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John Mack Faragher
YALE UNIVERSITY
Mari Jo Buhle
BROWN UNIVERSITY
Daniel Czitrom
MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE
Susan H. Armitage
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
Prentice HallBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
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*Advanced Placement, Advanced Placement Program, AP, and Pre-AP are registered trademarks of
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Student Edition ISBN 10: 0-13-137119-3 (High School Binding)Student Edition ISBN 13: 978-0-13-137119-4 (High School Binding)
Editorial Director: Craig CampanellaPublisher: Charlyce Jones OwenEditorial Assistant: Maureen DianaSupplements Editor: Emsal HasanSenior Managing Editor: Ann Marie McCarthyProject Manager: Debra WechslerSenior Manufacturing and Operations Manager
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method of lining, Steel Works, Pittsburgh, Pa.Courtesy of the Library of Congress; Portrait ofMachito, Jose Mangual, Carlos Vidal, andGraciella Grillo, Glen Island Casino, New York,NY, ca. July 1947. Courtesy of the Library ofCongress; Piegan Indian, Mountain Chief, havinghis voice recorded by ethnologist FrancesDensmore. Courtesy of the Library of Congress;New Jersey extended right to vote to women. © Bettman/Corbis/Z. Legacy.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataOut of many : a history of the American people / John Mack Faragher ... [et al.]. -- AP ed., 6th ed.
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-0-13-137119-4 (student edition)ISBN-10: 0-13-137119-3ISBN-13: 978-0-13-137120-0 (teacher edition)ISBN-10: 0-13-137120-71. United States--History--Textbooks. I. Faragher, John MackE178.1.O935 2010973--dc22
2010012516
*Advanced Placement, Advanced Placement Program, AP, and Pre-AP are registered trademarks of TheCollege Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, these products.
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in thistextbook appear on page C-1).
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2002, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Thispublication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to anyprohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work,please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, UpperSaddle River, New Jersey 07458.
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AP Guidelines for United States History xxiiChapter Opening Illustrations xxxivMaps xxxviCharts, Graphs & Tables xxxviii
2When Worlds Collide,1492–1590 30
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The English and the Algonquins
at Roanoke 32
The Expansion of Europe 33
European Communities 34
The Merchant Class and the New Monarchies 34
The Renaissance 35
Portuguese Explorations 36
Columbus Reaches the Americas 37
The Spanish in the Americas 39
The Invasion of America 39
The Destruction of the Indies 41
Intercontinental Exchange 43
The First Europeans in North America 44
The Spanish New World Empire 46
Northern Explorations and Encounters 47
Fish and Furs 47
The Protestant Reformation and the First French
Colonies 48
Sixteenth-Century England 50
Early English Efforts in the Americas 51
Conclusion 52
AP* Document-Based Question 54
Document A 54
Document B 55
Document C 55
AP* Prep Test 56
iii
1A Continent of Villages, to 1500 2
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Cahokia: Thirteenth-Century Life
on the Mississippi 4
Settling the Continent 5
Who Are the Indian People? 5
Migration from Asia 6
Clovis: The First American Technology 8
New Ways of Living on the Land 9
Hunting Traditions 9
Desert Culture 10
Forest Efficiency 11
The Development of Farming 12Mexico 12
Increasing Social Complexity 12
The Resisted Revolution 14
Farmers of the Southwest 15
The Anasazis 15
Farmers of the Eastern Woodlands 16
Mississippian Society 17
The Politics of Warfare and Violence 19
Cultural Regions of North America on the Eveof Colonization 20
The Population of Indian America 20
The Southwest 20
The South 22
The Northeast 23
Conclusion 25
AP* Document-Based Question 27
Document A 27
Document B 27
AP* Prep Test 28
OVERVIEW TABLES xxxixSeeing History xxxixUsing OUT OF MANY, AP* EDITION xlCommunity & Diversity xlv
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Conclusion 83
AP* Document-Based Question 85
Document A 85
Document B 86
Document C 87
AP* Prep Test 88
4Slavery and Empire,1441–1770 90
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: African Slaves Build Their Own
Community in Coastal Georgia 92
The Beginnings of African Slavery 93
Sugar and Slavery 94
West Africans 94
The African Slave Trade 95
The Demography of the Slave Trade 95
Slavers of All Nations 96
The Shock of Enslavement 97
The Middle Passage 98
Arrival in the New World 100
Political and Economic Effects on Africa 100
The Development of North American SlaveSocieties 101
Slavery Comes to North America 101
The Tobacco Colonies 102
The Lower South 103
Slavery in the Spanish Colonies 104
French Louisiana 105
Slavery in the North 105
African to African American 106
The Daily Life of Slaves 106
Families and Communities 107
African American Culture 108
The Africanization of the South 109
Violence and Resistance 110
3Planting Colonies in North America,1588–1701 58
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Communities Struggle
with Diversity in Seventeenth-Century Santa Fé 60
Spain and Its Competitors in North America 61
New Mexico 61
New France 62
New Netherland 64
England in the Chesapeake 64
Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy 65
Tobacco, Expansion, and Warfare 66
Maryland 68
Indentured Servants 69
Community Life in the Chesapeake 69
The New England Colonies 70
The Social and Political Values
of Puritanism 70
Early Contacts in New England 71
Plymouth Colony and the Mayflower
Compact 71
The Massachusetts Bay Colony 72
Indians and Puritans 72
The New England Merchants 73
Community and Family in Massachusetts 74
Dissent and New Communities 75
The Proprietary Colonies 76
Early Carolina 76
From New Netherland to New York 77
The Founding of Pennsylvania 77
Conflict and War 79
King Philip’s War 79
Bacon’s Rebellion 80
Wars in the South 81
The Glorious Revolution in America 81
King William’s War 83
iv CONTENTS
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CONTENTS v
Slavery and Empire 113
Slavery the Mainspring 113
The Politics of Mercantilism 115
Wars for Empire 115
British Colonial Regulation 117
The Colonial Economy 118
Slavery and Freedom 119
The Social Structure of the Slave
Colonies 119
White Skin Privilege 120
Conclusion 123
AP* Document-Based Question 123
Document A 124
Document B 125
AP* Prep Test 125
5The Cultures of ColonialNorth America, 1700–1780 128
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: From Deerfield to Kahnawake:
Crossing Cultural Boundaries 130
North American Regions 131Indian America 132
The Spanish Borderlands 133
The French Crescent 137
New England 138
The Middle Colonies 140
The Backcountry 141
The South 141
Traditional Culture in the New World 142
The Frontier Heritage 144
Diverging Social and Political Patterns 145
Population Growth and Immigration 146
Social Class 147
Economic Growth and Increasing
Inequality 148
Contrasts in Colonial Politics 149
The Cultural Transformation of British North America 151
The Enlightenment Challenge 151
A Decline in Religious Devotion 153
The Great Awakening 153
The Politics of Revivalism 156
Conclusion 158
AP* Document-Based Question 158
Document A 158
Document B 159
Document C 160
AP* Prep Test 160
6From Empire to Independence,1750–1776 162
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The First Continental Congress
Shapes a National Political Community 164
The Seven Years’ War in America 165
The Albany Conference of 1754 166
Colonial Aims and Indian Interests 166
Frontier Warfare 167
The Conquest of Canada 169
The Struggle for the West 170
The Imperial Crisis in British North America 173
The Emergence of American Nationalism 173
The Press, Politics, and Republicanism 174
The Sugar and Stamp Acts 175
The Stamp Act Crisis 176
Repeal of the Stamp Act 177
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“Save Your Money and Save Your Country” 178
The Townshend Revenue Acts 178
Nonimportation: An Early Political Boycott 179
The Massachusetts Circular Letter 179
The Politics of Revolt and
the Boston Massacre 180
From Resistance to Rebellion 181
Intercolonial Cooperation 181
The Boston Tea Party 182
The Intolerable Acts 183
The First Continental Congress 184
Lexington and Concord 184
Deciding for Independence 186
The Second Continental Congress 186
Canada, the Spanish Borderlands, and the
Revolution 188
Fighting in the North and South 189
No Turning Back 191
The Declaration of Independence 192
Conclusion 195
AP* Document-Based Question 195
Document A 195
Document B 196
Document C 197
AP* Prep Test 197
7The American Revolution,1776–1786 200
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: A National Community Evolves
at Valley Forge 202
The War for Independence 203
The Patriot Forces 203
The Loyalists 206
The Campaign for New York and New Jersey 207
The Northern Campaigns of 1777 208
The French Alliance and the Spanish
Borderlands 209
vi CONTENTS
Indian Peoples and the Revolution
in the West 211
The War in the South 212
Yorktown 215
The United States in Congress Assembled 217
The Articles of Confederation 217
Financing the War 218
Negotiating Independence 218
The Crisis of Demobilization 219
The Problem of the West 221
Revolutionary Politics in the States 224
The Broadened Base of Politics 224
The First State Constitutions 225
Declarations of Rights 225
A Spirit of Reform 226
African Americans and the Revolution 227
Conclusion 230
AP* Document-Based Question 231
Document A 231
Document B 231
Document C 232
Document D 232
Document E 232
AP* Prep Test 233
8The New Nation, 1786–1800 236
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: A Rural Massachusetts
Community Rises in Defense 238
The Crisis of the 1780s 239
Economic Crisis 239
State Remedies 240
Movement Toward a New National Government 241
The New Constitution 241
The Constitutional Convention 242
Ratifying the New Constitution 243
The Bill of Rights 245
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The First Administration 246
The Washington Presidency 246
An Active Federal Judiciary 247
Hamilton’s Controversial Fiscal Program 247
The Beginnings of Foreign Policy 249
The United States and the Indian Peoples 250
Spanish Florida and British Canada 251
Domestic and International Crises 252
Jay’s and Pinckney’s Treaties 253
Washington’s Farewell Address 254
