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Jazz In America Yesterday & Today. Period 4 APUSH. By Chris Jackson. Focus. Jazz culture serves as a reflection of the time period, continually evolving while remaining true to its original roots as a vehicle of individual expression. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Jazz In America
Yesterday & TodayBy Chris Jackson
Period 4 APUSH
FocusJazz culture serves as a reflection of the
time period, continually evolving while remaining true to its original roots as a
vehicle of individual expression.• How has African-American influence shaped the
evolution of jazz music?• What were the prominent styles of jazz throughout the
20th century?• How has jazz evolved to reflect the time period?• How does contemporary music show its roots in jazz?
What Is Jazz?• West Coast slang referring to the
music of Chicago around 1915• There were several basic features
that remain true even today:• Improvisation• Syncopation• Blue notes• Polyrhythms• Swung notes
These elements represented a
distinct breakaway from the traditional European music of
the time}
African-American Background
• Jazz is a result of African-American and European contact
• Based on the “call-and-response” pattern of African oral tradition• Served as a raw and energetic rebuttal of what was musically acceptable at the time, and became the voice of a generation of African-American youth
Creoles• Free colored peoples living in
French dominated New Orleans• As offspring of French masters and
African slaves, they enjoyed rights similar to those of whites
• Many of them lost these privileges when the Spanish took over in 1764
• Some became traveling musicians, resulting in the evolution of the Southern minstrel show and widespread exposure to African music
1920s “Jazz Age”• During WWI, the Great Migration of
African-Americans to the north sparked the jazz scene in Chicago and New York
• Jazz was part of the Harlem Renaissance, a celebration and outpouring of African-American creativity
• Prohibition encouraged many whites to visit the nightclubs of Harlem, where they were exposed to jazz performers
• The invention of the radio further increased jazz’s popularity and its growth nationwide Eddie Ross,
1921, Ross’s Reel
1930s “Swing”
• It also served as a form of dance music
• Optimistic – attempted to boost morale in the face of the Great Depression
• Benny Goodman Quartet – the first racially integrated band
Prominent artists: Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong
• Jazz was performed primarily in a big band setting with about 20 musicians
Duke Ellington, 1941, Take The ‘A’
Train
1940s “Bebop”• Characterized primarily by
significantly faster tempos and complex lines
• Chordal improvisation – primary focus on the soloing aspect as opposed to the melody
• 1947 – The University of North Texas became the first US university to offer a degree in jazz studies
1967, Thelonious MonkProminent artists: Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie
Charlie Parker, 1946, Yardbird
Suite
1950s “Beat Generation”
• Counter cultural movement of writers protesting primarily against conformity in society
• Free Jazz Movement – turned jazz into a way to challenge racism
• The evolution of rhythm and blues into rock and roll as a high art form
1960 Max Roach album, We Insist! – Freedom Now
1970s - “Fusion”• Mixture of jazz
improvisation with rock music’s energy and rhythms
• Smooth jazz – influenced by R&B, funk and pop
• Complex time signatures and rhythmic patterns, especially in guitar, base and drums
1989, Miles Davis
Prominent artists: Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter
Mahavishnu Orchestra, 1973,
Birds of Fire
Contemporary Jazz• Smooth jazz –
downtempo• Mostly successful in
radio format, both traditional and online
• Increasing popularity of jazz worldwide, especially in Japan and Europe
Prominent artists: Roy Hargrove, Wynton Marsalis, Freddie Hubbard
Kenny G, 1986, Songbird
Jazz & Hip Hop• Jazz rap progressed
through the 1980s and 90s, incorporating jazz influence into hip hop
• Early hip hop group Gang Starr released several albums sampling jazz classics as instrumentals
• Similar roots of free artistic expression and raw, energetic rebellion
Courtney Pine, 2000, The Jazzstep
Legacy• “Jazz is also the most inclusive.
It’s a music that will take anything” – Gerald Early
• “It is from the blues that all that may be called American music derives its most distinctive characteristics” – James Weldon Johnson
• “Jazz is hereby designated as a rare and valuable national American treasure” – H. Con. Res. 57 (1987)
Answers (1)• How has African-American influence shaped
the evolution of jazz music?
• Creoles• African oral tradition• Many early jazz musicians were African-
American• Free Jazz Movement – challenging racism
Answers (2)• What were the prominent styles of jazz
throughout the 20th century?
• Swing• Bebop• Fusion• Contemporary (smooth)
Answers (3)• How has jazz evolved to reflect the time
period?
• Rebelliousness – breaking away from European music
• Protesting against racism and discrimination• Mixing with other genres of music
Answers (4)• How does contemporary music show its
roots in jazz?
• Early hip hop used jazz samples• Similar roots of rebelliousness and
individuality• Spontaneity (rap)
Sources• http://www.examiner.com/jazz-music-in-nashville/111th-congress-
reaffirms-jazz-as-a-national-treasure-and-honors-miles-davis-kind-of-blue
• http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/cja/jazzmaps/ctlframe.htm• http://www.jazzistry.org/timeline.html• http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/cja/greatmigration.html• http://www.spirit-mag.com/spirit/index.php?id=92• http://www.apassion4jazz.net/timeline.html• http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-15/entertainment/hiphop.jazz_1_hip-
hop-jazz-history-of-african-american-people?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ• http://jazz.about.com/od/historyjazztimeline/a/JazzCivilRights.htm