBudrf rif;wdkifyif a&G;aumufyGJudk jyKvkyfonf/ ,if; 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;

pepft& Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif rif;wdkifyiftrwf (79)OD; &Sdonf/ bk&ifcHrSm

qm[mukwfbwåvmjzpfonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf rif;wdkifyifa&G;aumufyGJudk

1925-ckwGif jyKvkyfonf/ 'dkiftmcDvTwfawmftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfae

onfhtcsdef 0ef;usifwpf0dkufumvtwGif; EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh

tkyfcsKyfa&; u@toD;oD;wGif yg0ifcJhMuaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;xJrS xif&Sm;

aom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; &SdcJhonf/

,if;xif&Sm;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;rSm t*Fvdyf-jrefrm 'kwd,ppfyGJ

rjzpfrDESifh jzpfNyD;aemufydkif;umvtwGif; zGm;jrifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ azmfjycJh

aom jrefrmhordkif;pOfwGif u@pOf wpfckckü yg0ifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/

1927ckESpf aemufydkif; umvxd ESpfaygif; (40)ausmf (50)udk jzwfausmfcJhol

rsm;jzpfMuonf/

,if;xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;\ udk,fa&;rSwfwrf;

rsm;udk BudK;pm;jyefqdkwifjyygonf/ ,if;odkY jyefqdkwifjy&mrSm NyD;jynfhpHkatmif

wifjyjcif;r[kwfbJ tydkif;cGJNyD; tydkif;(1)tjzpf pkpnf;wifjyvdkufygonf/

OD;apmvSatmifOD;apmvSatmifOD;apmvSatmifOD;apmvSatmifOD;apmvSatmif

Oya'jyK rif;wdkifyiftrwf jzpfonf/ a&SUaewpfOD;jzpfNyD; ppfawGNrdKU

wGif aexdkifonf/ 1888-ck? Mo*kwfv 14-&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrif

onf/ pdeftefY(pf)aumfAef? ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukef

pdef*Ref;aumvdyfwdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1911-ckwGif a&SUaerSwfyHkwif


onf/ 1921-ckwGif ppfawGrJqEé,frS Oya'jyKvTwfawmf rif;wdkifyif

trwftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1926-ckwGif 'kwd,tBudrf Oya'jyK

vTwfawmf rif;wdkifyiftrwftjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fcH&onf/ wpfoD;yk*¾v

rif;wdkifyiftrwf jzpfonf/ tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm

vrf;rBuD; ppfawGNrdKUjzpfonf/

OD;pHatmif OD;pHatmif OD;pHatmif OD;pHatmif OD;pHatmif (K.S.M, A.T.M)

XmecsKyfvufaxmufESifh ppfawGc½dkif &mbufw&m;olBuD; jzpfonf/

1879-ck Mo*kwfv (13)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ uG,fvGefol

tNidrf;pm; txl;vufaxmufrif; BuD; OD;pHvSabmf\ om;jzpfonf/ ppfawG

tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;? pdefYZAD;,m;ESifh umvuwåm; a'ADwefaumvdyfwdkY

wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/

1899-ck? rwfv(24)&ufaeYwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf wm0ef

xrf;aqmifonf/ 1900-jynfhwGif ,m,DNrdKUtkyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? udk,fpm;

vTJtyfjcif;cH&aom ,pfrsdK;t&m&Sd tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ar(5)&ufrS 1902ck?

'DZifbm(23)&ufaeYtxd wm0efxrff;aqmifonf/ txl;vufaxmuf

wdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpfvnf; 1916-ck? pufwifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif wm0ef

xrf;aqmifonf/ ,m,Dc½dkif0eftjzpf 1920-ck? rwfv(27)&ufaeYwGif

wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ti,fwef;tpdk;&twGif; 0eftjzpf 1923-ck?

Mo*kwfv(28)&ufwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ XmecsKyfvufaxmufESifh

ppfawGc½dkif &mbufw&m;olBuD;tjzpf 1925-ck? atmufwdkbmv(24)&uf

aeYwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/

1913-ckwGif A.T.M bGJUudk vnf;aumif;? 1922-ckwGif K.S.M

bGJUudk vnf;aumif;? csD;usL;*kPfjyKxdkufaom trIxrf;aqmifrItwGuf

tpdk;&\ csD;jr§ifhjcif;udk cH&onf/ 1926-ck? vTwfawmfwGif bk&ifcHrdefYMum;

onfh rdefYcGef;ü trnfxkwfazmf ajymMum;jcif; cH&oljzpfonf/ tdrfaxmif&Sdol

jzpfonf/ xl;cRefaom tm;upm;orm;wpfOD;jzpfonf/

umvuwåm;wGif ynmoifMum;pOfu aoewfudkif uRrf;usifrI

aMumifh bk&ifcHcsKyf\ qkwHqdyfcsD;jr§ifhjcif; cH&oljzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm

ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/

jrxGef;atmif18

OD;a&TZHatmif OD;a&TZHatmif OD;a&TZHatmif OD;a&TZHatmif OD;a&TZHatmif (B.A, K.S.M, A.T.M)

1871-ck Zefe0g&DvwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ uG,fvGefol

c½dkif&J0ef OD;a&Tom I.S.O, K.S.M, A.T.M \om; jzpfonf/ 1881-ckwGif

ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ü ynmoifMum;onf/ 1885-ckwGif

tv,fwef;ynm&nfcRefqkudk qGwfcl;cJhonf/ 1891-cktxd &efukef

aumvdyfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ rpö½dkif;a';ApfESifh yl;wGJ

bmomjyefqdkcJhaom bmoma&;qdkif&mpmayrsm;rSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ EdkifiH

twGuf rSwfwrf;wifwm0efxrf;aqmifcsufrsm; jzpfonf/

Ak'¨\ eufeJcufcJaom oabmw&m;rsm;udk bmomjyefqdkcJhonf/

Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;\ av;pm;jcif;cH&aomausmfMum;xif&Sm;onfh yxrqHk;

jrefrmtrsdK;om; wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ol\bmomjyefqdkrIaMumifh taemufwdkif;

om;rsm;\rsufpdudk yGifhaponf/ ol\*EÅ0ifpmayrSm Ak'¨\tbd"r®mudk

tusOf;csHK;NyD; a&;om;xm;aom The Compendium of Philosophy pmtkyf

jzpfonf/

,if;rSm t*FvefEdkifiH\ Ak'¨pmaye,fwGif vufudkifxm;&aom

pmtkyfjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHokawoe*sme,fwGifvnf; wefzdk;&Sdaom aqmif;

yg; tajrmuftjrm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/

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wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ,if;XmewGif ESpftawmfMum wm0efxrf;aqmifNyD;

aemuf 1902-ckwGif jrefrmEdkifiH ti,fwef;jynfolU0efxrf;tjzpf ajymif;a&TU

wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1907-ckwGif wdkif;tqifhjynfolU0efxrf;tjzpf

wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf 1909-ckwGif ajrusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; ae&mcsxm;

iSm;&rf;cudpöESifh ywfoufí txl;wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;udkcH&onf/

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jzpfonf/ OD;a&TZHatmif\ axmufcHwifjycsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&mu

vufcHoabmwlMu&onf/ ol\pmtkyfjym (Blue Print)rSm ,cktcsdefxd

rSDjirf;jyKudk;um;tm;xm;&onf/ &efukefNrdKU ajrt&m&Sd½H k;wGif wm0ef

xrf;aqmifpOf ol\wefzdk;&Sdaom wm0efxrf;aqmifrIaMumifh 1914-ckwGif

A.T.M bGJUudk tyfESHjcif;cH&onf/ wGHaw;wl;ajrmif;azmuf&ef ajrodrf;qnf;

a&;twGuf tvGefta&;BuD;aomwm0efudk 1902-ckwGif tyfESif;jcif;

cH&onf/


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[Hom0wD c½dkif0eftjzpf ESpfBudrfwdkif ,m,Dwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/

b@mawmfrif;BuD;\ ,m,DtwGif;0eftjzpf 1920-ckwGif wm0ef rxrf;

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xrf;aqmif&onfh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh 0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; oxHkNrdKUol

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,if;aMumifh wm0eftqifhqifh wdk;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onfh 0efxrf;rsm;wGif xdyfwef;

u yg0ifcJholjzpfonf/

tpdk;&trIxrf; t&mxrf;rsm;wGif OD;a&TZHatmif\ aqGrsdK;

awmfpyfolrsm;&Sdonf/ a'gufwmomEdk; K.S.M, A.T.M rSm OD;a&TZHatmif\

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a'gufwmom'dk; M.B., Ch.B(Edin) wdkYrSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ wlrsm;jzpfonf/

uG,fvGefoltxl;vufaxmuf wdkif;rif;BuD;OD;xGef;atmif\orD;ESif h

tdrffaxmif jyKcJhonf/

OD;atmifBuD;OD;atmifBuD;OD;atmifBuD;OD;atmifBuD;OD;atmifBuD;

a&SUaewpfOD; jzpfonf/ 1864-ck? {NyDv 24&ufwGif oHwGJNrdKUü

zGm;jrifonf/ umvuwåm; pdef Y*s d K UZuf txufwef; ausmif;wGif

ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmif jrifcJhonf/ 1883-84wGif

ynma&;Xmeü wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH ti,fwef; y#dnmOf

jrxGef;atmif20

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jrLeDpDy,ftzG JU\ Ouú| jzpfonf/ jrefrmEd kifiH Oya'jyKvTwfawmf

rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/

a':cifESifh tdrffaxmifjyKcJhonf/ orD;oHk;OD;? om;oHk;OD; xGef;um;

cJhonf/ uyÜwdef H.atmifcif? I.Ms, B.WbxGef;? M.A, LL.B jrefrm

EdkifiHw&m;a&;0efxrf;ESifh vef'efvif;uGef;tif; ausmif;om; P.atmifBuD;wdkY

jzpfMuonf/ tyef;ajztm;upm;tjzpf vrf;avQmufonf/ tNrJwrf;

ae&yfrSm ausmufjzLNrdKU jzpfonf/

OD;ausmfZHvSOD;ausmfZHvSOD;ausmfZHvSOD;ausmfZHvSOD;ausmfZHvS

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Edk0ifbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ ppfawGNrdKUESifh &efukef

aumvdyfwdkYwGif ynmoifMum; cJhonf/ NrdKUtkyf? w&m;olBuD;? &efukef puf&Sif

w&m;olBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ &efukef&mbufw&m;olBuD;ESifh

ppfudkif;c½dkifw&m;olBuD;? puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;tjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmif

cJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU c&pfvrf;rS OD;zdk;rif;\orD;ESifh tdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf/

tyef;ajztm;upm;tjzpf wif;epfupm;onf/ &efukef tdk&D,ifhuvyf?

&efukefjrefrm0efxrf;rsm;uvyftzGJU0if jzpfonf/ ae&yfrSm zsmyHkNrdKU jzpfonf/

OD;yef;vS OD;yef;vS OD;yef;vS OD;yef;vS OD;yef;vS A.T.M

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pDy,ftzGJUOuú|vnf;jzpfonf/ 1862-ck? Edk0if bmv(16)&ufaeYwGif

ppfawGNrdKUü zGm;jrifonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifpHeDBuD; aemufawmfyg; oif;0efrSL;

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OD;yef;vSonf OD;pHvSabmf\ 'kwd,om;jzpfonf/ OD;pHvSabmfudk

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c½dkifcGJt&m&Sdtjzpfjzifh 1897-ckrS 1911ckxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/

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trIxrf;aumif; wHqdyf&rif;?

- K.S.M: Kyettaye Zaung Shwe Salwe Ya Min

usufoa&aqmif a&TpvG,f&rif;?

- T.D.M: Thuye Gaung Ngawe Daya Min

ol&Jaumif; aiG"m;&rif;?

- I.S.O: Inperial Service Order

- I.S.M : Indian Medical Service

- E.A.C: Extra Assistant Commissioner

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1990- azazmf0g&Dv/1990- azazmf0g&Dv/1990- azazmf0g&Dv/1990- azazmf0g&Dv/1990- azazmf0g&Dv/

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udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk udk 1904ckwGif atmifjrifonf/ 0wfvHkbGJUudk (Grey's Inn) rS 1910ckwGifrS 1910ckwGifrS 1910ckwGifrS 1910ckwGifrS 1910ckwGif

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of School Pegu Circle) tjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawGtjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawGtjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawGtjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawGtjzpf 1916-ckwGif xrf;aqmifonf/ ppfawG

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Schools Akyab Circle) tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/tjzpf 1917ckrS 1921cktxd xrf;aqmifonf/

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vkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGifvkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGifvkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGifvkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGifvkyfom;aumvdyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ynma&;avmuwGif

xif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ckxif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ckxif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ckxif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ckxif& Sm;onf h y k* d ¾ KvfwpfO D ; jzp fonf/ q&mBuD;O D ;p Ha& Tonf 1973-ck

pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/


]]&cdkifc½dkif ppfawGNrdKUü wnfaqmufxm;aom t*Fvdyf-jrefrm

ESpfbmomtpdk;&ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif ausmif;om; OD;& (700)txd&Sdí

arNrdKUü wnfaxmifxm;aom Oa&mywdkufom;uav;i,frsm;twGuf tpdk;&

pmoifausmif;ürl ausmif;om;ta&twGuf(120)rQom&SdaMumif;? odkYaomf

arNrdKUausmif;twGuf tukeftuscHaomp&dwfaMu;aiGrSm ppfawGNrdKUausmif;

twGuf ukefusaom p&dwfrsm;xuf(2)q ausmf(3)qrQ ydkrdkrsm;jym;aMumif;?

xkdYtjyif ppfawGNrdKU pmoifausmif;wGif "mwfcef;½Hkwpf½HkaqmufvkyfvdkaMumif;

ESifh avQmufxm;aomtcg rdrdwdkYxHü aiGaMu;r&Sdao;[k tpdk;&u ajymqdk

avonf/

arNrdKUpmoifausmif;ürl "mwfcef;½Hkaqmufvkyfí xm;apavonf/

,if;uJhodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf rsufESmvdkufonfrnf\/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrmESpfbmom

ausmif;rsm;twGuf rnfonfht&mudkrqdk vdkíawmif;vQif rdrdwdkYxHü aiGaMu;

r&Sdao;[k tBudrfBudrftzefzef jyefMum;cJhzl;avonf/ odkY&mwGif arNrdKUü

xD;eef;ozG,f (pmoifausmif;)taqmufttHkBuD;rsm; aqmufvkyf&ef

twGufrl ¤if;wdkYxHü aiGaMu;&SdMuayonf}}[k NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;\

ynma&;ESifh ywfoufí wpfzufapmif;eif;&SdyHkrsm;udk rn§mrwmxkwfazmf

a0zefxm;onf/ ,if;wdkY\ ynma&;pepf bufvdkufrIrsm;udk ay:vGifap

onf/

wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;wuúodkvfOya'udk twnfjyKjcif;

NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; ynma&;pepfudkcsrSwfNyD;onfhtcsdefrS

&mpkESpfwpf0ufcefYtxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wuúodkvfwpfckrQ r&Sdao;? &efukef

aumvdyfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyfrsm;om &Sdao;onf/ wuúodkvf zGifhvSpfa&;

twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd toif;tzGJUrsm;u tpOfwpdkuf awmifqdkcJhMuonf/

wpfzufrSmvnf; 1920-ckwpf0dkufwGif q&mawmf OD;OwårESifh

0dkiftrfbDatacgif;aqmifrsm;\ pnf;½Hk;vHIUaqmfrIaMumifh EdkifiHa&;t&Sdef

t[kefjrifhrm;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ wpfcsdef wnf;rSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf

yxrurÇmppf'PfaMumifh vufatmufcHudkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;\ tNidKtjiifudk rcH

vdk/ vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; jyK vkyfvm

&onf/

,if;aMumifh 1920-ck? &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya' tMurf;udk

ynmrif;BuD; rpöwmrwf[efYum;onf jrefrmEdkifiH aumifpDtpnf;ta0;odkY

jrxGef;atmif36

1920-ck? Mo*kwfv 12 &ufwGif wifoGif;onf/ ,if;Oya'udk jrefrmjynfol

wpf&yfvHk;u uefYuGufMuonf/ owif;pmrsm;uvnf; uefYuGufa&;om;Mu

onf/ &efukef? rEÅav;? ykodrf? armfvNrdKif? ppfawGtp&Sdaom NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif

tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yíqE´jyMuonf/ ,if;odkY uefYuGufqE´jyaeonfh

Mum;rS jrefrmEdkifiHbk&ifcHESifh tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyfwdkY oabmwlnDcsufjzifh

,if;Oya'udk jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&onf 1920-ck? 'DZifbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif

twnfjyKvdkufonf/

ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;ynma&; tHacsmfcsufrsm;

,if;twnfjyKvdkufaom &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya't&

wuúodkvfrSm &efukefwGif&Sd&rnf/ &efukefrStytjcm;NrdKUrsm;ü aumvdyf

ausmif;rsm;r&Sd/ rEÅav;? ppfawG? armfv NrdKif? ykodrfNrdKUrsm;uJhodkY ynma&;wGif

A[dkusaomNrdKUrsm;ü aumvdyfausmif;xm;&Sd&ef jynfolvlxku vdkvm;onf/

wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;aomfvnf; wuúodkvf ynmudk

oifMum;cGifhr&ao;/ wuúodkvfynmudk oifvdkygu aemufxyfwpfESpfoif&ef

(cGwef;)udk ,if;Oya't& xm;&Sdonf/ wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;

olwdkif; wuúodkvf0ifcGifhay;&efvdkvm;onf/ ,if;tjyif jrefrmpmudk,lí

wuúodkvfpmar;yGJudk ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef vdkvm;Muonf/ tpdk;& ausmif;csif;wl

aomfvnf; tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;rIudk rvdkvm;Mu? wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;udk

awmif;qdkMuonf/ ,if;tjyif tvGwfynmoifMum;olrsm;twGufvnf;

pmar;yGJ&Sdoifhonf[k ,lqMuonf/ atmufajcjzpfaom tajccHynma&;

pepf udk wdk;wufap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonf[k xifjrifMuonf/

vufawGUtoHk;csEdkifaom ynma&;pepfudk awmif;qdkMuonf/

vuf&Sdynma&;pepfrSm twef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifa&;udkom t"duxm;

onf/ ausmif;om;wdkY\ b0tajctae ESifh rqDavsmfrtyfpyf jzpfaeonf/

wuúodkvfynma&;wGif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfESifh jrefrmjynftwGuf

vdktyfaeaom odyHÜynm&yfudk tm;ay;oifhonf/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwGif

EIwfajzppfaq;jcif;? 0dZÆmodyHÜ *kPfxl;wef;om;rsm; pmar;yGJudpö? Oya'ynm

oifMum;a&;udpö? atmifjrifNyD;aom bmom&yfrsm;udk xyfrHajzqdk&ef rvdkbJ

us½HI;onfhbmom&yfrsm;udkom ajzqdkcGifhjyKa&;udk tav;ay;NyD; jynfolrsm;

awmif;qdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfolwdkY\ vdkvm;csufESifh rudkufnDaom

wuúodkvftufOya'udk NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;u twnfjyKay;cJhonf/


,if;tufOya'rSm jynfolwdkY vdkvm;csufESifh rudkufnDaom ynma&;tHacsmf

csufrsm;om jzpfawmhonf/

aumvdyfoydwfaumvdyfoydwfaumvdyfoydwfaumvdyfoydwfaumvdyfoydwf

,if;odkY jynfolwdkYrvdkvm;onfh &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'udk

twnfjyKvdkufojzifh OD;bOD; (B.A txufwef;oHwGJ) OD;aqmifonfh (26)OD;

aumfrwDua&SUaqmifNyD; &efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyfwdkYudk 1928ck?

'DZifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif oydwfarSmufvdkufMuonf/ 'DZifbmv (23)&uf

aeYudk aemufqHk;xm;í ausmif;0if&efESifh ,if;odkY0ifa&mufjcif;r&Sd olrsm;udk

ausmif;xkwfrnf[k wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYu aMunmonf/

'DZifbmv(20)&ufwGif oydwfarSmufaumifpDuBuD;rSL;í ausmif;

awmf&m a&Tusifausmif;wdkufü oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;xku tpnf;ta0;

udk usif;yonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS tmPmydkifwdkYu tjyKtrludk rauseyf?

qE´jyonfhtaejzifh ausmif;0ifpm&if;rS Ekwfy,f&ef qHk;jzwftwnfjyKMu

onf/ ,if;oydwfarSmufaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;wGif atmufazmfjyyg &cdkif

ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaxmufcH Muonf/ ,if;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm-

B.A txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef; / OD;bOD;(oHwGJ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;Ouú|)?

trs d K ;om;ausmif;q&mOD;omEd k Y ( jrLe Dp Dy,f)?

OD;vSxGef;atmif (OD;vSxGefjzL M.A, B.L \nD)?

OD;omEd k Y(rufacgif)? OD;&Jausmfatmif(oHwG J)?

OD;om'd k;OD;? OD;ausmf{(awmifukwf)? OD;omEd k Y

(w&m;olBuD;)? OD;zaxmfOD;(Bar at Law)? OD;atmif

xGef;OD; (q&m0efOD;apmjr atmif\tpfudk)/

B.Sc txufwef; txufwef; txufwef; txufwef; txufwef; / OD;b&Sif (B.E., Eng) ? OD;ausmfjr (a&SUae)? OD;apmOD;

(pOfhtdk;wef;)/

B.A atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;omEdkYatmif (a&SUae)? (trsdK;om; ausmif;q&m)

OD;om'dk;? OD;omxGef; atmif (NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtkyf)/

B.Sc atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;xGef;atmifZH (puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;)? OD;pHom/

I.A txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef; / OD;a&TxGef; (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)? OD;vSatmif?

OD;omEdkY (trsdK;om;ausmif; q&m)? OD;vSxGef;ausmf

(tdkifpDtuf-OD;ausmfcif\tpfudk)? OD;omausmf

jrxGef;atmif38

atmif(ausmufawmf)? O D;ausm frif;(bDvl;)?

OD;vSazmfZH(v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;)? OD;armifjrOD; (&cdkif

aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufa&;udk

t"duvIHUaqmfol? ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif; yxr

qHk; ausmif;tkyf)/

I.Sc, txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef;txufwef; / OD;armifbk (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)? OD;at;csrf;

(trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? a&SUae)? OD;armifjratmif?

OD;tvef(tif;pdef tif*sifeD,mausmif;tkyf)?

OD;zdk;ñGefY(yuúyfpk)/

I.A atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;apmvS(trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? a&SUae)? OD;zdk;jrpdef

(trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m?ppfawGtpdk;& txufwef;

ausmif; ausmif;tkyfBuD;)/

I.Sc atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;pHxGef;atmif (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? 'Drdkua&pD

a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;rif;BuD;)? OD;pHxGef;OD;? OD;pdefndK

xGef;(I.C.S)

,k'oefaumvdyf,k'oefaumvdyf,k'oefaumvdyf,k'oefaumvdyf,k'oefaumvdyf

I.A atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef;atmufwef; / OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;ausmfOD; (a&SUae)wdkY jzpfygonf/

ppfawGausmif;om;oydwfppfawGausmif;om;oydwfppfawGausmif;om;oydwfppfawGausmif;om;oydwfppfawGausmif;om;oydwf

1920-ck ausmif;om;oydwfrSm &efukefaumvdyfESif h,k'oef

aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; ta&;omru jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; ausmif;om;

rsm;\ta&;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xkwpf&yfvHk;\ vufiif;cHpm;ae&aom

ta&;udpö jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynftESHY ausmif;om;rsm;onf &efukefwuúodkvf

tufOya'udk qefYusifMuonf/ oydwfarSmufMuonf/

&cdkifwpfjynfvHk;wGif ,if;tcsdefu t*Fvdyfjrefrm txufwef;

ausmif; wpfausmif;wnf;om&Sdonf/ NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ ynma&;

pepfatmufwGif zdESdyfrItrsdK;rsdK;udk cHpm;ae&onf/ aumvdyfoydwfonf

rdrdwdkYcHpm;csufESifh wom;wnf;jzpfonf/

,if;aMumifh OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&m?

ausmufawmftrsdK;om; ausmif;q&mBuD; &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;

tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmif)? OD;pHatmif? OD;ndKbl;? OD;atmifausmfOD;ponfh


ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifNyD; aumvdyfoydwfudk axmufcHonfh

taejzifh ppfawGtxufwef;ausmif;udk oydwfarSmufvdkufMuonf/ þonf

rSm ordkif;ay;wm0efudk OD;vnfrokefxrf;aqmifvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ ppfawG

tpdk;&ausmif;\ ordkif;rSwfwdkifudk pdkufxl vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/

aumvdyfausmif; oydwfarSmufNyD; wpfywfcefYtMumrSm ppfawG

tpdk;&ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwfvufeufudk qGJudkifNyD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;

rsm;\ ynma&;pepfudk qefYusifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ twkvrm&Zdef jynfvHk;

csrf;ombk&m;BuD;&ifjyifudk oydwfpcef;tjzpf toHk;jyKMuonf/ ,if;oydwfudk

NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;Muonf/ pm;a&;? aomufa&; udpöt00udk

ulnDMuonf/ axmufyHhMuonf/

,if;tm;ay;axmufcHrIonf oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;\ pGrf;tm;udk

xufjrufaponf/ aumvdyfoydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yl;aygif;

tm;jznfhMuonf/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;onf ausmif;rStNyD;tydkif oydwf

arSmuf xGufvmolrsm;jzpfonf/ tpdk;&ESifhtpdk;&taxmuftyHhcH ausmif;rsm;

odkY rnfonfhtcgrS jyefrwuf&ef qHk;jzwfMuNyD;jzpfonf/

trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;

jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; oydwfarSmufxm;Muaom NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;&Sd

ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtiftm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;

ausmif;rsm; tjrefay:aygufatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuonf/ ppfawGrSvnf;

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;onf oydwfarSmufausmif;

om;\ ynma&;udk pDpOf&onf/ pmoifrysufap&ef trsdK;om;ausmif;udk

wnfaxmifMuonf/

oCF&mZmausmif;? ynmvuFm&ausmif;ESifh a&TapwDbkef;BuD;

ausmif;rsm;wGif pmoifcef;rsm;tjzpf ,m,DzGifhvSpfxm;Mu&onf/ ausmif;½Hk;

cef;udk a&TapwDbkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm xm;&Sdonf/ aumvdyfausmif;om;

bGdKifaumhwmrsm;u (BoyCotters) 0ifa&mufulnDoifMum;ay;Muonf/

ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD;* (IA

txufwef;)u aqmif&Gufonf/ ausmif;pwifzGifhu (8)wef;rS (10)wef;

* trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&;

ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/

trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (IA txufwef;) jzpfygonf/txufwef;) jzpfygonf/txufwef;) jzpfygonf/txufwef;) jzpfygonf/txufwef;) jzpfygonf/

jrxGef;atmif40

txd zGifhvSpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif oli,fwef;rS (10)wef;txd xm;&Sdonf/

ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm aumvdyfausmif;om; bGdKifaumhwmrsm;ESifh txufwef;

ausmif; oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmif;zGifhNyD; rMumrD

ausmif;om;OD;a&(700)txd jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf

NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;u aiG? vl? pdwf"mwftzuf zufrS ulnDtm;ay;Muonf/ &[ef;

oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkYausmif;rsm;udk pmoifcef;tjzpf MunfjzLpGm

toHk;jyKcGifh ay;Muonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1921-ck ZGefvtwGif;rSm ppfawG

trsdK;om;ausmif;udk atmifjrifpGm zGifhvSpfEdkifMuonf/

udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;

jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;&Sd tpdk;&ausmif;om;rsm;onf aumvdyf

ausmif;oydwfudkaxmufcHNyD; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ rdbjynfolrsm;\

tm;ay;axmufcHrIjzifh trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifMuonf/

oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; wpfpnf;wpfvHk;wnf;&SdzdkY ,if;tcsdeftcgwGif

vdktyfaeonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1921-ck {NyDv? (10)&uf we*FaEGaeYwGif

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oydwfarSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm; (All Burma Senior

Boy cotter's Conference) nDvmcHudk &efukefNrdKUwGifusif;yonf/ ppfawG

oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ppfawG

tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif; oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif? ppfawG

trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mBuD;? &cdkif

wd kif;vH k;qd kif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmif) OD;pHatmif

OD;pHxGef;atmif (I.Sc atmufwef;)wdkY ,if;nDvmcH odkY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/

,if;nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfcsuf 15-csufudk csrSwfMuonf/ trsdK;om;

ausmif;q&mrsm;ta&; tpdk;&xHrS ESpfpOfoHk;pGJaeaom b@maiGrS tcsdK;us

&&Sda&;? &efukefwuúodkvf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; or*¾zGJUpnf;yHk

pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJí jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&ef? ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfESifh tjcm;oifhavsmf

aom pmtkyfrsm;yHkESdyfa&mif;cs&ef? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10)&ufaeYudk

trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;? trsdK;om;aumvdyfrsm;\ ausmif;ydwf&uf owfrSwf

&ef? oydwfarSmufta&;awmfyHktrsdK;rsdK; aESmuf,Suf[efYwm;rIrsm;udk usL;vGef

onfh ArmEdkifiHtpdk;&tm; jyif;xefpGm uefYuGufaMumif;? a'oEÅ&t&m&Sdrsm;\

aESmuf,SufrIrsm;onf ArmEdkifiHtpdk;&ESifh jynfolrsm;qufqHa&; txiftjrif

vGJrSm;apEdkifojzifh ,if;tjyKtrlrsdK; quf rvkyf&ef? q&mawmf OD;Owår\


pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&ef ponfhqHk;jzwfcsuf? uefYuGufcsuf?

rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm;udk nDvmcHrScsrSwfcJhMuonf/

trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ a&SUvkyfief;

pOfrsm;udk csrSwfay;cJhMuonf/ ,if;oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\

nDvmcHonf trsdK;om;ynma&;atmifvHudk jrifhrm;pGmvTifhxlay;cJhonfh

nDvmcHwpf&yfjzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ wpfom;

wnf; pnf;½Hk;nDñGwfrIudk &&SdcJhayonf/

ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwD

ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;

pmoifcsdef rysufa&;twGuf pmoifcef;rsm;udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;

rsm;wGif zGifhvSpfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ a&&SnfwGif aiGa&;aMu;a&;udpö? ausmif;

taqmufttHkrsm;udpö? q&mrsm;axmufyHhaMu;? pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;

ausmif; pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pDpOftkyfcsKyf&ef tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf vdktyf

vmonf/

,if;aMumifh ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk NrdKUrd NrdKUzrsm;?

NrdKUrsufESmzHk; vlBuD;rsm; yg0ifonfh ausmif;tkyfcsKKyfa&; aumfrwDwGif OD;t'dk;?

OD;a&Tom? OD;aZmfa*gif? OD;armifom xGef;? OD;xGef;atmif? OD;armifjrxGef;?

OD;apmvSatmifESifh trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm; yg0ifonf/ ,if;aumfrwD

onf ausmif;taqmufttHk&&Sda&;? q&mrsm; vpmay;a&;pnf;urf; xdef;

odrf;a&;ponfhudpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&GufMuonf/

ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;

oCFh&mZm? ynmvuFm&ESifh a&TapwDausmif;rsm;wGif a&&Snftm;jzifh

pmoifcef;rsm;xm;í rjzpf? ausmif;taqmuf ttHkwpfckck &&Sd&efvdkonf/

wpfzufrSmvnf; ausmif;y&dabm*ESifh q&mrsm;twGuf axmufyHh&ef aiGaMu;

vdktyfvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ausmif;&HyHkaiG&&Sda&;twGuf uyGJwpf&yfudk

ppfawGNrdKU&Sd JACCOB ½kyf&Sif½HkwGif jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;uyGJrSm trsdK;om;

ausmif;udk vlrsdK;aygif;pHku tm;ay;axmufcHaMumif; o½kyfazmfujyMuonf/

OD;pHxGef;atmif (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? 'Drdkua&pD a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;

rif;BuD;u) ArmtrsdK;om;? OD;ndKbl;u w½kwftjzpf o½kyfaqmifonf/

OD;atmifausmfOD; (oydwfarSmufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)u &cdkiftrsdK;om;

jrxGef;atmif42

tjzpf o½kyfaqmifonf/ OD;zdk;at;? OD;ausmfxGef; ponfwdkYu yGJMunfh

y&dowfrsm;tm; bm;uRrf;jzifh yg0ifulnDazsmfajzay;Muonf/ ppfawGNrdKUvHk;

uRwf ½Hkjynfhatmif vma&mufMunfh½Itm;ay;Muonf/ ,if;uyGJrS &&Sdaom

aiGjzifh ppfawGNrdKU jynfvHk;csrf;ombk&m;BuD;\ taemufpuf½Hkvrf;ESifh OD;Owår

vrf;axmifh? ,ckawmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;ae&mwGif 0g;ausmif;udk

,m,Dausmif;tjzpf aqmufvkyfMuonf/ 0g;ausmif;aqmufNyD; wpfESpfcGJcefY

MumrS tkwfcHtxufxyf opfom;taqmufttHkudk aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;onf/

,if;tjyif ppfawGNrdKUay:&Sd aiGaMu;wwfEdkifolrsm;ESifh apwem&Sifrsm;u

wwftm;oa&GU trsdK;om;ausmif;&HyHkaiGtwGuf pdwftm;xufoefpGmxnfh0if

vSL'gef;Muonf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;jyKvkyfum trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmif

&ef qHk;jzwfNyD; trsdK;om;ynma&; &efyHkaiGtwGuf atmufygtwdkif; xnfhvSL

Muonf/

]]OD;&Jausmfol\om; 0wfvHkawmf&a&SUae OD;a&Tom usyf 20000d?

OD;ay:xGef;atmif\om; 0wfvHkawmf& a&SUaeOD;owdk; usyf 10000d?

OD;ay:xGef;atmif\om; ukefonfBuD; olaumif;jyK&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;

OD;xGef;ay: usyf 10000d ESifh tjcm;xnfh0ifolrsm; t&yf&yfpm&if;aygif;

wpfodef;ig;aomif;ausmf vufiif;pm&if;ayguf &&Sdavonf}} [k 1921-ck

Zefe0g&Dv (18)&ufxkwf ol&d,aeYpOfowif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk

awGU&onf/ ,if;odkY trsdK;om;ynma&;twGuf tm;wufoa&m ulnDtm;

ay;MuonfrSm ,if;tcsdeftcgu acwftajctaeudk rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkuf

jcif; jzpfonf/

,if;odkYtrsdK;om;ausmif;twGuf tvSLaiGxnfh0ifaiGrsm;tjyif

a&&SnftwGufvnf; ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u aqmif&GufMu&

ao;onf/ ausmif;&efyHkaiG tNrJwrf;jznfhwif;&ef tzdwfaeYwdkif; trsdK;om;

ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDvlBuD;rsm;onf ppfawG

wpfNrdKUvHk;odkY tvSLcHxGufMu&onf/ tcsdKUtdrfrsm;u tvSLaiG&uf &ufa&m

a&m xnfh0ifMuonf/ tcsdKUuvnf; rcHEdkifavmufaom pum;jzifh tvSL

aumufcHolrsm;tm; ajymqdkjyKrlMuonf/ odkY&mwGif pOfqufrjywf tzdwfaeY

wdkif; tvSLcHxGufcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY &efyHkaiGudk NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;u wwfoa&GU

ulnDtm;ay; cJhMuaomfvnf; &efyHkaiGrSm vHkavmufjynfhpHkrI r&SdcJhojzifh q&m

rsm;\vpmrsm;rSm jynfhjynfhpHkpHk &&Sdjcif; r&SdcJhay/


ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;

ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;zGifhpwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rS tpjyKcJh

&onf/ ,if;aemuf ,ckawmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;wnf&mae&mudk

NrdKUvlxku0,f,lNyD; ,m,D0g;ausmif;udk aqmufvkyfMuonf/ ausmif;

taqmufttHkyHkrSm t*Fvdyf tu©&m (L)yHk jzpfonf/ ausmif;\rsufESmpm

onf puf½Hkvrf;twdkif; awmif-ajrmufwef;aeNyD; ta&SUbufodkY rsufESmrl

xm;onf/ taemufrsufESmpmrSm OD;Owårvrf;twdkif; ta&SUtaemuf wef;

aeNyD; ajrmufbufodk Y rsufESmrlxm;onf/ 0g;ausmif;aqmufvkyfNyD;

wpfESpfcGJcefYMumrS atmufrS tkwfcH? txufrS ysOfpDysOfaxmifESifh ESpfxyf

ausmif;udk aqmufvkyfonf/ ,if;taqmufttHkudk OD;aZmfa*gu OD;aqmif

vkyfonf/ aqmufvkyfc r,l[k od&onf/ ausmif;taqmufttHkvrf;

wpfzuf (OD;Owårvrf;wpfzuf)rSm ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;rsm;\ taqmuf

ttHk &Sdonf/ ysOfaxmiftaqmufttHkjzpfNyD; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;

(20)cefY &Sdonf/

trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;

ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;\ yxrqHk;ausmif;tkyfrSm OD;armifjrOD;

jzpfonf/ OD;pdefxGef;atmifvnf; ausmif;tkyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/

,if;aemuf OD;xGef;atmif (a&SUae? rif; wdkifyiftrwf)u aqmif&Gufonf/

rpöwm aZmfe'if (Mr. Zau Nuddin) rSm 'kwd,ausmif;tkyf jzpfonf/

tdEd´,trsdK;om;ausmif;om;rsm;ESif h qufqHa&;tqifajy&ef

twGuf rpöwmaZmfe'iftm; ,if;wm0efudk ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ pnf;½Hk;a&;

twGufvnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif ausmif;tkyf OD;xGef;atmif rif;wdkifyif

tpnf;ta0;odkY wuf a&mufaecsdefwGif ausmif;udk wm0ef,l tkyfcsKyf&onf/

oli,f wef;rS (10)wef;txd jyoonfhq&m (24-25)a,mufcefY &Sdonf/

,if;q&mrsm;rSm OD;armifomEdkY? OD;a&TxGef;? OD;omxGef;atmif?