Federalists and JeffersonianRepublicans 255
The Rise of Political Parties 255
The Adams Presidency 255
The Alien and Sedition Acts 256
The Revolution of 1800 257
Democratic Political Culture 258
“The Rising Glory of America” 259
American Artists 259
The Liberty of the Press 260
The Birth of American Literature 261
Women on the Intellectual Scene 261
Conclusion 262
AP* Document-Based Question 264
Document A 265
Document B 265
Document C 266
AP* Prep Test 266
9An Agrarian Republic,1790–1824 268
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Expansion Touches Mandan
Villages on the Upper Missouri 270
North American Communities From Coast to Coast 271
The Former American Colonies 272
CONTENTS vii
Spanish Colonies 273
Haiti and the Caribbean 273
British North America 274
Russian America 274
Trans-Appalachia: Cincinnati 275
Atlantic Ports: From Charleston
to Boston 276
A National Economy 277
Cotton and the Economy of the Young
Republic 277
Shipping and the Economic Boom 278
The Jefferson Presidency 279
Republican Agrarianism 279
Jefferson’s Government 280
An Independent Judiciary 281
Opportunity: The Louisiana Purchase 282
Incorporating Louisiana 283
Texas and the Struggle for Mexican
Independence 285
Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America 285
Problems with Neutral Rights 285
The Embargo Act 286
Madison and the Failure of “Peaceable
Coercion” 286
A Contradictory Indian Policy 287
Indian Resistance 288
The War of 1812 290
The War Hawks 290
The Campaigns Against Northern
and Southern Indians 291
The Hartford Convention 292
The Treaty of Ghent 293
Defining the Boundaries 293
Another Westward Surge 293
The Election of 1816 and the Era
of Good Feelings 295
The American System 295
The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams 297
The Panic of 1819 298
The Missouri Compromise 300
Conclusion 301
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AP* Document-Based Question 303
Document A 304
Document B 304
Document C 304
Document D 305
AP* Prep Test 305
10The South and Slavery,1790s–1850s 308
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Natchez-Under-the-Hill 310
King Cotton and Southern Expansion 311
Cotton and Expansion into
the Old Southwest 312
Slavery the Mainspring—Again 313
A Slave Society in a Changing World 314
To be a Slave 315
Cotton and the American Slave System 316
The Internal Slave Trade 316
Sold “Down the River” 317
Field Work and the Gang System of Labor 318
House Servants 320
Artisans and Skilled Workers 320
The African American Community 321
The Price of Survival 322
From Cradle to Grave 322
Slave Families 324
African American Religion 325
Freedom and Resistance 326
Slave Revolts 327
Free African Americans 328
The White Majority 328
The Middle Class 328
Poor White People 329
Yeoman Values 330
viii CONTENTS
Planters 331
Small Slave Owners 331
The Planter Elite 332
Plantation Life 332
The Plantation Mistress 333
Coercion and Violence 334
The Defense of Slavery 335
Developing Proslavery Arguments 335
After Nat Turner 336
Changes in the South 337
Conclusion 340
AP* Document-Based Question 341
Document A 341
Document B 342
Document C 342
AP* Prep Test 343
11The Growth of Democracy,1824–1840 346
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Martin Van Buren Forges a New
Kind of Political Community 348
The New Democratic Politics in NorthAmerica 349
Continental Struggles over Popular Rights 349
The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage 351
The Election of 1824 353
The New Popular Democratic Culture 354
The Election of 1828 356
The Jackson Presidency 357
A Popular Figure 357
A Strong Executive 358
The Nation’s Leader versus Sectional
Spokesmen 359
The Nullification Crisis 360
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Changing the Course of Government 362
Indian Removal 363
Internal Improvements 364
Legal Support for Private Enterprise 365
The Bank War 366
Jackson’s Reelection in 1832 366
Whigs, Van Buren, and the Election of 1836 367
The Panic of 1837 368
The Second American Party System 369
Whigs and Democrats 369
The Campaign of 1840 371
The Whig Victory Turns to Loss: The Tyler
Presidency 371
American Arts and Letters 372
Popular Cultures and the Spread
of the Written Word 372
Creating a National American Culture 372
Artists and Builders 374
Conclusion 376
AP* Document-Based Question 377
Document A 377
Document B 377
Document C 377
Document D 377
AP* Prep Test 378
12Industry and the North, 1790s–1840s 380
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Women Factory Workers Form
a Community in Lowell, Massachusetts 382
Preindustrial Ways of Working 383
Rural and Urban Home Production 383
Patriarchy in Family, Work, and Society 384
The Social Order 385
CONTENTS ix
The Transportation Revolution 385
Roads 386
Canals and Steamboats 387
Railroads 388
The Effects of the Transportation Revolution 389
The Market Revolution 390
The Accumulation of Capital 391
The Putting-Out System 392
The Spread of Commercial Markets 393
Commercial Agriculture in the Old
Northwest 394
British Technology and American
Industrialization 395
The Lowell Mills 396
Family Mills 396
“The American System of Manufactures” 398
From Artisan to Worker 399
Personal Relationships 399
Mechanization and Women’s Work 400
Time, Work, and Leisure 402
The Cash Economy 402
Free Labor 403
Early Strikes 403
A New Social Order 404
Wealth and Class 404
Religion and Personal Life 404
The New Middle-Class Family 405
Family Limitation 406
Middle-Class Children 407
Sentimentalism 408
Transcendentalism and Self-Reliance 409
Conclusion 412
AP* Document-Based Question 412
Document A 412
Document B 413
Document C 414
Document D 414
AP* Prep Test 414
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13Coming to Terms with the New Age,1820s–1850s 416
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Women Reformers of Seneca Falls
Respond to the Market Revolution 418
Immigration and Ethnicity 420
Patterns of Immigration 420
Irish Immigration 420
German Immigration 421
Ethnic Neighborhoods 422
Ethnicity and Whiteness in Urban
Popular Culture 424
Urban America 425
The Growth of Cities 425
Class Structure and Living Patterns
in the Cities 427
Civic Order 429
Urban Life of Free African Americans 430
The Labor Movement and Urban Politics 431
The Tradition of Artisanal Politics 431
The Union Movement 432
Big-City Machines 433
Social Reform Movements 435
Evangelism, Reform, and Social Control 435
Education and Women Teachers 437
Temperance 438
Moral Reform, Asylums, and Prisons 439
Utopianism and Mormonism 440
Antislavery and Abolitionism 442
The American Colonization Society 442
African Americans’ Fight Against Slavery 442
Abolitionists 443
Abolitionism and Politics 445
The Women’s Rights Movement 446
The Grimké Sisters 446
Women’s Rights 447
x CONTENTS
Conclusion 447
AP* Document-Based Question 449
Document A 450
Document B 450
Document C 451
AP* Prep Test 451
14The Territorial Expansionof the United States,1830s–1850s 454
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Texans and Tejanos “Remember
the Alamo!” 456
Exploring the West 457
The Fur Trade 458
Government-Sponsored Exploration 459
Expansion and Indian Policy 459
The Politics of Expansion 462
Manifest Destiny, an Expansionist Ideology 462
The Overland Trails 463
Oregon 465
The Santa Fé Trade 467
Texas 468
Americans in Texas 468
Texas and the Election of 1844 470
The Mexican-American War 472
Origins of the War 473
Mr. Polk’s War 474
The Press and Popular War Enthusiasm 476
California and the Gold Rush 477
Russian-Californio Trade 477
Early American Settlement 477
Gold! 478
Mining Camps 479
The Politics of Manifest Destiny 480
The Wilmot Proviso 480
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The Free-Soil Movement 481
The Election of 1848 482
Conclusion 483
AP* Document-Based Question 486
Document A 486
Document B 486
Document C 487
Document D 487
AP* Prep Test 488
15The Coming Crisis,the 1850s 490
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Illinois Communities Debate
Slavery 492
America in 1850 493
Expansion and Growth 494
Politics, Culture, and National Identity 494
The Compromise of 1850 496
Political Parties and Slavery 496
Congressional Debate 497
Two Communities, Two Perspectives 498
Compromises 499
The Fugitive Slave Act 501
The Election of 1852 503
“Young America”: The Politics of Expansion 503
The Crisis of the National Party System 505
The Kansas-Nebraska Act 505
“Bleeding Kansas” 506
The Politics of Nativism 507
The Republican Party and the Election of 1856 509
The Differences Deepen 511
The Dred Scott Decision 511
The Lecompton Constitution 512
The Panic of 1857 513
John Brown’s Raid 514
CONTENTS xi
The South Secedes 515
The Election of 1860 515
The South Leaves the Union 516
The North’s Political Options 518
Establishment of the Confederacy 520
Lincoln’s Inauguration 521
Conclusion 523
AP* Document-Based Question 523
Document A 523
Document B 524
Document C 524
AP* Prep Test 525
16The Civil War, 1861–1865 528
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Mother Bickerdyke Connects
Northern Communities to Their Boys at War 530
Communities Mobilize for War 531
Fort Sumter: The War Begins 532
The Call to Arms 532
The Border States 533
The Battle of Bull Run 534
The Relative Strengths of North and South 534
Governments Organize for War 535
Lincoln Takes Charge 535
Expanding the Power of the Federal
Government 536
Diplomatic Objectives 538
Jefferson Davis Tries to Unify the Confederacy 539
Confederate Disappointments 540
Contradictions of Southern Nationalism 541
The Fighting Through 1862 541
The War in Northern Virginia 541
Shiloh and the War for the Mississippi 543
The War in the Trans-Mississippi West 543
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The Naval War 544
The Black Response 545
The Death of Slavery 546
The Politics of Emancipation 546
Black Fighting Men 547
The Front Lines and the Home Front 549
The Toll of War 549
Army Nurses 550
The Life of the Common Soldier 551
Wartime Politics 552
Economic and Social Strains on the North 552
The New York City Draft Riots 553
The Failure of Southern Nationalism 554
The Tide Turns 555
The Turning Point of 1863 555
Grant and Sherman 556
The 1864 Election 557
Nearing the End 558
Appomattox 559
Death of a President 561
Conclusion 562
AP* Document-Based Question 562
Document A 562
Document B 563
Document C 563
Document D 563
Document E 564
AP* Prep Test 564
17Reconstruction, 1863–1877 566
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Hale County, Alabama: From
Slavery to Freedom in a Black Belt Community 568
xii CONTENTS
The Politics of Reconstruction 569
The Defeated South 570
Abraham Lincoln’s Plan 571
Andrew Johnson and Presidential
Reconstruction 572
The Radical Republican Vision 573
Congressional Reconstruction and the
Impeachment Crisis 575
The Election of 1868 576
Woman Suffrage and Reconstruction 578
The Meaning of Freedom 579
Moving About 579
The African American Family 580
African American Churches and Schools 581
Land and Labor after Slavery 582
The Origins of African American Politics 584
Southern Politics and Society 585
Southern Republicans 586
Reconstructing the States: A Mixed Record 586
White Resistance and “Redemption” 588
White Yeomen, White Merchants,
and “King Cotton” 590
Reconstructing the North 592
The Age of Capital 592
Liberal Republicans and the Election
of 1872 594
The Depression of 1873 595
The Electoral Crisis of 1876 596
Conclusion 598
AP* Document-Based Question 600
Document A 600
Document B 600
Document C 601
Document D 601
Document E 601
Document F 601
Document G 602
AP* Prep Test 602
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18Conquest and Survival:The Trans-Mississippi West,1860–1900 604
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The Oklahoma Land Rush 606
Indian Peoples under Siege 607
On the Eve of Conquest 608
Reservations and the Slaughter of the Buffalo 609
The Indian Wars 611
The Nez Percé 612
The Internal Empire 613
Mining Towns 613
Mormon Settlements 616
Mexican Borderland Communities 617
The Open Range 619
The Long Drives 619
The Sporting Life 620
Community and Conflict 621
Farming Communities on the Plains 622
The Homestead Act 622
Populating the Plains 623
Work, Dawn to Dusk 624
The World’s Breadbasket 625
New Production Technologies 625
Producing for the Global Market 627
California Agribusiness 627
The Toll on the Land 628
The Western Landscape 630
Nature’s Majesty 630
The Legendary Wild West 631
The “American Primitive” 632
The Transformation of Indian Societies 634
Reform Policy and Politics 634
CONTENTS xiii
The Ghost Dance 635
Endurance and Rejuvenation 636
Conclusion 640
AP* Document-Based Question 641
Document A 641
Document B 641
Document C 641
Document D 641
Document E 642
Document F 642
AP* Prep Test 642
19The Incorporation ofAmerica, 1865–1900 646
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Packingtown, Chicago,
Illinois 648
The Rise of Industry, the Triumph of Business 649
Revolutions in Technology and
Transportation 650
Mechanization Takes Command 651
Expanding the Market for Goods 652
Integration, Combination, and Merger 653
The Gospel of Wealth 653
Labor in the Age of Big Business 656
The Wage System 656
The Knights of Labor 657
The American Federation of Labor 659
The New South 659
An Internal Colony 660
Southern Labor 661
The Transformation of Piedmont
Communities 662
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The Industrial City 663
Populating the City 663
The Urban Landscape 665
The City and the Environment 666
The Rise of Consumer Society 667
“Conspicuous Consumption” 667
Self-Improvement and the Middle Class 668
Life in the Streets 670
Cultures in Conflict, Culture in Common 672
Education 672
Leisure and Public Space 674
National Pastimes 675
Conclusion 678
AP* Document-Based Question 678
Document A 678
Document B 679
Document C 680
Document D 680
AP* Prep Test 680
20Commonwealth and Empire,1870–1900 682
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Cooperative Commonwealth 684
Toward a National Governing Class 686
The Growth of Government 686
The Machinery of Politics 686
The Spoils System and Civil Service
Reform 688
Farmers and Workers Organize TheirCommunities 689
The Grange 689
The Farmers’ Alliance 690
Workers Search for Power 691
xiv CONTENTS
Women Build Alliances 692
Populism and the People’s Party 694
The Crisis of the 1890s 694
The Depression of 1893 695
Strikes: Coeur d’Alene, Homestead,
and Pullman 696
The Social Gospel 697
The Election of 1896 698
The Age of Segregation 700
Nativism and Jim Crow 700
Mob Violence and Lynching 702
Tom Watson 702
“Imperialism of Righteousness” 703
The White Man’s Burden 703
Foreign Missions 704
An Overseas Empire 705
The Spanish-American War 709
A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba 710
War in the Philippines 712
Critics of Empire 713
Conclusion 716
AP* Document-Based Question 716
Document A 716
Document B 717
Document C 717
Document D 717
Document E 718
AP* Prep Test 718
21Urban America and the Progressive Era,1900–1917 720
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The Henry Street Settlement
House: Women Settlement House Workers Create
a Community of Reform 722
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CONTENTS xv
The Currents of Progressivism 723
Unifying Themes 724
The Female Dominion 724
The Urban Machine 727
Political Progressives and Urban Reform 728
Progressivism in the Statehouse: West
and South 729
New Journalism: Muckraking 730
Intellectual Trends Promoting Reform 731
Social Control and Its Limits 733
The Prohibition Movement 733
The Social Evil 733
The Redemption of Leisure 734
Standardizing Education 735
Working-Class Communities and Protest 736
New Immigrants from Two Hemispheres 736
Urban Ghettos 739
Company Towns 740
The AFL: “Unions, Pure and Simple” 742
The IWW: “One Big Union” 742
Rebels in Bohemia 743
Women’s Movements and Black Awakening 744
The New Woman 744
Birth Control 745
Racism and Accommodation 746
Racial Justice, the NAACP, Black
Women’s Activism 747
National Progressivism 748
Theodore Roosevelt and Presidential
Activism 748
Trustbusting and Regulation 749
Conservation, Preservation, and
the Environment 750
Republican Split 751
The Election of 1912: A Four-Way Race 752
Woodrow Wilson’s First Term 753
Conclusion 754
AP* Document-Based Question 756
Document A 757
Document B 757
Document C 757
Document D 757
Document E 757
Document F 757
Document G 757
AP* Prep Test 758
22World War I, 1914–1920 760
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Vigilante Justice in Bisbee,
Arizona 762
Becoming a World Power 763
Roosevelt: The Big Stick 764
Taft: Dollar Diplomacy 766
Wilson: Moralism and Realism in Mexico 766
The Great War 769
The Guns of August 769
American Neutrality 770
Preparedness and Peace 771
Safe for Democracy 772
American Mobilization 773
Selling the War 773
Fading Opposition to War 774
“You’re in the Army Now” 775
Racism in the Military 776
Americans in Battle 777
Over Here 778
Organizing the Economy 778
The Business of War 779
Labor and the War 780
Women at Work 781
Woman Suffrage 782
Prohibition 784
Public Health 784
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Repression and Reaction 786
Muzzling Dissent: The Espionage and
Sedition Acts 786
The Great Migration and Racial Tensions 787
Labor Strife 788
An Uneasy Peace 789
The Fourteen Points 789
Wilson in Paris 790
The Treaty Fight 790
The Russian Revolution and America’s
Response 791
The Red Scare 792
The Election of 1920 795
Conclusion 795
AP* Document-Based Question 796
Document A 796
Document B 797
Document C 797
AP* Prep Test 798
23The Twenties, 1920–1929 800
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The Movie Audience and
Hollywood: Mass Culture Creates a New National
Community 802
Postwar Prosperity and its Price 803
The Second Industrial Revolution 804
The Modern Corporation 804
Welfare Capitalism 805
The Auto Age 806
Cities and Suburbs 808
Exceptions: Agriculture, Ailing Industries 809
The New Mass Culture 811
Movie-Made America 811
Radio Broadcasting 812
xvi CONTENTS
New Forms of Journalism 813
Advertising Modernity 814
The Phonograph and the Recording Industry 815
Sports and Celebrity 815
A New Morality? 816
Resistance to Modernity 818
Prohibition 818
Immigration Restriction 819
The Ku Klux Klan 821
Religious Fundamentalism 822
The State, the Economy, and Business 824
Harding and Coolidge 824
Herbert Hoover and the “Associative State” 825
War Debts, Reparations, Keeping the Peace 826
Commerce and Foreign Policy 827
Promises Postponed 827
Feminism in Transition 828
Mexican Immigration 829
The “New Negro” 831
Intellectuals and Alienation 833
The Election of 1928 835
Conclusion 838
AP* Document-Based Question 839
Document A 839
Document B 840
Document C 840
Document D 841
Document E 841
AP* Prep Test 842
24The Great Depression and the New Deal,1929–1940 844
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Sit-Down Strike at Flint:
Automobile Workers Organize a New Union 846
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CONTENTS xvii
Hard Times 848
The Bull Market 848
The Crash 848
Underlying Weaknesses 849
Mass Unemployment 851
Hoover’s Failure 852
Protest and the Election of 1932 853
FDR and the First New Deal 854
FDR the Man 854
Restoring Confidence 855
The Hundred Days 855
Left Turn and the Second New Deal 857
Roosevelt’s Critics 857
The Second Hundred Days 859
Labor’s Upsurge: Rise of the CIO 860
The New Deal Coalition at High Tide 861
The New Deal in the South and West 862
Southern Farming and Landholding 863
Rural Electrification and Public Works 863
The Dust Bowl 864
Water Policy 866
A New Deal for Indians 868
Depression-Era Culture 870
A New Deal for the Arts 870
The Documentary Impulse 871
Waiting for Lefty 872
Film and Radio in the 1930s 873
The Swing Era 875
The Limits of Reform 876
Court Packing 876
The Women’s Network 876
A New Deal for Minorities? 877
The Roosevelt Recession 879
Conclusion 881
AP* Document-Based Question 882
Document A 882
Document B 882
Document C 883
Document D 883
Document E 883
AP* Prep Test 884
25World War II, 1941–1945 886
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Los Alamos, New Mexico 888
The Coming of World War II 890
The Shadows of War 890
Isolationism 891
Roosevelt Readies for War 892
Pearl Harbor 893
Arsenal of Democracy 894
Mobilizing for War 894
Organizing the Economy 896
New Workers 897
The Home Front 898
Families in Wartime 898
The Internment of Japanese Americans 900
“Double V”: Victory at Home and Abroad 901
Zoot-Suit Riots 903
Popular Culture and “The Good War” 903
Men and Women in Uniform 904
Creating the Armed Forces 905
Women Enter the Military 905
Old Practices and New Horizons 906
The Medical Corps 907
Prisoners of War 908
The World at War 910
Soviets Halt Nazi Drive 910
The Allied Offensive 912
The Allied Invasion of Europe 913
The High Cost of European Victory 914
The War in Asia and the Pacific 915
The Last Stages of War 918
The Holocaust 918
The Yalta Conference 919
The Atomic Bomb 921
Conclusion 923
AP* Document-Based Question 923
Document A 923
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Document B 924
Document C 924
Document D 926
AP* Prep Test 926
26The Cold War, 1945–1952 928
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: University of Washington,
Seattle: Students and Faculty Face the Cold War 930
Global Insecurities at War’s End 931
Financing the Future 931
The Division of Europe 932
The United Nations and Hopes for Collective