OD;atmifomOD; (ordkif;okawoD)? OD;zdk;jrpdef (ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;

ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;)? OD;pHxGef;atmif (bdk'defq&m? 'Drdkua&pD

a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;)? q&mOD;ausmfZH? OD;omausmf? OD;todyf?

OD;atmifausmfOD;? OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ausmufawmftrsdK;om;ausmif;q&mBuD;)?

a&SUaeOD;atmifxGef;OD;? OD;armifomEdkY? a&SUaeOD;at;csrf;? a&SUaeOD;apmvS?

jrxGef;atmif44

OD;armifa&Tom(v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;0ef)? a&SUae OD;omEdkYatmif? OD;eDatmifjzL?

OD;armifvHk;? OD;atmifbkESifh q&m,mqdef;wdkY jzpfMuonf/

ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ausmif;om;rsm;udk wm0ef,l tkyfcsKyf&aom

bdk'defq&mrsm;tjzpf OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;atmif ausmfOD;? &rf;NAJrS OD;,mqif;?

OD;vSjzLoef;? OD;pdefvSatmif (Xmetkyf)? OD;xGef;oma0 (vl0ifrIXme)wdkYu

aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/

q&mrsm;\vpmrSm twdtusowfrSwfxm;csufr&Sd? aumufcH&&Sd

aom &efyHkaiGudk ausmif;q&mrsm;u tnDtrQ cGJa0,lMuonf/ tpdk;&xHrS

taxmuftyHh,lNyD;onfhaemufwGif q&mwpfOD;vQif (200d) &onf[k qdk&

aomfvnf; tjynfh t0&onf[k r&SdcJh/ owfrSwfEIef;\ oHk;yHkESpfyHkcefYom

vpmtjzpf &&Sdonf/ usefaiGudk avsmfypf&onf/ taxmuftyHh r,lrDuqdk

vQif q&mwpfOD;vQif (30d) jzpfonf/ q&mBuD;\ vpmrSm (300d) jzpfonf/

ausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vcausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vcausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vcausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vcausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vc

ppfawGNrdKUcH ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh e,frSvma&muf oifMum;Muonfh

ausmif;om;rsm;&Sdonf/ e,frSvmaeMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;tdyf

ausmif;pm;aeMuonfhtjyif todrdwfaqG? aqGrsdK;rsm; tdrfwGifaeNyD;

wufMuonfh ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ ausmif;zGifhpu ausmif;om;

(700) cefY &Sdonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf jzpfcgeD;wGif ausmif;om; (400) cefYom

&Sdawmhonf/ oli,fwef;rS (10)wef;txd&Sdonf/ (7)wef;ESifh(10)wef;

pmar;yGJrsm;udk trsdK;om;ynma&;tzGJUcsKyfu rwfvwGif pmar;yGJrsm;udk

BuD;Muyfusif;yonf/ useftwef;rsm;udk ausmif;ppfpmar;yGJtjzpf ppfaq;

Muonf/ ausmif;vcudk twdtusrnfa&GUrnfrQ owfrSwfcJhonfudk rod&/

odkY&mwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tm; ausmif;vc vGwfNidrf;cGifh jyKcJhaMumif;

od&onf/

ausmif;pwifzGifhvSpfonfh 1921-ck ZGefvrS 'kwd,urÇm ppfjzpfyGm;

vmonftxd ausmif;oufwrf;rSm (20)ESpfcefY &Sd onf/ ,if; (20)ESpftwGif;

ausmif;om;OD;a& wpfESpfysrf;rQ (500)OD;ESifhwGufvQif ausmif;om;wpfaomif;

cefYudk ynmoifMum;ay;EdkifcJhonf/ trsdK;om;ynma&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmif

cJhonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;onf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? udkvdkeDynma&;udk

qefYusif&mrSay:vmaomausmif;jzpfonf/


ausmif;&S d q&mrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf

vnf;aumif; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk cg;oD;pGm &GH&Smrkef;wD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/

aemiftcg e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkjzpfvmrnfh tjrKawrsm;udk

þausmif;rS arG;xkwfay;vdkufonfqdku rSm;rnfrxifyg/

ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;rS ynmoifMum;arG;xkwfay;vdkufonfh

ausmif;om;wpfaomif;ausmfwGif atmufazmfjyyg yk*d¾Kvfrsm;vnf;yg0ifay

onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm-

q&m0efOD;ausmfZHvS? q&m0ef OD;ausmf'if? OD;ausmfEk (EdkifiH*kPf&nf

'kwd,tqifh)? OD;vSausmfjzL ('k-ñTefcsKyf? pmwdkufESif haMu;eef;Xme)?

OD;BudKifomatmif (e,fydkif)? rsdK;cspf OD;ausmfOD;? q&m0ef OD;ausmfvS?

OD;ausmfxGef; (twGif;0ef)? OD;ausmfZHOD; (w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf w&m;olBuD;)?

OD;apmom (twGif;0ef)? q&m0ef OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;apm (rEÅav;&J ausmif;)?

q&m0ef OD;zdk;odef;? OD;a&Tjr (I.C.S twGif;0efcsKyf)? OD;vSazmfol (ynmtkyf)?

OD;omausmf (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if EdkifiH*kPf&nf yxrtqifh)? OD;omausmf

(bHkayguf? EdkifiH*kPf&nf'kwd,tqifh)? OD;bausmf (A[dkw&m;½Hk;a&SUae)?

OD;OD;omausmf (ygarmu©csKyf? ynma&;wuúodkvf)? OD;omZH (tNidrf;pm; puf&Sif

w&m;olBuD;)? 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; atmifZH(trSwf-2 ppfaq;½HktkyfBuD;)?

OD;OD;armif (wdkif;w&m;olBuD;)? q&mOD;atmifbef; ponfwdkY jzpfMuonf/

rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;rpöwmae½l;ESifh tdEd´&m*ED´ a&muf&Sdjcif;

ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;odkY EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; rMumcP

a&muf&SdMuonf/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;udpörsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ tdEd,

uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif rpöwmae½l;ESifh orD;tdEd´&m*ED´wdkYonf trsdK;om;

ynma&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tiftm;pkrsm;pkpnf;&m ppfawGtrsdK;

om;ausmif;odkY 0ifa&mufvnfywfonf/ ,if;odkY a&muf&Sdvmaom rpöwm

ae½l;tm; EdkifiHwumta&;tcif;? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI?

trsdK;om;ausmif;tay: xifjrifcsuf? b*Fvm;e,f&Sd &cdkiftrsdK;om;a&;?

wdk;wufvmonfh odyÜHynmESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;aygif; (10)ausmfudk

ar;jref;Muonf/ rpöwmae½l;u trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfwHha&;twGuf

BudK;pm;oifhaMumif;rsm;udk ajymjyonf/ b*Fvm;e,f&Sd &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;udk

ulnDapmifha&SmufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ ,ck tcsdefrSm odyHÜynm wdk;wufae

onf/ vlowfvufeufrsm; xGef;umvmonf/ vlom;rsm; tusdK;&Sdatmif

odyÜHynmudk toHk;jyKoifhaMumif;rsm;udk ajzMum;cJhonf/

jrxGef;atmif46

ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;ausmif;ydwfvdkuf&jcif;

ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;udk 'kwd,urÇmppfjzpfyGm;NyD; 1941-ckESpf

tukefxd zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif

&Sdaom Adkvf&efatmif OD;aqmifonfh &cdkifcsD ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf

(bD? tdkif? at)u 1924-ck? arv (7)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/

aemufydkif;wGif ppfawGNrdKUwpfckvHk;onf 'kwd,urÇmppf'PfaMumifh jymyHktwd

jzpfcJh&onf/ trsdK;om;ynma&;? trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&; trSwftom;

jzpfonfh trsdK;om;ausmif; taqmufttHkrSmvnf; ppf'PfrS rvGwfcJh/

ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ,if;udk ppfNyD;umvwGif jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifjcif; r&Sdawmh

acs/ ppfab;ppf'Pf uif;&Sif;NyD; ppfawGNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; jyefvnfí

rdrdwdkYae&m&yfuGufrsm;wGif aexdkifcGifhjyKvdkufonfhtcg trsdK;om;ausmif;

ae&mwGif awmifwef;omoemjyK bkef;BuD;ausmif;tjzpf wnfaxmifaqmuf

vkyfae&m,lvsuf&Sdayonf/


(30-8-1981)(30-8-1981)(30-8-1981)(30-8-1981)(30-8-1981)


usrf;udk;

ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom q&mBuD; OD;atmif

omOD; (ordkif;okawoD)? OD;pHxGef;atmif ('Drdkua&pD a'oEÅ& tkyfcsKyfa&;

rif;BuD;)wdkYtm; awGUqHkar;jref;csufrsm;ESifh pma&;ol\ rdcifa':rrBuD;\

ajymjycJhcsufrsm;udk tajccHNyD; atmufygpmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk udk;um;a&;om;

ygonf/

(1) trsdK;om;aeYESifh trsdK;om;ynma&; vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;tusOf;

(trsdK;om;aeY a&T&wkobiftxl;xkwf) jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOf

ygwD? pnf;½Hk;a&;A[dk aumfrwDXmecsKyf (Edk0ifbmv 1970jynfhESpf)

(2) jrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;om;ynma&;ordkif;? OD;{ausmf r[m0dZÆm?

Oya'0dZÆmjyKpkonf (ykvJyef;pmay 1970)

(3) ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (1824-1947 txd) jrxGef;atmif

(&cddkifñGefYzl; ,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;rsm; 1968-Zlvdkif)

(4) NAdwdoQacwf &cdkifjynfynma&;? jrxGef;atmif &cdkifr*¾Zif;

(1976-ckESpf? pufwifbmv)

(5) Who's who in Burma 1961,

People's Literature Committee and House,

546 Merchant Street,

Ragoon, Ragoon August 1, 1861.

&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)

jrxGef;atmif48

OD;Owå rESifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;


jrxGef;atmif

1885-ck? Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufwGif pwifjzpfyGm;onfh wwd,

t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJonf (14)&ufajrmufaeYrSm rEÅav;NrdKUudk odrf;,ljcif;jzifh

NyD;qHk;onf/ tdEd´,bk&ifcHcsKyf avm'gz&ifonf 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrtwGuf

ESpfopful;vufaqmiftjzpf 1886-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynf

wpfjynfvHk;udk NAdwdoQwdkY odrf;,laMumif; aMunmonf/

jrefrmjynfudk tdEdEdkifiH\ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfonf/

r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;u tBuD;trSL;vkyfNyD; ta&;ydkif? e,fydkif? NrdKUtkyf?

olBuD;paom t&m&SdwdkYjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom pepfudkusifhoHk;onf/ odkY&mwGif

1897-cktxd NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY usifhoHk;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrfSm

]]ppftkyfcsKyfa&;}} jzpfonf/

1897-ck? arv (1)&ufaeYrSpí jrefrmjynfudk tdEd,EdkifiHjynfe,f

wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfonf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHwpfOD;udk wdk;csJUcefYxm;onf/

twdkifyifcHtrwf(9)OD;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcH\ oabmtwdkif;cefYxm;onf/

1909-ckwGif twdkifyifcH trwf (15)OD;? 1920-ckwGif twdkifyifcHtrwf

(30)OD;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcHwdkYu pdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fcefYxm;cJhMuonf/ ,if;

twdkifyifcH trwfrsm;rSm Oya'jyKtmPm r&&Sday/ 'kwd, bk&ifcHtm;

tMuHay;&efom jzpfonf/ tBuHay;csuudk vufcHjcif;? y,fcsjcif;rsm;udk

'kwd,bk&ifcHrSm jyKvkyfEdkifonfh tmPm&&Sdxm;onf/ ,if;tkyfcsKyfa&;

pepfrSm jynfolUqE´rygbJ txuft&m&Sd t&mcHrsm;\ pdwfwdkif;us

tkyfcsKyfaom ]]jAL½dk ua&pD}} tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkrSm

tzdESdyfcHb0ESifh tarSmifxktwGif;usa&mufaeonfh umvjzpfonf/


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1914-ckwGif yxrurÇmppf pwifjzpfyGm;onf/ ,if; ppfaMumifh

NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;rSm tusyftwnf; jzpfay:aponf/ vufatmufcH

udkvdkeDEd kifiHrsm;rS tultnD&&Sd&efvdkvmonf/ Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;vnf;

vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;wGif rjzpfrae&&Sd&ef vdktyfaeonf/

,if;tcsdefwGif tdkif,mvefonf NAdwdoQwdkYxHrS ]][krf;½l;}} awmif;qdk

aecsdefjzpfonf/ tdEd´,uGef*&uf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh NAdwdoQqefYusifa&;

vIyf&Sm;rI t&Sdeft[kefrSm tdEd´,EdkifiHwpf0ef; jrifhrm;vsuf&Sdonf/ udk,fydkif

tkyfcsKyfa&; ]][krf;½l;}} awmif;qdkoHrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHvHk; yJhwif[nf;vsuf

&Sdaeonf/

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EdkifiHrsm;\ rausreyfrIrsm;udk BuD;xGm;aponf/ pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;rI

tajctaeonf jrefrmjynfudkvnf; ½dkufcwfvmonf/ tdEd´,EdkifiH\

[krf;½l;awmif;qdkoHrsm;onf jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf tm;aq;wpf&yf jzpf

ay:aponf/

,if;uJhodkY tajctaersdK;wGif tarSmifxkwGif; usa&mufaeonfh

jrefrmjynfolvlxktm; vGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmifjzpfaom q&mawmf

OD;Owåronf te,fe,ft&yf&yfodkY vSnfhvnfNyD; Edk;Mum;a&;w&m;rsm;udk

a[mMum;vsuf&Sdonf/ jynfolvlxktm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tvif;a&mif

udk xGef;vif;ay;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ jynfolwdkY\ &JaoG;&Jrmefudk azmfxkwf

jr§ifhwifay;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ ,if;aMumifh q&mawmf\ a[majympnf;½Hk;rIjzifh

jynfolvlxkESifh q&mawmfrSm wom;wnf; jzpfaeonf/ q&mawmf\pum;

onf jynfolvlxktwGuftm; q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;rIonf jynfolvlxk

twGuf pGrf;yum;wpf&yf/

u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;

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yxrurÇmppf\ qdk;usdK;'Pfrsm;udk ESpfodrfhaponfhoabmjzpfonf/

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jrxGef;atmif50

tdEd´,EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyifay;&ef tpD&ifcHpmwpf&yfudk 1918 ckwGif

xkwfjyefvdkufonf/

jrefrmjynfolvlxkuvnf; tdEd,udk tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;

ouJhodkY ay;apvdkonf/ jynfolwdkY qEudkxkwf azmfvmMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh

jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk vSnfhpm; &ef 'kwd,bk&ifcH qmtm&fu&ufa'guf (Sir

Regnald Creddock)onf jynfolvlxkqE vHk;0rygbJ u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;

(Creddock Scheme)udk 1918-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfjyefvdkufonf/

tdEd,EdkifiHtwGuf rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmt& usifhoHk;rnfh tkyfcsKyfa&;

pepfopfudk tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif rusifhoHk;rD xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ u&uf

a'gufpDrHudef;rSm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; jcm;em;onf/

rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmt& tdEd´,wGif usifhoHk;rnfh ]]tkyfcsKyfa&;

jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;}} jzpfaom 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;xufyif nHhao;onf/

,if;aMumifh u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;udk jrefrmjynfolvlxku vufrcH

vdk? jynfolvlxk vufrcHvdkaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk u&ufa'gufutpm;xdk;

toHk;jyKvdkonf/ wpfenf;tm; jzifh jynfolvlxkESifh wom;wnf; jzpfaeaom

q&mawmf OD;OwårESifh jynfolvlxktm; 'kwd,bk&ifcH u&ufa'gufu ol\

pDrHudef;ESifh aoG;wdk;prf;Munfhjcif; jzpfonf/ þonfrSm yxrqHk;tBudrf

jynfoltm;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u tuJprf;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif

jynfolUpGrf;tm;aMumifh u&ufa'gufrSm wyfacgufvdkuf&onf/ jynfolwdkYESifh

twl q&mawmfonf atmifyGJudk yxrqHk;tBudrf &,lvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/

0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;0IdufaumfrwDudk uefYuGufjcif;

rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;

udpöudk csefvSyfxm;cJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk

ESpfBudrfwdkif t*FvefodkYapvTwfNyD; jrefrmjynfolwdkY vdkvm;csufudk wifjy

awmif;qdkcJhonf/ yxrtBudrfwGif wdusaomtajzudk r&&SdcJhMu/ 1919ck

tdEd´,Oy a' (Government of India Act of 1919) wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf

xnfhoGif;ay;rnf[k tdEd´,twGif;0ef rpöwmrGefaw*lu 'kwd,tBudrf

udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtm; t*FvefwGif uwday;onf/ axmufcHcsufay;onf/

,if;axmufcHcsuft& 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pHkprf;&ef qmat

tufpf0dkuf (Sir.A.S White) BuD;rSL;onfh) 0dIufaumfrwDu jrefrmjynfolvlxk

qEúdk vm a&mufpHkprf;aponf/ tqdkyg aumfrwDxH tppfcHjcif;rjyKbJ


oydwfarSmuf&efESifh ,if;aumfrwDwGifyg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;vnf; oydwf

arSmuf&ef 1921-ck? atmufwdkbmv (21)&ufrS (24)&ufxd rEÅav;wGif

jyKvkyfaom e0rtBudrf *sDpDbDat nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfonf/

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axmifxJwGif&Sdaeonf/ axmifrSvGwfvmNyD; *sDpDbDattoif;csKyf tpnf;

ta0;udk 1922-ck? Zlvdkifv (15? 16)&ufrsm;wGif jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;tpnf;

ta0;wGif 0IdufaumfrwDtm; oydwfarSmufjcif;udk q&mawmfu 'dkiftmcD

oydwfw&m; a[mMum;&mwGif-

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pGm atmifjrifjcif;aMumifh 0IdufaumfrwDwGif0if a&mufpGufzufaqmif&Gufjcif;

xuf tusdK;BuD;rm;aMumif;udk q&mawmfu ESpfaxmif;tm;& rdefYqdkcJhonfudk

awGU&ayonf/ 'dkiftmcDudk rvdkvm;aom jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf 'dkiftmcD

tkyfcsKyfa&;\ a&SUajy;aqmif&GufcJhaom 0IdufaumfrwD}}udk oydwfqefYusif

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olvlxku rvdkvm;MuaMumif;udk azmfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ 0IdufaumfrwD\

aqmif&GufrIvkyf &yfrsm; ratmifjrifjcif;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;twGuf

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cs,fvS,forQudk jrefrmjynfolvlxk cHae&onf/

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jAL½dkua&pDpepfudk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;u toufoGif;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/

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avQmuf&rnfhvrf;jzpfaMumif;udk jynfolUOD;aoQmifq&mawmf OD;Owåru

rD;armif;xdk;jycJhonf/

toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;toQifOD;Owår\ 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&;

jynfolUOD;aoQmif vGwfvyfa&;rD;½SL;wefaqmif toQifOD;Owåronf

'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk pdkufpdkuffrwfrwfqefYusifcJhonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU

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trsdK;rsdK;cHum jAL½dkua&pDwpfjzpfvJ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufrcH&ef

jynf&GmtESHY vSnfhvnfa[majymcJhonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;onf jynfolU

qErygbJ taozGm;aom ]]avQmarG;tkyfcsKyfa&;}}om jzpf aMumif;udk 1922ck

Zlvdkifv (15? 16)&ufu jyKvkyfaom *sDpDbDat tpnf;ta0;wGif -

]]jAL½dku&ufwpfpepfwGif tpdk;&wdkYu jynfoludk rwdkifyifíaomf

vnf;aumif;? jynfolUqEúdk r,líaomfvnf;aumif;? tpdk;&wdkY

tvdk&Sd&mjyKrlvkyfudkifEdkifonf/ 'dkiftmcDpepfrSm jynfoltouf0dnmOf

r&Sdaom ½kyfwdk Y\ wnfxm;jy½kyfjyKNyD;vQif tpdk;&t&m&Sdwdk Y pDrH

aqmif&Guf jcif;ü jynfolwdkYtvdk xlaxmifcGifhjyKaom y&d,m,faqmif

aom pnf;pepf jzpfacsonf}} [lívnf;aumif;/

]]'dkiftmcDonf toufrygbJ taozGm;aom om;ESifhwlav

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wdkYonf t*FvefygvDrefu jyKjyifqif,ifí ay;vdkufaomtcguyif

taozGm;aomom;uJhod k Y toufygvmonfr&S d/ emrfr&S daom

½kyftavmif;uJhodkYyif jzpfbd\}} [lí vnf;aumif;/ 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyf

a&;o½kyfudk ay:vGifatmif jynfolvlxktm; rD;armif; xdk;jycJhonf/


'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh

,if;wdkY\ opömawmfcH tdEd,y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;rsm;udkom umuG,fay;onfh

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awZmudk BuD;xGm;atmif vkyfay;aompepf jzpfonf/ ,if;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk

rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ½kyfodrf;oGm;rnf r[kwfaMumif;udk---

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qkwf,kwfatmif vkyfvdrhfrnfvnf;r[kwf? aESmifh,Sufvdrfhrnfvnf;

r[kwf? xdktzGJUonf NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ awZmwefcdk;? zGHUNzdK;atmif jyKvkyf

aomtzGJUjzpfaMumif;? xdkolwdkY\cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk jyefí½kyfvdrfhrnf

r[kwfay}}[lí q&mawmfu 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tajccH

wpf&yfudk azmfxkwfay;cJhonf/

vufatmufcHudkvdkeDEdkifiHjzpfaom tdEd´,jynf? jrefrmjynfudk

rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;u vufvTwfay;rnf r[kwf?

e,fcsJUorm;rsm;ay;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSm jAL½dku&ufrsm;twGufomjzpf

onf/ olwdkY tvdk&SdorQ pDrHaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGufom jzpfaMumif;udk--

]]tdEd, y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;wdkY\ tzGJUtwGufomvQif pDrHay;jcif;

jzpfonf/ tdEd,jynfudk vGwfvyfay;vdkí r[kwfaMumif;rSm xif&Sm;

avonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tprf;ay;jcif;rQomjzpfí NAdwdoQ

vlrsdK;wdkY\oabm tvdk&SdorQomvQif tdEd,jynfu cHpm;Edkif&ef &Sdawmh

onf}} [lí 1922 ck? Mo*kwfv(2)&ufaeYu *sLAvDa[mwGif jyKvkyf

onfh *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;wGif q&mawmfOD;Owåru Mo0g'pmwrf;

rSm xnfhoGif; a[mMum;cJhavonf/

tpdk;&u wdkuf½dkufwm0ef,lxm;aom Xmersm;rSm umuG,fa&;Xme?

ykvdyfXme? &mxl;cefYxm;a&;Xme? w&m;a&;&mXmersm;ESifh b@ma&;Xmersm;

jzpfonf/ jynfolwdkYESifhwm0ef cGJa0tkyfcsKyfa&;epf[k qdkaomfvnf; umuG,f

a&;? jynfxJa&; ESifh b@ma&;paom Xmersm;udk bk&ifcH\ wdkuf½dkufcsKyfudkif

rIatmufrSm &Sdaeonf/ jynfol\ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ([krf;½l;)r[kwf?

,if;odkY tpdk;&vufatmufwGif tqdkygXmersm;&SdaeorQ jynfolwdkY\

vGwfvyfa&; r[kwfay/

,if;taMumif;rsm;udk 1922-ck? Zlvdkifv (15? 16)&ufrsm;wGif

jyKvkyfaom *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif 'dkiftmcD oydwfw&m;tjzpf

q&mawmfu atmufygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;a[mMum;cJhygonf....

jrxGef;atmif56

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XmewdkYudk tpdk;&vuf&Sdxm;í (&DZmqAÁ*suf)ac: oD;oefYcGJjcm;xm;

aomXmersm;ü yg0ifaeorQ umvywfvHk; jynfolwdkYtm; wm0efcGJa0

ay;&ef pDrHapjcif;onf txrajrmuf ratmifjrifEdkif? wm0efvTJay;&m

usí jynfolwdkY\ vGwfvyf csrf;oma&; rwdk;wufEdkifbJ &Sdaevdrfhrnf/

,if;aMumifh jynfolwdkY\ tusdK;rygaom e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\

tusdK;udk umuG,faom jAL½dku&ufwdkY\ tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;

aom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufrcH&efyifjzpfonf/ udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyf

a&;([krf;½l;)udkom&,l&ef jzpfonf/ 'dkiftmcDrif;wdkifyiftrwfa&G;yGJwGif

yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;? qE´rJay;jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyf&ef? zdESdyftkyfcsKyfa&;

rlrsm; tMum;rS jynfolUa&SUaqmif q&mawmfOD;Owåru raMumuf r&GHU

jynfolvlxktm; wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfcJhonf/

,if;wdkufwGef;vHIUaqmfcsufrsm;teuf 1922ck Edk0ifbmv(9)&uf

aeYu o&ufNrdKUüusif;yonfh 'órtBudrfajrmuf *sDpDbDat nDvmcH

tpnf;ta0;wGif rdefYMum;aom q&mawmf\ Mo0g'rS aumufEkwfazmfjy&

ygvQif-

]]jrefrmjynf&Sd vlOD;a&wpf&mvQif (90)rQwdkYu 'dkiftmcDtrwf

a&G;aumufyGJwGif wpfpHkwpf&m0ifpGufvsuf qErJay;jcif;? trwftjzpf

ESifh a&G;aumufjcif;wdkYudk rjyKvkyfMuaMumif;jzifh qHk;jzwfMuNyD;jzpfí

xdktrwf a&G;aumufyGJodkY r0ifryg? raqmif&GufMuap&ef a[majym

EId;aqmfyg[k OD;yÍÆif;u arwåm&yfcHygonf}}[k awGU&ygonf/

þonfrSm vGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&mawmf OD;Owåronf

NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm; tvHrvJ 'l;raxmuf t½HI;ray;bJ jynfolwdkY\

pGrf;tm;udk ,Hk,HkMunfMunfESifh ESvHk;&nfwdkufyGJ0ifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/

jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;jynfolwdkYpGrf;tm;udk av;pm;

jynfolonf t&m&mudkqHk;jzwfonf/ jynfolwdkY\pGrf;tm;udk rnfol

rQ rvGefqefEdkif? jynfolwdkY\ pGrf;yum;onf BuD;rm;onf/ jynfolwdkY\

pGrf;tm;udk q&mawmf,HkMunfav;pm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh jynfolwdkYpdwftm;

udk tcGifhtcg trsufuswdkif; azmfusL;cJhonf/ pnf;vHk;jcif; tusdK;aus;Zl;udk

tNrJ azmfxkwfcJhonf/


]]pdwf0rf;ruGJ? ausmufcJoHwdkifuJhodkY usifh,laqmif&Gufí vmcJh

MuonfhtwGuf wpfurÇmvHk;&Sd Adkvfajctaygif;wdkYu tHhMorukefEdkifbJ

&SdMuavNyD/ þuJhodkY BuHUcdkifwnfMunfEdkifMujcif;rSm ]or*¾geHwayg

okacg}[k qdktyfonfh ]pnf;vHk;nDñGwfjcif;wnf;[laom or®mord®ó

\ okcyifwnf;} [lí jynfolwdkY\ atmifyGJudk ]'dkiftmcDoydwfw&m;}

acgif;pOfjzifh rtlyifaxmifrS vGwfvmNyD; ra&SU raESmif; 1922-ck?

Zlvdkif (15? 16)&ufwGif jyKvkyfonfh *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;wGif

q&mawmfu rdefYMum;cJhygonf/

e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\zdESdyfrIonf rnfrQjyif;xefapumrl jynfolwdkY\

pnf;vHk;rIudk rcHEdkif? jynfolom atmifyGJcH&rnf jzpfonf/ pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI

jzifh zdESdyfrIudk wGef;vSef&,lzdkY jzpfonf/ ,if;udk txufyg ]'dkiftmcDoydwf

w&m;} rdefYcGef;wGif q&mawmfu rdefYqdkcJhonfrSm-

]]tpdk;&[lonf rnfrQyif&ufpufapumrl? jynfolwdkY\ wpfvHk;

wpf0wnf; aygif;pnf;BuHpnfí vGwfvyfa&;&SmMuawmhrnf[laom

t"d|mefjzifh vkyfBuHjcif;udk wm&SnfpGmrcH r&yfEdkif jzpfacsonf}}[lí

jynfolwdkY\ ta&;ygyHkudk q&mawmfu rdefYqdkvrf;ñTefcJhayonf/

wpfqufwnf;rSm ]]vGwfvyfa&;onf jynfolwdkY\ vufxJrSm&Sd

onf/ vGwfvyfa&;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;xHrS &Sdcdk;awmif;yefí r&Edkif/ ,if;

taMumif;rsm;udk q&mawmfu tqdkyg'dkiftmcDoydwfw&m;rSm xnfhoGif;

rdefYcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf}}/

]]vGwfvyfa&;atmifqkudk&Edkif&eftajconf 'g,dum 'g,dumr

wdkY\ vufwGif;üyif &Sdayonf/ 'l;yqpfwkyfí vufpHkrdk;vsuf &Sdcdk;

yefxGm awmif;qdk&monfr[kwf? xdkodkY c,awmif;qdkjcif;jzifhvnf; r&

Edkifay}}[k vGwfvyfa&;twGuf avQmuf&rnfhvrf;? a&G;cs,f&rnfh

vufeufrSm jynfolwdk Y\ pnf;½Hk;nDñGwfjcif;omvQifjzpfaMumif;

q&mawmfu azmfxkwf vrf;ñTefcJhonfudk awGU&onf/

ryl;aygif;a&;ryl;aygif;a&;ryl;aygif;a&;ryl;aygif;a&;ryl;aygif;a&;

jynfolvlxkonf q&mawmf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;

udk qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifaepOfrSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf 1923-ck?

Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufwGif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk pwiftaumiftxnfazmf

onf/ 1921-ckwGif twnf jyKonfh (The Burma Rural Self Government

jrxGef;atmif58

Act 1921) t& jyKvkyfonfh 'DpBudwfaumifpDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh 'dkiftmcD

a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkom oydwfarSmuf&ef *sDpDbDattzGJUu qHk;jzwfonf/

OD;bab acgif;aqmifaom (21)OD;tzGJUu ,if;a&G; aumufyGJrsm;

wGif 0ifa&muf ta&G;cHMuonf/ ,if;(21)OD;onf *sDpDbDatrS cGJxGufum

a&G;aumufyGJrsm;0ifMujcif; jzpf onf/ yl;owfa&;[k (21)OD;u qdkMuonf/

yl;owfa&;qdkonfrSm rjzpfEd kifaMumif;udk q&mawmfESif h *s DpDbDat

acgif;aqmifrsm;u cH,lMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh *sDpDbDatrSm pwifuGJawmh

onf/ jynfolUbufawmfom; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;ESifh raphpyfpwrf;

wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&mawmfOD;Owåronf oydwfarSmuf *sDpDbDatbuf tNrJ

&yfwnfcJhonf/

tpdk;&ESifh rqufqHa&; (Non Co-operation) rltwdkif; a&G;aumufyGJ

r0ifMu&ef tNrJyifq&mawmf vHIUaqmfcJhonf/ wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ ,if;ESifh

wpfqufwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHjcm;jzpfaom 0w¬Kypönf;wdkYudk avmfvDoHk;pm;jcif;rS

a&SmifMuOfEdkifcJhaomf [krf;½l;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk raES;apmvsifpGm &Mu

rnfjzpfaMumif; q&mawmfu vrf;jyenf;ay;cJhonf/

'dkiftmcDvTwfawmfwGif rif;wdkifyiftrwf (103)OD;teuf rJqEjzifh

a&G;aumufaom rif;wdkifyiftrwf (79)OD; twGuf 1922-ck? Edk0ifbmv

(21)&ufwGif a&G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;ol

(6.92)&mcdkifEIef;rQom&Sdonf/ wpfenf;qdkaomf rJqE&Sif wpfoef;ckepfodef;

ausmfwGif vlwpf&mvQif (7)a,mufrQom rJqEay;Muonf/ vl (100)vQif

(93)a,mufrSm 'dkiftmcDpepfudk rvdkvm;aMumif; azmfxkwfvdkufjcif;yif

jzpfonf/ þonfrSm tpdk;&ESifh ryl;aygif;a&;? rqufqHa&; rl0g'atmifjrifrI

udk jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/

1923-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (2)&ufaeYwGif pwifaom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyf

a&;onf 1937-ck? {NyDv (1)&ufwGif ½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh

15ESpfwdkifatmif jynfolwdkYESifhtwl qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&mawmf\

ryl;aygif;a&;rl0g' atmifjrifrI ordkif;rSwfwdkif wpfckyifjzpfonf/ jrefrmh

ordkif;\ tvSnfhtajymif;udk q&mawmfonf jynfolwdkYESifhtwl rSwfwrf;wif

a&;om;EdkifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/


q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;

jynfolUa&SUaqmif vGwfvyfa&;\ rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&mawmf

OD;Owåronf 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tNrJqefYusifcJhonf/ 'dkiftmcD

tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tpysdK;rnfh rGefaw*laMunmcsuf xGufay:vmonfhtcg

uyif pwifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ [krf;½l;udkom tpOfwpdkuf awmif;qdkcJhonf/

jynfolwdkYbufrS toufcE¨mwnfoa&GU &yfwnfcJhonf/

q&mawmf\ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf 1917-ckrS?