Security 934
The Policy of Containment 935
The Truman Doctrine 935
The Marshall Plan 937
The Berlin Crisis and the Formation
of NATO 937
Atomic Diplomacy 938
Cold War Liberalism 939
“To Err Is Truman” 939
The 1948 Election 941
The Fair Deal 942
The Cold War at Home 942
The National Security Act of 1947 943
The Loyalty-Security Program 944
The Red Scare in Hollywood 945
Spy Cases 945
McCarthyism 946
Cold War Culture 948
An Anxious Mood 948
The Family as Bulwark 949
Military-Industrial Communities
in the West 951
Zeal for Democracy 952
xviii CONTENTS
Stalemate for the Democrats 954
The “Loss” of China 954
The Korean War 955
The Price of National Security 957
“I like Ike”: The Election of 1952 958
Conclusion 962
AP* Document-Based Question 962
Document A 962
Document B 963
Document C 963
Document D 964
Document E 964
Document F 964
Document G 964
Document H 965
AP* Prep Test 965
27America at Midcentury,1952–1963 968
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Popular Music in Memphis 970
American Society at Midcentury 972
The Eisenhower Presidency 972
Subsidizing Prosperity 973
Suburban Life 974
Organized Labor and the AFL-CIO 976
Lonely Crowds and Organization Men 977
The Expansion of Higher Education 978
Health and Medicine 979
Youth Culture 980
The Youth Market 980
“Hail! Hail! Rock ’n’ Roll!” 981
Almost Grown 982
Deviance and Delinquency 983
Mass Culture and its Discontents 984
Television: Tube of Plenty 984
Television and Politics 985
Culture Critics 986
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The Cold War Continued 987
The “New Look” in Foreign Affairs 987
Covert Action 989
Intervening Around the World 990
Ike’s Warning: The Military-Industrial
Complex 993
John F. Kennedy and the New Frontier 994
The Election of 1960 994
New Frontier Liberalism 995
Kennedy and the Cold War 996
The Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs 998
The Missile Crisis 998
The Assassination of President Kennedy 1000
Conclusion 1002
AP* Document-Based Question 1002
Document A 1002
Document B 1003
Document C 1004
Document D 1004
AP* Prep Test 1004
28The Civil RightsMovement, 1945–1966 1006
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Montgomery Bus Boycott:
An African American Community Challenges
Segregation 1008
Origins of the Movement 1010
Civil Rights After World War II 1010
The Segregated South 1012
Brown v. Board of Education 1013
Crisis in Little Rock 1014
No Easy Road to Freedom, 1957–62 1016
Martin Luther King, Jr. and the SCLC 1016
Sit-Ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta 1018
SNCC and the “Beloved Community” 1019
CONTENTS xix
The Election of 1960 and Civil Rights 1020
Freedom Rides 1021
The Albany Movement: The Limits of Protest 1023
The Movement at High Tide, 1963–65 1024
Birmingham 1024
JFK and the March on Washington 1026
LBJ and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 1029
Mississippi Freedom Summer 1029
Malcolm X and Black Consciousness 1031
Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 1033
Civil Rights Beyond Black and White 1035
Mexican Americans and Mexican
Immigrants 1035
Puerto Ricans 1037
Japanese Americans 1038
Indian Peoples 1038
Remaking the Golden Door: The Immigration
and Nationality Act of 1965 1040
Conclusion 1042
AP* Document-Based Question 1043
Document A 1043
Document B 1043
Document C 1044
Document D 1044
Document E 1045
AP* Prep Test 1045
29War Abroad, War at Home,1965–1974 1048
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Uptown, Chicago, Illinois 1050
Vietnam: America’s Longest War 1051
Johnson’s War 1052
Deeper into the Quagmire 1052
The Credibility Gap 1053
A Generation in Conflict 1054
“The Times They Are A-Changin’” 1055
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From Campus Protest to Mass
Mobilization 1057
Teenage Soldiers 1058
Wars on Poverty 1060
The Great Society 1060
Crisis in the Cities 1062
Urban Uprisings 1063
1968 1065
The Tet Offensive 1065
King, the War, and the Assassination 1067
The Democratic Campaign 1068
“The Whole World Is Watching!” 1068
The Politics of Identity 1070
Black Power 1070
Sisterhood Is Powerful 1071
Gay Liberation 1073
The Chicano Rebellion 1074
Red Power 1075
The Asian American Movement 1077
The Nixon Presidency 1078
The Southern Strategy 1079
Nixon’s War 1079
“The China Card” 1081
Domestic Policy 1082
Watergate 1083
Foreign Policy as Conspiracy 1083
The Age of Dirty Tricks 1084
The Fall of the Executive 1085
Conclusion 1088
AP* Document-Based Question 1088
Document A 1089
Document B 1089
Document C 1089
Document D 1090
AP* Prep Test 1090
xx CONTENTS
30The ConservativeAscendancy, 1974–1991 1092
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: Grass Roots Conservatism
in Orange County, California 1094
The Overextended Society 1096
A Troubled Economy 1096
Sunbelt/Snowbelt Communities 1098
“Lean Years Presidents”: Ford
and Carter 1099
The New Urban Politics 1101
The Endangered Environment 1102
The New Conservatism 1103
The New Right 1103
Anti-ERA, Antiabortion 1104
“The Me Decade” 1106
Adjusting to a New World 1107
A Thaw in the Cold War 1107
Foreign Policy and “Moral Principles” 1108
(Mis)Handling the Unexpected 1109
The Iran Hostage Crisis 1110
The 1980 Election 1111
Reagan Revolution 1112
The Great Communicator 1112
Reaganomics 1113
The Election of 1984 1114
Recession, Recovery, Fiscal Crisis 1115
Best of Times, Worst of Times 1116
The Celebration of Wealth 1117
A Two-Tiered Society 1118
The Feminization of Poverty 1119
Epidemics: Drugs, AIDS, Homelessness 1120
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CONTENTS xxi
Reagan’s Foreign Policy 1121
The Evil Empire 1121
The Reagan Doctrine and Central America 1122
The Iran-Contra Scandal 1124
The Collapse of Communism 1125
Conclusion 1129
AP* Document-Based Question 1129
Document A 1130
Document B 1131
Document C 1131
Document D 1131
Document E 1132
Document F 1132
AP* Prep Test 1132
31Toward a TransnationalAmerica, since 1988 1134
AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: The World Trade Center, New
York, as a Transnational Community 1136
“A Kinder, Gentler Nation” 1138
Reagan’s Successor: George H. W. Bush 1138
The Persian Gulf War 1138
The Economy and the Election of 1992 1140
The Clinton Presidency 1141
A “New Democrat” in the White House 1142
Clinton’s Internationalism 1144
Presiding over the Boom 1145
Changing American Communities 1146
Silicon Valley 1146
An Electronic Culture 1147
The New Immigrants and Their
Communities 1148
A New Age of Anxiety 1152
The Racial Divide 1152
The Forces of Fear 1154
The Culture Wars 1155
High Crimes and Misdemeanors 1157
The Presidency of George W. Bush and the War on Terror 1158
The Election of 2000 1159
A Global Community? 1160
Terrorist Attack on America 1162
Reshaping U.S. Foreign Policy 1163
Invasion of Iraq 1165
The Election of 2004 1168
Hurricane Katrina 1170
Divided Government, Divided Nation 1171
Barack Obama and the Audacity of Hope 1172
The Election of 2008 1172
Obama in Office 1175
AP* Document-Based Question 1178
Document A 1178
Document B 1178
Document C 1178
Document D 1179
Document E 1179
AP* Prep Test 1180
Appendix A-1
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
AP* Guidelines Index I-1
Index I-2
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AP GUIDELINES FOR UNITED STATES HISTORY
GUIDELINES CONTENT GUIDELINESNUMBER
CORRELATION TOOUT OF MANY
1 Pre-Columbian Societies
1.1 Early inhabitants of the Americas p. 5
1.2 American Indian empires in Mesoamerica, the Southwest, p. 13and the Mississippi Valley
1.3 American Indian cultures of North America at the time p. 20of European contact
2 Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492–1690
2.1 First European contacts with Native Americans pp. 34, 64
2.2 Spain’s empire in North America pp. 39, 61, 133
2.3 French colonization of Canada pp. 62, 137
2.4 English settlement of New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, pp. 50, 65, 69, 73, 76, and the South 131, 142
2.5 From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake region pp. 69, 144
2.6 Religious diversity in the American colonies pp. 70, 73
2.7 Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon’s Rebellion, the Glorious p. 79Revolution, and the Pueblo Revolt
3 Colonial North America, 1690–1754
3.1 Population growth and immigration p. 146
xxii
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3.2 Transatlantic trade and the growth of seaports pp. 96, 113, 118
3.3 The eighteenth-century back country p. 141
3.4 Growth of plantation economies and slave societies pp. 93, 101, 113, 119, 142, 144
3.5 The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening p. 151
3.6 Colonial governments and imperial policy in British North America pp. 117, 149
4 The American Revolutionary Era, 1754–1789
4.1 The French and Indian War p. 165
4.2 The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain p. 173
4.3 The War for Independence pp. 186, 203
4.4 State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation pp. 217, 225
4.5 The federal Constitution p. 242
5 The Early Republic, 1789–1815
5.1 Washington, Hamilton, and shaping of the national government p. 246
5.2 Emergence of political parties: Federalists and Republicans p. 255
5.3 Republican Motherhood and education for women p. 261
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5.4 Beginnings of the Second Great Awakening p. 325
5.5 Significance of Jefferson’s presidency pp. 279, 285
5.6 Expansion into the trans-Appalachian West; American pp. 275, 288, 293Indian resistance
5.7 Growth of slavery and free Black communities pp. 300, 311, 314
5.8 The War of 1812 and its consequences pp. 290, 298
6 Transformation of the Economy and Society in Antebellum America
6.1 The transportation revolution and creation of a national pp. 277, 365, 389market economy
6.2 Beginnings of industrialization and changes in social pp. 313, 328, 404and class structures
6.3 Immigration and nativist reaction pp. 420, 700
6.4 Planters, yeoman farmers, and slaves in the cotton South p. 330
7 The Transformation of Politics in Antebellum America
7.1 Emergence of the second party system pp. 367, 369
7.2 Federal authority and its opponents: judicial federalism, pp. 280, 361, 365, 368the Bank War, tariff controversy, and states’ rights debates
7.3 Jacksonian democracy and its successes and limitations p. 357
xxiv AP GUIDELINES FOR UNITED STATES HISTORY
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8 Religion, Reform, and Renaissance in Antebellum America
8.1 Evangelical Protestant revivalism pp. 405, 435
8.2 Social reforms p. 435
8.3 Ideals of domesticity p. 405
8.4 Transcendentalism and utopian communities pp. 409, 440
8.5 American Renaissance: literary and artistic expressions pp. 372, 494
9 Territorial Expansion and Manifest Destiny
9.1 Forced removal of American Indians to the trans-Mississippi West p. 459
9.2 Western migration and cultural interactions pp. 457, 462, 477
9.3 Territorial acquisitions p. 476
9.4 Early U.S. imperialism: the Mexican War p. 472
10 The Crisis of the Union
10.1 Pro- and antislavery arguments and conflicts pp. 335, 442, 480, 501, 511
10.2 Compromise of 1850 and popular sovereignty pp. 496, 499
10.3 The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the emergence p. 505of the Republican Party
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10.4 Abraham Lincoln, the election of 1860, and secession p. 515
11 Civil War
11.1 Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, and internal dissent pp. 531, 551
11.2 Military strategies and foreign diplomacy pp. 536, 555
11.3 Emancipation and the role of African Americans in the war p. 545
11.4 Social, political, and economic effects of war in the North, p. 550South, and West
12 Reconstruction
12.1 Presidential and Radical Reconstruction pp. 570, 592
12.2 Southern state governments: aspirations, achievements, failures p. 585
12.3 Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy p. 579
12.4 Compromise of 1877 p. 598
12.5 Impact of Reconstruction p. 580
13 The Origins of the New South
13.1 Reconfiguration of southern agriculture: sharecropping p. 584and crop lien system
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13.2 Expansion of manufacturing and industrialization p. 660
13.3 The politics of segregation: Jim Crow and disfranchisement p. 701
14 Development of the West in the Late Nineteenth Century
14.1 Expansion and development of western railroads p. 623
14.2 Competitors for the West: miners, ranchers, homesteaders, pp. 613, 619and American Indians
14.3 Government policy toward American Indians pp. 607, 610, 634
14.4 Gender, race, and ethnicity in the far West pp. 617, 624
14.5 Environmental impacts of western settlement pp. 609, 628, 864
15 Industrial America in the Late Nineteenth Century
15.1 Corporate consolidation of industry pp. 627, 653
15.2 Effects of technological development on the worker pp. 625, 649and workplace
15.3 Labor and unions pp. 615, 656
15.4 National politics and influence of corporate power p. 687
15.5 Migration and immigration: the changing face of the nation p. 663
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15.6 Proponents and opponents of the new order, e.g., p. 697Social Darwinism and Social Gospel
16 Urban Society in the Late Nineteenth Century
16.1 Urbanization and the lure of the city p. 663
16.2 City problems and machine politics p. 686
16.3 Intellectual and cultural movements and popular entertainment pp. 630, 675, 734
17 Populism and Progressivism
17.1 Agrarian discontent and political issues of the late p. 688nineteenth century
17.2 Origins of Progressive reform: municipal, state, and national p. 724
17.3 Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson as Progressive presidents pp. 752, 764
17.4 Women’s roles: family, workplace, education, politics, pp. 692, 744, 781and reform
17.5 Black America: urban migration and civil rights initiatives pp. 746, 787
18 The Emergence of America as a World Power
18.1 American imperialism: political and economic expansion p. 712
18.2 War in Europe and American neutrality p. 770
xxviii AP GUIDELINES FOR UNITED STATES HISTORY
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18.3 The First World War at home and abroad pp. 773, 786
18.4 Treaty of Versailles p. 789
18.5 Society and economy in the postwar years pp. 788, 792, 804
19 The New Era: 1920s
19.1 The business of America and the consumer economy pp. 806, 811, 826
19.2 Republican politics: Harding, Coolidge, Hoover pp. 824, 835
19.3 The culture of Modernism: science, the arts, pp. 811, 833and entertainment
19.4 Responses to Modernism: religious fundamentalism, p. 818nativism, and Prohibition
19.5 The ongoing struggle for equality: African Americans pp. 828, 877and women
20 The Great Depression and the New Deal
20.1 Causes of the Great Depression p. 848
20.2 The Hoover administration’s response p. 852
20.3 Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal pp. 854, 859, 863, 866
20.4 Labor and union recognition p. 860
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20.5 The New Deal coalition and its critics from the Right and the Left pp. 857, 861
20.6 Surviving hard times: American society during pp. 863, 879the Great Depression
21 The Second World War
21.1 The rise of fascism and militarism in Japan, Italy, and Germany p. 890
21.2 Prelude to war: policy of neutrality p. 892
21.3 The attack on Pearl Harbor and United States declaration p. 893of war
21.4 Fighting a multifront war p. 912
21.5 Diplomacy, war aims, and wartime conferences p. 918
21.6 The United States as a global power in the Atomic Age p. 921
22 The Home Front During the War
22.1 Wartime mobilization of the economy p. 895
22.2 Urban migration and demographic changes p. 902
22.3 Women, work, and family during the war pp. 898, 905
22.4 Civil liberties and civil rights during wartime pp. 900, 906
xxx AP GUIDELINES FOR UNITED STATES HISTORY
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22.5 War and regional development p. 900
22.6 Expansion of government power p. 895
23 The United States and the Early Cold War
23.1 Origins of the Cold War p. 931
23.2 Truman and containment p. 935
23.3 The Cold War in Asia: China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan p. 954
23.4 Diplomatic strategies and policies of the Eisenhower pp. 959, 972, 987and Kennedy administrations
23.5 The Red Scare and McCarthyism p. 946
23.6 Impact of the Cold War on American society pp. 942, 948
24 The 1950s
24.1 Emergence of the modern civil rights movement p. 1010
24.2 The affluent society and “the other America” p. 972
24.3 Consensus and conformity: suburbia and middle-class America p. 975
24.4 Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels pp. 977, 981, 986, 1031
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24.5 Impact of changes in science, technology, and medicine pp. 979, 984
25 The Turbulent 1960s
25.1 From the New Frontier to the Great Society p. 1060, 1061
25.2 Expanding movements for civil rights pp. 1024, 1067, 1070
25.3 Cold War confrontations: Asia, Latin America, and Europe p. 1051
25.4 Beginning of Détente p. 1081
25.5 The antiwar movement and the counterculture p. 1054
26 Politics and Economics at the End of the Twentieth Century
26.1 The election of 1968 and the “Silent Majority” pp. 1068, 1078
26.2 Nixon’s challenges: Vietnam, China, Watergate p. 1079
26.3 Changes in the American economy: the energy crisis, p. 1103deindustrialization, and the service economy
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26.4 The New Right and the Reagan revolution p. 1103
26.5 End of the Cold War p. 1125
27 Society and Culture at the End of the Twentieth Century
27.1 Demographic changes: surge of immigration after 1965, p. 1099Sunbelt migration, and the graying of America
27.2 Revolutions in biotechnology, mass communication, and computers p. 1147
27.3 Politics in a multicultural society p. 1156
28 The United States in the Post-Cold War World
28.1 Globalization and the American economy p. 1161
28.2 Unilateralism vs. multilateralism in foreign policy p. 1163
28.3 Domestic and foreign terrorism p. 1154
28.4 Environmental issues in a global context p. 1160
Upon publication, this text was correlated to the College Board’s U.S. History Course Description dated May 2010, May 2011. We continually monitor the College Board’s AP* Course Description for updates to exam topics. For the most current AP* Exam Topic correlation for this textbook, visit PearsonSchool.com/AdvancedCorrelations
AP GUIDELINES FOR UNITED STATES HISTORY xxxiii
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1860 by G.N. Barnard, Returning from the CottonFields in South Carolina.Returning from the Cotton Fields in South Carolina, ca. 1860, stereographby Barbard, negative number 47843. © Collection of The New YorkHistorical Society.
Chapter 11: The Attempted Assassination of thePresident of the United States, Jan. 30, 1835. As thefuneral procession of the Hon. Warren R. Daviswas moving from the Capitol of the United States,Richard Lawrence, a supposed maniac, rushedfrom the crowd and snapped two heavily loadedpistols immediately at the body of PresidentJackson, both of which providentially misfired.Lawrence was instantly arrested by persons present,examined by Judge Cranch, and committed fortrial. Drawn from a sketch by an eyewitness.Library of Congress.
Chapter 12: Dutton St. boarding houses inLowell, Massachusetts were constructed in a com-munity setting around textile mills. The buildingwith the cupola is a mill. The two buildings thatlook like individual residences were housing forthe young women who worked in the mills andwere built pre-1845. Buildings with dormers alsowere worker housing built in 1845. Dutton St. Boarding Houses, Lowell, MA., 1845. Museum ofAmerican Textiles History.
Chapter 13: An impassioned woman speaks to female shoe workers during a strike in Lynn,Massachusetts, 1860. Lynn Museum.
Chapter 14: General Zachary Taylor at the Battleof Buena Vista, Mexico, 22–23 February 1847.The Granger Collection.
Chapter 15: Abraham Lincoln delivers a speech ina debate with Senator Stephen Douglas duringthe 1858 senatorial campaign in Illinois. Lincoln,Douglas, and numerous dignitaries congregate ona platform before a crowd of spectators in thisillustration by Robert Marshall.Illinois State Historical Library.
Chapter 16: A Union officer and members ofCompany C, 1st Conn. Artillery stand behind alarge cannon at Fort Brady. Photograph byMathew Brady, 1864.Corbis/Bettmann.
Chapter 1: Painting of Cahokia Mounds,Collinsville, Illinois by Michael Hampshire.Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site—painting by Michael Hampshire.
Chapter 2: Christopher Columbus surveys theNew World from the deck of his ship. Sailorsstand or kneel around Columbus. Engraving byW. Wellstood from a painting by G. Harvey.Library of Congress.
Chapter 3: Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant over-sees the arrival of mail from a galleon before anx-ious colonists and surly sea dogs in NewAmsterdam, circa 1647.Public Buildings Administration, Section of Fine Arts.
Chapter 4: The slave deck of the bark “Wildfire.”Here, slaves were brought into Key West on April 30, 1800 in this print from a nineteenth-century newspaper.Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Chapter 5: This painting portrays GeorgeWhitefield as he preaches an outdoor sermon to a crowd of eagerly penitent worshippers.Mark Sexton. The Granger Collection.