1937-cktxd ESpfaygif; (20)twGif; txift&Sm; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;ESpfaygif;

(20)twGif; jrefrmhordkif;jzpfpOfrsm;onf wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;

q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaeonfudk awGU&onf/

(1) 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&; tESpf(20)umvtwGif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJU

orm;rsm;u yk'fr 124(u)t&? 1922-ckESpfwGif yxrtBudrf

tjzpf rtlyifaxmifwGif (1)ESpf q&mawmftm; tjypfay;onf/

(2) trsdK;om;ynma&;twGuf yxrtBudrf oydwfwdkufyGJudk

atmifjrifpGmqifETJEdkifcJhonf/ ,if;oydwfyGJ\ aemufqufwJG

tjzpf trsdK;om;aumvdyf? trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; &yfwnfa&;

aqmif&GufrIrsm; tpdk;&xHrS taxmuftyHhrcHa&;twGuf

vkyfaqmifcsufwGif q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;yg0ifcJhonfrSm txif

t&Sm;jzpfonf/

(3) q&mawmf\ OD;aqmifqefYusifrIaMumifh u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;

rSm wyfacgufcJh&onf/

(4) 0Idufaumfr&Sif a&SUarSmufwGif tppfrcHoydwfarSuf jcif;rSm

atmifjrifonf/

(5) a0vrif;om; (0ifpmNrdKUpm;BuD;) jrefrmjynfodkY <ua&muf

vmonfhtcg jynfolvlxku rBudKqdkbJ oydwfarSmufcJhMu

onf/

(6) 1924-ck? Mo*kwfv (16)&ufwGif q&mawmf rEÅav;odkY

<ua&mufvmonfhtcg q&mawmftm; BudKqdkMuonf/ *sDpD

bDat *dkPf;om;rsm;ESifh (21)OD; *dkPf;om;rsm; t"du½kPf;jzpf

onf/ ,if;t"d u½kPf;wGif q&mawmfOD;pEdrm ysHvGefawmfrl

onf/

jrxGef;atmif60

(7) 1924-ckwGif yk'fr 124(u)t& q&mawmftm; &efukefc½dkif

&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; qpfqvm½Hk;wGif trIppfaq;pOftrI

vma&muf em;axmifolrsm;udk ykvdyfwdkYu jrif;ESifhwdkuf eHygwf

wkwfjzifh½dkufrIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/ q&mawmftm; jynfolvlxk\

av;pm;rIrsm;udk ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;u azmfxkwfvdkufjcif;jzpf onf/

(8) 1924-25ckwGif vlcGefESifh oóar;"cGefrsm; ray;bJ tcsdKU

c½dkifrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufMuonf/

(9) 1929-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (29)&ufwGif qdkifrGefaumfr&Sif &efukefodkY

a&mufvmonf/ ,if;aumfr&SifxH tppfrcHbJ oydwfarSmuf

Muonf/

(10) 1929-ck? pufwifbmv (10)&ufaeYwGif q&mawmfOD;Owår\

omoemtmZmenf t&SifOD;0dpm& onf axmifwGif(166)&uf

tpmiwfcHí ysHvGefawmfrlonf/

(11) 1930-ckwGif q&mpH OD;aqmifonfh v,form; ta&;awmfyHk

ay:aygufonf/ ,if;x<urIwGif q&mawmfESifh OD;pdk;odrf;

*sDpDbDat\ vIHUaqmfrIaMumifhjzpfonf[k NAdwdoQtmPmydkifrsm;

u ,lqonf/

(12) 1936-ckwGif 'kwd,tBudrf ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJh

onf/

(13) wGJa&;cGJa&;twGuf wpfjynfvHk; qE´,lyGJwGif wGJa&;bufrS

tom&&Sdonf/ q&mawmfonf wGJa&;bufrS &yfwnfcJhav

onf/ odkY&mwGif NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u cGJa&;rlt&

tdEd ´,ESi f h jre frmjynfud k 1937-ck ? {Ny Dv(1)&ufwGi f

cGJcGmcGifhay;vdkuf onf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk

zsuf odrf;vdkufonf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk

zsufodrf;NyD; 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwifonf/

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bDatrSm 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ½kyfodrf;csdefwGif tuGJuGJjzifh

Zmwfodrf;cJh&onf/


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ta&;rsm;udk z,fcGmNyD; tpm;qif;&J? taeqif;&J trsdK;rsdK;udk

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onf rif;wdkifyiftrwf (45)OD;udk &&Sdonf/ 'dkiftmcDOya'jyK vTwfawmf

(rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;)wGif tiftm;t&SdqHk; jzpfcJhonf/

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pufwifbmv (6)&uf paeaeYwGif qD;csdKa&m*gjzifh &efukefaq;½HkBuD;wGif

ysHvGefawmfrlavonf/


1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/

rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;rSDjirf;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;

1/ ocifvGif-ArmhvGwfvyfa&; rD;½SL;wefaqmif q&m awmfOD;Owår

vufa&G;pif rdefYcGef;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm; (1967-ck)

2/ ocifvGif- tmZmenft&SifOD;0dpm& (1971-ck)

3/ OD;av;armif- jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ordkif; (y-'k wGJ) (1973-74-ck)

4/ rdk;BudK;OD;tkef;cif- jrefrmjynf Zmwfvrf;½IyforQ (1973-ck)

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&Sif;wrf; (1974-ck? 'kwd,tBudrf)

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(1964-ck? 'kwd,tBudrf)

7/ yifpifpm; ta&;ydkifrif; OD;bat;? ]]jynfa&; jynf&mynm}}

(1934-ck)

8/ vlxkOD;vS- uRefawmfowif;axmuf (1971-ck)

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cJhonf/ NrdKU0efrsm;teuf "n0wDNrdKU0efrSm &mxl;tqifhtjrifhqHk; jzpfonf/

"n0wDNrdKU0efudk (The Rajah of Arakan) &cdkif0efBuD;[k ac:Muonf/

&cdkifbk&ifcH (Governer of Arakan) [kvnf; t*FvdyfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif azmfjy

avh&Sdonf/

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wif&SdaMumif; þpmwrf;jzifh azmfjytyfygonf/ /


20-8-8020-8-8020-8-8020-8-8020-8-80

jrxGef;atmif84

t"du tajccHudk;um;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;t"du tajccHudk;um;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;t"du tajccHudk;um;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;t"du tajccHudk;um;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;t"du tajccHudk;um;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

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2/ a';0ef;BuD; atmifausmf&TD\ &wkpmayrsm;

3/ NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmfZH\ &wkpmayrsm;

4/ uRef;tkyf armifoQif\ &mxl;cefYtvTm? ajymif;a&TU trdefYpm

("mwfyHkrdwåL)

5/ Archives of Arakan Family (Type Copy)

6/ ewfjrpfpef;atmif ]]&cdkife,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;ysdK;axmifrIrsm;}}

&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(2)? 1975-ck? azazmf0g&Dv

7/ R.B. Smart (Deputy Commissioner, Settlement Officer Akyab)

Burma Gazetteer ''Akyeb District, Volume A'' 1957

8/ W.B. Tyeld (Deputy Commissioner) Burma Gazetteer

''Sandoway District, Volume A" 1962

avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;avhvmzwf½I&aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

1/ yJcl;rif;ausmif;q&mawmf OD;y@d ]]"n0wD&mZ0ifopf}}

jynfBuD; r@dKif y#duwfyHkESdyfwdkuf? 1910-ck

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3/ OD;av;armif ]]jrefrmEdkifiHa&;tzGJU}} yxrwGJpmayAdrmefxkwf?

jynfolUvufpGJpmpOf? yxrESdyfjcif; 1973-ck

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yxrt*Fvdyf-jreffrmppf (1824-26)aemuf cHordkif;pOf?

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BuD;rsm;}} &cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? 1974-ck? {NyDv

6/ xGef;atmif (abmif;'Gwf) ]]awmfvSefa&;pmqdk a';0ef;BuD;

b0rSwfwrf;}} &cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;? 1974-ck? {NyDv

&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (9)? 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvrS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (9)? 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvrS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (9)? 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvrS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (9)? 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvrS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (9)? 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvrS


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ppfawGNrdKU&yfem;rSm? aumif;onfhtcg0,f? NrdKU&Gmwnfvkyfayvsuf}}[k

pyfqdkxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/

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tiftm;pkrsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk tajccHNyD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm;

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pm&if;rsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyvdkufygonf/

1870 ck 16785 a,muf1870 ck 16785 a,muf1870 ck 16785 a,muf1870 ck 16785 a,muf1870 ck 16785 a,muf










txufygpm&if;rsm;udkMunfhvQif 1870 ckrS 1970ck txd ESpfaygif;

(100)twGif; vlOD;a&(61823)a,muf wdk;wufvmonfudk awGU&onf/

txl;ojzifh 1953-ckaemufydkif;rSm ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonfudk awGU&onf/

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onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;odkY vlOD;a&wdk;vmonfh taetxm;rSm obm0

tavsmuf wdk;yGm;vmjcif; (Natural Population Growth)ESifh tjcm;&yf&Gm

rsm;rS ajymif;a&TUaexdkifjcif; (Migratel Growth) [lí ESpfrsdK;awGU&onf/

tjcm;&yf&Gmrsm;rS ajymif;a&Tu aexdkifrIrsm;rSmvnf; atmufwGifazmfjyxm;

onfh taMumif;udpörsm;aMumifh ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMujcif; jzpfonf/

,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-,if;tcsufrsm;rSm-

1/ qlylaomif;usef;rIaMumifh ajymif;a&TUaexdkifolrsm;/

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aexdkiflrsm;[lí awGU&onf/


,if;tcsufrsm;teuf wpfzufEdkifiHrS cdk;0ifvmonfh vlOD;a&rSm

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acwf 1931-ckESpfxuf(4235)a,mufom ydkrdk&Sdaeonf/ odkY&mwGif 1970-

ckwGif ppfawGNrdKU vlOD;a&rSm 1953-ckESpfxuf(36279)a,muf (17)ESpf

twGif; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonfrSm xl;jcm;aeayonf/

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tvdkuf usm;^r ta&twGuf azmfjy&mwGif (0.4)ESpftkyfpk? (5.9)ESpf

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a,musfm;OD;a&xuf rdef;rOD;a&u ydkrdkrsm;jym;aeonf/ ESpftkyfpkrsm;udk wpfESpf

atmufrS touf (80)txuftxd cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh

ppfawGNrdKUvlOD;a& toGiftjyifwGif a,musfm; 48.12%ESifh rdef;r 51.88%

ay:vGifcJhygonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUwGif rdef;rOD;a&onf a,musfm;OD;a&

xuf rsm;jym;aeonfudk awGU&onf/

touft&G,ftm;jzifh (0.24)ESpf tkyfpkwGif 59%&Sdí (25.49)ESpf

tkyfpkwGif 29%&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ wpfenf; jzifh (25.49)ESpftkyfpk

vlvwfydkif;onf (0.24)ESpf vlvwf ydkif;\ xuf0ufom&Sdonfudk

1970-71-ckESpf aumuf,laom pm&if;t&od&onf/

tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;tdrfaxmifpk t&G,ftpm;

1970-ck aumuf,laompm&if;t& tdrfom;(5)a,muftxuf

tdrfaxmifpkrSm 63%cefY&S donf/ tdrfom;(4)a,mufrS (5)a,muf&Sd

tdrfaxmifpkrSm 24%&SdNyD;? tdrfom; (1)a,mufrS (3)a,muf&Sd tdrfaxmifpk

rSm 13%&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh wpfa,muf0ifaiG odkYr[kwf

wpftdrfaxmifpk\0ifaiGudk (5)a,muftxuf tdrfom;rsm;u trsm;pktjzpf

rSDcdkaexdkiftm;xm;ae&aMumif; azmfjyaeayonf/

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ppfawGNrdKUonf obm0ab;'Pf? rD;ab;'Pfudk tBudrfBudrf cHcJh&

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jrxGef;atmif90

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vnfí pnfyifvmonf/ jyefvnfxlaxmif aqmufvkyf&onfh tdrf&m

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ppfNyD;aemuf ppfawGNrdKU jyefvnfxl axmifa&;rSm aES;auG;vSonf/

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aexdkifMuolrsm;rSm tvGefrsm;onf/ 99% tdrfaxmifrsm;rSm udk,fydkif

tdrfrsm;jzifh aexdkifolrsm;jzpfonf/

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aexdkifaom tdrfaxmifrsm;\ yrmPrSm trsm;pkjzpfNyD; 66%&Sdonf/

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t0ef;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh pwk &ef;ay (400)ESifh (400)xufus,faom

wJrsm;wGif 23%aexdkifMuonf/

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rsm;onf/

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aps;rsm;aps;rsm;aps;rsm;aps;rsm;aps;rsm;

ppfBudKacwf ppfawGNrdKUwGif aps;BuD;ESpfaps; &Sdonf/ NrdKUraps;BuD;Esifh

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ppfNyD;acwf onfbufydkif;rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif NrdKUraps;BuD;tjyif

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&yfqdkif;onf/

a&G;aumufyGJpepfrSm NrdKUaevlxktwGuf topftqef; jzpfaeonf/

tenf;tusOf;om pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdNyD; a&G;aumuf yGJ 0ifMuonf/ yg0ifolrsm;rSm

txl;ojzifh Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/ trsm;pkrSm umv

tawmfMumatmif pdwf0ifpm;rI r&SdMu/ ,if;aMumifh tzGJU0ifrsm;udk rMumcP

qdkovdk tpdk;&ucefYxm;&onf/


1882-ckwGif topfzGJUpnf;aom tzGJUonf ykvdyfudpö rSwpfyg;

tjcm;tmPmESifhwm0efrsm;udk tyfESHjcif;cH&onf/ ausmif;? aq;½Hk? ausmuf

aq;xdk;jcif;rsm;ESifh tvm;wludpörsm; udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf/ 1908-

ckwGif r[mar'ifrsm;twGuf ae&mwpfck wdk;csJUay;onf/ 1917-ckwGif

jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrSm ta&;ydkifu Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifonf/ ,if;tjyif (Ex.

Officio) tjzpf yg0if&onf/ q&m0efBuD;rSm 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifonf/

trIaqmif tif*sifeD,mESifh tpdk;&a&G;cs,fonfh tzGJU0if(2)OD;vnf; yg0if

onf/ tzGJU0if (12)OD;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; (2)OD;? Ak'¨bmomtkyfpk (4)OD;?

r[mar'if tkyfpkrS (4)OD;? [dE´LtkyfpkrS (2)OD;pD yg0ifygonf/

ppfBudKacwf umvwpfavQmuf ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif vlrsdK;

tvdkuf? tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufonfudk awGU&onf/ txl;

ojzifh vlenf;pkrsm;jzpfaom Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;onf tcsdK;tpm;t&qdk

vQif vlrsm;pkjzpf aom &cdkifrsm;xufyif rsm;jym;aeonf/ ,if;tjyif Oa&my

wdkufwm; jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU0ifrsm;onf tjcm;tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; MoZmoHk;í

vnf;aumif; pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;onfudk tcGifh aumif;,lí vnf;aumif;?

NrdKU&GmBuD;yGm;a&;udk [efYwm;cJhMu onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1957-ck azazmf0g&Dv

(6)&ufaeYxkwf ]]&cdkiftvif; owif;pm}} wGif yg&Sdonfh ]]rsdK;cspfarmif}} wif

jyaom &cdkifjynfe,f&,la&; aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm--

]]rsufESm&Sd EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIaMumifh vnf;

aumif;? &yfa&; &Gma&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef wu,fwrf; pdwfr&SdrI

aMumifhvnf;aumif; ppfawGNrdKUonf BuD;yGm;Edkifygvsuf rBuD;yGm;bJ

omrefNrdKUwpfNrdKUtaejzifhom aecJh&avonf}}[k zwf½I&jcif;jzifh

odomxif&Sm;ygonf/

ppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,fppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,fppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,fppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,fppfNyD;acwf jrLeDpDy,f

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrSm

ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI r&Sd? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; aemufydkif;rSom jrLeDpDy,fa&G;

aumufyGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfvmonf/ ,if;a&G; aumufyGJrsm;rS a&G;cs,fwifajr§muf

onfh jrLvlBuD; (19)OD;&Sdonf/

,if;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU pwifonfh tcsdefu

tajctaeESifhvnf;aumif;? ppfBudKacwf tajctaeESifhvnf;aumif;

vHk;0jcm;em;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzpfonf/ tmPmvuf&Sd zqyvtzGJUESifh

jrxGef;atmif94

&cdkifjynfwdkif;&if;om;nDñGwf a&;tzGJU (&wn)wdkYtm; NydKifMuonfhyGJrsm;om

jzpfonf/ ,if; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm (&wn)tzGJUudk udk,fpm;jyKMuonfh jrLvl

BuD;tm;vHk; a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/

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OD;pdk;azmf ukrÜPDydkif taqmufttHkudk 1957-ck? 'DZifbmv (30)&ufwGif

usyf 45006jzifh 0,f,lcJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawG jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif

tzGJU ydkif taqmufttHkudk jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zGJUpnf;NyD; ESpfaygif;(80) ausmfrSom

&&SdcJhonf/

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rsm;udk zsufodrf;apcJhonf/ ,if;odkYwJtdrfrsm;udkzsuf odrf;apjcif;rSm acwå

avmufom z,ff&Sm;EdkifcJhonf/ &cdkifjynf wdk;wufvli,ftpnf;t½Hk;rS

OD;pdefomausmf(uG,fvGef)ESifh OD;ausmfjr (uG,fvGef)wdkY OD;aqmifí wJtdrf&Sif

rsm;ESifh yl;aygif; NyD; wJtdrfrsm; rzsufodrf;a&;udk ta&;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifMuonf/

,if;aMumifh tqdkygae&mrsm;wGif wJtdrfrsm; jyefvnfwnf aqmufaexdkifMu

onf/

,if;odkY wJtdrfrsm; rzsufodrf;a&;? ta&;qdkwdkufyGJ0if awmif;qdkrI

onf ]]&cdkifjynf wdk;wufvli,f tpnf;t½Hk;}}rS cGJxGufum ]]&cdkifjynf

wdkif;&if;om;vli,frsm; tpnf;t½Hk;}}[lí ay:aygufaponfh taMumif;rsm;

teuf wpfckjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1954-cku zGJUpnf;cJhonfh ]]&cdkifjynf

wdk;wuf vli,ftpnf;t½Hk;}}rS cGJxGufum ]]&cdkifjynf wdkif;&if;om; vli,frsm;

tpnf;t½Hk;}}udk &cddkifouú&mZf 1316-ck? oDwif;uRwfvqkwf (12)&uf?

c&pfouú&mZf 1955-ck? atmufwdkbmv (tpdk;&[lonf13)&ufaeYwGif

zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifvdkufonf/

EdkifiHa&; tuGJtNyJESifh vHk;ywfvnfaeNyD; ppfawGNrdKU&Gm oefY&Sif;a&;rSm

xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif; r&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJ tcsdefavmufrSmomvQif vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;&SdNyD;

aemufydkif;rSm olwdkY uwdjyKcJhonfh udpörsm;udk arhaysmufoGm;wwfMuonf/

,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU\ oefY&Sif;a&;rSm EdkifiHa&;acwfwpf avQmufvHk;wGif

xl;jcm;vmjcif; r&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/


jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU zsufodrf;jcif;

1962-ck ? Mo*kwfv (18)&ufwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUudk awmfvSef

a&;aumifpDu &yfqdkif;vdkufonf/ ppfwyfESifh &Judk,fpm;vS,f wpfOD;pDyg0if

aom ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;onf/ 1963-ck?

Edk0ifbmv (20)&ufwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJU\ cHpm;cGifh tvkyfwm0ef

0wå&m;rsm;udk ppfawGNrdKU rvHkjcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrI aumfrwDodkY tyfESif;onf/

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NrdKUrvHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDudk,fpm; aqmif&Gufonf/

1974-ck? rwfv (2)&ufaeYwGif vHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyf rIaumfrwDrsm;

udk zsufodr;fonf/ jynfolUaumifpD tqifhqifhudk azmfaqmifNyD; vHkNcHKa&;ESifh

tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDrsm;\ wm0efrsm;udk vTJajymif;,lonf/ ,if;aMumifh

ppfawGNrdKUrvHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIvufatmuf&Sd ppfawGjrLeDpDy,fvkyfief;ESifh

wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rSm ppfawGNrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpD vufatmufodkY a&muf&Sd

vmonf/ ,cktcg ppfawGNrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpDonf NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;

twGuf pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;NyD; aqmif&Gufaeonf/

,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUe,fpnfyifom,ma&;tzGJU\ ,cifacwf

tqufqufrS usef&Sdaeonfh vkyfaqmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;um; rao;vSyg/

&cdkifjynfe,f\ NrdKUawmft*Fg&yfESifhtnD vkyfaqmif&rnfh usef;rma&;?

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&mrsm;u apmifhBudKvsuf &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;udk jynfe,faumifpD? NrdKUe,f

aumifpDESifh ppfawGNrdKUvlxk\ 0dkif;0ef;vkyfaqmif&rnfh wm0efwpf&yfyif

jzpfonf/

NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;

ppfawGNrdKU\ awmifbufydkif;onf oJqefajrrsm;jzifh wnfaqmuf

xm;onf/ ajrmufbufydkif;rSm EHk;ajrrsm;jzpfonf/ jzm;BuD;vqif ajrmufbuf

ydkif; tcsdKU&yfuGufrsm;onf jrpfa&jynfhvQHaewwfonf/ awmifbufydkif;rSm

usef;rma&;ESifh nDñGwfonf/ ajrmufbufydkif;rSm usef;rma&;ESifh nDñGwf

rIr&Sd/ qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh

aomufoHk;a&aMumifh jzpfyGm;onfha&m*grsm; jzpfyGm;wwfonf/

jrxGef;atmif96

ppfawGNrdKUudk wnfaxmifNyD; ESpfaygif;(50)avmuftxd NrdKU&Gm

oefY&Sif;a&;udk aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;yg/ 1874-ckrSm zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif

aom ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJU\ oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfief;rSm ½kwfw&uf taumif

txnf ray:ao;acs/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU\ &yfuGufrsm;rSm usef;rma&;

ESifh nDñGwfrIr&SdbJ jzpfaeonf/ 1880-ckwGif ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f Ouú|tjzpf

aqmif&Gufolu-

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aumif;aom teHYtoufrsm;xGufonfh trIdufo½dkufrsm;ESifh oefY&Sif;rI

uif;onfh tajctaersm; &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;odkYaom tajctaersm;

onf odrf;,lNyD;&mpkESpf wpf0ufwdkif &SdaeonfrSm &SufzG,faumif;onf/

ESpfaygif; (50)twGif; tkyfa&ajrmif;wpfckwpfavrQ ppfawGNrdKUwGif

rawGU&onfrSm r,HkMunfEdkifzG,foufouf jzpfonf/ NrdKUr&mZ0wf

w&m;olBuD; azmufvkyfxm;onfh udkuftenf;i,faom tkwfa&ajrmif;

udk cRif;csufxm;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tusdK;qufaMumifh NrdKU&GmvlxkrSm

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ajymMum;cJhonfrSm jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU wnfaxmifp ppfawGNrdKU tajctae

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ppfawGNrdKUjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUtwGif rdv’modrf;vkyfief;rSm p&dwftBuD;

av;qHk; jzpfonf/ 1894-ckrSpwifNyD; nrdv’modrf;vkyfief;udk pwifaqmif

&Gufonf/ 1899-ckwGif ,if;rdv’modrf;vkyfief;udk wdk;csJUvkyfudkifvmonf/

1917-ck avmufwGif NrdKU\wpf0ufcefYrSm rdv’modrf;vkyfief; aqmif&GufEdkifNyD;

jzpfonf/ ,if;vkyfief;rSm vludk,fwdkif odrf;,lonfhvkyfief;jzpfonf/ vkyfief;

pwifonfh tcsdefrSonf ,ckumvtxd wdk;wufajymif;vJrI r&Sdao;yg/

txl;ojzifh ,ckumvwGif rdv’modrf;tvkyform;rsm; &Sm;yg;rI

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toHk;jyKvsuf &Sdaeao;onf/

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pDrHudef;wpfckudk wifjyonf/ ukefusp&dwf usyfaiG 350000udk jrLtzGJUrS

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vlOD;a&rSmvnf; 'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfrDuxuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmojzifh NrdKUae

vlxktwGuf oufqdkif&mrS a&zlvHka&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufae

Muonf/ odkY&mwGif ppfawGNrdKUae vlxkrSm a&aumif;a&oefYESifh a&zlvHkrIr&Sd

ao;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/


a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;a&&&Sda&;pDrHudef;

aomufoHk;a& zlvHka&;twGuf 1960-ckavmufuyif pHkprf;avhvm

aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ tpöa&;EdkifiH w[mvf (a&bufqdkif&m) pDrHudef;rsm;

vDrdwufudk iSm;&rf;NyD; pHkprf;avhvmapí tpD&ifcHpmudk wifjyapcJhonf/

uefawmfBuD;\ teD;0ef;usifajr{u(230)&Sd a&odkavSmifuef topfwpfck

xyfrHwl;azmfNyD; ESpfpOf&GmoGef;aom rdk;a&csdefudk wGufcsufí a&xyfjznfh&ef

tqdkjyKcJhonf/ ,if;pDrHcsufrSm p&dwftukef tusrsm;rnfh pDrHcsuf[k qdkonf/

1970-ckwGif ukvor*¾rS blrdaA'uRrf;usifol twdkifyifcH tif*sifeD,m

rpöwm a[ZmESifhtzGJUonf ajratmufa&tajctaeudk uefawmfBuD;\

taemufbufajrjyefYwGif wdkif;wmavhvmcJhonf/ wpfaeY a&*gvH 2.3oef;

cefY xkwf,lEdkifaMumif; tpD&ifcHonf/ rpöwma[Zm\ tpD&ifcHpmtay:

rlwnfí 1972-ckwGif ukvor*¾twdkifyifcH tif*sifeD,mrpöwmuvyfESifh

tdk;tdrf OD;pD;XmeNrdKUrsm; a&&&Sda&;XmecGJrS t0DpdwGif;wl;azmfa&;tzGJUu

ajratmufa&&Sda&; tajctjrpfudk avhvmcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ajratmuf

a& &&Sda&;tajctjrpfrSm tm;udk;avmufaomtaetxm;wGif r&SdaMumif;

aumufcsufcsMuonf/

Budrfacsmif;a&umwm wnfaqmufrItwGuf ukvor*¾ twdkifyifcH

tif*sifeD,mrpöwm 'lemESifh rpöwmuvyfwdkY\ tpD&ifcHpmay: tajccHí

tqdkjyKcJhaom-

(u) ewfawmif 2(u) ewfawmif 2(u) ewfawmif 2(u) ewfawmif 2(u) ewfawmif 2

(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk(c ) aumuf½dk;bHk

(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1(* ) Budrfacsmif; 1

(C) Budrfacsmif; 2(C) Budrfacsmif; 2(C) Budrfacsmif; 2(C) Budrfacsmif; 2(C) Budrfacsmif; 2

rsm;udk 1975-ckESpfu tdk;tdrfOD;pD;XmerS uGif;qif;avhvmcJhMuonf/

,if;uGif;qif;avhvmcsuft& a&umwmwnfaqmuf&ef ppfawGNrdKUrS rdkif

(26)rdkifuGmonfh Budrfacsmif; 1Budrfacsmif; 1Budrfacsmif; 1Budrfacsmif; 1Budrfacsmif; 1ae&mudk a&G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ Budrfacsmif;Budrfacsmif;Budrfacsmif;Budrfacsmif;Budrfacsmif;

1 1 1 1 1 a&umwmwl;ajrmif;udk 1975-ck? rwfvwGif wdkif;wmNyD; jzpfonf/ 1976-

ck? azazmf0g&DvwGifvnf; tdk;tdrftzGJUrS a&umwmae&m ajrom;prf;oyfjcif;

rsm;ESifh ydkufvdkif;tl aMumif; wdkif;wmjcif;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhNyD; jzpfonf/


&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf (3)? 1977 ckESpf/

jrxGef;atmif100

'kwd,urÇmppf &cdkifppfrsufESm


jrxGef;atmif

*syefAHk;BuJav,mOf (150)wdkYonf ykvJqdyfurf;udk 1941-ck?

'DZifbm (8)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;wGif 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;aeYrSm

NAdwdoQESifh tar&duefwdkYonf *syefudk ppfaMunmonf/ ,if;odkY wdkufcdkuf&ef

ppfaMunmjcif;jzifh *syefEdkifiHonf 'kwd,urÇmppfxJodkY 0ifa&mufvmonf/

trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmfonf jrefrmjynfudk 1942-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (20)&uf

wGif xdk;ppfpwifonf/

*syefwdkY pwifxdk;ppfqifcsdefwGif jrefrmjynf\ umuG,fa&; wm0ef

udk AdkvfcsKyfa0AvfxHrS AdkvfcsKyfqm[m½dk; tvuf ZE´m;u 1942-ck? rwfv

(5)&ufwGif vTJajymif;vufcH,lonf/ NAdwdoQwyfrsm;onf awmifydkif;rS xdk;ppf

qifvmaom *syefwyfrsm;udk umuG,f&if; jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;odkY qkwfcGm&

onf/ ,if;odkY qkwfcGm&m vrff;wpfavQmuf e,fajrrsm;udk ajrvSefpepfudk

usifhoHk;onf/ ysufpD;qHk;½HI;rIudk rcefYrSef;Edkif atmifyifjzpfonf/

trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif&S daom

Adkvf&efatmifOD;aqmifonfh &cdkifcsD ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bD? tdkif?

at)u 1942-ck? arv (7)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/ arvtukef

avmufwGif &cdkifjynf tygt0if jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;onf trSwf(15)

*syefwyfrawmf (ppfaoemywd td')\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufodkY a&muf&Sd

oGm;awmhonf/

*syefppfa&;tajctae*syefppfa&;tajctae*syefppfa&;tajctae*syefppfa&;tajctae*syefppfa&;tajctae

&cdkifppfrsufESmwGif trSwf(33)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;

qmul½dkif Sakuari )ESifh Adkvf&efatmifOD;pD;onfh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf


&cdkifcsDppfaMumif;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ 1942-ck? Mo*kwfvwGif &cdkifppfrsufESm&Sd

ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfrSm jyefvnf½kyfodrf;oGm;onf/ ArmhumuG,fa&;

wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&eftwGuf jzpfonf/

1942-ck ? Edk0ifbmvtukefwGif trSwf(77)tdEd,wyf&if;BuD;onf

bl;oD;awmifESifh armifawme,frsm;wGif wyfcsaeaom trSwf(33)*syefwyfr

(rD,mZmuD Miyaza Ki) wyf&if;udk wdkufcdkufvmonf/ rD,mZmuD wyf&if;

rSm ppfawGudkA[kdjyKí ppfrsufESmcsHKU&ef &aohawmifESifh 'Hkbdwftxd qkwf&

onf/ cHppfwm0efudk trSwf(55)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk*g

Koga )tm; xrf;aqmifaponf/ trSwf (55) *syefwyfrrSL;rSm 1943-ck?

azazmf0g&DvwGif a&muf&Sdvmaomwyfulrsm;jzifh &aohawmifESifh 'Hkbdwf

ppfaMumif;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf/

(t&DEdkbdk Arinobo)wyf&if;onf ukvm;wefjrpftwdkif; pkefqif;

vmNyD; r[mrdwfwdkYvufrS ausmufawmfudk jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&&Sdonf/

qufvufí ar,kjrpfbufodkY a&TUajymif;csDwufum *syefwyfr\ ppfqifa&;

wGif 0ifa&mufulnDcJh& onf/ 1943-ck? arvqef;ü bl;oD;awmifESifh

armifawme,frsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf &&SdcJhonf/

1943-ck? rwfvwGif ,ciftrSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmfudk wdk;csJUí

]]jrefrme,fajrwyfrawmf}}tjzpf jyKjyifwdk;csJU zGJUpnf;onf/ ,if;wyfrawmf\

ppfaoemywdcsKyfrSm 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfBuD; (um0gab Kawabe) jzpfonf/

&cdkif yifv,furf;½dk;wef; ppfaMumif;udk 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk*g\ trSwf(55)

*syef wyfru wm0ef,l&onf/

wzef jrefrme,fajrwyfrawmfonf b*Fvm;urf;½dk;wef; umuG,f

a&;twGuf 1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(15)&ufwGif trSwf(28)*syefwyfrawmf

(ppfaoemywdBuD; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmul½dkif)udk xyfrHzGJUpnf;onf/ trSwf(28)

*syefwyfrawmf \ vufatmufwGif trSwf (54)*syefwyfr (wyfrrSL; 'kAdkvf

csKufBuD; umemwmeD Kanatani)wdkY yg0ifonf/

r[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctaer[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctaer[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctaer[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctaer[mrdwfrsm;\ ppfa&;tajctae

1942-ck? arvtukefwGif NAdwdoQwyfrsm;onf jrefrmjynfrS tNyD;

tydkif qkwfcGmoGm;NyD; jzpfonf/ tdEd,jrefrme,f jcm;a'orsm;wGif wyfpGJNyD;

*syefrsm;tm; jyefvnfckcHaeMuonf/ *syefwyfrawmftaeESifhvnf;

,if;tcsdefwGifwyfrsm;udk jyefvnfpkpnf; zGJUpnf;aeonf/ xyfqifhxdk;ppf

jrxGef;atmif102

qif&ef jyifqifaeonfhtcsdef jzpfonf/

NAdwdoQwyfrsm;rSmvnf; tdEd´,jrefrme,fpyfrsm;wGif pk½Hk;NyD;cHppfrS

wefjyefxdk;ppfqifETJEdkif&ef jyifqifaeMuonf/ *syefwyfrawmfa&m NAdwdoQ

wyfrsm;yg a&SUrwdk;om aemufrqkwfombJ wpfESpfausmf ESpfESpfeD;yg; &Sdae

Muonf/

1943-ck? Mo*kwfvwGif jyKvkyfaom uGdbufuGefz&ifh qHk;jzwfcsuf

t& tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf (South East Asia Commond

S.E.A.C)udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifonf/ ,if;ppfXmecsKyfwGif r[mrdwf

ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwef (Admiral, Hon Lieut-General and Hon-

Air Marshel- The Lord Louis Mountbatten)u wm0ef,lonf/

,if;ppfXmecsKyf\ trSwf(11)wyfrawmfpk (Army Group)udk

1943-ck? Edk0ifbm (16)&ufwGif zGJUpnf;onf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; c&pfwDqif (Lieut

General Sir Philip Christison) tkyfcsKyfaom trSwf(1)wyfrawmfpkwGif

yg0ifonfhtrSwf (15)wyfrBuD;u &cdkifppfrsufESmudk wm0ef,l&onf/

1944-ck? Edk0ifbmv(16)&ufwGif trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;udk trSwf(14)

wyfrawmfrS cGJxkwfNyD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmtdkvDbmvpf (C-in: C Lieut-General

Sir Oliver Leese)u wm0ef,l xrf;aqmifonf/

trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;wGif atmufazmfjyyg wyfzGJUrsm; &Sdaeonf/

,if;wdk YrSm-,if;wdk YrSm-,if;wdk YrSm-,if;wdk YrSm-,if;wdk YrSm-

1/1/1/1/1/ trSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 25 tdEd´,wyfr

2/2/2/2/2/ trSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfrtrSwf 26 tdEd´,wyfr

3/3/3/3/3/ trSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 81 taemuftmz&du wyfr

4/4/4/4/4/ trSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfrtrSwf 82 taemuftmz&du wyfr

5/5/5/5/5/ trSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[mtrSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[mtrSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[mtrSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[mtrSwf 50 tdEd´,wyfr[m

6/6/6/6/6/ trSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[mtrSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[mtrSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[mtrSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[mtrSwf 22 ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[m

7/7/7/7/7/ trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/trSwf 3 uGefref'd kwyfr[mwdk Y jzpfMuonf/

,if;wdkYtjyif trSwf(224)avwyfESifh trSwf(64)a&wyfzGJU\

vufatmuf&Sd eufyD;,,m;ESifh eDaygzsufoabFmrsm; yg0ifonf/

1944-ck? Edk0ifbmv(27)&ufwGif wyfzGJUwyfrSL;rsm;onf &cdkifjynfudk

a&wpfydkif; ukef;wpfydkif; ppfqifa&;wdkufcdkuf&ef vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk csrSwfMu

onf/ trSwf(15)wyfrBuD;onf a&wyftultnDjzifh awmifbuf azmif;ydGKifh

tilodkY ta&muf ar,kuRef;qG,fudk &Sif;vif;&ef wm0ef,l&onf/ 1944ck?