Chapter 6: Patrick Henry delivers an impassionedspeech to the enthusiastic approbation of theVirginia House of Burgesses.Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Chapter 7: Christina Henrietta Caroline Ackland(1750–1815) travels down the Hudson toAmerican General Gates’s camp for a pass to crossthe lines to nurse her husband, British MajorAckland, wounded in the second Battle ofSaratoga, 7th October 1777. From the original by Alonzo Chappel.Getty Images Inc. Hulton Archive Photos.
Chapter 8: Congress Voting Independence, bySavage/Pine.Courtesy of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection,Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia.
Chapter 9: American General Andrew Jacksoninterviews Creek warrior William Weatherford(Red Eagle) in a tent in this undated engraving.Getty Images Inc. Hulton Archive Photos.
Chapter 10: African-American slaves/farm workerscarry sacks of cotton on their heads while leavinga South Carolina plantation field. Stereograph, ca.
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CHAPTER OPENING ILLUSTRATIONS xxxv
Chapter 17: J. W. Watts, Reading theEmancipation Proclamation.Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Chapter 18: General William Tecumseh Sherman(1820–1891) and the Peace Commission meet withCheyenne and Arapaho Indians at Fort Laramie inWyoming to try to end Red Cloud’s War. The result-ing treaty secured the removal of U.S. troops fromseveral Powder River forts, as well as promised thePowder River Valley as a Sioux hunting ground.Getty Images Inc. Hulton Archive Photos.
Chapter 19: Workers pose beside a huge ladle at asteel mill in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ca. 1900.Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Chapter 20: Dynamic American orator WilliamJennings Bryan stands on a platform above acrowd during a campaign.Brown Brothers.
Chapter 21: Suffragettes Holding Victory Jubilee,1920. Elated women wave American flags and blownoisemakers on a car on a street on August 31, 1920.Corbis/Bettmann.
Chapter 22: A crowd of people stand on the shorewatching the luxury ocean liner Lusitania leavefrom New York on May 1, 1915.Corbis/Bettmann.
Chapter 23: A line of young men and women in var-ious poses doing the Charleston as they compete ina dance contest in downtown St. Louis in 1925.Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis.
Chapter 24: Two boys sit next to disparagingsigns at a Hooverville shanty town inWashington, DC in 1932.Getty Images Inc. Hulton Archive Photos.
Chapter 25: African American soldiers man a fieldcannon while digging an earth embankment belowa camouflage net on a World War II battlefield.Corbis/Bettmann.
Chapter 26: Actor Robert Taylor testifies beforethe House Un-American Activities Committee.AP Wide World Photos.
Chapter 27: President Kennedy gives his inaugu-ral address at the Capitol. Listening in the frontrow, from left: Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson;Richard Nixon, Kennedy’s campaign opponent;Senator John Sparkmano of Alabama; and formerpresident Harry Truman.AP Wide World Photos.
Chapter 28: An African-American man drinkingat a segregated drinking fountain in OklahomaCity, Oklahoma.Russell Lee. Getty Images Inc. Hulton Archive Photos.
Chapter 29: A peace demonstrator taunts militarypolice during this confrontation in front of thePentagon during an anti-Vietnam War protest.UPI Corbis/Bettmann.
Chapter 30: A Volkswagen “Beetle” sits at a gasstation during the gasoline shortage and energycrisis of the 1970s. The sign states the limit offuel per customer.Owen Franken/Corbis/Bettmann.
Chapter 31: President-elect Barack Obamaemerges from the U.S. Capitol to a salute by aCapitol Police honor guard as he is introduced tothe audience during his inauguration ceremonyon January 20, 2008.Damon Winter/New York Times/Redux.
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Migration Routes from Asia to America 7
Climatological and Culture Regions of North America 10
* Native North American Trade Networks, ca. 1400 CE 18
* Indian Settlement Before European Colonization 21
Southwestern Indian Groups on the Eve of Colonization 22
Southern Indian Groups on the Eve of Colonization 23
Northeastern Indian Groups on the Eve of Colonization 25
* Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century 36
* The Invasion of America 40
European Exploration, 1492–1591 45
New Mexico in the Seventeenth Century 62
New France in the Seventeenth Century 63
* European Colonies of the Atlantic Coast, 1607–39 71
* The Proprietary Colonies 77
Spread of Settlement: British Colonies, 1650–1700 79
* The African Slave Trade 96
Slave Colonies of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 97
* Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic 114
* Growing Use of the Horse by Plains Indians 133
Regions in Eighteenth-Century North America 134
The French Crescent 138
* Spread of Settlement: Movement into the Backcountry, 1720–60 141
Ethnic Groups in Eighteenth-Century British North America 147
* The War for Empire in North America, 1754–63 168
European Claims in North America, 1750 and 1763 172
Demonstrations against the Stamp Act, 1765 177
* The Quebec Act of 1774 184
The First Engagements of the Revolution 186
Campaign for New York and New Jersey, 1775–77 208
Northern Campaigns, 1777–78 209
Fighting in the West, 1778–79 212
Fighting in the South, 1778–81 213
State Claims to Western Lands 219
* North America after the Treaty of Paris, 1783 220
* The Northwest Territory and the Land Survey System of the United States 223
* The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–90 244
* Spread of Settlement: The Backcountry Expands 1770–90 251
Spanish Claims to American Territory, 1783–95 252
The Election of 1800 258
North America in 1800 272
* Louisiana Purchase 284
Indian Resistance, 1790–1816 289
The War of 1812 291
Spread of Settlement: Westward Surge, 1800–1820 295
John Quincy Adams’s Border Treaties 299
The Missouri Compromise 300
* The South Expands, 1790–1850 313
Cotton Production and the Slave Population, 1820–60 317
Internal Slave Trade 318
Population Patterns in the South, 1850 338
Population Trends: Westward Expansion, 1830 351
* The Growth of Universal White Male Suffrage 352
The Election of 1824 354
The Election of 1828 357
Southern Indian Cessions and Removals, 1830s 364
The Election of 1840 371
Travel Times, 1800 and 1857 386
Commercial Links: Rivers, Canals, Roads, 1830; and Rail Lines, 1850 390
* Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832 397
Distribution of Foreign Born residents of United States in 1860 421
* Reform Movements in the Burned-Over District 441
* Denotes Interactive Maps
xxxvi
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MAPS xxxvii
* The American Domain, ca. 1900 707
* The Spanish-American War 709
Immigration to the United States, 1901–20 737
The Election of 1912 752
* The United States in the Caribbean, 1865–1933 767
The Western Front, 1918 777
* Woman Suffrage by State, 1869–1919 783
* Black Population, 1920 832
The Election of 1928 835
* The Election of 1932 853
* The Dust Bowl, 1935–40 864
* The New Deal and Water 867
* The War in Europe 911
* War in the Pacific 916
* Divided Europe 933
* The Election of l948 941
* The Korean War 956
* The United States in the Caribbean, 1948–66 991
* The Election of 1960 994
* The Civil Rights Movement 1015
* Impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 1033
* Urban Uprisings, 1965–68 1064
* The Southeast Asian War 1066
* Major Indian Reservations, 1976 1076
* The Election of 1968 1079
World Leading Oil Producers 1097
* Population Shifts, 1970–80 1098
* The Election of 1976 1099
* The Election of 1980 1112
* The United States in Central America, 1978–90 1123
* The United States in the Middle East in the 1980s 1124
Election of 1992 1141
Ethnic Neighborhoods New York City 1151
Election of 2000 1159
Invasion in Iraq 1167
* Exploration of the Continent, 1804–30 460
Indian Territory Before the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 461
The Overland Trails, 1840 463
Texas: From Mexican Province to U.S. State 471
The Mexican-American War 1846–48 474
Territory Added, 1845–53 476
California in the Gold Rush 480
* U.S. Population and Settlement, 1850 495
The Compromise of 1850 500
The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 506
The Election of 1856 510
The Election of 1860 516
* The South Secedes 519
* Overall Strategy of the Civil War 542
Major Battles in the East, 1861–62 543
Major Battles in the Interior, 1862–63 544
* The Turning Point: 1863 556
Sherman’s Campaign in Georgia, 1864 558
The Final Battles in Virginia 1864–65 559
* Reconstruction of the South, 1866–77 576
The Barrow Plantation, Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1860 and 1881 583
* Southern Sharecropping and the Cotton Belt, 1880 591
The Election of 1876 598
Oklahoma Territory 608
* Major Indian Battles and Indian Reservations, 1860–1900 609
* Railroad Routes, Cattle Trails, Gold and Silvers Rushes, 1860–1900 614
Mormon Cultural Diffusion, ca. 1883 617
The Establishment of National Parks and Forests 630
* Patterns of Industry, 1900 650
* Population of Foreign Birth by Region, 1880 664
* Strikes by State, 1880 691
Election of 1896 699
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North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 44
The African, Indian, and European Populations of the Americas 46
Population Growth of the British Colonies in the Seventeenth Century 68
Estimated Number of Africans Imported to British NorthAmerica, 1701–75 98
Africans as a Percentage of Total Population of the British Colonies, 1650–1770 101
Tobacco and Rice Exports to England (in thousands of pounds) 104
British Colonial Trade in the Americas, 1714–73 (in thousands of British pounds sterling) 113
Value of Colonial Exports by Region, Annual Average, 1768–72 118
Population of North America in 1750 132
Monthly Frequency of Successful Conceptions 143
Estimated Total Population of New Spain, New France, andthe British North American Colonies, 1700–80 146
The Ancestry of the British Colonial Population 148
Wealth Held by Richest 10 Percent of Population in BritishColonial America, 1770 150
Distribution of Assessed Taxable Wealth in Eighteenth-Century Chester County 150
Postwar Inflation, 1777–80: The Depreciation of Continental Currency 240
The Trade Deficit with Great Britain 240
American Export Trade, 1790–1815 278
Western Land Sales 296
Cotton Exports as a Percentage of All U.S. Exports, 1800–1860 314
Distribution of Slave Labor, 1850 316
Slaveholding and Class Structure in the South, 1830 332
Race Exclusions for Suffrage: 1790–1855 353
The Burgeoning of Newspapers 356
Pre-Civil War Voter Turnout 356
Wealth in Boston, 1687–1848 391
Occupations of Women Wage Earners in Massachusetts, 1837 400
Wealth in New York City, 1828–1845 404
Participation of Irish and German Immigrants in the New YorkCity Workforce for Selected Occupations 1855 424
Urban Growth, 1820-60 426
Per Capita Consumption of Alcohol 1800–60 439
Overland Emigration to Oregon, California, and Utah, 1840–60 465
Where the Forty-Niners Came From 479
The Casualties Mount Up 549
Hand v. Machine Labor on the Farm, ca. 1880 626
African American Representation in Congress, 1867–1900 701
The Great Migration: Black Population Growth in Selected Northern Cities, 1910–20 788
Stock Market Prices, 1921–32 804
Consumer Debt, 1920–31 805