Edk0ifbm(30)&ufwGif wyfzGJUwyfrSL;rsm;csrSwfaom vkyfief;pOfudk r[mrdwf

ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbwfwefonf oabmwlvufcHvdkufonf/

r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;

yxrtBudrf &cdkifjynfppfqifa&;udk 1943-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeY

wGif jyKvkyfonf/ wyfr[m(9)ck yg0ifonf/ AdkvfcsKyfvGdKuf OD;pD;aom

trSwf(14) tdEd,wyfru qifETJaom ppfqifa&;jzpfonf/

,if;ppfqifa&;\ tpydkif;rSm atmifjrifrI &&Sdonf/ armifawm

bl;oD;awmifESifh armifawmbl;oD;awmifvrf;rsm;udk odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf/

ar,kuRef;qG,frS(10)rdkifcefYa0;aom 'Hkbwfaus;&GmteD;txd odrf;EdkifcJh

onf/

'HkbdwfESifh &aohawmifwGif *syefwyfrsm; tcdkiftrm wyfpGJxm;

onf/ ,if;aMumifh wifhum;rsm;tygt0if wyfr[mtiftm;jzifh tBudrfBudrf

wdkufcdkufaomfvnf; tustqHk;rsm;pGmjzifh qkwfcJh&onf/ þtawmtwGif;

ppfawGrS *syefwyfrrsm; a&aMumif;jzifh xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmonf/ 'Hkbdwf&Sd

*syefwyfrsm;udk tm;jznfhNyD; trSwf(55)tdEd´,wyfr[mudk wdkufppfqif

onf/ ,if;aMumifh trSwf(55)tdEd,wyfr[mrSm z½dkz&JjzpfNyD; ar,kjrpfudk

ul;í qkwfcGm&onf/ ,if;tjyif ppfawGrS AdkvfrSL;buD; wmem[m&SD OD;pD;

aom ppfaMumif;wpfckonf ar,kjrpfaMumif;twdkif; csDwufvmonf/

ar,kawmifwef;udk ta&SUrStaemufodkY jzwfausmfum {NyDv(3)&ufwGif

'Hkbdwfudk wdkufcdkufaeaom trSwf(6)NAdwdoQESifh trSwf(47)tdEd´,wyf

r[mwdkYudk tif;'if&GmwGif aemufausmrSjzwfí wdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;wyf

r[mrsm;rSm z½dkz&JESifh rdkif(20)cefYa0;aom abmfvDb Zm;odkY 1943-ck? arv

(11)&ufwGif jyefvnfodrf;ydkufxm;aom armifawmESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKU

rsm;udk vufvTwfNyD;qkwfcGm&onf/

r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;

'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;udk 1943-ck? Edk0ifvbm(30)&ufrSm pwif

onf/ trSwf(7)tdEd,wyfronf ar,kawmif wef;udk awmifMum;vrf;rsm;rS

jzwfí csDwufMuonf/

1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(5)wyfronf &mZbD;vf

jrxGef;atmif104

cHwyf\ ajrmufbufydGKifh(124)awmifukef;udk odrf;,lonf/ Zefe0g&Dv

(9)&ufaeYwGif armifawmudk odrf;,lEdkifonf/ ewfjrpfudk toHk;jyKNyD;

ppfvufeufypönf;rsm;udk a&aMumif;rS pwifjznfhwif;vsuf&Sdonf/ trSwf

(7)wyfronf ppfqifa&;XmecsKyfudk ig;ajcaxmuf&GmwGif zGifhvSpfxm;onf/

ig;ajcaxmufawmifMum;rSwpfqifh ukvm;yef;Zif;jrpf0Srf;&Sd wyfrsm;tm;

axmufyHhEdkif&ef jzpfonf/ 1944-ck? Zefe0g&D vtukefwGif trSwf(7)wyfr\

wyf&if;wpf&if;u bl;oD; awmifteD;&Sd awmifapmif;udk pdk;rdk;aeonfh

awmifukef;wpfckudk odrf;ydkufxm;NyD; jzpfonf/

[*dk;ppfqifa&;[*dk;ppfqifa&;[*dk;ppfqifa&;[*dk;ppfqifa&;[*dk;ppfqifa&;

jrefrme,fajr wyfrawmf ]]ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; um0g

ab}}onf jrefrmjynfppfrsufESmwGif tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh ppfqifa&;ESpf&yfudk

qifETJ&ef 1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dvqef;ydkif;wGif trdefYxkwfjyefvdkufonf/

ppfwaumif;txd csDwufrnfh [*dk; (HA GO) ppfqifa&;ESifh a'vDtxd

csDwufrnfh ,l*dk; (U GO) ppfqifa&;wdkY jzpfonf/ [*dk;ppfqifa&;udk trSwf

(28)*syefwyfrawmf ('kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmul½dkif)u wm0ef,l qifETJ&onf/

,l*dk; ppfqifa&;udk trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf ('kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; rlwm½lcsD)u

wm0ef,lqifETJ&onf/ &cdkif ppfrsufESmwGif [*dk;ppfqifa&;? jrefrmjynf

tv,fydkif; ppfrsufESmwGif ,l*dk;ppfqifa&;udk qifETJ&efjzpfonf/

[*dk;ppfqifa&;udk 1944-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 3&ufwGif ponf/ trSwf

(55)*syefwyfrppfqifa&;\ pk&yfrSm &aohawmifNrdKU jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif

wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;udk zGJUpnf;onf/

,if;ppfqifa&;aMumifh r[mrdwfwdkY\ wyfr(5)ESifh trSwf(7)wyfr

wdkYrSm wyfrBuD;(15)ESifh tquftoG,fudk jzwfawmufEdkifcJhonf/ [*dk;

ppfqifa&;\ azazmf0g&Dv yxrydkif;wGif *syefbufrS ta&;omcJhonf/

r[mrdwfwdkYbuf Munf;? a&? av wdkufcdkufay;rISaMumifh azazmf0g&Dv

(23)&ufwGif trSwf(55) *syefwyfrrSm wyfrsm;½kyfodrf;p jyKvmonf/ rwfv

(11)&ufaeYwGif r[mrdwfwdkY trSwf(7)tdEd´,wyfru bl;oD;awmifudk

jyefvnfodrf;yd kufonf/ trSwf(5)tdEd ´,wyfru &mZmbD;vfa'o

wpfavQmufvHk;udk 1944-ck? rwfv(12)&ufwGif odrf;yd kufEd kifonf/

,if;ppfqifa&;wGif azazmf0g&D wpfvwnf;rSm *syef 5000cefY usqHk;cJhonf/


,if;ppfqifa&;rSm *syefrsm;bufrS t½HI;ESifh&ifqdkif tqHk;owfcJh

&onf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm; taeESifhqdkvQif tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif; ppfXmecsKyf

(tufpf? tD;? at? pD)wnfaxmif NyD;onfhaemuf þwdkufyGJrSm yxrqHk;wdkuf&

aom wdkufyGJjzpfonf/ ,if;wdkufyGJ\ atmifjrifrIaMumifh r[mrdwfrsm;twGuf

pdwf"mwfwdk;wufvmaponf/ ,if;tcsdefupNyD; *syefwyfrsm;onf &cdkif

ppfrsufESm tygt0if jrefrmjynf ppfrsufESmwdkif;rSm t½HI;ESifhom &ifqdkif&

awmhonf/

ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;

1944-ck? 'DZifbmv (11)&ufwGif trSwf(25)tdEd´, wyfrrS

trSwf(74)wyfr[monf urf;ajcydkif;rS pwifcsDwufonf/ 'DZifbmv

(12)&ufwGif trSwf(15)wyfr[monf bl;oD;awmifodkY csDwufonf/

'DZifbmv(14)&ufwGif trSwf(53)wyfr[monf ar,kawmifwef;

ta&SUbufawmifajc ü vuf0Jbuf\ awmifwef;(4)rdkifuGmwGif wyfpGJonf/

trSwf(82)taemuftmz&duwyfr\ a&SUaqmifwyfrsm;onf bl;oD;awmif

bufodkY a&muf&Sdonf/ (15)&ufaeYü trSwf(2) taemuftmz&du wyfr[m

onf bl;oD;awmifudk jyefvnfodrf;ypfEdkifonf/

'DZifbmv(18)&ufwGif trSwf(53) wyfr[monf pdwfn§if;jym;udk

odrf;,lonf/ (21)&ufaeYwGif cGqHk&GmBuD;udk odrf;,lonf/

'DZifbmv(19)&ufwGif eufyD;,m;oabFmrS ar,kawmifwef;

ta&SUbuf&Sd &aohawmifNrdKUudk tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufonf/

&aohawmifwGif trSwf(28)*syefwyfrawmfrS ppfaoemywdBuD; 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD;

qmul½dkif\ XmecsKyfxm;&mNrdKUjzpfonf/ atmif'dkifudk(21)&ufwGif odrf;ydkuf

onf/ xdk&Gm&Sd av,mOfuGif;udk tqifoifh &&Sdonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;

twGuf tvGeftusdK;&Sdonf/ trSwf (74)wyfr[monf 'DZifbmv(23)&uf

wGif 'Hkbdwfudk odrf;,lonf/

'DZifbm(26)&ufwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf arQmfrSef;xm;onfxuf

(5)&ufapmNyD; azmif;yGdKifhtilodkY a&mufcJhonf/ ,if;aeYwGif pdkif;'ifacsmif;

ajrmufbuf&Sd ukvm;yef;Zif; uGif;jyifwpfckvHk;&Sd *syefrsm;udk &Sif;vif;

okwfoifEdkifcJhonf/ 'DZifbm(28)&ufwGif &aohawmifESifh ulawmifuRef;udk

r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf/

jrxGef;atmif106

ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;

trSwf (81)taemuftmz&du wyfronf trSwf(55) *syefwyfrrS

wyfzGJUtcsdKUudk xdef;csKyfxm;&eftwGuf ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufwGif

wdkufcdkufae&onf/ ,if;wyfronf ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;twdkif; awmifbufodkY

qif;vmNyD; 1944-ck? rwfv tpydkif;wGif ausmufawmfESifh tayguf0wdkYudk

odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(54)*syefwyfrrS wyfzGJUrsm;pk½Hk;um tjyif;txef

wdkufcdkufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh trSwf(81) taemuftmz&duwyfronf

taemufajrmufbufodkY qkwfcGm&onf/

1944-ck? atmufwdkbmvwGif taemuftmz&du wyfronf

'vufarudk odrf;,lonf/ ,if;ESifhEdk0ifbmv(17)&ufwGif yvuf0udkodrf;,l

onf/ ukvm;wef&GmrS yDacsmif;txd vrf;wpfavQmufudk 'DZifbmv(1)

&ufwGif odrf;ydkufjyefonf/ NyD;cJhonfh aEGOD;&moDu þwyfrsm;onf

ukvm;wefjrpf\ taemufbuf vGifjyifrsm;twdkif; csDwufcJ hpOfu

ausmufawmfwGif *syefrsm;tm; t½HI;BuD;½HI;cJhonf/

1944-ck? 'DZifbmv(22)&ufwGif trSwf(81)taemuf tmz&du

wyfronf o&ufwpfyif ta&SUawmifbuf(6)rdkiftuGm&Sd oHwHwm;odkY

a&mufonf/ *syefrsm;onf o&ufwpfyif ajrmufOD;vrf;ESifh ,SOfvsuf&Sdonfh

ae&mwGif wyfpGJxm;onf/ ,if;*syefpcef;udk 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (9)&ufaeY

wGiff a&muf&Sdonf/ trSwf(82)taemuftmz&duwyfronf 1945-ck?

Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/

trSwf(82)taemuftmz&du wyfr\ trSwf(4)wyfronf

ajrmufOD;taemufbuf(16)rdkifuGm ukvm;wefjrpf½d k;&S d tayguf0odk Y

uefapmufrSwpfqifh csDwufcJh&m 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(9)&ufaeYwGif

a&muf&S donf/ trSwf(82)taemuftmz&duwyfronf 1945-ck?

Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/

wdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJwdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJwdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJwdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJwdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJ

þppfqifa&;udk vQyfwpfjyuf ppfqifa&;[k trnfay;xm;onf/

,if;ppfqifa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJudk tdEd,EdkifiH bm&ufydkNrdKU&Sd tm&Sta&SU

awmifydkif; ppfaoemywdAdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmtdkvDAmvpf\ a&SUwef;XmecsKyfwGif

1944-ck? 'DZif bm(22)&ufwGif usif;yonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJodkY r[mrdwf


ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwef? trSwf(5)wyfrrSL;BuD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;

c&pfpwDqif? a&aMumif;AdkvfcsKyfrmwifESifh avaMumif;AdkvfrSL;csKyfbef'ef

NrdKUpm;BuD;wdkY wufa&mufMuonf/

yxrqHk;a&aMumif;? ukef;aMumif; yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;jzpfonf/

trSwf(25)tdEd,wyfru ppfawGuRef;taemuf ajrmufaxmifhudk a&aMumif;?

ukef;aMumif; yl;aygif;ppfqifenf;jzifh jrpfudkul;í wdkuf&rnfjzpfonf/

a&wyfom;rsm; wpf0ufyg0ifaom trSwf(3)uGefref'dkwyfr[mu urf;odkY

wuf&rnf/ azmifyGdKifhrS trSwf(25)? tdEd´,wyfr\ trSwf(44)wyfr[m

u tqdkygwyf\aemufu wdkuf&rnf/ a&aMumif;ESifh avaMumif;rS

tpGrf;ukef ulnDay;rnf/ trSwf(25)wyfr[mu ula'gifuRef;udk &Sif;vif;NyD;

ppfawGuRef;qDodkY csDwuf&rnf/

*syefwyfom;aygif; (40000)cefY &Sdaernf jzpfonf/ *syefwdkYonf

ppfawGNrdKUudk oJoJrJrJckcHrnf/ r[mrdwfrsm;bufrSvnf; ppfawGuRef;onf

tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ r[mrdwfwdkY\ ppfXmecsKyftjzpf toHk;jyK&ef jzpfonf/

ukvm;wefjrpfudkpkefNyD; awmifbufodkY wdkufcdkufaeaomwyfrsm;udk ,if;rScefYcGJ

Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ &cdkifppfrsufESmwGifomru jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd

trSwf(14)wyfrawmfudk axmufyHha&;twGuf avaMumif; tajccHpcef;

tjzpf ppfawGav,mOfuGif;udk toHk;jyKEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

odkYaomf 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk umuG,f

aeaom *syefwyftiftm; avsmhoGm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ rnfrQavsmhoGm;

onfudkum;rod&/ rif;jym;ajryHkvrf;rS xGufrajy;Edkifatmif ydwfqdkY&ef ta&;

BuD;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk tvsiftjref odrf;,l&efjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh

rlvtpD tpOfxufapmí ponfhaeYudk 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(3)&ufudk

owfrSwfonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif tajrmufwyft&m&Sd wpfOD;onf

av,mOfjzifh ppfawGuRef;ay:odkY ysHoef;qif;ouf Munfh½Ionf/ *syefrsm;

r&SdawmhaMumif; od&onf/

,if;aMumifh avaMumif;? ukef;aMumif;rS typftcwfr&SdbJ rlv

tpDtpOftwdkif; csDwufaponf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u

Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufwGif odrf;ydkufonf/ tcktcHr&SdbJ odrf;,lEdkifjcif;rSm *syef

rsm;(48)em&DapmNyD; ppfawGuRef;rS xGufcGmoGm;onfudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u

vHk;0rodvdkufí jzpfonf/ rlvcefYrSef;cJhaom paeYxuf(9)ywfapmí ppfawG

NrdKUudk &&Sdonf/ rlvtpDtpOfrSm azazmf0g&Dv(15)&ufaeYü wdkufcdkuf&ef

jzpfonf/

jrxGef;atmif108

uefYa*gwdkufyGJuefYa*gwdkufyGJuefYa*gwdkufyGJuefYa*gwdkufyGJuefYa*gwdkufyGJ

uefYa*g&Gmonf ajryHkNrdKU ta&SUajrmufbuf(8)rdkifcefY tuGmwGif

&Sdonf/ *syefrsm;onf &cdkifrSqkwfcGm&mwGif uefYa*grSwpfqifh jrefrmjynf

txufydkif;txd qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf uefYa*grS

qkwfcGmrnfh *syefrsm;tm; ydwfqdkYwdkufcdkuf&ef pDpOfonf/ 1945-ck? Zefe0g&D

(22)&ufwGif trSwf(3)uGefref'dkwyfr[mu uefYa*gudk pwifwdkuf cdkufonf/

urf;uyfa&,mOfrsm; ruyfEdkifrD rpfcs,fav,mOf ysHwyf&if; (2)cku

wdkufcdkufay;onf/ [m&Dudef;av,mOfrsm;u rD;cdk;rIdif;zHk;vTrf;ay;NyD; oef;'g;bdkY

av,mOffrsm;u 'dkif;yHk&Gmudk wdkufcdkufay;Muonf/

Zefe0g&Dv (23)&ufwGif trSwf(25)wyfrrS trSwf (51) wyfr[m

ppfula&mufvmonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufrSpí avaMumif;rS(3)&ufwdkif

wdkufcdkuf&onf/ Zefe0g&Dv(28)&ufaeY wpfaeYwnf;rSm *syefrsm;onf

tajrmufqef 10000cefY toHk;jyKwdkufcdkufcJhonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(30)&ufwGif

r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf uefYa*gudk odrf;onf/ awmifbufodkY qkwfcGmrnfh

*syefrsm;tm; ydwfqdkYEdkifonf/ uefYa*gwdkufyGJonf *syefwdkYu r[mrdwfrsm;

tm; &cdkifppfrsufESmwGif tjyif;xefqHk;wdkufppfudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf/

þydwfqdkYrIzGifh&ef *syefwdkYonf wyfrStenf;qHk;ppfom; 20000 usqHk;onf/

tajrmuf(15)vuf? armfawmfbkwfBuD;(16)pif;ESifh tjcm;vufeufypönf;

tajrmuftjrm; qHk;½HI;onf/ r[mrdwfbufrS xdcdkuf'Pf&m& olESifh usqHk;ol

600cefY&Sdonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(26)&ufrS azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYtwGif;

r[mrdwfwdkYbufrS AHk;wefcsdef(750)toHk;jyKcJh&onf/

uefYa*gteD;wpf0ufrS *syefrsm;tm; Zefe0g&Dv(23)&ufrSpNyD;

azazmf0g&Dv tv,favmuftxd tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf&onf/ ESpfzuf

pvHk;qHk;½HI;rI rsm;onf/

½k&GmwdkufyGJ½k&GmwdkufyGJ½k&GmwdkufyGJ½k&GmwdkufyGJ½k&GmwdkufyGJ

1945-ck? azazmf0g&Dv tapmydkif;odkY a&mufaomtcg trSwf(54)

*syefwyfr\ wyf&if;rsm;onf ESpfpkuGJoGm;onf/ wpfpkrSmtrf;-rif;bl;vrf;

udk umuG,fay;aeonfh 'vufacsmif;a'orS wyfzGJUjzpfonf/ usefwpfpkrSm

awmifukwfwGif jzpfonf/ trf;a'owGif trSwf(81)tmz&du wyfronf

ajrmufbufrS csDwufvmNyD; trSwf(25)wyfru trf;awmifbuf&Sd ½k&Gmudk


a&wpfydkif; ukef;wpfydkif; csDwufwdkufcddkufonf/ armfawmfbkwfrsm;u ref;'l;udk

tajrmufrsm;jzifh wdkufcd kufMuonf/ trSwf(3) uGefref'd kwyfr[mrS

uif;axmufwyfzGJUonf owfrSwfxm;aomae&mrS(4)rdkifceYftuGmwGif

a&wpfydkif; ukef;wpfydkif;wufa&muf&ef ae&m,lxm;Muonf/ azazmf0g &Dv

(16)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(224)avwyfr[m\ tultnDjzifh trSwf(25)

tdEd,wyfronf &efolrsm;tcktcHr&SdbJ ukef;ay:odkY wufa&mufEdkifonf/

azazmf0g&D(17)&ufwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm; ½k&GmodkY a&muf&Sdonf/ ,if;v

(19)&ufwGif *syefrsm;onf tjyif;txefckcHwdkufcdkufonf/ vufwpfurf;

wdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(20)&ufwGif *syefrsm;ESifh wdkufcdkuf

aepOf trSwf(2)taemuftmz&du wyfr[mrS yxrtokwf wyfuluefYa*g

rS av,mOfjzifh a&muf&Sdvmonf/ (25)&ufaeYwGif þwyfr[monf ½k&Gm\

ta&SUbufodk YcsDwuf&m(4)rdkifuGm c&D;odk Ya&muf&Sdonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif

trSwf(74)wyfr[mvnf; a&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;wyfr[monf wifhum;

rsm; tultnD jzifh ajrmufbufodkY csDwufonf/ azazmf0g&Dvukefaomtcg

,if;wyfr[monf *syefrsm;udk rJacsmif;wpfzufodkY wdkufxkwfonf/ rwfv

(7)&ufaeYwGif 'vuf&Gmudk odrf;ydkufonf/ rwfv(17)&ufwGif trSwf(22)

ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[monf ½k&GmwGif wyfpGJEdkifonf/

&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ

r[mrdwfwdkY\ trSwf(14)wyfrawmfonf jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif;

wGif *syefrsm;udk xdk;ppfqifaeonf/ ,if;wyfrawmfudk tultnDay;&ef

txl;vdktyfaeonf/ trSwf(14) wyfrawmftwGuf axmufyHha&;pcef;rsm;

tjzpf ppfawGESifh&rf;NAJuRef;rsm;rSm taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ ppfawGESifh

ausmufjzLNrdKUrsm;wGif trSwf(14)wyfrawmf axmufyHhrItwGuf tpGrf;ukef

aqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdkifppfrsufESmwGif r[mrdwfwdkY\

'kwd,ajcvSrf;rSm ppfawGNrdKUrS ta&SU awmifbuf rdkif(70)uGm&Sd &rf;NAJuRef;udk

odrf;&efjzpfonf/

ppfawGNrdKUudk wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf avhusifhxm;cJhaomfvnf; wdkufyGJ

r0ifvdkuf&aom trSwf(26)tdEd´,wyfrudk odrf;,l&mrSm toHk;jyKonf/

&rf;NAJuRef;udk wdkufNyD;aemuf taemufawmifbuf(12)rdkifuGm&Sd rmefatmif

uRef;udk a&wyfrSodrf;,l&efjzpfonf/

jrxGef;atmif110

1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(21)&ufwGif trSwf(26) tdEd´,wyfrrS

trSwf(71)ESifh trSwf(4)wyfr[mrsm;udk ppfwaumif;rS ausmufjzLodkY ydkYay;

onf/ a&wyfu yifv,frS tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfulnDay;onf/ trD;,m;

trnf&Sd av,mOfwifoabFmyg0if&m jrefrmjynfppfajrjyifwGif av,mOfwif

oabFmudk yxrqHk;tBudrf toHk;jyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;aeYnwGif

ausmufjzLNrdKUudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u odrf;,lEdkifonf/ Zefe0g&Dv (26)&ufaeY

wGif vl 500 yg0ifaom a&aMumif;wyf wpfwyfonf rmefatmifuRef;odkY

cs Dwufonf/ trSwf(36)NAdwdoQwyfr[mudk &rf;NAJuRef;awmifbuf

pukuRef;udk odrf;,l&ef wm0efay;vdkufonf/ (30)&ufaeYwGif aemfrefESifh

a&'g;oabFmrsm;u tajrmufrsm;ESifh ypfcwfulnDay; NyD;aemuf odrf;ydkuf

vdkufonf/

trSwf(71)wyfr[monf &efaygufacsmif;udk Zefe0g&Dv(26)

&ufaeYwGif wpfBudrf? (28)&ufaeYwGif wpfBudrful;jzwf&ef BudK;pm;onf/

ratmifjrifacs/ xdkYaMumifh ajrmufbufurf;wGif wyfcGJwpfwyfxm;cJhNyD;

aemuf ta&SUbufyifv,f&Sd peJbufodkY csDwuf&ef pDpOf&onf/ azazmf0g&D

v(1)&ufaeYü trSwf(36)wyfr[monf &rf;NAJuRef; awmifbufpGef;odkY wuf

&m &efoltenf;i,fom ckcHMuonf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif peJü *syefwdkYudk tdEd,

a&wyfrawmfu tjyif;txef wdkufcdkufonf/ azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif

trSwf(71)wyfr[mrS a&SUaqmifwyfrsm;u peJudk odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(4)

wyfr[monf azazmf0g&Dv(6)&ufaeYwGif &efaygufacsmif;udk jzwful;Edkif

onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(8)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(71)wyfr[monf &rf;NAJ

ajrmufbuf&Sd awmifukef;rsm;odkY a&muf&Sdonf/ (11)&ufaeYü yifv,fudk

ydwfrdaeaom r[mrdwfwdkY\ wdkufoabFm ESpfpif;udk *syefav,mOfrsm;u

vma&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ *syefrsm;onf &rf;NAJuRef;&Sd ,if;wdkY\ wyfrsm;udk

u,fwif&ef awmifukwfrS pufa&,mOf(40)udk vTwfvdkufonf/ ,if;

a&,mOf(40)teuf(36)pif;rSm epfjr§KyfzsufqD;jcif; cH&onf/ vGwfajrmufoGm;

onfh (4)pif;rSmvnf; tjyefwGif wifaqmifvmaom ppfom;tm;vHk;ESifhtwl

epfjr§KyfysufpD;oGm;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(15)&ufaeYwGif &rf;NAJuRef;ay:&Sd

*syefrsm; ckcHrItm;vHk; &yfpJoGm;onf/


uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;

1945-ck? rwfvrukefcifuyif &cdkifppfrsufESm ajrmufydkif;ESifh

tv,fydkif;wdkYrS *syefwyfrsm; qkwfcGmoGm;NyD; jzpfonf/ trSwf(55)*syefwyfr

\ wyf<uif;wyfusef tcsdKUudk awmifukwfNrdKUrS 1945-ck? {NyDv(28)&ufwGif

vnf;aumif;? arv(9)&ufaeYwGif oHwJGNrdKUrSvnf;aumif;? arv(13)&uf

aeYwGif *GNrdKUrSvnf;aumif; r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhMuonf/

r[mrdwfwyfzGJUrsm;onf odrf;ydkuf&&Sdaom a'orsm;wGif ppftkyfcsKyf

a&;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonf/ ,if;udk ]]Armjynf NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&;Xme}} C.A.S

(B) (Civil Administrative Affairs)[k ac:onf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jzifh

ppfajrjyiftjzpf(3)ESpfausmf&SdaecJhaom &cdkifjynfudk tkyfcsKyf&efjzpfonf/

pifwvif;jyifjzpfcJhonfh &cddkifjynf\ usef;rma&;? ynma&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;?

Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;tm;vHk;rSm ysufjyKef;cJh&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf;

,dk,Gif;vsuf&Sdonf/ *syefrsm; xkwfa0cJhonfh aiGpuúLrsm;udk ,if;tkyfcsKyfa&;

tzGJUu todtrSwfrjyKojzifh &cdkifjynfolvlxkrSm tcuftcJESifh BuHKawGU&

onf/ pdkufysdK;a&;rSmvnf; 0rf;pmrvHkavmufonfh tajcrSm&Sdonf/

uufpbDac: ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm zufppf*syefrsm;u t½HI;ay;&rnf

jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkonf r[mrdwfwdkY\ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif

cg;oD;pGm cHae&onf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmjynfolwdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom

zqyvtzGJU tcsKyfESifh jynfolU[pfwdkifrsm;jzpfaom owif;pmrsm;odkY &cdkif

acgif;aqmifrsm;u wifjyMuonf/ ,if;wifjycsufudk 1946-ck? azazmf0g&Dv

(11)&ufaeYwGif zqyvXmecsKyfwGif jyKvkyfonf/ &cdkifjynfolwdkY\ uufpbD

tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif cHpm;aeonfrsm;udk 1946-ck? azazmf0g&Dv (18)&uf

xkwf 'D;'kwf*sm e,fwGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/

]]&cdkifjynfwGif w&m;rJhjzpfysufaeaomtjzpf tysufaygif;rsm;

pGmudk rcH&yfEdkifMuojzifh jrefrmjynfolvlxk\ ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom

zqyvtzGJUcsKyfBuD;tm;vnf;aumif;? txl;ojzifhwdkif;jynfwGif

[pfwdkifBuD;rsm; jzpfMuaom owif;pmrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; wdkifMum;&

atmif a&mufvmMujcif;jzpf\/

tqdkyg wdkifcsufrsm;wGif tcsdKU&Gmrsm;odkY ppfom;rsm;0ifvsuf

a,musfm;rsm;udk pk½Hk;íac:jcif;? rdef;rrsm;udkpk½Hk;í ac:jcif;wdkYjyKNyD;aom

tcg a,musfm;rsm;tm;vHk;udk &Gmjyifxkwfí rdef;rrsm;udk twif;t"r®

jrxGef;atmif112

usifhjcif;wdkY yg&Sd\/ þodkYapmfum;jcif;cH&aom trsdK;orD;wdkY\ trnf?

touft&G,fESifh ae&yfwdkYudk &GmtrnfESifh wuG taotcsm yg&Sd\/

NAdwdoQwdkYonf jrefrmjynfodkY jyefí0ifaomtcg vufpm;acs&ef

r[kefbJ rdwfaqGrsm;tjzpfjzifh u,fwifolrsm; tjzpfjzifhom yg0ifyg

rnf[k bdvyfygbDrefwGif puúLjym;pmwef; aqG;aEG;pOfu tdEd´,ESifh

jrefrmjynftwGif; 0efBuD;jzpfol rpöwmtmrm&D ajymaom u,fwifjcif;

rsm; ay;avm[kom ar;zG,f&Sdawmh\/

uufpbDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk 1946-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwGif ½kyfodrf;

NyD;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rS bk&ifcHyg0ifaom t&yfom;rsm;

tkyfcsKyfa&;odkY vTJay;onfrSm &cdkifacgif;aqmifrsm; owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ

jyKvkyfonfhtcsdefESifhqdkvQif &ufydkif;om &Sdaeao;onf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxk

onf ppf'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm; raysmufysufao;aMumif;udk ,if;&Sif;vif;

wifjycsufrsm;u azmfjyaejcif; jzpfayonf/


(15-3-1980)(15-3-1980)(15-3-1980)(15-3-1980)(15-3-1980)


udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk;um;onfh pmtkyfrsm;

1/ ]armifhbufwef tpD&ifcHpm} umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme1957-ck/

2/ ]vef'efa*Zuf} umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme 1957/

3/ ]*syefbk&if Munf;wyfrawmf(15),l*dkppfqifa&;} 'kwd,

AdkvfrSL;BuD; [efxGef; (tNidrff;pm;) 1977-ck/

4/ ]*syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwfjrefrmEdkifiH} *syefjynf wdkusdK wuúodkvf

rS ordkif;ygarmu©rpöwm tdkpmuufqlaeZdk *syefbmomjzifh

a&;om;í *syefEdkifiHtdkpumNrdKU bmomjcm;odyHÜ jrefrmpm wGJzuf

ygarmu©rpöwm tdk;Edkwdk;½k jrefrmjyefonf/

5/ ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ppfaMumif;rsm;}

okawoe&Jabmf? 1975-ck? yxr tBudrf/

6/ ]owif;pmrsm;ajymwJh ppfwGif;Armjynf} vlxkOD;vS yxrwGJ?

'kwd,ESdyfjcif; 1969ck/

7/ ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh rDemrD vQdKU0SuftzGJU} 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;

oD[Avjraomif; (tNidrf;pm;)*syefbmomrS wdkuf½dkuf jrefrm

jyefonf/ 1976-ck? yxrtBudrf/

8/ 'D;'kwf*sme,f? twGJ 19? trSwf(28)? (18-2-1946)

&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif; (1980)'DZifbmv/

jrxGef;atmif114

ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;

ESifh vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;


xGef;atmif-abmif;'Gwf

e,fcsJUtm; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmfvSefrIrsm;onf

1900-ck rjynfhrDESpfrsm;u &cdkifjynfwGif >yef;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;awmfvSefrI

rsm;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf tjyif;txefqHk;enf;rsm;jzifh ESdrfeif;cJhonf/

1900-ckjynfhNyD; q,fpkESpf ESpfacwfavmufrSm e,fcsJUorm;rsm;tm; qefYusif

rIrsm;udk rawGU&/ ,if;aemufydkif;rSm e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk wdkuf½dkufykefuefrI

rsdK;r&SdawmhbJ vlxkvIyf&Sm;rI? qefYusifrIrsm;udkom awGU&onf/ zdESdyfrIrsm;udk

Oya'abmiftwGif;rS ta&;qdkonfh vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkom jyKvkyfvm

Muonf/

1921-ckESpfwGif bl;oD;awmifrS Ak'bmombkef;awmfBuD; wpfyg;tm;

tdEd´,? t*Fvdyfujym; e,fydkif0efaxmuf rpöwma&; (Mr. Rae I.C.S)u

tao½dkufowfrIwpfck jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ ,if;ta&;tcif;udk qefYusifonfh

vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; yxrqHk;tBudrf atmifjrifonfh vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/

toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk 1918-ck aemufydkif;rSm &cdkifjynfwGif

ay:aygufvmonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;onf e,fcsJUrsm;udk acwftajctae

t& qefYusif&ef zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;yg0ifvmonf/

,if;ay:aygufvmonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk vufvSrff;rD &SmazG&oavmufrSm

atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf/

(1) &cddkifjynfoif; (Arakan Association) 1918-19

cefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/

(2) &u©yl&toif; 1918-19cefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/


(3) &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m BuD;yGm;a&;toif; 1938-ckESpfcefYwGif

wnfaxmifonf/

(4) Edk;Mum;a&;toif; 1935-ckcefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/

(5) ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm; y½dkvDaw&Dvuf (Prole tarial) 1935-ck

wpf0dkufwGif wnfaxmifonf/

(6) rsdK;cspftoif; 1935-ckcefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/

(7) rsdK;cspftoif; (or0g,r)rmefatmifNrdKU? 1935-ck wpf0dkufwGif

wnfaxmifonf/

,if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm vlrIa&;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vli,f

rsm;\ pm&dwåjr§ifhwifa&;rsm;udk tav;ay;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk tajctaeu

awmif;qdkvmonfESifhtrQ yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif e,fcsJUqefYusif

a&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIt&Sdeft[kefonf 1939-42-ck

ppfBudKacwfumvrSm jrifhrm;vmonf/ txl;ojzifh ]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m

wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;} (The Arakan National Congress) ay:ayguf

vmNyD;tcsdefrSm jzpfonf/

tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;

1935-ck jrefrmEdkifiH tufOya' (1935 Act of Burma)t& 'dkiftmcD

tkyfcsKyfa&;zsufodrf;NyD; (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tpm;xdk; wDxGifay;

vdkufonf/ ,if;Oya't& a&G; aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&onfh &cdkifrif;wdkifyif

trwfrsm;onf atmufvTwfawmf (House of Representative)odk Y

wufa&muf&ef 1937-ck? rwfvqef;rSm ]*svm*dkyg;vf} oabFmjzifh &cdkifrS

&efukefodk Y vdkufygvmMuonf/ ,if;&cdkifrif;wdkifyif trwfrsm;onf

rif;wd ki fyiftpnf;ta0;wGif rdrdwd k Y&yfwnf&rnf h taetxm;ud k

]]*svm*dkyg;vf}} (S,S. Jalagopal) oabFmxrif;pm;cef;wGif aqG;aEG;Muonf/

rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif &cdkifrif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;

&Sd&ef oabmwlMuonf/ tm&uHygwD (Arakan Party)udk ,if;aqG; aEG;yGJ

wGifyif tm;vHk;uoabmwl zGJUpnf;Muonf/ ,if;ygwD\ pnf;rsOf;

pmcsKyfudkvnf; ,if;aeYrSmyif tm;vHk;oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muonf/

,if;pnf;rsOf;pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;pOf todoufaotjzpf q&mausmfZH

(rsufrSefwyf)u vufrSwfa&;xdk;onf/

jrxGef;atmif116

,if;tm&uHygwDrSm rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0; (vTwfawmf)wGif

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ csdefcGifvsmuJhodkY (Balance of Power)udk &&SdcJhonf/

rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm owif;BuD;cJhonf/ ,if;ygwDudk wnfaxmif

&mwGif t"duyg0ifolrsm;rSm txufvTwfawmftrwf (Senator) OD;pHatmif

(ta&;ydkif)yif jzpfonf/ qmxGef;atmifausmfESifh &cdkifrif;wdkifyiftrwf

rsm;\ pdwftm;xufoefrIaMumifhvnf; ,if;odkYzGJUpnf;EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

,if;rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;rSm *VKefOD;apm\ rsdK;cspfygwD0if oHwGJ

rif;wdkifyiftrwf OD;ausmfjrifhudk csefvSyfí---

(1) OD;a&Tom Ouú|

(2) qmxGef;atmifausmf

(3) qmay:xGef;

(4) OD;armifarmifxGef;atmifausmf

(5) OD;atmifZHa0

(6) rpöwm qlvwefrmrl;

(7) rpöwm *leDrm&fuH

(8) uóu OD;bdk;jr

(9) OD;apmvSndKwdkY yg0ifonf/

tm&uHygwDrSm &cdkifjynfrS a&G;aumufwifajr§mufvdkufaom

rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aomygwDjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif &cdkif

jynfolvlxkESifh qufqHpnf;vHk;rI r&Sday/ v,f,majr jyóem? v,form;

rsm;\ ta&;udpöxuf rdrdwdkY tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom a&S;½Ionf/ rdrdwdkYvuf0,f&Sd

v,f,mrsm; vufrvTwfa&;? oD;pm;c&&Sda&;wdkYudkom tav;xm;onfh

rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;pku BuD;pdk;cs,fvS,frIudk awGU&onf/ &cdkifa&;&m

v,f,majr jyóemrsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pdwfyg0ifpm;olrsm; yg0ifcJh

aomfvnf; t&mra&mufcJhacs/

91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&; oufwrf;umv(6)ESpftwGif; tpdk;&tzGJU

tajymif;tvJ av;Budrfjzpfay:cJhonf/ ,if;odkY tajymif;tvJ av;BudrfpvHk;

rSm tm&uHygwD0if rif;wdkifyiftrwf qmxGef;atmifausmfESifh qmay:xGef;

wdkYrSm tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;rsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/

]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}udk zGJUpnf;NyD;aemuf

ydkif;wGif OD;atmifZHa0udk ,if;tpnf;t½Hk;\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf tm&uH


ygwDwGif aqmif&Gufaponf/ tm&uHygwDESifh &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;

om;tpnf;t½Hk;wdkYrSm tajccHuyif uGJjym;onf/ odkYaomf rif;wdkifyiftpnf;

ta0;rsm;wGif &cdkifa&;&mrsm;twGuf twlwuGaqmif&GufEdkif&ef udk,fpm;

vS,ftjzpf apvTwfjcif;jzpfonf/

&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ay:aygufvmyHk

1930-ckavmufwGif ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}} (All Arakan

League)udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifNyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;tzGJUwGif a&SUae OD;jrxGef;u

Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&SUaeOD;pHxGef;atmifu

aqmif&Gufonf/ a&SUae OD;pHxGef;atmif uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf OD;atmifomOD;u

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,if;aemuf OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)u

aqmif&Gufonf/ OuúXa&SUae OD;jrxGef; uG,fvGefNyD; aemuf OD;omZHvS (B.Sc,

BL Bar-at Law)u Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/

vli,frsm;udk q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;u OD;aqmifNyD; OD;bpH

('dkYvuf½Hk;)? OD;pHa&T? OD;atmifxGef;jr? q&mOD;aomMumatmif? rif;jym;

ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;bdk;pHwdkY yg0ifOD;aqmifaom ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}

wpfckvHk; &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/

vlBuD;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}} (All Arakan

League)ESifh vli,frsm;OD;aqmifonfh ]]wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m tpnf;t½Hk;}}wdkYrSm

trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rItwGuf wpkwaygif;wnf;jzpf&ef tajc

taeu awmif;qdkvsuf&Sdonf/

,if;aMumifh q&mawmfODpdEÅm? OD;ynmoD[? 0wfvHkOD;omZHvS?

q&mBuD; atmifxGef;OD;? q&mBuD;OD;atmifomOD;? OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A) ?