Annual Immigration to United States, 1860–1930 819
Mexican Immigration to the United States in the 1920s 829
Distribution of Total Family Income Among Various Segmentsof the Population, 1929–44 (in percentages) 850
Gallup Polls: European War and World War I, 1938–1940 891
Strikes and Lockouts in the United States, 1940–45 898
Number of Employees in Executive Branch, 1901–95 942
U.S. Birth Rate, 1930–80 949
Distribution of Total Personal Income Among VariousSegments of the Population, 1947–70 (in percentages) 950
The Growth of the Suburbs, 1950–70 976
L. A. County Population 1920–80 976
Radio and Television Ownership, 1940–60 984
Comparative Figures on Life Expectancy at Birth by Race andSex, 1950–70 1061
Comparative Figures on Infant Mortality by Race, 1940–70 1061
Percent of Population Below Poverty Level, by Race, 1959–69 1062
Public Opinion on the War in Vietnam 1080
U.S. Military Forces in Vietnam and Casualties, 1961–81 1081
Decline of U.S. Oil Consumption, 1975–81 1096
Gallup Poll on the Equal Rights Amendment, 1975 1105
Gallup Polls on Abortion, 1969, 1974 1105
xxxviii
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SEEING HISTORY xxxix
Origins of Some Indian Tribal Names 6
Conflict and War 82
The Colonial Wars 115
Eleven British Measures that Led to Revolution 185
The First American Party System 256
The Second American Party System 370
Expansion Causes the First Splits in the Second American Party System 481
The Great Sectional Compromises 500
Political Parties Split and Realign 510
The Irrepressible Conflict 517
Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, 1865–1870 578
Major Indian Treaties and Legislation of the Late NineteenthCentury 633
Currents of Progressivism 725
Key Legislation of the First New Deal (“Hundred Days,” March 9–June 16, 1933) 857
Key Legislation of the Second New Deal (1935–38) 860
Major Cold War Policies 936
Landmark Civil Rights Legislation, Supreme Court Decisions,and Executive Orders 1028
Protest Movements of the 1960s 1072
Percentage Share of Aggregate Family Income, 1980–92 1117
Share of Total Net Worth of American Families 1118
Measures of Average Earnings, 1980–92 (in 1990 dollars) 1118
Number of Poor, Rate of Poverty, and Poverty Line, 1979–92 1119
Net New Job Creation by Wage Level, 1979–87 1119
Median Family Income and Ratio to White, by Race andHispanic Origin, 1980–92 (in 1992 dollars) 1120
Continent of Birth for Immigrants, 1990–2000 1149
1 An Early European Image of Native Americans 26
2 A Watercolor from the First Algonquian–English Encounter 53
3 John Smith’s Cartoon History of His Adventures in Virginia 84
4 A Musical Celebration in the Slave Quarters 122
5 A Plan of an American New Cleared Farm 157
6 The Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man, or Tarring and Feathering 194
7 The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 229
8 The Columbian Tragedy 263
9 “A Scene on the Frontiers as Practiced by the ‘Humane’British and their ‘Worthy’ Allies” 302
10 “Gordon Under Medical Inspection” 339
11 “President’s Levee, or all Creation going to the White House” 375
12 Industrialization and Rural Life 411
13 Thomas “Daddy” Rice, Blackface Minstrel, Dances Jim Crow 448
14 War News from Mexico 484
15 Brooks Beats Sumner 522
16 Come and Join Us Brothers 560
17 Changing Images of Reconstruction 597
18 The Legendary Cowboy: Nat Love, Deadwood Dick 638
19 The Standard Oil Company 676
20 The White Man’s Burden 714
21 Photographing Poverty in the Slums of New York 755
22 Selling War 794
23 Creating Celebrity 837
24 Documenting Hard Times in Black and White and Color 880
25 Norman Rockwell’s “Rosie, the Riveter” 922
26 The Hollywood Film Invasion, U.S.A. 960
27 Televising a National Tragedy 1001
28 Civil Rights on the World Stage 1041
29 Kim Phuc, Fleeing a Napalm Attack near Trang Bang 1087
30 The Presidential Inauguration of Ronald Reagan 1128
31 The 9/11 Attacks 1176
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Special Features
A wealth of special features and pedagogical aids rein-forces the text’s narrative and helps students grasp keyissues.
• Community and Diversity (see pages xlv–xlviii). Thisspecial introduction to the text acquaints studentswith the major themes of the book and provides aframework for understanding American History.
One of the most characteristic features of ourcountry has always been its astounding variety.The American people include the descen-
dants of native Indians, colonial Europeans, Africans,and migrants from virtually every country and conti-nent. Indeed, as we enter a new century the UnitedStates is absorbing a flood of immigrants from LatinAmerica and Asia that rivals the great tide of peoplefrom eastern and southern Europe one hundred yearsago. What’s more, our country is one of the world’smost spacious, incorporating more than 3.6 million
square miles of territory. The struggle to meld a singlenation out of our many far-flung communities is whatmuch of American history is all about. That is the storytold in this book.
Every human society is made up of communities. Acommunity is a set of relationships linking men, women,and their families to a coherent social whole that ismore than the sum of its parts. In a community peopledevelop the capacity for unified action. In a communitypeople learn, often through trial and error, how totransform and adapt to their environment. The senti-ment that binds the members of a community together
William Sidney Mount (1807–1868) California News 1850. Oil on canvas. The LongIsland Museum of American Art, History and Carriages.
Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Ward Melville, 1955.
xlv
• American Communities. Each chapter opens with astory that highlights the experiences of diverse com-munities of Americans as a way of examining thecomplex historical forces shaping people’s lives atvarious moments in our past.
xl
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• Primary Source Documents. Short excerpts from letters, personal diaries, or first person accounts located in the margins throughout the text give theperspectives of both well-known and ordinary Americans on the course of historic events.
• Seeing History. NEW to this edition is a feature thatoffers in-depth analysis of images from a particularhistorical period to help students understand therole images and illustrations play in understandingand interpreting the past.
USING OUT OF MANY, AP* EDITION xli
• Interactive Maps. Selected maps identified in each chapter are provided in an interactive formaton the new student resource, MyHistoryLab(www.myhistorylab.com). They provide interactiveexploration of key geographical, chronological,and thematic concepts to reinforce the contentcontained in the maps and the text. Critical think-ing questions reinforce geographic literacy.
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• Overview tables. Overview tables provide studentswith a summary of complex issues.
• Chronologies. A chronology at the end of each chapter helps students build a framework of key events.
xlii USING OUT OF MANY, AP* EDITION
Pedagogical Support
This edition includes a variety of pedagogical featureslocated within the margins of the chapters that will helpstudents study more effectively and productively. Eachfeature is designed not only to help students grasp thekey concepts within the narrative, but also to help directtheir study towards success in the course and on the AP* exam.
• Correlations to AP* Guidelines for U.S. History. Togive students a guide to the topics they need to knowto successfully complete the exam for this course, wehave included correlations within the margins to topics that are part of the guidelines for the AP U.S.History course. A correlation grid showing all of theguidelines with text page references is included onpage xxii.
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• Critical Thinking Questions. These questions, located at the beginning of each section in a chapter,focus on the content of each main section within thechapters and allow students to consider carefully themain issues addressed in the narrative.
• Quick Reviews. Bulleted summaries of selected top-ics and events are included at key places in the mar-gins of each chapter to encourage students to reviewimportant concepts before moving on and whenstudying for a test.
USING OUT OF MANY, AP* EDITION xliii
• Marginal Glossary. Definitions of key terms and con-cepts are provided within the margins on the pagewhere the terms and concepts appear. In addition, analphabetical glossary at the end of the text providesstudents with a useful review and reference resource.
AP* Test Prep
• AP* Document-Based Questions (DBQs). A DBQactivity at the end of each chapter provides practicefor reading and analyzing short primary source docu-ments, images, and maps. Critical thinking questionsthroughout the DBQs help direct students to developskills for analyzing documents so that they are betterable to write effective responses to the DBQ questionon the AP* exam.
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For StudentsThe following are available for purchase.
• AP* Test Prep Series: AP U.S. History Createdspecifically for the AP* Edition of Out of Many, thiscomprehensive guide reinforces what students learnfrom the text and help prepare them for the APexam. This workbook includes practice tests for eachchapter and correlations between key AP topics andcorresponding chapters and sections of the text.
• AP* DBQ Workbook This workbook provides addi-tional DBQ activities for practice reading, analyzing,and answering questions in preparation for theAP exam.
• AP* Primary Source Documents in U.S. History Thiscollection of text and visual primary source docu-ments includes head notes and focus questions tohelp AP students master document analysis and criti-cal thinking skills.
• AP* Reading and Note Taking Guide This workbookfocuses on reading skills and provides activities aimedat helping AP students read their textbook effectivelywhile reinforcing learning of key concepts.
• AP* Prep Test. Each chapter includes a 12–15 itemmultiple-choice quiz that helps students test theirknowledge of the chapter’s content and providespractice for the AP* exam.
• Longman American History Atlas This full-color histor-ical atlas is a valuable reference tool and visual guide toAmerican history. This atlas includes approximately100 maps covering the scope of American history fromthe lives of the Native Americans to the 1990s.
• American Stories: Biographies in United States History,Third Edition This two-volume collection of sixty-twobiographies provides insight into the lives and contri-butions to American history of key figures as well asordinary citizens. Introductions, prereading questions,and suggested resources help students connect the rel-evance of these individuals to historical events.
• Mapping America: A Guide to Historical GeographyThis two-volume workbook presents the basic geogra-phy of the United States—its lands and river systems—and helps students place the history of the UnitedStates in context.
Exceptional Web Resource forStudents
MyHistoryLab is a state-of-the-art, comprehensive Webresource, organized according to the contents of Out ofMany, AP* Edition, offering a unique interactive experi-ence that brings history to life. Students are able to self-study, take pre-loaded sample tests, and receive person-alized study plans.