OD;bpH('dkYvuf½Hk;)? OD;pHa&T? eE´rmvm OD;xGef;pdefponfh tzGJUtpnf;ESpfckrS

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wpfaygif;wpnf; jzpfajrmufa&;udk

tBudrfBudrf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zsufodrf;umwpfckwnf;

aom tpnf;t½Hk;udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&ef 1938-ck? 'DZifbmvtwGif;

ppfawGNrdKUwefcdk;q&mawmf OD;auwkausmif;wGif jyKvkyfonf/ n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;

yGJrS qHk;jzwfMuonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG; oabmwlnDcsufonf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk

tvJxdk;&ef pkpnf;rIwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ v,frJh,mrJh ausmrGJrsm;twGuf

tiftm;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;twGuf r*Fvm

owif;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}

jrxGef;atmif118

(The Arakan National Congress) ay:aygufvmrnfh oabmwlnDcsufyif

jzpfonf/

rif;jym;nDvmcHrif;jym;nDvmcHrif;jym;nDvmcHrif;jym;nDvmcHrif;jym;nDvmcH

rif;jym;nDvmcHonf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; aygif;pnf;a&;udk OD;wnf

usif;yaom vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ nDvmcHjzpfonf/ ,if;nDvmcHudk

1939-ck? arv(2)&ufrS(3)&uftxd rif;jym;NrdKUwGif usif;yonf/ yxr

tBudrfajrmuf &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m vli,frsm;nDvmcHjzpfonf/ &cdkifwdkif;vHk;

qdkif&m wdkif;&if; om;tpnf;t½kH;\ a&SUajy;nDvmcHyifjzpfonf/ ,if;nDvm

cHrS q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm? jyifanmif q&mawmfwdkYtm; em,utjzpf wifajr§muf

Muonf/ q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;tm; Ouú|tjzpf wifajr§mufvdkufMu

onf/ 1936-ck wuúodkvfoydwf acgif;aqmif OD;bpH ('dkYvuf½Hk;)? t,f'Dwm

OD;pHa&TwdkYrSm xif&Sm;onf/ &cdkifjynfawmifydkif;rS vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;

jzpfaom ocifvSatmif? &r®0wD OD;bxGef;? a':tydefESifh OD;rJausmfOD;rSmvnf;

wuf<upGm yg0ifvmMuonf/

rif;jym;nDvmcHonf &cdkifjynf&Sd vli,ftzGJUtpnf; tm;vHk;udk

q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm? q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;wdkY OD;aqmifrIjzifh pnf;½Hk;

aygif;pnf;EdkifcJhonf/ ,if;tzGJUtpnf;udk ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}[k

ac:Muonf/ ,if;rSwpf qifhwufí ]]wef;cdk;ausmif;aqG;aEG;yGJ oabmwl

nDcsuf}}udk yPmrvufawGY taumiftxnfazmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/

1940-ck? arvwGif aygufawmNrdKUrSm usif;yonf/ aygufawm

nDvmcHrSm &cdkifjynftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;rSwfwdkif

jzpfonf/ wefcdk;ausmif;oabmwlnDcsuf atmifjrifpGmtaumiftxnf

azmfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/

q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD; acgifaqmif;aom ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;

t½Hk;}}udk OD;omZHvS OD;pD;BuD;rSL;aom ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}}ESifh yl;aygif;

vdkufMuonf/ ,if;nDvmcHrS em,u q&mawmftjzpf OD;pdEÅmESif h

OD;ynmoD[wdkYtm; wifajr§mufMuonf/ tpnf;t½Hk;\ Ouú|tjzpf

OD;omZHvS? 'kwd,Ouú|tjzpf OD;atmifxGef;OD;? twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf

OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)wdkYtm; wifajr§mufMuonf/ aygufawmnDvmcHrSm

&cdkifjynf\wpfckwnf;aom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ ]]&cdkifwdkif;

vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}} (The Arakan National Congress)

udk atmifjrifpGmzGJUpnf;EdkifcJhonf/


aygufawmq&mawmf OD;em&'? OD;pHum;atmif (v,form;

acgif;aqmif)? OD;armifarmif (aygufawm)? q&m OD;armifausmfZHESifh

OD;at;omatmifwdkYrSm aygufawmnDvmcH jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wuf<upGm

yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muolrsm; jzpfonf/ OD;pHum;atmifrSm ,if;nDvmcH\ {nfhcH

BudKqdkaumfrwD Ouú|jzpfonf/

&cdkifjynfausmif;om;or*¾tzGJU0ifrsm;onf ,if;nDvmcH jzpfajrmuf

a&;? nDvmcH vHkNcHKa&;ESifh atmufajcodrf; vkyfief;rsm;udk aeYrtm; nrem;

ulnDcJhMuonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf &cddkifausmif;om;rsm; toif;\ 1939-

ck? 'DZifbmv(15)&ufwGif usif;yonfh taxGaxGtpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuf

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,if;aMumifh Ouú| omZHvS? 'kwd,Ouú| OD;atmifxGef;OD;?

OD;xGef;0if;? OD;ndKxGef;? OD;pHxGef;atmif (a&SUae)? OD;armifeD(euef)ESifh

tjcm;tzGJU0if(4? 5)OD;wdkYonf rD;acsmif;zsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcdkvHIae&onf/

tajctaeay;vQif w½kwfjynftxd oGm;a&muf&ef pDpOfcJhonf/ vlol

rawGU&aom awmBuD;rsufrnf;xJwGif (2)vcefY ykef;atmifae&onf/

tjcm;aom tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rdrdwdkYenf; rdrdwdkY[efESifh

ykef;atmif;ae&onf/

,if;odkYacgif;aqmifrsm; zrf;0&rf;aMumifh a&Smifwdrf;ae&csdefwGif

ukvm;&cdkifta&;tcif; ay:aygufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh NAdwdoQwdkY zrf;qD;

ta&;udk tav;rxm;EdkifbJ vlrsdK;a&; ta&;tcif;ajyNidrf;atmif Nidrf;owf

ay;&onf/ ,if;rSm trsdK;om;a&;wm0efudk wm0efodod acgif;aqmifrsm;u

xrf;aqmifvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/

tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;tdEd´,odkY ac:aqmifcH&olrsm;

1942-ck? arvaemufydkif;rSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHrS

tNyD;tydkif tdEd´,odkY qkwfcGmay;NyD; jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfrS NAdwdoQe,fcsJU

orm;rsm; qkwfcGm&mwGif &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;

0ifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;NyD; tdEd´,odkY ac:,loGm;

onf/ zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;udk 'um;axmifwGifwcsdKU? wcsdKUudk ukrDÜvmaxmifwGif

tusOf;csxm;onf/ aemufydkif;wGif 'ku©onfpcef;zGifhí 'ku©onfrsm;ESifh

twlxm;onf/

NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; qkwfcGm&mwGif zrf;qD;ac: aqmifjcif;cH

&olrsm; EdkifiHa&; tusOf;orm; (23)OD; jzpfonf/ ,if;odk Y zrf;qD;

ac:aqmifjcif; cH&olrsm;rSm OD;tHk;ausmf (oHwGJ)? OD;omxGef; (ausmufjzL

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)? &r®m0wD OD;bxGef;? OD;csufzm;? OD;pHvS? OD;tdk;avmif

(OD;tHk;armif)? OD; jzLomxGef;? OD;armifomEdkY? OD;armifomxGef; (ykZGefz,f&Gm)?

OD;atmifomOD; (ajrmufOD;)? a&SUae OD;ndK? OD;vSarmifom? rsdK;cspf ausmfOD;?

jrxGef;atmif126

OD;jrwfvSarmif? eE´rmvm OD;xGef;pdef? q&m OD;owdk;vS? OD;pHxGef;atmif

(bl;oD;awmif)? OD;omxGef;pH OD;bdk; atmif? OD;armifarmif? OD;armifausmfZH?

OD;zdk;vSESifh jrefrmjynfrS e*g;eD xGef;a&TwdkY jzpfonf/

tdEd´,odkY &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;?

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmif

oGm;&mwGif qif;&J'ku©trsdK;rsdK; cH&onf/ ukvm;wdkif;abmif 'um;axmifwGif

csdKifhavSmifiSufi,fyrm cHpm;vGrf;qGwf&yHk? rdrdNrdKU&Gmudk wrf;wylaqG;&if;

wd'ku©aMumifh ajrmufOD;NrdKUrS OD;atmifomOD; b0wpfyg;odkY ajymif;cJh&yHkwdkYudk

udk,fwdkifyg0ifzrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&ol pmqdk&Sif owdk;axmifvS trnfcH q&m

OD;wdk;vSu----

]]rdkuf*kPfjyKvsuf? a'oa0;pGm? tdEd´,modkY? zrf;uma&TUajymif;?

ppfwaumif;rSm? vlaygif;ESpfq,f? oHk;OD;u,fwdkY? oG,foG,fwifhaMumif;?

atmifqkawmif;vsuf}}[lívnf;aumif;-

]]bmomrsdK;jym;? tm;vHk;jcm;onf? ukvm;wdkif;abmif? 'um;

axmifrS? csdKifhavSmifiSufi,f vGrf;qGwfES,fodkY}}[lí vnf;aumif;---

]]wd'ku©aMumifh? OD;atmifomOD;? NrdKUajrmufOD;rS? w wwjzifh?

b0ajymif;um qHk;&yg&Sifh}}[lí vnf;aumif; axmifwGifuAsmudk

pDuHk;pyfqdkcJhonf/

,if;wdkY &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;?

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;NyD; ac:aqmif

jcif;rSm NAdwdoQwdkY\ rdkuf*kPfudk jyvdkufjcif; wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/

acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nftaoG;

&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;onf &cdkifjynf tyg

t0if jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk; vGwfajrmufa&;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? v,f,m

ajrjyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf tpOfwpdkuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJh Muonf/ ,if;rS

aoGznfíroGm;cJh/ ,if;aMumifh ppfBudKacwf&cdkifjynf trsdK;om;vGwfajrmuf

a&;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfpOfudkavhvmvQif &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m

wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;ESifh ,if;tpnf;t½Hk; 0ifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk csefvSyf

xm;í r&ay/ tpnf;t½Hk; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &cdkifjynf aumif;usdK;

twGuf tepfemcHNyD; aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ udk,fusdK;pGefYvTwfcJhMuonf/

tcsif;csif; pnf;pnf;½Hk;½Hk;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;


twGuf OD;aqmifrIudk ay;cJhonf/ ,if;odkY &cdkif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;

tpnf;t½Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ OD;aqmifrI tydkif;udk ,if;acwf ,if;umvrD

vdkufolrsm;? ppfBudKacwf &cdkifjynf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsdK;om;vGwf

ajrmufa&;ordkif;udkavhvmolrsm; od&SdMuonf/

acgif;aqmifrsm;\ tepfemcHcJhyHk? udk,fusdK;pGefYvTwfyHk? pnf;pnf;

½Hk;½Hk;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf OD;aqmifrI

ay;cJhyHkwdkYudk ]]&cdkiftoHowif;pm}}wGif aus;Zl;od trnfcHaqmif;yg;&Sif

wpfOD;u ]]&cdkifjynf aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;udk azmfxkwfMuavm}} aqmif;yg;wGif

aphaphpHkpHk azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rS tcsdKUudk xkwfEkwfNyD; atmufyg

twdkif; azmfjyvdkufygonf/

Ouú|BuD; OD;omZHvSOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvS

&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUOuú|BuD; OD;omZHvSonf

&cddkifjynftwGuf trsm;qHk;tepfemcHcJholjzpfaMumif;udk todÓPf&Sdolwdkif;

rnfolrQ jiif;Edkifrnf r[kwf/ OD;omZHvSonf tjcm;ynmwwf ypönf;&Sif

olaX;rsm;uJhodkY qif;&Jom;vnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaxmufraq;cJhacs/

qif;&Jom; &cdkifvlxktwGuf ypönf;a&mvlyg tepfemcHcJhavonf/ &cdkifwpf

jynfvHk;ü vkyfcJhorQaom EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;\ ukefusp&dwf xuf0ufcefYudk

OD;omZHvS wpfOD;wnf;tukeftuscHcJh&onf/ rdrdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;[lorQudk

vHk;vHk;pGefYvTwfí EdkifiHa&;vkyf ief;xJodkY ajcpHkypf0ifa&mufcJholrSm Ouú|BuD;

OD;ZHvSyif jzpf onf/ OD;omZHvSonf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;ü ypönf;ypö, tukef

tuscHjcif;üom r[kwf/ udk,fxdvufa&mufvkyfudkif&müvnf; olrwlatmif

owdå&SdcJholwpfOD; jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&; orm;yDyD aexdkifpm;aomufa&;üvnf;

wu,fNcdK;NcHEdkifol wpfOD;jzpfonf/

OD;atmifxGef;OD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;

q&mBuD;OD;atmifxGef;OD;onf OD;omZHvSESifhvufwGJum wdkif;&if;

om; tpnf;t½Hk;BuD;udk xlaxmifcJ h&mwGif rsm;pGmtepfemcHcJ honf/

OD;atmifxGef;OD;rSm OD;omZHvSuJhodkY ypönf;ypö, rcsrf;omaomfvnf; &cdkif

vli,frsm; MunfndKrIudk cH,l&olwpfOD; jzpf\/ ½dk;om;jcif;? wnfMunfjcif;?

vkyf&Jjcif;*kPft*Fg&yfwdkYjzifh jynfh0oljzpfonf/ pum;ajym&mü wnfwnf

jrxGef;atmif128

ajymwwfonf/ ajymvdkufaompum;rSm wpfvkH;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;?

wpfyk'fvHk;udkaomfvnf;aumif; tvGeft"dyÜm,fav;eufonfh ausmufawmf

nDvmcHusif;ycsdefü OD;atmifxGef;OD;u pma&;oltm; ajymcJhaompum;udk

,ckxdMum;a,mifvsuf &Sdao;onf/ ausmufawmfnDvmcHBuD;onf &cdkifjynf

EdkifiHa&;&mZ0ifü tpnfum;qHk;aom nDvmcHBuD;jzpfonf/ OD;atmifxGef;OD;

onf wdkif;jynfysufpD;í *syeftkyfcsKyfa&; cscJhcsdefxd touf&SdorQ &cdkifjynf

BuD;tm; xdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf/ &cdkifvlxka&SUrS raMumufr&GHUrm;rm;&yf

aqmif&GufaecsdefwGif AHk;'PfaMumifh aoqHk;cJhonf/ OD;atmifxGef;OD;\

tavmif;udk ppfawGNrdKU0uFygwGif; axmifhem;wpfae&mwGif jr§Kyfxm;í

xdkae&mü aAm"dyifuav; wpfyifpdkuf&Sd\/ ]]trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeYwdkif;ü

ausmif;q&mOD;owdk;vSESif h ¤if;wynfhausmif;olausmif; om;rsm;wdk Y

OD;atmifxGef;OD; tavmif;jr§Kyf&modkY oGm;a&muftav;jyKjcif;rSwpfyg;

rnfolrQ*½krpdkufMuacs}}[lí aus;Zl;odtrnfcH aqmif;yg;&Sifu rdrdwdkY\

acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aus;Zl;odí opöm&Sd&Sdjzifh acgif;aqmifrsm;\ t&nf

taoG;udkt&Sdtwdkif; azmfxkwfa&;om;cJhonfudk awGU&ygonf/

(þpmwrf; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdktyfoa&GU pmtkyfpmwrf;

rSwfwrf;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif;? rdrdwdkY udk,fawGUjzpf&yfrsm;udk ajymjyonfh bBuD;

OD;atmifZHa0? OD;atmifomOD; (ordkif; okawoD)? OD;pHxGef;atmif ('Drdkua&pD

a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;a[mif;)? OD;rJausmfOD;? OD;armifeD(euef)ESifh

q&mOD;csD;'dk;wdkYtm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/)


udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;udk;um;onfh pmwrf;rsm;

(1) armifuHxl;rSwfpk (A Survior's Memoir) vufa&;rl

(0efBuD;a[mif; OD;atmifZHa0 rSwfwrf;)

(2) q&mOD;csD;'dk; ]]ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif;}}

(tBudrf 50-ajrmuf trsdK;om;aeY a&T&wkobiftwGuf "r®m½Hk

ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; pkaygif;jzefY csdonf/ 1970-ck)

(3) owdk;axmifvS ]]tdEd,jynf 'gumNrdKU axmifwGif;uAsm}}

"n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(1) 1951-52/

(4) Rai Aung Daing "Political History of Arakan"

"n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1)? trSwf(1) 1951-52/

(5) Tun Hline, "Reports Rangoon University Aarkan Student's

Association"(wuúodkvfausmif;wdkuf r*¾Zif;

{uwðowGJeHygwf 1? 1301 ckESpf? waygif;v)

(6) aus;Zl;od ]]&cdkifjynf aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;udk azmfxkwfMuavm}}

&cdkiftoH owif;pm? &ufpGJ---

&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(8)rS


1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/1983-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&uf/

jrxGef;atmif130

NAdwdoQcGmppf


xGef;atmif (abmif;'Gwf)

jrefrmEdkifiHrS qkwfcGm&onfh tjzpftysuf taMumif;tusdK;udk

&Sif;vif;wifjy&mwGif &cdkifrSmjzpfysufcJhonfh taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk

razmfjyíjynfhpHkrnf r[kwf? txl; ojzifh ppfawGqdyfurf; tjzpftysufrsm;udk

aphpHkpGm azmfjyrSom jynfhpHkrnf jzpfonf/

ppfawGNrdKUonf Oayu©mjyKxm;aom ta&;rxm;onfh jrefrmEdkifiHodkY

0if&ef vrf;aygufwpfck jzpfonf/ tdEd,EdkifiHESifh teD;uyfqHk;wnf&Sdaejcif;

aMumifh avwyftwGuf wefzdk;&Sdayonf/ ,if;tjyif b*Fvm;yifv,f

atmufwGif ppfawGNrdKUwnf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh toifhtwifh ta&;ygaeaom

taetxm;wGif &Sdaeayonf/ ,if;vdktyfcsufwpf&yfudk olwdkYtwGuf

jiif;y,f&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ ppfXmecsKyfrsm;wnf&Sd&m tdEd,EdkifiHonf umuG,f

a&;twGuf ppfawGNrdKUudk wdkuf½dkuf wm0efxdef;odrf;xm;&onf/ ,if;tjyif

ppfawGNrdKUonf pyg;xkwfvkyfonfh {&d,me,fy,fjzpfNyD; qefpufrsm;&Sdí

&cdkifjynf\ t"duqefpyg;wifydkY&m a'ojzpfonf/

*syefrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ypfNyD; &efukefus qHk;jcif;onf

yif ppfawGtwGuf ta&;ygaom tusdK;ouf a&mufrI r[kwfacs/ 1942ck?

Zefe0g&Dvukefydkif;rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif umuG,fa&;tiftm;wdk;vmonf/

wyf&if; (14) trSwf(7) &mZykwfwyf a&muf&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

,if;&mZykwfwyfrS trSwf(23)tapmifhwyfzGJUudk tem;ay;&eftwGuf

a&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfonf/


ppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKUppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKUppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKUppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKUppfab;'ku©onfrsm; pcef;NrdKU

&efukefESifh atmufjrefrmjynfrS 'ku©onfrsm;onf ppfawGqdyfurf;

wGif jynfhusyfvsuf&Sdonf/ jynfrSawmifukwf awmifMum;vrf;twdkif;

&cddkifurf;ajrmifa'oudk ausmfjzwfvm olrsm;jzpfonf/ azazmf0g&DvtwGif;

bk&ifhavwyfrawmfonf &efukefav,mOfuGif;rS qkwfcGmvm&NyD; jzpfonf/

,if; avwyfrawmfonf ppfawGNrdKUodkY a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzifh xyfNyD; tiftm;

wdk;apcJhonf/

*syefrsm; &efukefudk odrf;ypfNyD;aemuf ppfawGNrdKUwGif bk&ifha&wyfudk

a&wyfAdkvfrSL;csKyf *&m[rf\ tkyfcsKyfrI atmufwGif jrefrmEdkifiH urf;½dk;wef;

twGuf zGJUpnf;onf/ tdEd,bk&ifha&wyfrawmfrS ]qvyf*sD}ESifh ]tdEK} oabFm

rsm;tjyif tayghpm;a&wyfoHk;umuG,fa&;oabFm av;pif;wdkYrSmvnf;

ppfawGqdyfurf;wGif qdkufuyfvsuf &Sdonf/ armfwm tajrmufrsm;ygaom

oabFmig;pif;jzifh Armbk&ifa&wGif taysmfwrf; t&efwyfzGJUtrnfcH,lxm;

onfh wyfrSmvnf; &efolrsm; pdrfh0ifvmrIudk umuG,f&efurf;ajcwGif &Sdae

onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;wyfzGJUrSm vkyfief;twGuf vHkavmufrIr&Sday/ jrefrmjynf

rS xkxnftiftm;ESifh pD;0ifqkwfcGmvmaeaom 'ku©onfrsm;udk tm;oGefNyD;

ppfaq;&efrSm ,if;wdkYtwGuf tcuftcJwpf&yfyif jzpfaeayonf/ rwfvESifh

arvtpydkif;wGif 'ku©onf oHk;aomif;ig;axmifudk ppfawGESifh uRef;i,f&Sd

ausmufjzLqdyfurf;wdkYrS a&aMumif;jzifh tdEd´,odkY ydkYaqmifay;cJh&onf/

wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;wyftiftm; jznfhwif;jcif;

ppfawGNrdKUonf avwyftajccHpcef;jzpfojzifh ta&;yg aomaMumifh

tiftm;xyfrHjznfhwif;&ef rwfvtapmydkif;u qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ trSwf

(109)wyfr[mXmecsKyfESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm trSwf(9)*swfwyfESifh

wyf&if;(9)trSwf(7) &mZykwfwdk Yudk av,mOfypfaoewfrsm;ESifhtwl

ppfawGodkY ay;ydkYxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm 1942-ck? rwfv (18)&ufaeYu

a&muf&Sdonf/

1942-ck? rwfv (23)&ufaeYwGif *syefrsm;onf uyÜvDuRef;udk

odrf;,lonf/ tapmifhwyfi,fudk rwfv(12)&ufaeYuyif qkwfcGm&ef

tar&duef? NAdwdoQ? 'wfcsf? MopaMw;vs (wyfaygif;pk)\ trdefYt&

qkwfcGmcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif *syefrsm;onf rwfv(23)&ufaeY rwdkifrD

jrxGef;atmif132

txd rodrf;jzpfao; acs/ &efukefodkY vHkNcHKa&;twGuf ta&;wBuD; zGJUpnf;xm;

onfh oabFmrsm; 0ifaeMuonfudk *syefrsm;tm; rumuG,fEdkifao; ojzifh

jzpfonf/ aemuftaMumif;tcsufwpfckrSm &efukefrSqkwfcGma&; taetxm;

jyóemwpf&yfyif jzpfayonf/

avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufjcif;

1942-ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk avaMumif;rS ESpfBudrf

wdkif tjyif;txefvma&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;wdkufcdkufrIrwdkifrDuvnf;

rauG;av,mOfuGif;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;cH&onf/ ,if;wdkufcdkufrIrsm;rSm

NAdwdoQavwyf jrefrmjynfrS aysmufuG,fap&ef oabmyif jzpfonf/ wpfck

wnf;aom ppfawGav,mOfuGif;udk wdk;wufjyKjyif&ef qHk;jzwf Muonf/

trSwf(109)wyfr[m XmecsKyfESifh topfa&muf&Sdvmaom wyf&if;

ESpf&if;udk csufcsif;½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ tapmifh wyfrsm;tjzpf wyf&if; (14)

trSwf(7) &mZykwfwpfwyf? trSwf(67)tBuD;pm;av,mOfypfwyfrS wyfpdwf

wpfpdwf? trSwf(1) tdEd,tao;pm; av,mOfypfwyfrS wpfzGJUESpfzGJU usef&Sd

aeonf/

ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;ppftkyfcsKyfa&; xkwfjyefjcif;

1942-ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeY aemufydkif;wGif ppfawGav,mOfuGif;?

oabFmqdyfESifh a&wyfpcef;rsm;rSm *syefav,mOfrsm;\ rMumrMum

vma&muf wdkufcdkufjcif; cHae&onf/ ,if;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufrIrsm;

aMumif; ppfwyfa&m t&yfom;rsm;yg pdwf"mwfusqif;vmMuonf/

ajrmufjrm;pGmaom wyfzGJUrsm;ESifh ykvdyfrsm;rSm rdrdwdkYXmersm;rS pGefYcGmxGufajy;

Muonf/ &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;ESifh e,fbuft&m&Sdtm;vHk; eD;yg;wdkYonf a&wyfESifh

ppfbufrStmPmydkifrsm;u wm;qD;aomf vnf; 1942-ck rwfv(30)&ufwGif

ppfawGNrdKUrS xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/ ppfawGc½dkif0efESifh vufa&G;pifaMu;eef;

t&m&Sd tcsdKUwdkYom olwdkYvkyfief;XmewGif usef&SdaeMuawmhonf/ &cdkif

wdkif;wpfckvHk; e,fbuftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm vHk;0csKyfNidrf;oGm;NyD jzpfonf/ rD;½IdUrIrsm;

rSmvnf; rMumcPqdkovdk qdyfurf;wGif jzpfyGm;aeonf/ qefpufrsm;

rD;avmifrIrsm; jzpfyGm;onf/ rD;tBuD;tus,f avmifuRrf;rIonf jrefrmha&eH

ukrÜPDvDrdwuf (bDtdkpD)\ ta&;ygonfh a&eHqDavSmifuefrsm;udk


ajcmufvSefYaeayonf/ t&yfom;rsm; rNidrfoufrIrSm ppfawG &cdkifwpfwdkif;

vHk;rSm wdk;yGm;vmayonf/ 1942-ck? {NyDv 13 &ufaeYrSm ppfawGNrdKUESifh

uRef;wpfckvHk;udk ppftkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif xm;&Sdvdkufonf/

awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;awmfvSefykefuefrIjrifuGif;rsm;

jrefrmjynfbufrS ppfajy;rsm;jzpfMuaom e,fjcm;wyfzGJU? wyfom;rsm;

ESifh Armhppfykvdyyfrsm;onf qlylvIyf&Sm;aeaom &cdkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;

oGm;Muonf/ ,if;qlylvIyf&Sm;aeonfh *dkPf;onf tdEd´,trsdK;om;rsm;?

txl;ojzifh rdef;rrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tm; (tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf) owfjzwfrI?

*kwfyDawmifwGif 1942-ck? {NyD (14)&ufaeYu jzpfyGm;cJhonfh ausmufawmf

awmifydkif;ESifhukvm;wefjrpf ta&SUydkif;wdkYwGif taxGaxG rNidrfoufrIrsm;

jzpfay:cJhonf/ {NyDv tv,favmufwGif rNidrfoufrIrsm; vTrf;rdk;vmonf/

,if;qlylvIyf&Sm;rIrSm awmfvSefykefuefrI[k taotcsm ,lqEdkifonfh yHkyef;

jrifuGif; jzpfavonf/ uif;vSnfhaeaom &mZykwfppfom;rsm;onf ocif

ygwD0ifrsm;? tjcm;olrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJi,frsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/

c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;c½dkif0ef\ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;

1942-ck? {NyDv (21)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGc½dkif0efonf jrefrmjynf

tpdk;&xHodkY aMu;eef;wpfapmif ay;ydkYcJhonf/ ,if; aMu;eef;rSm atmufyg

twdkif; jzpfonf/

]]þaMu;eef;onf ppfawGc½dkif\ tajctaeudk tpD&ifcHpm jzpf

onf/ ajAmifawmfvSefykefuefrI tajctaerSm &Sdaeonfudk ESdrfeif;&efrSm

ppfa&;t&om jzpfawmhrnf/ e,fbuf tkyfcsKyfa&; ysufjym;aecsdefrSm

usef&Sdaeaom ykvdyftzGJUrSmvnf; tvGeftuRHtm;xm;&onfh tae

txm; r&Sdawmhay/ ausmufawmfESifhppfawGc½dkifcGJ&Sd olykef*dkPf;rsm;udk

e,fjcm;wyfzGJUrS ppfajy;rsm;u vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; tajrmuf

tjrm;axmufyHhaeonf/ tpGef;a&muf&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;

tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;onf ra&wGufEdkifaom toufpnf;pdrfOpömrsm;udk

vk,lzsufqD;owfjzwfMuonf/ rD;½IdUrIrsm;? vk,ufwdkufcdkufrIrsm;onf

tuGyftn§yfr&Sdaom tajctae jzpfaeonf/ ,if;tajctaerSm

&efolrsm; pdrfh0if Edkif&ef jyifqifay;aerIyif jzpfayonf/

jrxGef;atmif134

*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf*syefrsm; rif;jym;odkYcsDwuf

ppfawGNrdKUapmifhwyfzGJUESifh a&wyfrrSapmifha&Smufuif;vSnfhrI&Sdae

aomfvnf; vkHNcHKa&;twGuf jynfhpHkvHkavmufrI r&Sdawmhay/ jzpfay:aeaom

tajctaetwGuf xda&mufrI r&Sdawmhyg/ 1942-ck? {NyDv (11)&ufaeYu

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif uif;vSnfhaeonfh a&wyfrS owif;&&Sdonf/ ,if;&uf

rwdkifrDaeYu jrefrmwyfom; (250)ESifh *syeft&m&Sdrsm;onf awmifukwfokdY

a&muf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ olwdkYrSm oabFmrsm;? bkwfrsm; &Sdaeonf/

,if;tzGJUonf urf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmuf trf;rS olykefXmecsKyfwpfckjzpfaom

rif;jym;odkY csDwufvmMuonf/

rif;jym;rS ppfawGodkYrif;jym;rS ppfawGodkYrif;jym;rS ppfawGodkYrif;jym;rS ppfawGodkYrif;jym;rS ppfawGodkY

{NyDvukefydkif;wGif *syefwdkY avaMumif;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; wdk;yGm;vmMu

onf/ &efolwyfzGJUrsm;onf rif;jym;{&d,mwGif pkpnf;NyD; ppfawGodkY csDwuf&ef

jyifqifaeonfrSm oHo, rjzpfEdkifawmhay/ Armbk&ifa&wyf taysmfwrf;

t&efwyfzGJUrS armfwmwyfqifxm;aom oabFmESpfpif;ESifh ,if;wyfzGJU

wdkYonf 1942-ck? arv (1)&ufaeYwGif rif;jym;teD; wdkufyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhMuonf/

vufeufBuD; av;vufudk ,if;wdkufyGJwGif toHk;jyKaMumif; awGU&onf/

xdcdkuf'Pf&m&olrsm;? aoausolrsm;udk oabFmay:wGifawGU&onf/

aemufwpf&ufwGif &efolwyfzG J Ursm;onf ausmufawmfESif h

ykPÖm;uRef;NrdKUrsm;wGif a&muf&SdMuonf/ ,if;aeY naebufwGif &mZykwf

wdkYtm;oabFmjzifh uif;vSnfhapNyD;&efol wdkYtm; pHkprf;aponf/ 1942-ck?

arv (3)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;rSm ykPÖm;uRef;atmufem;wGif ,if;oabFmrsm;udk

pufao ewfjzifh ypfcwfjcif; cH&onf/ tjyeftvSef wdkufyGJwGif ESpfaygif'g

tajrmufvufeufudk toHk;jyKMuonf/

ppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&GmppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&GmppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&GmppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&GmppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&Gm

,if;aeYrSm ppfawGNrdKUudk avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufonf/ AHk;BuJ

av,mOftpif; (27)pif;yg0ifonf/ tqdkygavaMumif; wdkufcdkufrIaMumifh

taqmufttHkrsm;? ppfpwdk;ESifh ypönf;rsm;? pm;eyf&du©mrsm;? armfwmESifh

u,f&D,m av;vufyg ysufpD;aponf/ tapmifhwyfzGJU vufeufcJ,rf;

rD;ausmufrsm;onfvnf; rD;avmifysufpD;cJh&onf/ aoaus qHk;½HI;olaygif;

(20)cefY&Sdonf/


ppfawGNrdKUapmifhwyfzGJU\ t"duwm0efrSm av,mOfuGif;udk twwf

EdkifqHk; umuG,fxm;&ef jzpfonf/ jyif;xefaomwdkufyGJ qdyfurf;wGif jzpfyGm;

cJhvQif azmufcGJzsufqD;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf tapmifhwyfzGJUonf ukef;vrf;

c&D;jzifh ppfwaumif;odkY qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf/ tapmifhwyfzGJU\ trdefYay;

t&m&Sdonf qdyfurf;wGif wyfpGJxm;EdkifpGrf;rSm tapmifhwyfzGJU \ tiftm;jzifh

rjzpfEdkifawmhaMumifh ,lqonf/ wyfom;rsm;onf oifwef;tawGU tBuHK

enf;ygonf/ ,if;tjyif iSufzsm;a&m*gaMumifh tiftm;csnfheJYaeonfh

wyfom;rsm;jzpfNyD; avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufrIrsm;onf olwdkYtm; wkefvIyf

acsmufcsm;aponf/ vuf&Sdtajctaet& *syefwyfrsm;onf 1942-ck

arv(4)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;rwdkifrD wdkufcdkufvmEdkifrnf jzpfaMumif; azmfjy

aeayonf/ urf;ajcwpfavQmuf&Sd vrf;rsm;rSm a&rsm;jynfhvQHvsuf &Sdae

onf/ uRef;&Sdc&D;vrf;aMumif;rsm;rSmvnf; Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; &Sdaeonf/

vrf;rsm; rjywfonfhwdkifatmif *syefwyfrsm; ykPÖm;uRef;rSm a&muf&SdaeNyD;

jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg tajctaersm;aMumifh yifv,faMumif;twdkif; nwGif;csif;

qkwfcGm&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/

atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGm

[def;&f*sufqefESifh a[;'g&DoabFmay:odkY aoewfrsm;? tBuD;pm;

vufeufrsm;udk wifaqmifxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ nOfh arSmifonfESifh wyfom;rsm;

oabFmay:odkY wufa&mufNyD; jzpfonf/ qdyfurf;&Sd azmufcGJzsufqD;&ef

udpörsm;udk a&wyfu azmufcGJzsufqD;vdkufMuonf/ toHk;jyK&ef rvdkawmh

onfh oabFmrsm;udkvnf; epfjr§yfvdkufMuonf/ 1942-ck? arv (2)&ufaeY

apmapmydkif;tcsdefwGif wyfom;rsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk pGefYcGmoGm;Muawmh

onf/

trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf ordkif;rSwfwrf; pmrsufESm(24)wGif

*syefwdkYu ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufí azmfjyxm;onfrSm---

]]r[mAsL[mt& ppfawGNrdKUrSm ta&;BuD;aomfvnf; cdkifrmpGm

odrf;ydkufxm;jcif;r&Sday/ 'D0DZHwyf(33)rS ajcvsifwyf cGJwpfcGJESifh trf*sDwyfzGJUrS

wyfcGJxuf0ufudk ukef;vrf;a&vrf;wdkYrS apvTwfvdkufonf/ ckcHrI tenf;i,f

&SdNyD; NrdKUudkodrf;ydkuf vdkufonf}}/

jrxGef;atmif136

(rSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsuf/ / NAdwdoQwdkYonf 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; &cdkifrS qkwfcGm

&mwGif *syefrsm;tm; &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufrIrSm r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf/

&cdkifjynf&Sd trsdK;om;nDñGwfa&; wyfOD;jzpfaom ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m

wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}} 0ifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;? ppfa&;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;cJh

&onf/ ,if;tpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm;udk vk,ufwdkufcdkufaeonfh vlqdk;rsm;tjzpf

owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ppfawGc½dkif0ef \ aemufqHk;aMu;eef;pmwGif

NAdwdoQwdkYtm; ajAmifawmfvSef ykefuefrIjzpfaeaMumif;udk 0efcHxm;onf/

þonfrSm ]]&cdkif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}\ e,fcsJUqefYusif

a&;vkyf&yfudk azmfjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/)

[ ‘‘The Re Treat From Burma, 1941-42 Edited By BisheshwarPrasad, D. Litt Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in The

Second World War’’ pmtkyfrS Capture of Akyab pmrsufESm 358-360udk

jyefqdkygonf/]


1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/


ppfawGNrdKUordkif;tusOf;


(1824-1947 xd)

t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJonf 1824-ckESpfwGif pwifjzpfyGm;onf/

AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armf&Dqif (General Morrison)onf &cdkifa'oudk xdk;ppf

qif&mrSm OD;pD;uGyfuJ&onf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf rufbdef (Brigadair Me Bean)

onf 'kwd,OD;pD;csKyftjzpfESifh OD;pD;yg0ifonf/ a&wyfudk uGefref'dk *Ref;a[

(Commodore John Hayes) tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJ vdkufyg&onf/ ,if;t*Fvdyf

wyfrawmfrSm ppfonftiftm; 9343-a,muf yg0ifonf[k od&onf/

xdkt*FvdyfwyfzGJUonf 1825-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif aumhbZm (Cox's Bazaar)

odkY csDwufonf/ yxr&cdkifcHwyfjzpfaom armifawmteD;odkY 1825-ck?

Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYwGif qdkufa&mufvmonf/ ,if;odkY a&mufvQif

ppfwyfudk ESpfwyfcGJí wpfwyfudk AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armf&DqifOD;pD;onf/ usefwyfudk

AdkvfrSL;csKyf rufbdefu uGyfuJ&onf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armf&Dqif\ wyfzGJU0if

wpfOD;jzpfol Adkvftif;qx&Gif; (Lieutenant LArmstrong) qdkolu 1825ck?

azazmf0g&Dv(21)&ufaeYpGJ jzifh oufqdkif&m AdkvfcsKyfBuD;xH tpD&ifcHpmwGif-

]]uRefawmfwdkYonf &cdkifjrpf(ukvm;wefjrpf)[k ,lq&aom jrpf0odkY

0ifrdNyDjzpfygonf/ ,if;wGif uRefawmfwdkYudk taESmifht,Sufay;Edkifaom

cHwyfwpfckudk awGU&ygonf/ pHkprf;Munfh&m ,if;jrpfrSm r,ljrpfjzpfonf/

&cdkifjrpf(ukvm;wefjrpf)rSm ta&SUawmifbufwGif &Sdonf[k od&ygonf/

&cdkifjrpfay:odkY xdkaeYnaebufwGif uRefawmfwdkY 0ifEdkifcJhygonf/ jrpf0rS

&SpfrdkifcefYa0;aom ae&mrSm cHwyfwpfck&SdaMumif; od& ygonf/ (20)&ufaeYu

taxmufawmfrsm; owif;ay;csuft& &cdkifbk&ifcHrSm ppfavS 100 (wpf&m)

ppfonfawmf 2000 (ESpfaxmif)ESifh uRefawmfwdkYudk wdkufcdkuf&ef pkqif;vm

aMumif; od&ygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY urf;rScGmí tqiftoifh &efolwyfrsm;

tvmudk apmifhaeMuygonf}}[k awGU&onf/

jrxGef;atmif138

rwfv(25)&ufaeYrSm Muufudkif;wef (Kray Keng Dong)wGif wyfpGJ

Muonf/ Muufudkif;wefrSm t*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm; ajrmufOD;(NrdKUa[mif;)odkY

csDwuf&mwGif vrf;ckvwfpcef;tjzpf t*FvdyfwdkYu toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ ,if;rS

ppfaMumif; av;aMumif;cGJí ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk xdk;ppfqifMuavonf/ rwfv

(29)&ufrS (31)&uftxd wdkufyGJtBuD;tus,f jzpfyGm;NyD; aemufwpfaeYrSm

t*FvdyfwdkY ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;ydkuf Edkifavonf/

t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJjzpfyGm;onfhtcsdefxd ajrmufOD;NrdKUrSm bk&ifcHae

aom NrdKUawmfjzpfaeao;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUrSm xdktcsdeftxd NrdKUwpfNrdKU rjzpf

vmao;acs/ ,ckppfawGNrdKU\ qifajczHk; Muufudkif;wefrSm ta&;ygaom

tajctaewGif &Sdaeonf/ Muufudkif;wefrSm e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;twGuf

ajrmufOD;udk xdk;ppfqif&mwGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom tpdwftydkif;u

yg0ifaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,ckvuf&Sd ppfawGNrdKUrSm omrefwHig&Gmuav;

wpf&Gmom &Sdaeao;onf/ ,if;aMumifh t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJ jzpfyGm;NyD;onfh

tcsdeftxd ppfawGNrdKUrSm NrdKUwpfNrdKUtjzpf rwnf&Sdao;aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/

t*Fvyfjrefrm yxrppfyGJudk &EÅydkpmcsKyfjzifh 1826-ck? azazmf0g&Dv

(26)&ufaeYrSm tNyD;owfonf/ ,if;ppfyGJrS e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkY &cdkifa'oESifh

weoFm&Da'orsm;udk &vdkufonf/ xdk&&Sdvdkufaoma'orsm;udk olwdkY\

ttkyfcsKyfcH e,fajrtjzpfowfrSwfNyD; udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttHkudk

wnfaqmuf&ef vdkvm;onf/ wpfzufrSmvnf; Oa&mywpfcGifwGif pufrI

vkyfief; wdk;wufvmonf/ ,if;rS ukefacsmrsm;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm xkwfvkyf

vmonf/ xkwfvkyfNyD;aom ukefacsmrsm;udk a&mif;cs&ef aps;uGufrsm; vdkvm

onf/ wpfzef ukefacsmxkwfvkyf&eftwGuf ukefMurf;rsm;&&efa'orsm;vdk

vmonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSm t*Fvefonf pufrIawmfvSefa&;t& xkwfukef

vkyfief;txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufaeonf/

ukefxkwfvkyfief; txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufaeaom e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkY

onf &cdkifa'oudk odrf;,lcsdefrSm vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; cufcJhvsuf&Sdonf/

&cdkifNrdKUawmf ajrmufOD;NrdKUrSm yifv,fESifh tvSrf;a0;onf/ ukefwifoabFm

rsm; 0ifxGuf&ef rvG,fulacs/ &moDOwkrSmvnf;rQwaom tajctaerSm

r&Sd/ vrf;yef;qufoG,frI tqifrajyjcif;ESifh &moDOwkrrQ wrIwdkYrSm e,fcsJU

t*Fvdyfrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;udk xdcdkufaponf/


wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&wnfae&mESifh vlOD;a&

ppfawGuRef;onf yifv,fa&jyifrS 15aytjrifhrSm &Sdonf/ ukvm;

wefjrpfESifh b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwdkYqHk&m urf;ezl;rSm&Sdonf/ ajrmufvwDåwG'f

(20)'D*&D (8)rdepfESifh ta&SUavmif*sDwG'f (92) 'D*&D(55)rdepfwGif wnf&Sd

onf/ rdk;a&csdef vufr(200)ausmf&Gmonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUxuf tyltat;

rQwonf/ jyKjyifvkyfudkifvmygu oabFmqdyfcHaumif;jzpfvmrnfudk

t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwdkY odNyD;jzpfonf/ oGm;vma&; vG,fulvmrnf/ ul;oef;

a&mif;0,fa&; tcsuftcsm jzpfvmrnf/ olwdkY\ udkvdkeDaps;uGufonf

ppfawGNrdKUrSm tvGefoifhawmfaeonf/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;twGuf

usef;rma&;tajctaerSm ajrmufOD;NrdKUxuf oifhawmfonf/ ,if;tajctae

rsm;t& olwdkYonf ppfawGuRef;udk jyKjyifvmonf/ 1826-ck aemufydkif;wGif

&cdkifNrdKUawmfjzpfaom ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk NrdKU awmftjzpfrS &yfpJNyD; ppfawGuRef;udk

&cdkifwdkif;\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkufavonf/

ppfawGNrdKU\ {&d,mrSm 6rdkif &Sdonf/ jrefrmjynf\ NrdKUBuD; (10)NrdKU

teuf wpfNrdKUtygt0if jzpfvmonf/ atmufjrefrmjynfwGif wwd,

tBuD;qHk;NrdKUjzpfí jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;rSm pwkw¬jzpfcJhavonf/ NrdKUwnfp

tcsdefu NrdKUvlOD;a& rod&aomfvnf; 1870-ckESpfaemufydkif; vlOD;a&udk

(10)ESpfwpfBudrfuspD azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;vlOD;a&pm&if;udk atmufwGif

azmfjyvdkufygonf/

1872-ck1872-ck1872-ck1872-ck1872-ck 19230 a,muf19230 a,muf19230 a,muf19230 a,muf19230 a,muf







1941-ckESpf vlOD;a&rS pm&if;udk aumufrjzpfawmhyg/ ppfBuD;rSmvnf;

jzpfcgptcsdefjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf[efwlonf/ ppfawGNrdKUvlOD;a&rSm wpf[kef

xdk; wdk;wufvmonfudk awGU&onf/

jrxGef;atmif140

tkyfcsKyfa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;tkyfcsKyfa&;

wpfzufrSvnf; e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtusdK;tjrwfay:

rlwnfí udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh tHr0ifawmhaom oufOD;qHydkif

ya'o&mZfudk &cdkifwdkif;wGif zsufodrf;vdkufonf/ ,if;ae&mwGif udkvdkeD

tkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;ESifh udkufnDaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tpm;xdk;vmonf/

&cdkifa'oudk wdkufe,faygif;(160)cGJxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYteuf(148)wdkuf

e,frSm uRef;rsm;jzpfonf/ usef(12)e,frSm acsmif;rsm;jzpfonf/ wdkufe,f

wpfckpDwGif uRef;tkyfaomfvnf;aumif;? acsmif;tkyfaomfvnf;aumif;

tkyfcsKyfaponf/

uRef;tkyf? acsmif;tkyfrsm;onf jynfolvlxkxHrS taumufcGefudk

e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf aumufcHay;&onf/ aumufcH

ay;&aiG\(15)&mEIef;udk uRef;tkyf? acsmif;tkyfwdkY &&Sdonf/ uRef;tkyfwdkY\

atmufwGif &Gmacgif;&Sdonf/ &Gmacgif;udk &Gmom;wdkYu a&G;aumufwifajr§muf

&onf/ &Gmacgif;onf &Gmom;rsm;xHrS taumufcGefaumufcHNyD; uRef;tkyfxH

odkY ay;oGif;&onf/ aumufcH&aiG\(4)&mEIef;udk vpmtjzpf &Gmacgif;u&&Sd

avonf/ 1869-ckwGif wdkufe,faygif;(160 rS 134)wdkufe,fodkY avsmhcs

vdkufonf/ uRef; tkyf? acsmif;tkyf? &Gmacgif;wdkYrSm trIao;zGJuav;rsm;udk

ppf aq;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ ,if;olwdkYtxufrSm NrdKU0ef? c½dkif0ef? c½dkifw&m;olBuD;?

wdkif;rif;BuD;ponfjzifh qifhuJqifhuJ &Sdonf/ NrdKU0efrS txuft&m&Sd tm;vHk;

rSm rsufESmjzLrsm; jzpfMuavonf/ xdkrsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm; ½Hk;pdkuf&mrSm

ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUrSm udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf\ ql;ajimifhcvkwf

rsm; &Sif;vif;&mA[dkXme jzpfvmonf/

udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf\ ql;ajimifhrsm;udk &Sif;vif;a&;rSm olwdkY\

t"duvkyfief;jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmjynf\ axmiffrsm;wGif yxr

tqifhtwef;wGifyg0ifaom ppfawGaxmifudk 1827-ckESpfwGif wnfaxmif

onf/ ppfawGNrdKUwnfvdkufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf tusOf;axmifudk e,fcsJU

t*Fvdyfrsm;u OD;pm;ay;í wnfaxmifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ tusOf;om;

(464)a,muf ,if;tcsdefrSm&SdESifhNyD; jzpfonf/ 1873-ckwGif (15)ayjrifhaom

axmifeH&HjzifhNyD;aponf/ ,ckvuf&Sd axmiftus,ft0ef;twdkif; csJUxGifoGm;

onfrSm 1875-ckESpfwGif jzpfonf/ 1913-14-ckwGif usnfNyD;wHcg;rudk

wyfqifygonf/ 1914-ckusrSaxmifwGif aq;½Hk&Sdvmonf/ c½dkifw&m;½Hk;udk

1872-ckESpfwGif usyfaiG 130682 tukefcHí aqmufvkyfonf/ aemufxyf


aiG(10250)usyf tukefcHí jyKjyifonf/ pmwdkuftjzpf ,cifc½dkif w&m;

olBuD;½Hk;a[mif;udk toHk;jyKonf/ ,if;udk 1867-ckwGif aiG(30000)usyf

tukefuscHí aqmufvkyfcJhonf/ wdkufrif;BuD;½Hk;rSm 1902-ckwGif aqmufvkyf

NyD;pD;onf/ aiG(43100)usyf ukefusonf/

NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;

wpfzufuvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ&m;taqmufttHkrsm;udk aqmuf

vkyf&if; t*Fvdyfrsm; rsufESmjzLrsm;\ usef;rma&;&&SdrItwGuf NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;

a&;udk vkyfudkifvm&onf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUudk 1874-ck?

atmufwdkbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ ,if;jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUwGif

tzGJU0if (12)OD;yg0ifonf/ xdk (12)OD;ukd Oa&mywdkufom;(3)OD;? &cdkif

trsdK;om;(4)OD;? r[mar'if(3)OD;? [dE´L(2)OD;jzifh cGJa0xm;onf/ xdktcsdK;

tpm;udk Munfhjcif;jzifh rsufESmjzL t*Fvdyfrsm;onf rnfrQtxd tcGifhta&;

,laMumif; odEdkifonf/ vlrsm;pkjzpfaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;xuf rsm;jym;aom

tcsdK;xuf ydkírsm;jym;aMumifh awGU&onf/ olwkdY\ tcGifhta&; &,lEdkifa&;

twGuf þuJhodkY ,lxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

rsufESmjzLrsm;\ tusdK;twGufudk OD;wnfí aq;½Hk;rsm; aqmufvkyf

vmonf/ 1864-ckwGif aq;½HkrSm tcef;(2)cef;om yg0ifonf/ wpfcef;udk

O&mywdkufom;rsm;twGuf oD;oefYae&m,lxm;onf/ usefwpfcef;udk tdEd,

vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ ckwif(46)vHk;qHhaom taqmufttHkudk 1879-

ckwGif xyfrHí aqmufvkyfonf/ 1906-ckwGif ckwif (120)txdxm; Edkif

onfh taqmufttHkudk wdk;csJUvmonfudk awGU&onf/ rdef;rcef;udk apwem

&Sifrsm;jzpfaom rpöwm rm&uefESif h OD;&Jausmfol-a':oEÅmjzLwdk Yu

aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;onf/ OD;&Jausmfol-a':oEÅmjzLwdkYxHrS tqdkyg rdef;rcef;

twGuf usyfaiG (3700)udk vSL'gef;aMumif; od&onf/

ppfawGNrdKUwnfptcsdeftcgu aomufa&oHk;a&udk a&wGif; a&uef

rsm;rS toHk;jyKMuonf/ &cdkiftmZmenf a';0ef;OD;atmifausmf&TDaumif;rI

a&uefonf ,ckxufwdkif 'dk;0ef;&Gm (ajrmuf)rSm &Sdygao;onf/ tcsdKUaom

a&wGif;a&uefrsm;rSm roefY&Sif;rIaMumifh 0rf;a&m*grsm; jzpfMuonf/

,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKU a&aumif;a&oefY &&Sda&; pDrHudef;wpf&yfudk 1899

ckwGif oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;u csrSwfMuonf/ 1905-ckusrS tqdkyg

pDrHudef;udk twnfjyKvkyfonf/ vkyfief;udk pwifvkyfudkifonfrSm 1906-ck

jrxGef;atmif142

pDrHudef;twGuf tpdk;&u cGifhjyKaiGrSm(3)odef;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif trSef

wu,f ukefusaiGrSm(400815)usyf jzpfygonf/ 1912-ckrSm ydkufvHk;rsm;jzifh

wdk;csJUwyfqifvmonf/

ppfawGNrdKUwGif aps;BuD;(2)aps;&Sdonf/ NrdKUraps;BuD;ESifh a&Tjym;aps;BuD;

jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm jrLeDpDy,faps;rsm; jzpf onf/ NrdKUraps;BuD;onf yxrwGif

yk*¾vduydkif jzpfonf/ bvkwfb&m;om; (Bulloch Bros) ukrÜPDxHrS jrLeD

pDy,fu 1876-ckwGif usyfaiG(15000)ESifh 0,f,lvdkufonf/ xdkaps;rSm

1879-ckwGif rD;avmifuRrf;jcif; cH&onf/ xdkESpfrSm topfjyefvnf

aqmufvkyfonf/ a&Tjym;aps;udk 1874-ckrSm aqmufvkyfonf[k od&onf/

ppfawGjrLeDpDy,ftzGJUonf NrdKU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;twGuf a&ajrmif;rsm;

azmufvkyfvmonf/ trIdufo½dkufrsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef odrf;,lvmonf/

odkY&mwGif rsufESmjzLrsm;ESifh vufa0cH vlwef;pm;rsm; aexdkif&mppfawGNrdKU\

awmifydkif;rSmom oefY&Sif;rI &Sdonf/ ajrmufydkif;rSm usef;rma&;nDñGwfrIr&Sd?

ajrmuf ydkif;rSm qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh

(Water Borne)ac:aom a&m*grsm;jzpfMuonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwpfNrdKUvHk;udk NcHKí

MunfhvQif usef;rma&;twGuf jyK jyif&efvdktyfcsufrsm;pGm &Sdaeao;onf/

1871-ck? Zlvd kifv (7)&ufaeYxkwf (Arakan News) owif;pmrSm

qmtmcsDabm (Sir Archbald) uG,fvGefojzifh owd&0rf;enf;aMumif;udk

azmfjyonf/ ,if;azmfjy&mwGif--

]]ppfawGESifh &cdkifom;rsm;onf qmtmcsDabmudk aus;Zl;wif&rnf

jzpfonf/ ppfawGodkY ola&mufpwGif csHKEG,fydwfaygif;rsm; xlxyfonf/ &THUñGef

rsm;onf/ iSufzsm;a&m*g xlajymonf/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;twGuf ocsØKif;

ajr[kac:&ravmuf jzpfonf/ ol\tjrifus,frIaMumifh a&ajrmif;rsm;

azmufvkyfjcif;? opfyifrsm;udk pepfwus pdkufysdK;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfaponf/

,if;aMumifh NrdKU&GmvSyoefY&Sif;vmonf/ pyg;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;wGif

us,fatmif jyKvkyfcJhavonf}}[k azmfjycsD;usL;xm;onf/

rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl ppfawGNrdKU\awmifydkif;onf oefY&Sif;rI&Sd

oavmuf ajrmufydkif;rSm oefY&Sif;rIenf;NyD; a&m*gxlajymaomae&m jzpfonf/

taMumif;rl awmifbufydkif;onf rsufESmjzL jAL½dku&ufrsm;? t*Fvdyft&if;&Sif

ukrÜPDrsm;rS t&m&Sdt&mcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vufa0cHvlwpfpk\ aexdkif

&m jzpfaejcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ olwdkYaexdkif&m a'oudk oeYf&Sif;oxuf

oefY&Sif;atmif? vSoxufvSatmif jyKjyifonf/ rGrf;rHonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;


twGuf oufn§mcGifhum; r&Sd? tcGefaumufcHEIef; olwdkYaqmif&aom tcGefESifh

um; rjcm;rem; &Sdonf/ tcsdK;tqvdkuf aumufcHMuonf/ wpfzufrSvnf;

awmifydkif;rSvlrsm;u ajrmufydkif;rSvlrsm;udk ESdrfhcsí ajymwwfMuonf/ a'ocGJ

pdwf"mwf? &yfuGufcGJ pdwf"mwfrsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;

pdk;rdk;csdefrSm tacgiftzsm;odkY a&mufaeMuonf/ ,if;odkY a'ocGJpdwf"mwfudk

e,fcsJU t*Fvdyfrsm;onf tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; ppfawGNrdKU vlxktcsif;csif;

uGJatmif&efwdkufay;jcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/ &cdkifvlxktcsif;csif; uGJatmifvnf;

jyKvkyfMuonf/

pD;yGm;a&;pD;yGm;a&;pD;yGm;a&;pD;yGm;a&;pD;yGm;a&;

e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rSm t&if;&Sif ,EÅ&m;ESifh

udkufnDatmif jyKjyifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ydkif;rSmvnf; olwdkYvdk&m qGJEdkifatmif

jyKjyifvmonf/ olwdkY tusdK;tjrwftwGuf vufa0cH vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh

jAL½dku&ufrsm;udk arG;xkwfMuonf/ vufa0cHvlwef;pm;onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;

rsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkY&cdkifv,form;rsm;xHrS qefpyg;rsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf 0,f,l

&&SdEdkifonf/ &&Sdaomqefpyg;rsm;udk t*Fvdyft&if;&SifukrÜPDodkYwpfqifh

a&mif;pm;Muonf/ v,form;rsm;um; olwdkYv,f,mxGufypönf;rsm;udk

wdkuf½dkufa&mif;0,fEdkifcGifh tvGefenf;yg;atmif jyKvkyfxm;onf/

vufa0cHrsm;udk tjrwftenf;tusOf;ay;onf/ t&if; &SifukrÜPD

rsm;onf olwdkY&&Sdaom pyg;rsm;udk Oa&mywdkuf a'orsm;odkY olwdkYBudKufaps;

twdkif; a&mif;csMuonf/ vufa0cHrsm;onf t&if;&SifukrÜPDrsm;rS &&Sdaom

aMu;aiGrsm;jzifh csrf;omvmMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; t*Fvdyfpm oifMum;

aponf/ wwfajrmufvmaomtcg e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;

taqmufttHkrSm taxmuftul jzpfaponf/ olwdkYonf &cdkifvlxk

tusdK;xuf rdrdwdk YtusdK;udkom MunfhwwfMuonf/ ,if;odk Y e,fcsJU

t*Fvdyfrsm;onf t&if;&SifpDyGm;a&; pepfudk cdkifrmatmif jyKvkyfvmonf/

wpfzufrSvnf; pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tqifajyatmif bPfvkyfief;

rsm;udk vkyfudkifvmonf/ b*Fvm;bPf (Bank of Bengal)? csmwmbPf

tdEd, (Chartred Bank of India) MopaMw;vsbPfESifhw½kwfbPfcGJrsm;udk

ppfawGNrdKUwGif zGifhvSpfvmonf/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;xJrS OD;&JausmfolbPf?

OD;ay:xGef;atmifbPfponfjzifh bPfvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifMuonf/

,if;bPfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fNyD; aiGwdk;acs;pm; olrsm;ay:vmonf/ aiGwdk;

jrxGef;atmif144

acs;olrsm;onf tqdkygbPfrsm;rS twdk;tenf;tusOf;ESifh aiGacs;,lMu

onf/ xdkrS&vmaom aiGrsm;jzifh v,form;rsm;udkwpfqifh twdk;aiGrsm;jzifh

acs;jyefonf/ ,if;pepfonf bPfvkyfief; vkyfudkifEdkifol wpfpkESifh vufa0cH

vlenf;pkomaumif;pm;NyD; trsm;pkrSm qif;&Jwm&Snf aponf/

vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;

e,fcs JUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;twGuf

bPfvkyfief;rsm;udk wpfzufu vkyfudkifapNyD; wpfzufrSvnf; vrf;yef;

qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;udk olwdkYtusdK;tjrwf tay:rlwnfí wdk;csJUoifhonfh

twdkif;twmtxd wdk;csJUvmonf/ ukef;vrf;c&D;rSm ppfawGNrdKUrS a&csrf;jyifxd

wpfvrf;? ppfawGNrdKUrS ausmufwef;txdwpfvrf;&Sdonf/ ,if;vrf;rsm;rSm

uwå&map;vrf;jzpfNyD; armfawmfum; tcsdefra&G; oGm;vm Edkifaom vrf;rsm;

jzpfonf/ tjcm;a'orsm;odkY ukefvrf;jzifh oGm;vmEdkifjcif;r&Sd? wpfenf;

qdk&ygvQif ukef;vrf;qufoG,fa&;rSm ppfawGNrdKUESifh qifajczHk;wpf0dkuf

avmufom oGm;vmEdkifonf/ tjcm;NrdKU&Gmrsm;odkY oGm;vm&efrSm t"du

a&vrf;udkom tm;udk;ae&onf/

1887-cktcsdeftxd a&vrf;c&D;rSmvnf; aumif;rGef jcif;r&Sdao;yg/

ppfawGbl;oD;awmif? ppfawGyvuf0NrdKUrsm;odkY aES;auG;vSaom oabFmrsm;

jzifh oGm;vm&onf/ ,if;oabFm rsm;udk tpdk;&u csKyfudkifxm;onf/ 1889-

ckwGif tpdk;& oabFmrsm;rSm oHk;r&atmif jzpfvmonf/ rpöwma':qif

(Mr. Dawson)qdkol rsufESmjzLwpfOD; oabFmukrÜPDwnfaxmif ajy;qGJonf/

rpöwma':qifESifhtNydKif yg&DNrdKUom;wpfOD;vnf; oabFmvkyfief;udk vkyfudkif

vmonf/ xdkyk*d¾KvfrSm t½HI;ay:ojzifh vkyfief;udk &yfvdkuf&onf/ 1893-

ckwGif rpöwm a':qifESifhtNydKif uyÜwdefbyfref (Captain Backman) qdkol

onf oabFmvkyfief;udk ppfawGNrdKUwGif vkyfudkifvmjyefonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfrSm

vnf; t½HI;ESifhom &ifqdkif&jyefonf/ rpöwma':qif\ oabFmukrÜPDrSm

vnf; rpöwma':qif uG,fvGefonfhESpf 1899-ckrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;onf/

1900-jynfh Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYrSm rpöwm tm? at paumh (Mr.R.A

Scott) qdkolonf ]&cdkifoabFmukrÜPD} (Arakan Flotilla Company)udk

wnfaxmifonf/ ,if;ukrÜPDrSm oufwrf;t&SnfqHk; jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg

ukrÜPDrsm;onf &cdkifwdkif;a&aMumif; oGm;vma&; vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkif

MuaomukrÜPDrsm; jzpfMuonf/


jynfwGif;a&aMumif;oGm;vma&;om ppfawGNrdKUvrf;yef; qufoG,f

a&;twGuf ta&;BuD;onfr[kwf? yifv,ful; oabFmvrf;aMumif;rSmvnf;

ta&;BuD;onf/ aqmif;OD;aygufrSonf aEGtukef rdk;tul;txd ppfawG

qdyfurf;wpfavQmufrSm yifv,ful;oabFmrsm; jynfhESufvsuf &SdMuonf/

,if;oabFmrsm; tvG,fwuloGm;vmEdkif&eftwGuf rD;jywdkufESpfckudk

wnfaqmufxm;onf/ wpfckudk ppfawGNrdKUqdyfurf;t0if qJApfuref;

(Savage Island) ay:rSm wnfxm;onf/ av;csrf; awmifrD;jy[k ac:onf/

,ck tGdKufpwmrD;jy (Oyster Light-House) jzpfonf/ ,if;tGdKifpwmrD;jy

onf ppfawGNrdKU\ taemufajrmufbuf&Sd tGdKufpwmuRef; (Oyster Reef)

ay:rSm wnf&Sdonf/ ppfawGqdyfurf;t0ifrSm&Sdaom av;csrff;awmif rD;jyudk

1844-ckrSm aqmufvkyfonf/ tjrifhay(138)ay jrifhonf/ ,ckvuf&Sd

tjrifhtwdkif;udk 1891-ckrSm wdk;csJUjyK vkyfonf/ ,if;rD;jywdkufrS rD;rsm;udk

ntcsdefrSm(14)rdkif0ef;usifrS jrif&onf/ tGdKufpwmrD;jyudk 1876-ckrSm

aqmufvkyf NyD;pD;onf/

yifv,ful;oabFmrsm; qdkufuyfEdkifatmifvnf; oabFmqdyfurf;

aumif;udk jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ,ckvuf&Sd ppfawGNrdKU aqmifawmfBuD;rSm

t&Snfay(608)ay&Sdonf/ 'DuscsdefrSm a&eufay(23)ay&Sdonf/ ,if;

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tjcm;jynfwGif; oGm;oabFmrsm; qdkufuyf&eftwGufudk qyf½dk;usacsmif;rSm

jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/

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jzpf&eftwGuf pmwdkufESifhaMu;eef;vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifvmonf/ ppfawGNrdKU&Sd

pmwdkufBuD;onf &cdkifwdkif;&Sd a'otm;vHk;odkY pmay;pm,l jyKvkyfonf/

&efukef? uvuwåm;NrdKUrsm;odkY wpfywfvQif ESpfBudrfus NAdwdef? tdEd´,

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pmwdkufBuD;rSm jzefYa0ay;onf/

1864-ckwGif &efukef umvuwåm;NrdKUrsm;odkY aMu;eef; qufoG,frIudk

ppfawGrS jyKvkyfvmEdkifonf/ NrdKUe,frsm;ESifhvnf; aMu;eef;qufoG,frIudk

1905-ckaemufydkif;rSm jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ w,fvDzkef;rsm;udkvnf; ppfawGNrdKUrSm

wyfqifvm&m 1915ck? Zefe0g&Dv 1&ufaeYrSm w,fvDzkef;vHk;a&(67)vHk;

&Sdonf/

rnfokd Yyifqdkapumrl ppfawGNrdKUay:rSvGJvQif oGm;vma&;ESifh

qufoG,fa&;rSm cufcJonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; csdKUwJhrIonf e,fcsJU

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wpfa'o txiftjrifvGJrIrsm; jzpfay:aponf/ tjcm;a'orsm;rSm oGm;vm

qufoG,fa&;twGuf acsmif;i,f? ajrmif;i,frsm;udk 0g;wHwm;rsm;jzifhvnf;

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Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; oGm;vma&;rSm rvG,fulacs/ ppfawGESifh rdkiftenf;i,f

a0;aom ae&mrsm;odkYyif Oa&mywdkufom; rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm; wpfcgrQ

ra&muf zl;aMumif;udk qm[maA; (Sir Harvey)tm; olBuD;wpfOD;u

ajymzl;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; nHhzsif;rIESifh

ywfoufí qm[maA;u qufvufazmfjy&mwGif-

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uREkfyfwdkYonf taumuftcGefrsm;udk jrefrmjynf tjcm;a'orsm;xuf

ydkrdkaumufcHMuonf/ odkY&mwGif vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; aumif;rGefNyD;

vlxktusdK;twGuf aiGaMu;wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS roHk;ao;}}[k 1866-ck

a&;ol\ rSwfwrf;rSm a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/

wpfzef vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; nHhzsif;yHkudk qm[maA; rSwfwrf;

ra&;rD(10)ESpfcefY 1876-ck Edk0ifbmv(4)&ufaeYxkwf (Araken News)

owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f azmfjycJhzl;onf/ aqmif;yg;&SifrSm (Old

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ppfawGrEÅav; w½kwfjynf vrf;azmufvkyfa&; aqmif;yg;udk (Araken News)

owif;pmrSm a&;om;tBuHay;ol jzpfonf/ azmfjyygaqmif; yg;wGif---

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taumufrSm wpfESpfvQifodef;(20)jzpfonf}}[ka&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/


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wpfzufrSm vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; rnDrQaom uRefynm

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xdkynma&;pepfrSm &cdkifwdkif;twGuf tH0ifcGifusrI &SdcJhaomfvnf; e,fcsJU

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vcpm;rsm;tjzpf0ifa&muf xrf;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf olwdkYoifay;aom

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tdEd,odkY oGm;a&mufí t*Fvdyfpmudk oif,l&avonf/

tdEd,odkY oGm;a&mufroifMum;Edkifolrsm;twGuf t*Fvdyf-jrefrm

txufwef;ausmif;udk 1846-ckwGif ppfawGNrdKUrSm zGifhvSpfonf/ ,if;ausmif;

rSm ajrwdkif;ynmoifwef;udkvnf; wGJzufzGifhxm;onf/ ausmif;zGifhpwGif

ausmif;om;OD;a& rnffrQoifMum;cJhaMumif;udk rod&aomfvnf; 1861-62ck

wGif ausmif;om; 107-a,muf &Sdonf/ 1903-ckodkY a&mufvmaomtcg

ausmif;om;OD;a& (343)a,muftxd wdk;jrifhvmonfudk awGU&onf/ 1917-

ckrSm ausmif;om; (564)a,muftxd ynmoifMum;vsuf &SdaeNyD jzpfonf/

ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om; (75)a,mufqHhaom taqmifwpfckudkvnf;

yl; wGJxm;onf/ ,if;ausmif;udk ausmif;zGifhonfhESpfrSpí tpdk;& u

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onf/ wpfzef 1913wGif jyefvnfí tpdk;&csKyfudkifrIatmufodkY odrf;oGif;

vdkufygonf/

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ausmif;wpfausmif;vnf;&Sdonf/ xdkausmif;udk 1890-cku pwifzGifhvSpf

onf/ Oa&mywdkufom;uav;i,frsm;wGuf oifMum;&ef oD;oefYoifwef;rsm;

&S donf/ tpdk;&xHrS axmufyH haiG wpfESpfvQif oHk;aomif;pD&onf/

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xm;onf/

jrxGef;atmif148

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ausmif; zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ xdkausmif;rsm tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcHausmif;

r[kwfyg/ jrLeDpDy,f rlvwef;ausmif; jzpfonf/ tjcm;rdef;uav;ausmif;

wpfckrSm Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;\ orD;twGuf (Mrs. Lacker Steen)

tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcH omoemjyKrdef;uav;ausmif; jzpfonf/

1885-ckESpfu ppfawGNrdKU jrLeDpDy,fausmif;wGif ausmif;ol (35)a,mufESifh

omoemjyKrdef;uav;ausmif;wGif (23)a,mufrQom &Sdonf[k ynma&;

tpD&ifcHpmt& od&onf/ q&mtwwfoif aemfrHausmif;wGif 1881-

ckESpfu ausmif;om; (10)a,mufom&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh

q&mtwwfoif aemfrHausmif;rSm tqdkygESpf 0ef;usifavmufwGif zGifhEdkif

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wGJzufzGifhxm;onf/

trsdK;om;ausmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;trsdK;om;ausmif;

tqdkygausmif;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfoifMum;ae&mrS 1920-ck aemufydkif;rSm

trsd K;om;txufwef;ausmif;ud k wnfaqmufMuonf/ trsd K;om;

txufwef;ausmif;rSm 1920-ck &efukef wuúodkvfausmif;om;oydwf\

uGif;qufwpfck jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif; zGif hptcsdefuqdkvQif

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aemufydkif;rSm jyefvnfzGifhvSpf Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/ ,ck trsdK;om;ausmif;

ae&mrSm awmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeonf/

trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;\ yxrqHk;ausmif;tkyf BuD;rSm

OD;xGef;atmif jzpfonf/ aemuf&cd ki fwd ki f;zGm; rlqvifbmom0if

rpöwmaZmfe'if (Mr. Zaunuddin) jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rSm

ausmif;q&m(30)OD;cefY&Sdonf[k od&onf/ OD;armifjrOD;? OD;at;csrf;?


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rsm;onf vnf;aumif; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk cg;oD;pGm &GHrkef;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/

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jrxGef;atmif150

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ay:cJhonf/ 1870-71ckrSm OD;armifjzL? 1888-ckwGif armifbifESifh AdkvfiwdkY

onf ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,frS t*Fvdyfrsm;tm;awmfvSefMuonf/ 1890-ckrSm

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OD;csif;azmfESifhom;jzpfol OD;azmfatmifwdkYvnf; 1891-ck? pufwifbm

vavmufrSpí ar,lurf;ajc? r*FvmBuD; awmifajratmufpcef;uaeNyD;

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t*FvdyfvlrsdK; axmifrSL;wpfOD; aoqHk;onf/ oufqdkif&mtmPm ydkifrsm;u

½kef;&if;qefcwfrIudk aoewfypfNyD; ESdrfeif;&onf/ vltrsm;tjym; aoqHk;

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jyefonf/

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um; r&SdcJhygacs/ jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; e,fcsJUvufatmuf usa&mufonfhtcg


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jrxGef;atmif154

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21-12-6721-12-6721-12-6721-12-6721-12-67

udk;um;onfhpmwrf;rsm;

1/ Arakan Past Present Future by John Ogilvy Hay 1892.

2/ Burma Gazetteer Akyab District Volume A by Mr.R.B. Smart.

3/ Census of India 1991-Vol-IX. Burma Part II Table, by

C. Morgan Weeb. M.A, I.C.S.

4/ Series A Union of Burma 1953. Census of Population.

5/ vGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmif em,uq&mawmf

OD;pdEÅm\ ax½kyÜwdåtusOf;/

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&cdkifhwefaqmifr*¾Zif;/

7/ rif;avmif;armifazmfatmif ]"npH} &cdkifhZmenf *sme,f?