MyHistoryLab offers numerous study aids, chapterreview material, several hundred primary sources, videoclips, maps, map activities with quizzes, and AP* test preppractice. This comprehensive resource also includes aHistory Bookshelf with one hundred commonly assignedbooks and a History Toolkit with tutorials and helpful links.Ask your teacher for access information and instructions.
MySearchLab is a unique research and writingresource. Part of the MyHistoryLab website, it offersaccess to interdisciplinary journals, writing resourcesand information for writing effectively, including infor-mation on the writing process, the research process, andavoiding plagiarism.
MyHistoryLab IconsThroughout this edition of Out of Many, AP*Edition, you will find references to primarysource documents in the margins and identi-
fied by a document icon. These documents are part ofthe wealth of resources organized by chapter on theMyHistoryLab website. The references help teachersand students identify available documents that relatedirectly to content within the text.
xliv USING OUT OF MANY, AP* EDITION
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One of the most characteristic features of ourcountry has always been its astounding variety.The American people include the descen-
dants of native Indians, colonial Europeans, Africans,and migrants from virtually every country and conti-nent. Indeed, as we enter a new century the UnitedStates is absorbing a flood of immigrants from LatinAmerica and Asia that rivals the great tide of peoplefrom eastern and southern Europe one hundred yearsago. What’s more, our country is one of the world’smost spacious, incorporating more than 3.6 million
square miles of territory. The struggle to meld a singlenation out of our many far-flung communities is whatmuch of American history is all about. That is the storytold in this book.
Every human society is made up of communities. Acommunity is a set of relationships linking men, women,and their families to a coherent social whole that ismore than the sum of its parts. In a community peopledevelop the capacity for unified action. In a communitypeople learn, often through trial and error, how totransform and adapt to their environment. The senti-ment that binds the members of a community together
William Sidney Mount (1807–1868) California News 1850. Oil on canvas. The LongIsland Museum of American Art, History and Carriages.
Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Ward Melville, 1955.
xlv
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xlvi COMMUNITY & DIVERSITY
is the mother of group identity and ethnic pride. In themaking of history, communities are far more importantthan even the greatest of leaders, for the community isthe institution most capable of passing a distinctive his-torical tradition to future generations.
Communities bind people together in multipleways. They can be as small as local neighborhoods, inwhich people maintain face-to-face relations, or as largeas the nation itself. This book examines American his-tory from the perspective of community life—an ever-widening frame that has included larger and largergroups of Americans.
Networks of kinship and friendship, and connec-tions across generations and among families, establishthe bonds essential to community life. Shared feelingsabout values and history establish the basis for commonidentity. In communities, people find the power to actcollectively in their own interest. But American commu-nities frequently took shape as a result of serious con-flicts among groups, and within communities there hasoften been significant fighting among competinggroups or classes. Thus the term community, as we use ithere, includes tension and discord as well as harmonyand agreement.
For years there have been persistent laments aboutthe “loss of community” in modern America. But com-munity has not disappeared—it is continually beingreinvented. Until the late eighteenth century, commu-nity was defined primarily by space and local geogra-phy. But in the nineteenth century communities beganto be reshaped by new and powerful historical forcessuch as the marketplace, industrialization, the corpora-tion, mass immigration, mass media, and the growth ofthe nation-state. In the twentieth century, Americanshave struggled to balance commitments to several com-munities simultaneously. These were defined not sim-ply by local spatial arrangements, but by categories asvaried as racial and ethnic groups, occupations, politi-cal affiliations, and consumer preferences.
The “American Communities” vignettes thatopen each chapter reflect this shift. Most of thevignettes in the pre-Civil War chapters focus on geo-graphically defined communities, such as the ancientIndian city at Cahokia, or the experiment in indus-trial urban planning in early nineteenth-centuryLowell, Massachusetts. In the post-Civil War chaptersdifferent and more modern kinds of communitiesmake their appearance. In the 1920s, movies and
Harvey Dinnerstein, Underground, Together 1996, oil on canvas, 90" � 107"
Photograph courtesy of Gerold Wunderlich & Co., New York, NY.
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COMMUNITY & DIVERSITY xlvii
radio offered a new kind of community—a communityof identification with dreams of freedom, material suc-cess, upward mobility, youth and beauty. In the 1950s,rock ‘n’ roll music helped germinate a new nationalcommunity of teenagers, with profound effects on theculture of the entire country in the second half of thetwentieth century. In the late 1970s, fear of nuclearaccidents like the one at Three Mile Island broughtconcerned citizens together in communities aroundthe country and produced a national movementopposing nuclear power.
The title for our book was suggested by the Latinphrase selected by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,and Thomas Jefferson for the Great Seal of the UnitedStates: E Pluribus Unum—”Out of Many Comes Unity.”These men understood that unity could not beimposed by a powerful central authority but had todevelop out of mutual respect among Americans ofdifferent backgrounds. The revolutionary leadershipexpressed the hope that such respect could grow onthe basis of a remarkable proposition: “We hold thesetruths to be self-evident, that all men are createdequal; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer-tain unalienable rights; that among these are life, lib-erty, and the pursuit of happiness.” The national
government of the United States would preserve localand state authority but would guarantee individualrights. The nation would be strengthened by guaran-tees of difference.
“Out of Many”—that is the promise of America,and the premise of this book. The underlying dialecticof American history, we believe, is that as a people weneed to locate our national unity in the celebration ofthe differences that exist among us; these differencescan be our strength, as long as we affirm the promise ofthe Declaration. Protecting the “right to be different,”in other words, is absolutely fundamental to the contin-ued existence of democracy, and that right is best pro-tected by the existence of strong and vital communities.We are bound together as a nation by the ideal of localand cultural differences protected by our commoncommitment to the values of our Revolution.
Today those values are endangered by terroristsusing the tactics of mass terror. In the wake of theSeptember 11, 2001, attack on the United States, andwith the continuing threat of biological, chemical, oreven nuclear assaults, Americans can not afford to losefaith in our historic vision. The United States is a multi-cultural and transnational society. The thousands of vic-tims buried in the smoking ruins of the World Trade
Thomas Satterwhite Noble, Last Sale of Slaves on the Courthouse Steps, 1860, oil on canvas,Missouri Historical Society.
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Michel Crévecoeur in 1782. “A strange mixture ofblood which you will find in no other country.” InAmerica, he wrote, “individuals of all nations aremelted into a new race of men.” A century laterCrévecoeur was echoed by historian Frederick JacksonTurner, who believed that “in the crucible of the fron-tier, the immigrants were Americanized, liberated, andfused into a mixed race, English in neither nationalitynor characteristics. The process has gone on from theearly days to our own.”
The process by which diverse communities havecome to share a set of common American values is one ofthe most fundamental aspects of our history. It did notoccur, however, because of compulsory Americanizationprograms, but because of free public education, popularparticipation in democratic politics, and the impact ofpopular culture. Contemporary America does have acommon culture: We share a commitment to freedom ofthought and expression, we join in the aspirations to ownour own homes and send our children to college, welaugh at the same television programs.
To a degree that too few Americans appreciate, thiscommon culture resulted from a complicated processof mutual discovery that took place when different eth-nic and regional groups encountered one another.Consider just one small and unique aspect of our cul-ture: the barbecue. Americans have been barbecuingsince before the beginning of written history. Early set-tlers adopted this technique of cooking from theIndians—the word itself comes from a native term for aframework of sticks over a fire on which meat was slowlycooked. Colonists typically barbecued pork, fed onIndian corn. African slaves lent their own touch byintroducing the use of hot sauces. The ritual that is apart of nearly every American family’s Fourth of Julysilently celebrates the heritage of diversity that wentinto making our common culture.
The American educator John Dewey recognizedthis diversity early in the last century. “The genuineAmerican, the typical American, is himself a hyphen-ated character,” he declared, “international and inter-racial in his make-up.” The point about our“hyphenated character,” Dewey believed, “is to see to itthat the hyphen connects instead of separates.” We, theauthors of Out of Many, share Dewey’s perspective onAmerican history. “Creation comes from the impact ofdiversity,” wrote the American philosopher HoraceKallen. We also endorse Kallen’s vision of the Americanpromise: “A democracy of nationalities, cooperatingvoluntarily and autonomously through common institu-tions, . . . a multiplicity in a unity, an orchestration ofmankind.” And now, let the music begin.
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Center included people from dozens of different eth-nic and national groups. We must fight to protect anddefend the promise of our diverse nation
Our history shows that the promise of Americanunity has always been problematic. Centrifugal forceshave been powerful in the American past, and at timesthe country has seemed about to fracture into its com-ponent parts. Our transformation from a collection ofgroups and regions into a nation has been marked bypainful and often violent struggles. Our past is filledwith conflicts between Indians and colonists, mastersand slaves, Patriots and Loyalists, northerners andsoutherners, easterners and westerners, capitalists andworkers, and sometimes the government and the peo-ple. War can bring out our best, but it can also bringout our worst. During World War II thousands ofJapanese American citizens were deprived of theirrights and locked up in isolated detention centers sim-ply because of their ethnic background. Americansoften appear to be little more than a contentious col-lection of peoples with conflicting interests, divided byregion and background, race and class.
Our most influential leaders have also sometimessuffered a crisis of faith in the American project of “lib-erty and justice for all.” Thomas Jefferson not onlybelieved in the inferiority of African Americans, but hefeared that immigrants from outside the Anglo-American tradition might “warp and bias” the develop-ment of the nation “and render it a heterogeneous,incoherent, distracted mass.” We have not always livedup to the American promise, and there is a dark side toour history. It took the bloodiest war in American his-tory to secure the human rights of African Americans,and the struggle for full equality for all our citizens hasyet to be won. During the great influx of immigrants inthe early twentieth century, fears much like Jefferson’sled to movements to Americanize the foreign born byforcing them, in the words of one leader, “to give up thelanguages, customs, and methods of life which theyhave brought with them across the ocean, and adoptinstead the language, habits, and customs of this coun-try, and the general standards and ways of American liv-ing.” Similar thinking motivated Congress at varioustimes to bar the immigration of Africans, Asians, andother ethnic groups and people of color into the coun-try, and to force assimilation on American Indians bydenying them the freedom to practice their religion oreven to speak their own language. Such calls for restric-tive unity still resound in our own day.
But other Americans have argued for a more ful-some version of Americanization. “What is theAmerican, this new man?” asked the French immigrant
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