1961ck? rwfvxkwf/

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&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;/

9/ armifhbufwef tpD&ifcHpm bmomjyef/

&cdkifñGefYzl; ,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;rsm; 1968-ck? ZlvdkifrS

jrxGef;atmif156

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43/ armifomausmf (OD;&mZfawmifNrdKUtkyf)

44/ armifa&Tjr (ukvm;wefNrdKUtkyf)

45/ armifa&Tbef; (NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtkyf)

46/ armifvSazmfZH (c½dkifcGJt&m&Sd-ausmufawmf)

47/ armifa&Tyef; (rif;jym;NrdKUktkyf)

48/ armifawG;pH (aygufawmfNrdKUtkyf)

49/ armifjrom (ppfawGNrdKUtkyf)

50/ OD;awmvl (vufaxmuf&Jt&m&Sd)

51/ OD;a&Tom (vufaxmuf&Jt&m&Sd)

52/ OD;jromxGef; (ausmufwmf)

53/ OD;xGef;atmif (NrdKUa[mif;)

54/ OD;iarmif

55/ OD;eDxGef;wdkY jzpfMuygonf/

1901-ck? arv (19)&ufaeYwGif usif;yonfhaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;

rSwfwrf;udk OuúX jrOD;? *kPfxl;aqmif twGif;a&;rSL; pHOD;cdkifESifh xGef;csefwdkYu

vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/

rSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsuf/ / vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ trnfa&SUwGif rpöwm? OD;? armif? rd[f?

bmbl;ponfjzif h rl&if;wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;

jyefvnfwifjyxm;ygonf/

0dwdk&d,txdrf;trSwf&efyHkaiG aumfrwD(ppfawG)onf 0dwdk&d,

bk&ifrudk&nf&G,fNyD; wnfaxmifaomaumfrwDwpf&yf jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif

OD;jrOD;? OD;csef;xGef;atmif? OD;pHOD; cdkifESifh OD;xGef;csefponf &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;\

tajrmftjrifus,frIaMumifh ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;&ef qHk;jzwfEdkif

cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkYr[kwfrlbJ rpöwmtmatpaumh tBuHay;wifjy

onfhtqdkom atmifjrifcJhvQif ppfawGNrdKUwGif 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrausmuf½kyf

pdkufxlxm;onfh trsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfhyef;NcHwpfck wnf&Sdaeonfudk

awGUjrif&ayrnf/

jrxGef;atmif166

OD;jrOD;? OD;csefxGef;atmif? OD;pHOD;cdkifESifh OD;xGef;csefwdkY OD;aqmif

OD;&GufjyKcJhonfh ynm&nfcRefqk axmufyHhaMu;qkaygif;(29)qk&Sdonfhteuf

qkaygif;rnfrQudk rnfa&GUrnfrQ txd ay;cJhonfudkum; rod&yg/ odkY&mwGif

ESpfaygif;(85)ausmfumvu ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu; qkay;yHk ay;enf;rsm;

rS ,ckacwf tajctaexdatmif enf;,lzG,frsm;udk awGU&ygrnf/ &cdkifjynf

\ ynma&;? vlrIa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&; tajctaeudk ,if;ynm&nfcRef axmufyHh

aMu;vkyfief; atmifjrifonfESifhtrQ taxmuftulay;EdkifrnfrSm aocsm

vSygonf/


23-10-198623-10-198623-10-198623-10-198623-10-1986

(þpmwrf;udk Education in Burma by Maung San Oo Khine, of

the Burma Subordinate Judicial and Exeecitive Service, Printed at the

Akyab Press. APPENDIX A, Page. 35 to 41 udk udk;um;a&;om;ygonf)

]]&cd kifo[m,toif;}}]]&cd kifo[m,toif;}}]]&cd kifo[m,toif;}}]]&cd kifo[m,toif;}}]]&cd kifo[m,toif;}}

aiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rSaiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rSaiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rSaiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rSaiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmif 1961-1986 rS


&cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pmrsm;


jrxGef;atmif

1826-ckESpfwGif &cdkifjynfudk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm; odrf;,lonf/

,if;aemuf EdkifiHjcm;om;t&if;&Sifrsm;onf olwdkYtusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf t&if;

tESD;rsm;jr§KyfESHMuonf/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIrSm ,ciftcgxuf wdk;wuf

vmonf/

tdEd´,EdkifiHtygt0if taemufEdkifiHrsm;ESifh ul;vl;qufoG,frI

rsm;jym;vmonf/ udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;? ,EÅ&m;vnfywf Edkifa&;twGuf &cdkif

wdkif;&if;om;tcsdKUtm; td*Fvdyfpmudk oifMum;Edkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;zGifhay;

xm;onf/ tcsdKUaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;onf tdEd´,EdkifiH&Sd NrdKUBuD;rsm;odkY

oGm;a&mufNyD; acwfynmrsm;udk oifMum;vmMuonf/

ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tcsuftcsmusaom ppfawGNrdKUrSmvnf;

wpfaeYxufwpfaeY wdk;wufvmonf/ wdkufwmtaqmufttHkrsm; wdk;yGm;

vmonf/ ppfwaumif;? umvuwåm;ponfhNrdKUrsm;ESifh tywfpOfrSefrSef

oabFmBuD;rsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vmaeMuNyDjzpfonf/

,if;odkY pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;wdkYrSm wpfpHk

wpf&maom twdkif;twmxd wdk;wufaecJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; 1853-ck rwdkifrD

tcsdefxd &cdkifjynfwGif yHkESdyfpufESifh owif;pmxkwfa0a&;rSm&SdcJh[efrwl

ao;acs/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;twGuf aps;EIef;owif;rsm;? aMumfjim

rsm;wdkYtwGuf umvuwåm;xkwf owif;pmrsm;udkom tm;udk;ae&ao;

onf/

&cdkifjynf owif;pmvkyfief;udk e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;tkyfpdk;NyD; tESpf

(20)ausmf (30)eD;yg;rSom owif;pmwpfapmif xkwfa0onfudk awGU&onf/

,if;owif;pmrSm (Akyab Commercial) jzpfonf/

jrxGef;atmif168

,if;aemuf &cdkifjynfwGif owif;pmrsm; xkwfa0vmonf/ odkY&m

wGif xkwfa0cJhaom owif;pmrsm;\ taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm &SmazGír&Edkif

avmufatmifyif jzpfaeayonf/ rsm;rMumrDESpfrsm;u xkwfa0cJhaom

owif;pmrsm;yifvQif &moDOwk'Pf? ydk;rTm;rsm; zsufqD;jcif;ESifh pepfwus

rxdef;odrf; jcif;rsm;aMumifh tcsdKUowif;pmrsm;yif rawGU&SdEdkifawmhyg/

odk Y&mwGif &cd kif jynfxkwf owif;pmrsm;ESif hywfoufíum;

taxmuftxm;vHk;0r&Sdawmhonfh tajctaerSm r&Sdao;yg/ wcsdKUaom

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;xHwGif rSwfwrf;rsm;? owif;pma[mif;rsm;udk ,ckxufwdkif

odrf;qnf;xm;olrsm; &Sdygao;onf/ ,if;odrf;qnf;xm;aom rSwfwrf;rsm;?

owif;pma[mif;rsm;udk aESmif;vlrsm; od&SdEdkif&eftwGuf azmfxkwfwifjy&ef

vdktyfaeygonf/

rSwfwrf;wif&Sdxm;aom owif;pmrsm;ESifh owif;pm a[mif;rsm;udk

twwfEdkifqHk; pkpnf;NyD; wifjyygrnf/ jynfhpHkavmufaom tcsuftvuf

rsm;[lí rrSwf,lao;yg/ vdktyfcsufrsm;? jznfhpGuf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh

jyifqif&rnfhtcsufrsm; &SdaeOD;rnfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/

ARAKAN NEWS owif;pmowif;pmowif;pmowif;pmowif;pm

1853 ckESpf xkwfa0pOftcgujzpf Akyab Commercial News

jzpfonf/ aemufESpftawmfMumrSm rpöwm a*stdka[; Mr. J.O, Hay u

0,f,lonf/ yHkESdyfwdkuftrnfESifh owif;pmudk Arakan News [k ajymif;vdkuf

onf/ ,if;owif;pmudk rpöwma[;uwpfqifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;wpfOD;jzpfaom

OD;vSazmfoltm; 1868ckrSm a&mif;vdkufonf/ OD;vSazmfol\ vuf0,fwGif

1892-93-ck txd&Sdaeygonf/ 1896-97ckrSm OD;aumif;pH&TDu ydkiffqdkifonf/

,if;owif;pmonf rnfonfhckESpfavmufrSm &yfpJoGm;onfudk twdtus

rod&yg/ odkY&mwGif 1916-ckrSm OD;csefxGef;\ rdefYcGef;wpfckudk tqdkyg owif;

pmwdkufwGif ½dkufESdyfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1916-ck wdkifatmif

&Sdaeao;onfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf/

(Arakan News)owif;pmud k rawGUzl; rzwfzl;aomfvnf;

,if;owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;rsm;udkpkpnf;NyD; pmtkyftjzpfESifh jyefvnf

½dkufESdyfxm;aom pmtkyf(2)tkyfudk awGUzl;ygonf/ (Old Arakan) trnfcH

rpöwma[;a&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;onfhpmtkyfjzpfonf/

1892-rSm (William Blackwood & Sons, London) pmtkyfwdkufu ½dkufESdyf


xkwfa0cJhygonf/ pmtkyftrnfrSm (Arakan Past Present Future) jzpfyg

onf/ rpöwma[;aqmif;yg;rsm;\ t"dutcsufrSm &cdkifjynftwGuf

vrf;yef;tquftoG,frsm; azmufvkyfay;&ef jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUrS rEÅav;?

rEÅav;rS w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpöudk txl;tav;

ay;a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ owif;pmrSmom ,if;udpöESifh

a&;om;cJhonf r[kwf? NAdwdoQygvDreftxd aygufatmifBudK;pm;cJhol

jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif w&m;olBuD;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhol rpöwma[;

onf owif;pmorm; wpfa,muftaeESifh &cdkifjynfaumif;pm;a&;twGuf

BudK;yrf;cJholjzpfaMumif;udk ol\vuf&mrsm;u oufaocHcJhygonf/

&cdkifjynf\ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udpöudk rpöwma[; a&;om;cJh

ouJhodkY OD;pHOD;cdkifqdkonfh yk*d¾KvfrSmvnf; NAdwdoQynma&;pepfudk ajymif;vJa&;

twGuf tqdkygowif;pmuae NyD; a&;om;cJhygonf/ ol\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk

jyefvnfpkpnf;NyD; 1901ckESpfrSm (Akyab Press)u yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhygonf/

,if; pmtkyfrSm (Education in Burma) jzpfonf/ tqdkygpmtkyfwGif jrefrm

EdkifiHynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifa&;twGuf wuúodkvfrsm;? pmoif

ausmif;rsm;zGif hvSpfay;a&;udpörsm;udk tav;ay;a&;om;xm;ygonf/

,if;pmtkyf\ aemufqufwGJrSm 0dwdk&d,bk&ifr txdrf;trSwftwGuf

1901-ck? rwfv(6)&ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfonfh tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf; tjynfh

tpHkudk awGU&onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;t& ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu;(12) rsdK;ay;&ef

qHk;jzwfMuonf/ rlvwef;rSonf tif*sifeD,m? opfawm? v,f,mpdkufysdK;

a&;? a&aMumif;oGm;vma&; ponfh ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu;rsm;ay;&ef

qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk awGUMu&onf/

,if;wdkYudk Munfhjcif;jzifh xdkyk*d¾KvfwdkY\ tem*wf&cdkifjynf arQmfrSef;

csufudk cefYrSef;Edkifonf/

(Arakan News) xkwfa0pu apmifa&rnfrQ½dkufESdyfcJhonfudk

rod&yg/ OD;aumif;pHOD; OD;pD;vkyfudkifonfhtcsdefrSm apmifa&(150)½dkuf&onf/

owif;pmrSm wpfywfvQif ESpfBudrfus xkwfa0onf/ owif;pmvkyfief;tjyif

ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvnf; ½dkufEdSyfaMumif; od&yg

onf/

jrxGef;atmif170

OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif owif;pmrsm;

1892-93ck rSwfwrf;rsm;t& OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif (The Orphan) yHkESdyf

wdkufrS owif;pm(3)apmif xkwfa0aMumif; od&onf/

,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-,if;owif;pmrsm;rSm-

1. The Arakan Advocate,

2. The Arakan Echo.

3. The Daily Advertiser wdkYjzpfonf/

,if;yk*d¾Kvfonf owif;pm(3)apmifudk wpfNydKifwnf; xkwfa0cJh

aomfvnf; 1892-93ck rSwfwrf;rSmom tqdkygowif;pmrsm;udk awGU&onf/

1897-98ck rSwfwrf;wGif OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif yHkESdyfwdkufudk (The Akyab Orphan

Press)[k trnfajymif;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ yxrowif;pm (3)apmif

tpm; (The Arakan Times)[k trnfopfjzifh xkwfa0onfudk awGU&onf/

(The Arakan Advocate) ESifh (The Arakan Echo) owif;pm

(2)apmifrSm wpfywfvQif(3)Budrf ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ (The Daily

Advertiser) owif;pmrSm aeYpOfowif;pm jzpfonf/ yxrowif;pm

apmifa&(100)txd xkwfa0&onf/ 'kwd,owif;pmrSm wpfBudrfvQif

(125)apmiftxd xkwfa0&NyD; aeYpOfowif;pm wpfaeYvQifapmifa&(100)

xkwfa0&onf/ odkY&mwGif aeYpOfowif;pmom tcsdefrSefxkwfa0&aomfvnf;

usef(2)apmifrSm ESpfukefatmif xkwfa0Edkifjcif;&SdcJh[ef rwlacs/

(The Arakan Times)trnfjzifh 1896-97-ckESpfrSm xkwfa0onfh

owif;pmrSm aeYpOfowif;pmr[kwfbJ wpfywfvQif(3)Budrfxkwfa0onfh

apmifa&(150)xd xkwfa0&onf/ tqdkyg owif;pmtm;vHk;rSm ppfawGNrdKU

wGif ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ rnfonfhckESpfrSm &yfpJoGm;cJhonfudk rod&yg/

jynfBuD;r@dKif owif;pm

OD;armifapmazmfydkif (Arakan Press) yHkESdyfwdkufrSm jynfBuD;r@dKif

owif;pmudk 1892-93-ckwGif ½dkufESdyfonf/ wpfywfvQif(2)Budrfus xkwfa0

onf/ apmifa&(100)xkwfa0onf/ ,if;jynfBuD;r@dKifowif;pmudk

&cdkifpmESifh xkwfa0onf odkYr[kwf t*FvdyfpmESifh xkwfa0onfudkum;

twdtus rod&yg/ 1896-97-ckrSm owif;pmxkwfa0onfudk rawGU&yg/

odkY&mwGif yHkESdyfvkyfief;rSm &yfwnfvsuf&Sdygao;onf/ yHkESdyfwdkuftrnfudk


(Arakan Press) rS jynfBuD;r@dKifyHkESdyfwdkuf [lí owif;pm\ trnfudk

cH,lxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ yHkESdyfvkyfief;ESifh owif;pmxkwfa0a&;

vkyfief;rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif jzpfonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUxkwf owif;pm

OD;atmifjzLESifh OD;pdefazmfydkif (The Arakan Industrial Press)rSm

ausmufjzLNrdKUrS ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ trnfrSm (Kyauk Pyu Adverisine

and Friend of Arakan) jzpfNyD; 1896-97-ckrSm xkwfa0onfudk awGU&onf/

tywfpOf owif;pmjzpfonf/ rnfonfhta&;tom;ESifh xkwfa0onfudk

rod&yg/ apmifa& (60)omxkwfa0cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif 1896-97 ck wGifom

rSwfwrf;awGU&NyD; usefESpfrsm;wGif rawGU&awmhyg/

&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif; owif;pm

]]&cdkifjynf&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;a&;toif;}}udk 1929

ckrSm zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ vlBuD;vli,frsm; pkaygif;NyD; wnfaxmifaom toif;

jzpfonf/ a&TapwDq&mawmf? OD;a&Tom? OD;a&TZHatmif? OD;zaxmf?

OD;xGef;atmifponfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk em,uxm;Muonf/ OuúXOD;armifomEdkY

jzpfNyD; twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;armifbjzpfonf/ ,if;toif;u owif;pm

wpfapmifudk xkwfa0onf/ ]]&cdkifjynf&mZ0iftoif;owif;pm}} jzpfonf/

,if;owif;pmrSm owif;pmoabmxuf r*¾Zif;oabm qefae

onfudk awGU&onf/ yxrqHk;ESifh aemufqHk;tjzpf wpfBudrfom xkwfa0EdkifcJh

onf/ trsdK;om;ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;ydkif jrefrmh*kPf&nfyHkESdyfwdkuf &efukefNrdKUwGif

½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkifwGif jzefYcsdcJhonf/

ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;ppfBudKacwf owif;pmrsm;

&cdkifjynf EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIonf ppfBudKacwfwGif jrefrm jynfrrSm

uJhodkY t&Sdeft[kef jyif;xefvsuf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m

wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;t½Hk;}}rSm xif&Sm;onf/ ,if;tpnf;t½Hk; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh

twl &cdkifjynfrSmvnf; owif;pm(2)apmif jyefvnfí xGufay:vmygonf/

]]&cdkifjynfowif;pm}}ESifh ]]wdkYvuf½Hk;owif;pm}}rsm; jzpfonf/

jrxGef;atmif172

&cdkifjynfowif;pm

]]&cdkifjynfowif;pm}}udk 1935-ckESpfrSm xkwfa0onf[k od&onf/

we*FaEGaeYxkwf owif;pmjzpfonf/ wpfapmifudk(5)jym;ay;&onf/

xkwfa0olrSm OD;a&TabmfjzpfNyD; wm0efcH t,f'DwmrSm OD;pHazmfOD; jzpfonf/

wGJzuft,f'DwmrSm q&mOD;owdk;vS jzpfonf/ 1938-ck? Zlvdkifv aemufydkif;

rSm q&mowdk;vSu wm0efcHt,f'Dwm jzpfvmonf/ OD;pHa&T (,ckawmwGif;)

u vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfvmonf/ ,if;owif;pmudk 1939-ckrSm

ydwfvdkuf&onf/

wdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pmwdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pmwdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pmwdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pmwdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pm

]]wdkYvuf½Hk; owif;pm}}udk wdkYvuf½Hk; OD;pHa&Tu OD;pD;xkwfa0onf/

yxrvufa&;rlrsm;ESifh 1935-36ckavmufrSm xkwfa0onf/ aemufydkif;wGif

yHkESdyfNyD;owif;pm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSmvnf; 1938-

39avmufrSm &ifqdkifoGm;ygonf/

tqdkyg owif;pm(2)apmifrSm e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;twGuf ta&;yg

cJhonfhowif;pmrsm; jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;a&;twGuf tiftm;wpf&yftae

ESifh &SdcJhonf/ ,if;owif;pmrsm;\ tmabmfrsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm ,cktcg

&SmírawGUEdkifavmufatmif &Sm;yg;aeonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm &cdkifjynfEdkifiHa&;

ordkif;twGufta&;ygonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;? tmabmfrsm; jzpfonf/

1942-ck aemufydkif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHonf *syefrsm;vufatmufodkY

usa&mufcJhonf/ *syefacwfESifh t*Fvdyfrsm; jyefvnfí jrefrmjynfudk

odrf;ypfonfhtcsdefxd &cdkifjynfwGif owif;pmvkyfief;rsm;udk rpwifEdkifao;

acs/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif; EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJUrsm;\ toHtjzpf

owif;pmrsm;udk &cdkifjynfwGif xkwfa0vmMuonf/

&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm&cdkifwdkif; owif;pm

ppfawGNrdKUwGif 1949-ckavmufwGif tqdkygowif;pmudk ½dkufESdyf

xkwfa0ygonf/ t,f'DwmrSm OD;bodef;atmif jzpfonf/ wm0efcHxkwfvkyf

olrSm Od;xGef;vIdifjzpfonf/ ½ly&Gm&Sd jynfBuD;wHcGef yHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/

&cdkifjynf zqyvtzGJU xkwfa0aom owif;pm jzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSm

wpfESpfavmufomcHNyD; aemufydkif; ydwfvdkuf&onf/


vrf;rSefowif;pmvrf;rSefowif;pmvrf;rSefowif;pmvrf;rSefowif;pmvrf;rSefowif;pm

&cdkifwdkif; owif;pmudk ydwfvdkufNyD;aemuf 1955-56 avmufwGif

vrf;rSefowif;pmudk zqyvtzGJUrS jyefvnfxkwfa0ygonf/ t,f'DwmrSm

q&mOD;owdk;vS jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU rdZH&yf vrf;rSefyHkESdyfwGif ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0

onf/ apmifa&rnfrQxkwfa0onfudk rod&yg/ wpfywfwpfBudrfom xkwfa0

cJhonf/ ,if;owif;pmrSmvnf; (1)ESpf? (2)ESpfcefYom wnfwHhcJhonf/

&cdkiftoHowif;pm&cdkiftoHowif;pm&cdkiftoHowif;pm&cdkiftoHowif;pm&cdkiftoHowif;pm

'DrdkopfygwDrS xkwfa0onf[k od&onf/ t,f'DwmrSm OD;tdk;avmif

(OD;tkef;armif)jzpfonf/ &efukefNrdKUwGif½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkifwGif jzefYcsdonf/

apmifa& rnfrQxkwfa0cJhonfudk rod&yg/ wpfywfwpfBudrf xkwfa0onf/

1955-56avmufrSm xkwfa0NyD; 1958-ckavmufrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;ygonf/

&cdkiftvif;owif;pm&cdkiftvif;owif;pm&cdkiftvif;owif;pm&cdkiftvif;owif;pm&cdkiftvif;owif;pm

&wntzGJUrS xkwfa0onfhowif;pm jzpfonf/ 1955-56-ck

avmufrSm xkwfa0onf/ ,if;owif;pmudk &efukefNrdKU? (316)? bm;vrf;&Sd

jynfolUpmyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/ yxrwGif t,f'DwmESifh xkwfa0olrSm

OD;vSxGef;jzL jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif t,f'DwmESifh xkwfa0olrSm OD;vSausmf

(armif0PÖ) jzpfonf/ yHkESdyfwdkufrSmvnf; trSwf-200? 27-vrf;? &efukef&Sd

Zmwd*kPfa&mifyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/ wpfywfwpfBudrf xkwfa0onf/

apmifa& rnfrQxkwfa0cJhonfudk rod&yg/ 1958-ckavmufrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;

ygonf/

&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif

1958-59avmufrSm xkwfa0onf/ Ak'¨[l;aeYwdkif; jzpfonf/

'DrdkopfygwD\ owif;pmjzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmudk t,f'Dwmtjzpf

OD;atmifxGef;jru yHkESdyfxkwfa0onf/ ppfawGNrdKU&Sd jynfolYyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyf

onf/ 1960-ckavmufrSm &yfqdkif;oGm;ygonf/

jrxGef;atmif174

&cdkifZmenf *sme,f&cdkifZmenf *sme,f&cdkifZmenf *sme,f&cdkifZmenf *sme,f&cdkifZmenf *sme,f

owif;pmoabmqefaeojzif h &cd kifZmenf*sme,fud kvnf;

azmfjyvdkufygonf/ ,if;*sme,ftwGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1960-ck? rwfvrSm

pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ (3)Budrfomxkwfa0EdkifcJhNyD; &yfqdkif;cJhonf/ pmwnf;

tzGJUrSm apmarmifarmif? aemifvwfESifh armifwifodef;wdkY yg0ifonf/ trSwf

(91)? vSnf;wef;? &efukef&Sd rsdK;ñGefYyHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfonf/ armifapmarmif

trSwf(51)? uRef;awmvrf;? prf;acsmif;? &cdkifu wm0efcH xkwfa0cJhonf/

&cdkifjynf owif;pmvkyfief;rSm ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfcJh NyD jzpfonf/

xkwfa0cJhonfh owif;pmrsm;rSmvnf; ikyfwpfcg ay:wpfvSnfh &SdcJhonf/

owif;pmrsm;rSm oufwrf;r&SnfcJhacs/ xkwfa0cJhonfh apmifa&rSm

vnf; ,ckacwftaeESifhMunfhvQif enf;yg;onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;acwftajc

taet& jzpfEdkifonfh taetxm;ESifh xkwfa0cJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/

pD;yGm;a&;t&MunfhvQif ,if;jzefYcsdaomapmifa&rSm ,if;acwftwdkif;twm

t&yif tvGeftm;enf;aeygonf/ owif;pm&yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf jzefYa0

onfhapmifa&rSm ta&;BuD;aMumif; odomygonf/ owif;pmrsm;onf

taMumif;tcsdKUaMumifh &yfqdkif;cJh&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; t"dutcsufrSm

apmifa&enf;yg;rIonf t&if;cHjzpfrnf[k xifrdygonf/

wifjycJhaom owif;pmrsm;ESifhywfoufí razmfjyEdkif aomtcsuf

tvufrsm; &Sdaeonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm xkwfa0cJhonfh ckESpftwdtus? apmifa&

rnfrQxkwfa0cJhonf/ t,f'Dwmrsm;? rnfonfhtwGuf &yfqdkif;cJh&onf/

rnfonfhckESpfwGif &yfqdkif;cJhonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfonf/ vufvSrf;

a0;cJhNyDjzpfaom owif;pmrsm;xuf ,ckrsufarSmufacwfxkwf owif;pmrsm;

udkyif twdtus azmfrjyEdkifjcif;rSm þpmwrf;\ t"dutm; enf;csuf

wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rdrdwdkY udk,fwdkifyg0ifvkyfudkifcJh

olrsm;u azmfxkwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ jznfhpGufay;vdrfhrnf[k

vnf; xifrdygonf/ ,if;odkY azmfxkwfay;jcif;jzifh &cdkifjynf\ ordkif;pOf

wpf&yf\ [muGufaysmhuGufrsm;udk azsmufzsufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/



udk;um;onfhpmtkyfrsm;

1/ Report on the Administration of Burma during 1892-93

2/ Report on the Administration of Burma during 1896-97

3/ Arakan Past Present Future by John Ogilvyhay,

William Black Wood & Son, London 1892.

4/ Education in Burma, by Maung San Oo Khine,

Puinted at the Akyab Press, 1901

5/ Early News Papers in Burma by C.A Cuttins,

Burma Research Society, Fiftieth Anniversary Publications

No. 2, 1960

6/ &cdkifwdkif; owif;pm? &cdkiftvif;? &cdkiftoHESifh tjcm; &cdkifjynf

xkwf owif;pmrsm;? *sme,frsm;/

&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf&cdkifr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf(1)? 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&uf

pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/pmqdkawmfaeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0onf/

jrxGef;atmif176

a[;\ &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;

azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI


jrxGef;atmif

b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf ta&SUbufESifh ½dk;rawmiftMum;&Sd a'orSm

&cdkifurf;ajrmifa'o jzpfonf/ ,if;a'oonf ajrmufbufwGif us,fjyefYNyD;

awmifbufodkY usOf;ajrmif;oGm;onf/ ajrmufrSawmifodkY oG,fwef;aeonfh

urf;ajrmifa'o jzpfonf/ rdk;rsm;NyD; opfawmxlxyfonf/ jrpfacsmif; yGm;rsm;

NyD; a&pD;oefonf/ urf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmuf ausmufaqmifrsm;onf/

awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;onf c&D;oGm;vma&;udk cufcJaponf/

,if;wdkYrSm &cdkifurf;ajrmifa'o\ obm0tcuftcJrsm; jzpfonf/

&cdkifa'o vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rSm obm0tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh rjzpf

xGef;EdkifaMumif; tpOfwpdkuf ajymqdkcJhMuonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;

pm;rsm;\vufoHk;pum; jzpfcJhonf/ aESmif;vlrsm;uvnf; oHa,mifvdkufí

pum;qdkMuonf/

odkY&mwGif Old Arakan trnfcH owif;pmq&ma[;onf ppfawGrS

rEÅav;udkjzwfNyD; w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udpöudk

owif;pmrSvnf;aumif;? oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;xHwifjyívnf;aumif;

txl;tav;ay;NyD; BudK;yrf;cJholwpfOD; jzpfonf/

a[;tolvJa[;tolvJa[;tolvJa[;tolvJa[;tolvJ

a[;trnf\tjynfhtpHkrSm John Ogilvy Hay, F.R.G.S jzpfonf/

a[;onf 1870-ck rwdkifrD odkYr[kwf ,if;0ef;usif avmufwGif &cdkifodkY

a&muf&Sdvmol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif(7)ESpfausmf (8)ESpfeD;yg;cefY aexdkif


cJhol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU wGifaepOf 1853-ckESpfxkwf Akyab Commercial

News owif;pmwdkufudk 0,f,lNyD; Arakan News owif;pmtjzpf trnf

ajymif;NyD; OD;pD;xkwfa0cJhol jzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]&cdkif0gBuD;}} Old

Arakan trnfjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/ ,if; Old Arakan trnf

jzifh t*FvdyfodkYa&muf&Sd NyD; aemufrSmvnf; owif;pmrsm;wGif a&;om;onfudk

awGU&onf/

ppfawGNrdKUwGif aexdkifpOf *kPfxl;aqmif w&m;rw&m;olBuD;

Honarary Megistrate of the Town of Akyab tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

a[;onf &cdkifwGif(7)ESpf (8)ESpfcefY aexdkifpOftwGif; &cdkifa'owGif

vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; txl;nHhzsif;aeonfudk rsufjrifudk,fawGU awGUcJh&ol

jzpfonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;twGuf owif;pmorm;wpfOD;yDyD rdrdydkif

onfh Arakan News owif;pmrS aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tav;ay;a&;om;cJhol

jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf qdyfurf;aumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif;

&cdkifrSrEÅav;udkjzwfNyD; w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; (Indo Burma China

Railway Connections) azmufvkyfa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/

a[;onf 1888-ckavmufwGif t*FvefjynfodkY jyefvnf a&muf&Sd

onf/ t*FvefrSmvnf; ppfawGrS rEÅav;udkjzwfNyD; w½kwfjynfodkY rD;&xm;

vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpötwGuf oufqdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;xHodkY pmtm;jzifh

vnf;aumif;? owif;pmrS vnf;aumif;? vludk,fwdkif csOf;uyfívnf;aumif;

BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhol jzpfonf/

a[;onf &cdkifrSw½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;

twGuf BudK;yrf;&mwGif &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHudk

t*Fvdyfrsm; wwd,tBudrf odrf;ydkuf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;t&m&SdcsKyftjzpf

vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhol pav'if (Sir E.B, Sladon Knight Codonel)

ESifh tif*sifeD,mcsKyfESifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\ jynfolU

vkyfief;Xme twGif;0eftjzpf vnf;aumif;? tdEd´,EdkifiHtpdk;&\ jynfolU

vkyfief;Xme\ twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol AdkvfcsKyfBuD; tvufZE´m;

za&Zm (General Alexander Fraser)ponfh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ tm;wufoa&m

ulnDrIudk &cJholjzpfonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkYrSm a[;ESifhyk*d¾Kvfa&;ta&vnf;

&if;ESD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/

a[;\aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh ol\aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk avhvmygu

]],leD,H*suf tvHatmufwGif &cdkifjynfudk wdk;wufapvdkolwpfOD;}}

jrxGef;atmif178

jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ol\pGrf;aqmif csufrsm;onf tkyfpdk;olNAdwdoQvlrsdK;

wpfOD;\tjrifjzifh wifjycsufrsm;jzpfonf/ tkyfpdk;olNAdwdoQvlrsdK;wpfOD;

tjzpfjzifh BudK;yrf;csufrsm; jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif ol\wifjycsuf? BudK;yrf;csufrsm;onf &cdkifordkif;wGif

rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnfh udpöwpf&yf jzpfayonf/

&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf&cdkif twdwf- ypöKyÜef- tem*wf

a[;onf &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;twGuf tkyfcsKyf

a&;? ppfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? a&aMumif; vrf;tajctae? ppfwaumif;ESifh

&cdkifa'o&Sd vlOD;a& tajctaersmudk aphpHkpGm avhvmonf/ oufqdkif&m

tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifrsm;? ppfa&;tmPmydkifrsm; aiGaMu;twGuf ukrÜPD

ydkif&Sifrsm;? a&aMumif;uRrf;usifolrsm;udkvnf; w½kwfrD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyf

a&;twGuf pmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? vludk,fwdkif oGm;a&mufívnf;aumif;

vlawGUqHk aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/

a[;onf olUudk,fydkif Arakan News owif;pmrS 1876-ck?

Edk0ifbmv(4)&ufrS 1877-ck? Edk0ifbmv(24)&uftwGif; &cdkifw½kwf

rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf aqmif;yg; (12)apmifudk a&;om;azmfjy

cJhonf/

,if;tjyif tjcm;owif;pmrsm;jzpfaom Times, Indian Stateman,

The Pioneer Mail, The Spector, Saturday Review owif;pmrsm;\

owif;rsm;udk udk;um;ívnf;aumif;? t,f'DwmxH ay;pmrsm;jzif h

vnf;aumif; a&;om;cJhonf/

NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyfESif h Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

tdEd,EdkifiH\ twGif;0eftjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif &GufcJhol The Marquis

of Salisbury K.G xHodkYvnf;aumif;? tdEd,EdkifiH twGif;0ef Viscount Cross

G.C.B xHodk Yvnf;aumif;? tdEd ´,EdkifiHbk&ifcHcsKyf The Marquis of

Lansdowne G.C.S.L xHodkYvnf;aumif; pmtwefwef qufoG,fí &cdkif

w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&; tajctaersm;udk wifjytpD&ifcH

cJhonf/ vludk,fwdkifvnf; awGUqHkwifjyEdkifa&;twGuf vef'efNrdKUwGif 1887-

ck? pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYu pma&;om;NyD; awGUqHkcGifh awmif;cHcJhonf/

,if;yk*d¾Kvfrsm;xHrS pm&&SdaMumif; jyefMum;pm&&Sdaomfvnf; awGUqHkcGifh r&&Sdyg/


,if;tjyif t*FvefEdkifiH NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfaom vDbmyl;? [l;vf?

refcsufpwmNrdKUrsm;&Sd ukefonfrsm;toif;wdkYxHodkYvnf; &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;

vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpö pma&;om; qufoG,fí oabmxm;rsm;udk ar;jref;

cJhonf/

,if;tjyif a[;onf t*Fvef&Sd a&wyfOD;pD;csKyfESifh ygvDreftrwf

jzpfol Lord George Hamilton M.P Ist. Iord of Admiralty xH tqdkyg

udpöESifh vludk,fwdkifawGUqHkcGifhudk 1890-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (25)&ufaeYu

awmif;cHcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;yk*d¾Kvf udk,fwdkif rawGUqHkEdkifcJhaomfvnf;

olUudk,fpm; AdkvfBuD; ba&;('f) Captain Bridge R,N. The Director of Nawal

Intelligeace qdkolESifh awGUqHkcGifh &&SdcJhonf/ ,if;tjyif a[;onf ol\

oabmxm;rsm;udk pmtm;jzifh 1890-ck? azazmf 0g&D (4)&ufaeYwGif tqdkyg

AdkvfBuD;xHodkY a&;om;ay;ydkYcJhonf/

,if;tjyif 1867-ck? arv (1)&ufrS 1874-ck? Mo*kwfv (4)&ufaeY

txd b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; txl;ojzifh ppfwaumif;ESifh ppfawGNrdKU

rsm;wGif yifv,ful;oabFm rmvdefrSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol (Capatin

James Ewert, for mary years commarder of a Britigh India Company,

Steomer in the Bay of Bengal) xHrS ppfawGoabFmqdyfonf ppfwaumif;

xuf aumif;rGefaom oabFmqdyfaumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oabmxm;

rSwfcsufudk &,lcJhonf/

t*FvefygvDreftrwfrsm;xHodkYvnf; 1891-ck? Mo*kwfvtwGif;u

a[;onf &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udpötwGuf ygvDrefwGif

wifjyaqG;aEG;Edkif&efpmrsm;udk jzefYa0cJhonf/

,if;tjyif xif&Sm;onfh avmh'f'gz&ifh (Lord Dufferin) pav'if?

za&Zm ponfwdkYtjyif pD;yGm;a&;bufrS yk*d¾Kvfrsm;? twwfynm&Sifrsm;xHrS

oabmxm;rsm;udk &,lEdkifcJhonf/

a[;onf &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;twGuf &cdkif

wGif &SdpOfuvnf;aumif;? t*FvefodkY jyefa&mufpOfuvnf;aumif; ol\

aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk pkaygif;NyD; pmtkyfwpftkyf xkwfa0&ef pDpOfcJhonf/

1892-ck? rwfv(9)&ufaeYpGJjzifh vef'ef&Sd tdEd,EdkifiH twGif;0ef½Hk;odkY

&cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udpöESifhywfoufonfh aqmif&Gufcsuf

rsm;udk pmtkyfxkwfa0vdk aMumif; cGifhjyKcsufudk a[;u awmif;cHonf/ 1892-

ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeYpGJjzihf ,if;½Hk;rS oabmwlnDcsufudk &&SdcJhonf/

jrxGef;atmif180

,if;aMumifh 1892-ck? arvwGif William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh

and London) yHkESdyfwdkufrS &cdkiftwdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wf (Arakan Past

Present Future) pmtkyfudk ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/

,if;pmtkyfwGif &cdkifa'oodkY a[;ra&mufrDu tajctae? a&muf&SdNyD;

tajctaeESifh tem*wfumv a[; arQmfrSef;cJhaom &cdkifjynftajctaersm;

udk aphpHkpGm wifjyxm;onf/

qdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawGqdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawGqdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawGqdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawGqdyfurf;aumif;NrdKU ppfawG

ppfawGNrdKUonf yxrt*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJ NyD;onfhaemuf wnfaxmif

aom NrdKUjzpfonf/ 1870-ck? Zlvdkifv (7)&ufaeY xkwf Arakan News wGif

Old Arakan trnfcH a[;u &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;a[mif; Sir Archibald Bogle

\ ravsmhaomZGJvHkUvaMumifh &cdkifa'o\ qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rSm

wdk;wufvmaMumif;jzifh ,if;yk*d¾Kvftm; csD;usL;a&;om;xm;onf/ qefpyg;

vkyfief;ESpfpOfwpf[kefxdk; wdk;wufvmojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf qefpyg;vkyfief;

\ tcsuftcsmusaom NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfvmonf/ tESpfESpfq,fwdkif toHk;jyK

oGm;vm&ojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf vDbmyl;oabFmydkif&Sifrsm;\ od&SdrIrsm;vm

onf[k a[;u vDbmyl; ukefonfrsm;toif;odkY 1874-ck? Zlvdkifv (27)&uf

&ufpGJjzifh ay;ydkYonfh pmwGifazmfjyxm;onf/

a&S;u oabFmrmvdefrSL;rsm;? a&aMumif;tmrcHvkyfief; &Sifrsm;onf

ppfawGodkY oGm;vrf;wGif&Sdaom tdGKifhpwm Oyster Reef ausmufwef;rSm

awG;aMumufp&m jzpfcJhonf/ qmtmomz,fom\ pDpOfñTefMum;rIaMumifh

tGdKifpwmausmufaqmifay:wGif tvSrf;a0;onfhae&mrsm;rSyif rD;a&mifudk

jrifEdkifaom rD;jywdkufudk ESpftwefMumuyif zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;

rD;jyaMumifh ppfawGodkYoGm;vmaeus oabFmrsm;omru umvuwåm;NrdKUESifh

b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; oGm;vmaeonfh oabFmrsm;twGufvnf;

rcefYrSef;Edkifaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk jzpfxGef;apEdkifaMumif;jzifh ,if;pmwGif

qufvufazmfjyxm;onf/

ppfawGNrdKUonf &cdkifjrpf0rS ig;rdkiftuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/ &efukefNrdKU

onf rkwåryifv,fauGUxdyfwGif&Sdonfh &Snfanmif;aom yifv,fc&D;oGm;

vmrI jzpfonf/ rdkif (30)cefY jrpfaMumif;twdkif; qefwuf&onf/ oabFmrsm;

oGm;vm&mrSm ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;aom tusdK;qufrsm;onf &efukefodkY oGm;&m

rSm jzpfxGef;EdkifaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; tqdkygpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/


ppfawGrS rEÅav;rSm rdkif(100)yifra0;/ w½kwfjynfESifh jrefrmjynf

wdkYrS xGufaomxGufukefrsm;\ xGufayguf jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfypönf;

xkwfvkyfolrsm;\ yifv,fa&vufMum;rSm ppfawG jzpfonf/ tpçyxr

aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;rnf/ odkY&mwGif wdkawmif;aom

oGm;vma&;c&D;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIrsm; jzpfxGef;vmrIaMumifh ,if;ukefus

p&dwfrsm;rSm rMumrD axrdrnfjzpfonf[k a[;u ppfawGqdyfurf;rS rEÅav;

w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfjcif; tusdK;tjrwfudk azmfjyxm;

onf/

b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf&Sd ppfawGNrdKUudkjzwfNyD;azmufvkyfaom rD;&xm;

vrf;onf r[mAsL[mt& vnf;aumif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;t& vnf;aumif;

uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tusdK;&Sdrnf jzpfonf/ Nidrf;csrf;rIudk

taxmuftuljyKrnf jzpfonf/ e,fpGefe,fzsm;a'orsm;&Sd vlrsm;\

0ifa&mufpGuf zufrIrsm;vnf; r&SdEdkifawmhyg[k a[;\rdwfaqGpav'ifu

ppfawGudkjzwfNyD; &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udpöudk tav;ay;

axmufcHxm;onf/

,if;tjyif a[;onf NAdwdoQ-tdEd, oabFmukrÜPDwGif rmvdefrSL;

tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol *sDtD;0wf\ ppfawGqdyfurf;

onf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf&Sd qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;teuf aumif;rGefaom

qdyfurf;aumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oabmxm;rSwfcsufudk &,lNyD; oufqdkif&m

rsm;odkY wifjycJhonf/

ty,fcH &cdkifjynfty,fcH &cdkifjynfty,fcH &cdkifjynfty,fcH &cdkifjynfty,fcH &cdkifjynf

a[;onf &cdkifwGifvusL;ESpf&Snf aecJhol jzpfonf/ &cdkifa'oESifh

qufqHcJh&onfrSm tESpfESpfq,fcefY &Sdonf/ &cdkifudk oHa,mZOfBuD;ol

rsufESmjzL vlrsdK;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ,leD,H*suf tvHatmufwGif &cdkifudk

wdk;wufapvdkolwpfOD; jzpfonf/ &cdkifa'oudk tkyfpdk;olrsm;\ ypfy,fxm;

onfh a'otjzpf a[;ujrifonf/ tkyfpdk;olrsm;\ 0efcHcsuf? xifjrifcsufrsm;

udk a[;onf &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;BudK;yrf; csufrsm;wGif

tvsOf;oifhovdk azmfjyxm;onf/ ol\&cdkif twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wf

pmtkyfrSmvnf; ,if;wdkYudk azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/

1867-ckrS 1871-cktxd r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;tjzpf aqmif&Guf

cJhol AdkvfcsKyfBuD;zdkuf (General Fytche) u oltNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemuf

jrxGef;atmif182

a&;om;cJhonfhpmwGif uREfkyfwdkYacwfwGif vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; acwf

aemufusaerIrSm uREkfyfwdkYtwGuf 0rf;enf;zG,fjzpf&yfwpf&yf jzpfonf/

wdkif;ESpfwdkif;jzpfaom &cdkifESifhweoFm&DwdkYudk odrf;,lcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;

(45)ESpf&SdNyD; yJcl;wdkif;rSm (18)ESpf&SdNyD; jzpfonf/ &cdkifrSm vrf;wpfvrf;rQ

r&Sdao;ay/ rNyD;jywfao;onfh 'uúm;ppfwaumif;vrf;udk >cif;csufxm;&rnf

jzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;0efcHcsufudk a[;uaumufEkwfazmfjy

xm;onf/

'uúm;ppfwaumif;rS ppfawGodkY qufoG,frnfhvrf;rSm ppfwaumif;

rS 'uúm;txd rdkif(60)cefY NyD;cJhonf/ ,if;vrf;rSm 'kwd, t*Fvdyf-jrefrm

ppfyGJtNyD;wGif avmh'gv[dkZD trdefYt& azmufvkyfcJhonfhvrf; jzpfonf/

odef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ukefuscJhaom tqdkygvrf;rSm ,cktcgawmBuD;

rsufrnf; jzpfaeonf/ ,if;udpöudk a[;uaxmufjyxm;onf/

]]ppfawGc½dkif\ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rSm rNyD;rjynfhpHkrIESifh

tvGef rauseyfrI&Sdaom tajctaejzpfonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,frI

cRwf,Gif;aomfjim;vnf; rdkiftenf;i,frQom a0;aom wdkufe,frsm;odkY

c½dkif t&m&Sdrsm;Munfh½Ippfaq;&ef rvma&mufonfudk uREkfyftaejzifh

em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfrdonf/ ppfawGNrdKUonf uREkfyfwdkYxHwGif

ESpfaygif;(60)&SdNyD jzpfonf/ ,if;umvtwGif; uREkfyfwdkYonf tcGef

aumufrsm;udk jrefrmjynf&Sd tjcm;a'orsm;xuf ydkrdkaumufcHcJhonf/

odkY&mwGif wpfpHkwpfOD;onf ,if;a'otESHUoGm;a&mufygu xdka'o&Sd

jynfolvlxkwdk;wufrItwGuf wpfjym;wpfcsyfrQ oHk;pG Jxm;onfh

taetxm;udk awGU&rnf r[kwfay}}[k Adamson's Settlement

Reoprt on Akyab District for 1885-86udk udk;um;azmfjyxm;NyD;

ty,fcH&cdkifjynftjzpf a[;u oufaoxlcJhonf/

,if;tjyif 1891-ck? azazmf0g&Dv (2)&ufaeYxkwf Times owif;

pmwGifvnf; ,if;(ppfawGc½dkif)wGif vrf;rSmrdkif(40)rQyif r&Sdao;aMumif;

azmfjyxm;onfh pmydk'fjzifh a[;\ ty,fcH&cdkifjynftaMumif;udk xyfrH

axmufcHxm;onf/

]]&cdkifa'oonf NAdwdoQtvHawmfatmufwGif ESpfaygif;(50)&SdNyD

jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif omrefvrf;rSm rdkif(50)r&Sdao;? wpfESpfvQif

taumufcGefrS ydk&&SdaiGrSm odef;(20)ausmf&dSonf/ EdkifiHtESHY rD;&xm;

vrf;rsm; azmufvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh


tpdk;&twGuf BuD;rm;aomtusdK;tjrwf &&Sdrnfjzpfonf}} ponfjzifh

a[;onf (Arakan News) owif;pmwGif 1876-ck? Edk0ifbm (4)&uf aeYu

a&;om;azmfjycJhonf/ ,if;pmom;rsm;twdkif; 1874-ckESpfu tdEd´,EdkifiH

twGif;0efjzpfol Marquis of Salisbury xH pmay;ydk YcJ honf/ tdEd´,

twGif;0efxHodkY azmfjyyg pmudkay;NyD;(18)ESpftMum 1892-ck? arvwGif

a&;onfh twdwfu&cdkifjynftaMumif;t&mudk azmf&mrSm azmfjyygpmudk

xyfrHwdk;wufrIr&Sdao; aMumif;udk a[;u xyfqifhí azmfjyxm;onf/

&cdkiftwdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wftaMumif;rsm;udk trSmpm oabm

jzifh pmtkyfwGif azmfjy&mwGif--

]]&cdkifonf bk&ifEdkifiHtjzpf jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifawmhrnf

r[kwfacs/ odomxif&Sm;onfh taetxm;odkY jymyHkrS xlaxmifEkdifNyD;

ppfawGqdyfurf;onf tdEd,EdkifiHwGif taumif;qHk; qdyfurf;wpfckESifh

BuD;us,faom a&wyfpcef;wpfck jzpfvmrnf/ ,if;\pGrf;&nfESifh

wnf&SdaeyHkwdkYrSm xl;xl;uJuJtajctaersm;aMumifh twnfjyKazmfjy

&jcif; jzpfayonf}}[k a[;u 1892? arv&ufpGJjzifh typfy,fcH &cdkif

jynf\ tem*wfudk a[;u arQmfrSef;cJhonf/

a[;\ &nf&G,fcsufa[;\ &nf&G,fcsufa[;\ &nf&G,fcsufa[;\ &nf&G,fcsufa[;\ &nf&G,fcsuf

a[;onf &cdkif? twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wfpmtkyfudk 1892-wGif

pDpOf½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ ,if;pmtkyfwGif ol\&nfñTef;vdkonfh taMumif;

t&mESifh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk a&SUqHk;pmrsufESmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ ol\&nfñTef;

csufonf jzpfapcsifaom qEESifh cH,lcsufrsm;udk twdkcsHK;NyD; azmfjyxm;jcif;

jzpfonf/

a[;onf &cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIrSm

tjrifhqHk;tqifhtxda&mufatmif wifjycJhonf/ wdkufwGef; vIHUaqmfcJhonf/

oufqdkif&m yk*d¾Kvfrsm;uvnf; ,if;udpöudk tav;ay; pOf;pm;cJhonf/

,if;aMumifh ol\&nfñTef;azmfjy&mwGif tav;eufqHk;tqifhjzifh pOf;pm;

cJhMuaomfvnf; cGifhjyKcsufr&&Sday[k a[;\aqmif&Gufcsufudk twdkcsHK;í

rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf/ yxrBudK;yrf;rItcsdef 1874-ck umvtwGif;u

wm0ef&Sdol 0efBuD;csKyfEdkifiHjcm;a&; wm0efcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;? tdEd,EdkifiH

twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol Marquis of Salisbury K.C 'kwd,tBudrf

BudK;yrf;rIumv twGuf tdEd´,EdkifiHtwGif;0ef Viscount Cross G.C.B ESifh

jrxGef;atmif184

tdEd ´,bk&ifc Hcs Ky f The Marquis of Lansdowne, G.C.S.Lwdk Ytm;

vnf;aumif; &nfñTef;xm;onfudkvnf;awGU&onf/

,if;ESifh wpfqufwnf;rSm t&Sifocifrsm;\ yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrI

jzifh wdk;wufrIaES;auG;aom tajctae&Sdonfh &cdkifjynfonf tusdK;pD;yGm;

jzpfxGef; wdk;wufvmrnf/ tdEd´,ESifh jrefrm-w½kwfvrf;rBuD; azmufvkyf

jcif;jzifh ,if;a'o\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom ppfawGNrdKUonf BuD;us,faom

aps;uGufESifh tdEd,tifyg,m\ wwd,tBuD;qHk; qdyfurf;NrdKUwpfNrdKU jzpfvm

rnf[k arQmfvifhygonf[k a[;u &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;onf/

]]&cdkifjynf&Sd ppfawGNrdKUonf ta&SUb*Fvm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH\

ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;twGuf qdyfurf;BuD;wpfckjzpfonfudk tpdk;&

uaomfvnf;aumif;? jynfolvlxkuaomfvnf;aumif; tav;teuf

owdjyKjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ vGefcJhonfh ESpf(30)ausmfu ay;pmrsm;ESifh

*sme,frsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh uREkfyf\ pOf;pm;&ef axmufcHawmif;qdk

cJhaom odomxif&Sm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk uREkfyf\ aqmif&Guf

csufrsm; rNyD;qHk;rD jyefvnfyHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;jzifh xyfrHNyD;tav;xm;

owdjyKvmap&efrSm uREkfyf\ qEýifjzpfygonf/ ,cktcsdeftxd

qdyfurf;udk toHk;&Sdatmif raqmif&GufMuao;yg}}[k ol\ aqmif&Guf

csufrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhjyKa&;twGuf tdEd´,EdkiHtwGif; 0ef½Hk;odkY

1892-ck? rwfv 19&ufpGJjzifh ay;ydkYonfh pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/

,if;azmfjycsufrsm;rSm a[;\qEESifh &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk azmfñTef;xm;jcif;yif

jzpfayonf/

a[;\&cdkifw½kwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIrSm umv

&SnfvsmcJhonf/ a[;ESifhtNydKif tdEd´,EdkifiHtmoHrS jrefrmjynfudk jzwfNyD;

w½kwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;udk Captain Sprye qdkolu

vnf; tqdkjyKcJhonf/ tvm;wl rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;twGuf tqdkjyK

csufrsm;vnf; ,if;tcsdef &&SdcJhonf/

a[;\ BudK;yrf;rIumvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH\ yxrqHk; rD;&xm;vrf;

jzpfaom &efukef-jynfrD;&xm;vrf;udk 1877-ckwGif azmufvkyfcJhonf/

&efukef-rEÅav;rD;&xm;vrf;udk 1889-ckwGif azmufvkyfcJhonf/ ,if;rD;&xm;

vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfNyD;pD;rIonf a[;\BudK;yrf;csufrsm;udk t[efYtwm;jzpfcJh

[ef&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ol\vkyfief;rsm;wGif ,if;udpörsm;tm; jyóemwpf&yf

taeESifh a[;u tav;teufjyKNyD; wifjyxm;onfudkum; rawGU&ay/


tdEd´,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tjcm;rD;&xm;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfcJhMu

aomfvnf; a[;\ tqdkjyKcJhaom &cdkif-w½kwf rD;&xm;vrf;um; taumif

txnf ray:cJhacs/

rnfodkYyif qdkapumrl tkyfpdk;ol rsufESmjzLvlrsdK; a[;\ BudK;yrf;csuf

rsm;udkum; rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif NAdwdoQvufatmuf

(66)ESpfausmf umvtwGif; &cdkifjynf\ tajctaewpfpdwfwpfa'oudk

ordkif;xif[yfrI wpf&yftaejzifh tav;xm;avhvm&rnfhudpöwpf&yfyif

jzpfygonf/


udk;um;onfhpmwrf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;udk;um;onfhpmwrf;

1/ Arakan Past Present Future, by John Ogilvy Hay.

Willian Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London

1892- May.

2/ ]]&cdkifjynfxkwf owif;pmrsm;}}

jrxGef;atmif &cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf-1 (1973-ck)

3/ ]]&cdkifa&;&m pmtkyfpmwrf; (rsufESmzHk;) jyyGJtñTef;}}

(&efukef)rS xkwfa0onf/

&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif; trSwf(17? twGJ-1) 1988-ck? ZGefv/

jrxGef;atmif186

&cdkifpmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm;


jrxGef;atmif

1853-ck rwdkifrD &cdkifwGif yHkESdyfwdkufvkyfief; r&Sdao;[k qdkEdkifyg

onf/ owif;pmwpfapmifudk 1853-ckwGif ppfawGNrdKU rS xkwfa0ygonf/

,if;owif;pm xkwfa0onfhESpfrSm &cdkifodkY yHkESdyfvkyfief; pmyHkESdyfpufrsm;

a&muf&Sdvmonf[k qdkEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ yHkESdyfvkyfief;&cdkifwGif pwifonfh

umv[k rSwf,l&rnf jzpfygonf/

jynfBuD;r@dKif owif;pmudk 1892-93wGif xkwfa0ygonf/

,if;owif;pmudk &cdkifjrefrm ta&;tom;ESifh xkwfa0cJhaMumif; odEdkifygvQif

,if;taxmuftxm;t& &cdkif-jrefrm ta&;tom;ESifh xkwfa0onfhpmtkyf

pmwrf;rsm;&SdaeNyD[k qdkEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/

rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl &cdkifwGif &cdkifjrefrm ta&;tom; ESifhxkwfa0cJh

onfh pmtkyfrsm;rSm 1920-ckESifh ,if;ywf0ef; usifavmufwGif&SdaeNyD jzpfyg

onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf rpwifrD ppfBudKacwfwGif pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk &cdkifrSm

½dkufESdyfxkwfa0rIrsm; jznf;jznf;rSefrSef xkwfa0aeNyD jzpfygonf/ ,if;pm

tkyfpmwrf;rsm; ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onfhvkyfief;rSm 'kwd,urÇm ppf'PfaMumifh

&cdkifrSm vHk;0eD;yg; ysufpD;cJh&ygonf/ ppfNyD;pESifh vGwfvyfa&; &&SdNyD;aemufydkif;

umvrSm &cdkifwGif yHkESdyf vkyfief;&Sdonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tvGefyif

tm;enf; aeygao;onf/ ,cktcsdefxdyif yHkESdyfvkyfief;rSm zdwfpm? vufurf;

pm tqifhrSom &Sdaeygao;onf/ pmtkyfrsm;yHkESdyfa&;ESifh taMumif;udpörsm;

ay:aygufcJhvQif &efukefodkYvma&muf NyD; yHkESdyfae&onfudk awGUjrifEdkifygonf

&cdkifvli,frsm;\ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIonf 'kwd,urÇmppf rwdkifrD

umvxuf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&; &&SdNyD;aemufydkif; umvrSm t&Sdeft[kef

&&SdvmNyD jzpfygonf/ pmayvIyf&Sm;rI\ toD;tyGifhrsm;jzpfaom pmapmif


r*¾Zif;rsm;udk &efukefwGif½dkufESdyfNyD; &cdkifjynfe,fNrdKU&GmtESHY jzefYa0cJhMuonf/

ppfawG NrdKUwGif wcsdKUpmapmifrsm;udk ½dkufESdyfcJhMuygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfrsm;udk

jzefYcsd&mrSm vli,ftoif;tzGJUrsm; wm0ef,ljzefYcsdcJh jcif;u rsm;onf/ ,if;odkY

jzefYcsd&mrSm wm0ef,ljzefYcsdaom toif;tzGJUrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rItay: rlwnfNyD;

&cdkifESifhywfoufonfh pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm; wnfwHcJhrIrsm;? oufwrf;&SnfMumrI

rsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/

&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;&efukefwuúodkvf? &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; r*¾Zif;

vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif 1950

]]&efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm; toif;}}\

ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;udk 1949-ck? pufwifbmv (15)&ufaeY nae

(4)em&DwGif ,leDbmpDwD pmoifwef; trSwf (2)rSm jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;tpnf;

ta0;rS Ouú| udkazmfZHESifh twGif;a&;rSL; udkausmfxGef;wdkY yg0ifonfh 1949-

50ckESpftwGuf trIaqmiftzGJUudk wifajr§mufMuygonf/ ,if; trIaqmif

tzGJUESifh pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm; BudK;pm;rIaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY\ aemifawmfrsm;

vufxufü pmapmifuav;rsm; xkwfa0cJhonf/ odkYaomf ,ckESpftzdkYwGifum;

aemifawmfrsm;\ ajrawmifajr§mufay;rIudk taMumif;jyKí pmrsufESm(80)

ausmfrQ yg0ifaomvGwfvyfa&; pmapmifwpfck jzpfay:EdkifpGrf; &SdcJhavonf}}

[k 1949-50ck? &efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;toif;

twGif;a&;rSL;\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/

,if;pmapmifonf &cdkifvli,frsm;\ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;teuf

tapmqHk;xGufay:vmonfh pmapmifr*¾Zif;wpfck jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyf

jrefrm(2)bmomjzifh xkwfa0&efjzpfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;trD xkwfa0&ef

twGuf tcsdefvkí tvkyfvkyfae&ojzifh t*Fvdyfu@udk csefvSyfcJhonf[k

vnf; ,if;pmapmifwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/

,if;pmapmifwGif twdkifyifcH pmwnf;tjzpf OD;ausmf&if(bDat)

wm0efcHpmwnf; armifwifatmif('k-0dZÆmwef;) wuúodkvf eE´rdwf? wGJzuf

pmwnf;? armifxGef;NrdKif ('k-Oya' wef;)? cspf'gvD taxGaxGtvkyfwm0efcH

udkpHa&TvS(y-0dZÆm) &JoD[ wGJzuftvkyfwm0efcH rwifaESmif; (y-0dZÆm)

&SifaESmif;wdkYjzpfygonf/

jrxGef;atmif188

&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;

1950-ckwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm;toif;

r*¾Zif;vGwfvyfa&;pmapmifudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif

onf ]]&cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;}}xGufay:vma&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpf

jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY vGwfvyfa&;pmapmifxkwfa0cJhNyD; 1951-ckwGif &efukef

wuúodkvf ausmif;om;-ausmif;olrsm;toif; BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh yxrqHk;aom

]]&cdkifwefaqmif}}udk xGef;n§day;vdkuf ygonf/ r*¾Zif;wGif jrefrm-t*Fvdyf

u@ESpf&yfjzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/

1952-ckESpf ]]&cdkifwefaqmif trSwf-2}}udk jrefrm-t*Fvdyf

ESpfu@jzifh xkwfa0cJhygonf/ 1953-ckwGifrl ½kef;uefwGef;z,fí r&aom

tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;aMumifh rxGufEdkif cJhay/ ]]uREkfyfwdkYonf &cdkifwefaqmif\

tvif;&dyfESifh uif;uGmír&ojzifh vGefcJhonfhESpfESifh ,ckESpf (2)ESpfaygif;

twGuf þav;ESpfajrmuf &cdkifwefaqmif zGm;jrifvm&ayonf}}[k awGU&yg

onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1954-55ck &cdkifwefaqmifrSm (2)ESpfaygif; trSwf(3)ESifh

trSwf(4)tjzpf xkwfa0cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/

&cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf(5)udk 1955-56wGif xkwfa0cJh onf/ 1957-

58wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(6)udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/ &cdkifwefaqmif

trSwf(1)rS trSwf(5)txdwGif jrefrm? t*Fvdyf u@ESpf&yfudk azmfjyxm;

ygonf/ trSwf(6)wGif a&S;a[mif;a0omvD&u©0PÖwpfpdwfwa'oudk

wifjycJhonf/ 1958-59ckwGif &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf(7)udk xkwfa0cJhyg

onf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif &cdkifpmayu@udkvnf; wdk;csJUxm;onfudk awGU&

ygonf/ 1959-60wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf (8)udk jzefYcsdonfudk awGU&

ygonf/ 1960-61wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(9)udkvnf;aumif;? 1961-

62 wGif &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(11)udk vnf;aumif; &cdkif? jrefrm? t*Fvdyf

u@rsm;jzifh xkwfa0cJhMuygonf/

1962-63 &cdkifwefaqmif trSwf(11)udk xkwfa0cJhNyD;aemuf &cdkif

wefaqmifr*¾Zif;rSm taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh (8)ESpfcefY xkwfa0jcif;udk

rawGU&yg/ ,if;aemuf 1971-72wGif &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf (12)udk

xkwfa0cJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif &cdkifpmayu@ESifh t*Fvdyfu@udk azmfjyxm;

jcif; r&Sdyg/ ,if;tjyif pmapmiftrSwfudkvnf; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/

,if;aemuf &cdkifwefaqmif 1973-74 pmapmiftrSwf(13)udk

1974-ckwGif xkwfa0cJhygonf/ 1975-76wGif &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf (14)udk


vnf;aumif;? 1977-78wGif &cdkif wefaqmiftrSwf(15)udk vnf;aumif;

xkwfa0cJhygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;rsm;wGifvnf; &cdkifpmayu@ESifh t*Fvdyfu@

wdkYudk azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/

&cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf (16)udk 1980-ckwGif xkwfa0cJhygonf/ ,if;

r*¾Zif;wGif jrefrm-t*FvdyfESpfckudk jyefvnfNyD; azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;&cdkifwef

aqmiftrSwf(16)udk 1980-ckwGif xkwfa0cJhNyD;onfrS ,aeYxufwdkif

&cdkifwefaqmifum; ay:xGufvmjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/

&cdkifwefaqmif r*¾Zif;onf &efukefwuúodkvf&Sd &cdkifausmif;ol?

ausmif;om;wdkY\ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh xGef;vif;vmonfh rD;½SL;wefaqmifwpf&yf

jzpfonf/ aemifawmfaemifawmfrsm; xGef;n§dcJhaom rD;½SL;wefaqmifwpf&yf

jzpfonfh &cdkifwefaqmifudk xGef;n§day;&efrSm ,aeYwuúodkvfynmudk qnf;yl;

aeMuaom wuúodkvfa&muf &cdkifarmifr,frsm;\ wm0efwpf&yfyif jzpfay

onf/

"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;"n0wDr*¾Zif;rsm;

ppfawGc½dkifrSvma&mufMuonfh &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ynm

oifMum;aeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u 1951-ck Mo*kwfv (1)&uf

aeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf "n0wDausmif; ol-ausmif;om;rsm;toif;udk

Ouú|udkazmfZH? twGif;a&;rSL; udkausmfcifyg0ifonfh trIaqmif(18)OD;jzifh

zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ ,if;toif;rS BuD;rSL;í "n0wDr*¾Zif; (1951-52) twGJ

(1)? trSwf(1)udk twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;ausmf&if (r[m0dZÆm) pmwnf;pHa&TvS

('k-0dZÆm)wdkYu jrefrmu@wGif vnf;aumif;? twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;uHBuD;

(r[m0dZÆm)pmwnf; pdefxGef;atmif? wGJzufpmwnf; rjroDwmwdkYu t*Fvdyf

u@wGifvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufMuonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;udk 1952-ckESpf ESpfOD;

ydkif;wGif xkwfa0cJhonf/

"n0wDr*¾Zif; twGJ(1) trSwf-2rSm twdkifyifcHpmwnf;

OD;ausmf&if (r[m0dZÆm)? pmwnf; rvSvSMuif (0dZÆm)? wGJzufpHausmfom (y-

0dZÆm) ynma&;wdkYu jrefrmpmu@wGifvnf;aumif;? twdkifyifcHpmwnf;

a':jrpdef? pmwnf; rjroDwm (0dZÆm)? wGJzufpmwnf; apmvSatmif

(odyHÜ 0dZÆm)wdkYu t*Fvdyfpmu@wGif wm0ef,lcJhMuonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif; twGJ

(1) trSwf-2udk 1953-ckESpfOD;ydkif;rSm jzefYcsdcJhonf/

jrxGef;atmif190

"n0wDr*¾Zif;twGJ(1)? trSwf(1)ESifh (2)ESpfapmifom xkwfa0cJh

ygonf/ aemufydkif;wGif &efukefwuúodkvf "n0wD ausmif;ol ausmif;om;

rsm;toif;onf &efukefwuúodkvf &cdkifausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;toif;

ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;ygonf/ ,if;aMumifh "n0wDr*¾Zif;udk xkwf0jcif;rjyKawmh

bJ &cdkifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;udk tm;jznfhNyD; xkwfa0oGm;Muygonf/

t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;t½kPfOD;r*¾Zif;

1952-rwfvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ trSwf 163-ck? 34-vrf;? &efukef

&Sd &cdkifvli,frsm;toif;(&efukef)rS xkwfa0jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;rSm

,cktcg &SmazGrawGUawmhyg/ ,if;aMumifh ,if;pmtkyfwGif yg0ifonfh

taMumif;t&m? uavmif&Sifrsm;ESifh pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;udk rodEdkifawmhyg/

,if;r*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xGufcJhygonf/

ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmifppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmifppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmifppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmifppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmif

EdkifiHawmf wef;jrifhausmif; trSwf(1)rS xkwfa0aom pmapmif jzpfyg

onf/ yxrqHk;tBudrf ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS xkwfa0aom pmapmif

jzpfonf/ 1953-ck? azazmf0g&D(22)&ufaeYwGif xkwfa0rnf[k aMunmcJh

onf/ odkY&mwGif pmapmif½dkufESdyfNyD; jynfawmfomoabFmjzifh udkom'dk;ESifh

udkausmfvSjzLwdkYu &efukefrS ,laqmifvmMuygonf/ ppfawGqdyfurf;

ta&mufwGif pmapmifxkwfa0cGifhvufrSwf r,lrIaMumifh jzefYa0cGifh &yfqdkif;

jcif;cH&onf/ w&m;pGJum'PfaiG(100d) 'Pfwyfjcif;cH&onf/ pmtkyfrsm;

udkvnf; rD;½I dUzsufqD;cH&onf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;

ESpfywfvnf pmapmiftrSwf(1)udk vHk;0xkwfa0jcif; rjyKvdkuf&yg/

]ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnf pmapmif (1954-55)} twGJ(1)

trSwf(2)pmapmifudk 1956-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif ½dkufESdyfjzefYa0cJhygonf/

,if;pmapmifwGif twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;om'if? wm0efcHpmwnf;

udkarmifarmifvSESifh rjzLarwdkY jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;trSwf(2) pmapmifxGufNyD;

aemuf ]ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmif}xGuf ay:jcif; r&Sd

awmhyg/


"npmapmif"npmapmif"npmapmif"npmapmif"npmapmif

,if;pmapmiftwGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1958-ck? arvrSm xkwfa0yg

onf/ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;tjzpf "n0wDOD;btkef;? wm0efcHpmwnf;

owdk;EG,f? pmwnf; &u©ol&def? 'k-pmwnf; "npdk;ESifh "nrif;ausmfwdkY jzpfMu

onf/ "npmapmif uavmif&SiftzGJUudk (6-7-1958)aeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU

a&Tjym;&yf twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;btkef; tdrfrSmzGJUpnf;Muonf/ Ouú|

udkat;xGef;? twGif;a&;rSL; udkatmifjrtygt0if tzGJU0if(15)OD; yg&Sdonf/

"npmapmifudk ppfawGNrdKU rdZH&yf? vrf;rSefyHkESdyfwdkufwGif ½dkufESdyfNyD; udkwifOD;u

wm0efcH xkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmapmifrSm trSwfrnfrQxd xkwfa0cJhaMumif;

rod&yg/

wufaeopf pmapmifwufaeopf pmapmifwufaeopf pmapmifwufaeopf pmapmifwufaeopf pmapmif

1958-ckavmufrSm pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmapmif wm0efcH

pmwnf;tjzpf udkarmifausmf? pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;rSm ppfawG aemifvwf?

jrwHZOf? prf;EG,f? vJhvJhrm? cifav;olZmwdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ twGJ(2)

trSwf(7)pmapmifudk (16-10-1959)&ufpGJjzifh xkwfa0onfudk awGU&

ygonf/ ,if;pmapmifudk ppfawGNrdKUausmif;wufvrf; jynfolUpmyHkESdyfwdkufwGif

½dkufESdyfNyD; udkausmfarmifu xkwfa0ygonf/ pmapmiftrSwf rnfrQtxd

xkwfa0cJhaMumif;? rnfonfhckESpfavmufwGif xkwfa0rI &yfqdkif;cJhaMumif;rsm;

udkum; rod&Sd&yg/

acwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifacwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifacwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifacwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifacwfa&SUaqmif pmapmif

pmapmif twGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1961-ck? {NyDvrSm xkwfa0onf/

pmwnf;tzGJU0if OD;owdk;vS? OD;ausmfjr? udkOD;a&TZH? udkpHvSatmif?

udkatmifa&TxGef;ESifh udkausmfpdk;wdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ ppfawGNrdKU yHkESdyfwdkuf

wGif ½dkufESdyfonf/ twGJ rnfrQxGufcJhaMumif;? rnfonfh ckESpfwGif xkwfa0rI

&yfqdkif;cJh&aMumif;rsm;udk rod&Sd&yg/

jrxGef;atmif192

&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif

,if;pmapmifudk jynfolUyHkESdyfwdkuf OD;atmifxGef;OD;vrf;? ppfawGwGif

½dkufESdyfNyD; t,f'Dwm OD;atmifxGef;jru yHkESdyfxkwfa0onf/ 1959-ckESpf

OD;ydkif;wGif jzefYa0cJhonf/ pmapmifoabmxuf t&G,ftpm; owif;azmfjy

xm;yHkrsm;rSm owif;pmoabm aqmifaeygonf/ rnfonhfckESpfwGif &yfqdkif;

cJhaMumif; rod&yg/

&cdkifnGefYzl;

&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;

aqmif;yg;rsm;udkpkaygif;NyD; ½dkufESdyfxm;onfh pmapmifjzpfonf/

aqmif;yg;trsm;pkrSm &cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk avhvmvdkufpm;ol vli,fwdkY\

wifjycsufrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;aMumifh pmtkyfudkvnf; vli,fb0ESifh

udkufnDatmif ]&cdkifñGefYzl;}}[lí trnfay;vdkufygonf[k rdwfqufpum;

wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rsm; pmapmifwGif &cdkifpmayu@?

*Dw? &moDbGJU? ordkif;okawoe pmay[lí u@rsm;cGJxm;onfudk awGU&

onf/

&cdkifvli,frsm;\ pmayvIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yf jzpfonf/ 1968ck? Zlvdkifv

rSm &efukefNrdKUwGif ½dkufESdyfjzefYa0ygonf/ aemufwGif ]&cdkifñGefYzl;uAsmrsm;}

[lí uAsmpmtkyfwpftkyfudk ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0NyD; aemufxyf ]&cdkifñGefYzl;}

pmapmifrsm; rxGufawmhyg/

&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;

&cdkif,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtzGJU(&efukef)rS xkwfa0aom r*¾Zif;

jzpfonf/ 1971-ck azazmf0g&DvwGif twGJ(1)udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/

&cdkif,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtzGJU(&efukef)\ Ouú|rSm OD;armifarmifcifjzpfNyD;

twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;cifarmifaxG;? wGJzuftwGifa&;rSL;rSm OD;atmifausmf

wdkYjzpfNyD; r*¾Zif;wm0efcHpmwnf;rSm OD;atmifomOD;? OD;BudKifomatmif?

OD;oef;armifwdkY jzpfMuygonf/ pmwnf;rsm;rSm OD;omñGefY? OD;odef;vGif?

OD;atmifausmfpdef? OD;armifxGef;a0? OD;wifarmifESifh OD;ausmfwifwdkY jzpfMu

ygonf/


&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0EdkifcJhNyD; aemufxyf

rxGufawmhyg/

&cdkifr*¾Zif;&cdkifr*¾Zif;&cdkifr*¾Zif;&cdkifr*¾Zif;&cdkifr*¾Zif;

&cdkifr*¾Zif;twGJ(1)udk 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&ufaeYwGif

pmqdkawmf txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0ygonf/ &cdkif,Ofaus;rI aumfrwD

tjzpf (ppfawGNrdKUe,f)pmayaumfrwDwGif Ouú|OD;ausmfOD; (taemufom;)

twGif;a&;rSL; OD;OD;ausmfodef;(tm;opf)ESifh tzGJU0if(11)OD; yg0ifonf/

,if;r*¾Zif;wGif twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;omausmf? wm0efcHpmwnf;

taemufom;(ppfawG) pmwnf;tzGJU0if tm;opf? udkav;i,f(ppfawG)?

armifapmol(ppfawG)? ppfawG odef;aemifwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/

&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(2)udk 1975-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif xkwfa0onf/

,if;r*¾Zif;wGif twdkifyifcH t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf tm;opf (ppfawG)

ppfawG odef;aemifwdkYu aqmif&Gufygonf/

&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(3)udk 1976-ck? pufwifbmvwGif xkwfa0yg

onf/ wm0efcHpmwnf; apmodef;armif (cGyfa'gif;eD-ppfawG) pmwnf;tzGJU0if

rsm;tjzpf ppfawGyGifhvTm? tm;opf? a':arodef;? armifrrif;rm? (ajrmufOD;)

A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG) ppfawG odef;aemifESifh ppfawGndKoefYwdkYu aqmif&GufMu

ygonf/

&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(4)udk 1977-ck? pufwifbmvwGif xkwfa0

onf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;\ twdkifyifcH pmwnf;rSm OD;ausmf OD;? wm0efcHpmwnf;rSm

OD;OD;bodef; (ppfawG odef;aemif) pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawG yGifhvTm?

ppfawG ndKoefY? a':arodef;? armifrif;rm (ajrmufOD;)ESifh ppfawG xGef;,OfwdkY

u aqmif&GufMuygonf/

&cdkifr*¾Zif;trSwf(5)udk 1977-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0ygonf/

twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;ausmfOD;? wm0efcHpmwnf; ppfawG odef;aemif? pmwnf;

tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGyGifhvTm? ppfawG ndKoefY? a':arodef;? ppfawG

xGef;,OfESifh A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)wdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/

&cdkifr*¾Zif;trSwf(6)udk 1980-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif q&mawmf

OD;Owår &mjynfhtxdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwf0jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;wGif

twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;ausmfOD;? wm0efcHpmwnf; ppfawG odef;aemif? pmwnf;

tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawG ndKoefY? A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)? jrifhausmfvIdif (ppfawG)?

jrxGef;atmif194

armifodef;cdkif(ppfawG)? ppfawG yGifhvTm? &u© ESif;jrZHESifh a':OD;jrarwdkYu

aqmif&GufMuygonf/

&cdkifr*¾Zif; trSwf(7)udk 1981-ckwGif xkwfa0ygonf/ &cdkifr*¾Zif;

aumfrwDwGif em,ursm;tjzpf oQiftkef;? taemufom;(ppfawG) yef;csD

rif;ndKwdkYu aqmif&GufNyD; pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGodef;aemif?

atmifvSodef;? ppfawGyGifhvTmESifh ppfawGndKoefYwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/

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ygonf}}[k r*¾Zif;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

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ppfawGndKoefY? A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)? armifaumufpH (ppfawG)ESifh ppfawG

yGifhvTmwdkY u aqmif&GufMuygonf/

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xkwfa0ygonf/ ,if;'Gg&0wDr*¾Zif;rSm wpfBudrfwnf; xkwfa0cJhygonf/

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r*¾Zif; trSwf(2)twGuf pmrlydwf&ufudk 1980-ck? arv(31)&ufaeYudk

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pmMunfhwdkufaumfrwD Ouú|rSm OD;atmifausmfjzpfNyD; taxGaxG twGif;a&;

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xGufay:vmaom pmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYpmay,Ofaus;rI? &cdkifvlrI

a&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tjcm;udpörsm;udk&&Sdaom pmrsufESmtay: rlwnfNyD; wifjy

cGifh &&SdMuygonf/ &&SdaomtajctaetcGifhtcgBuHKwdkif; &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\

pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? &cdkifvlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tjcm;udpörsm;udk &cdkif

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(rsufESmzHk;)jyyGJtñTef;}}pmtkyfudk rSDjirf;udk;um;yg onf/)


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