I,Ufty - DEo8

NOuYEN KHUYEN*

i - _ . - _1 ;

VO KHfic KHOANGi&o - sue

Trt..ing Ting - Hgc CLu V:a An

LUAN-DEvE

NGUYEN KHUYE'N• Lugc-dan ve Nguyeh` Khuy6n• C6c lu¢n_de c6 dan b&i va bdi m6u• T6c.pham tuy6n Ipa

(DtJNG TRONC; CAC K+ THI TF{UNG HOC)

IN LAN THtr I

XUAT-.BAN TAO -E}AN

Lu.crc _ Dif N

vE

NGUYEN KHUYEN

(1835 -1910)

NGUYEN KHU¥EN

(4835 - 1910)

I._ THcrl.DAI

Nguyin Khuy8n li ngu'b.i c&a hai the-L§ (I). Ong li ngub'i

tr8 nhft c&a the-h? 1862, the-h? nhang ngub.i di trtf8mg . thinL`

khi Phfp x§m-ling Vi?t-Nan, vi rLgtrb.i gil nhgt cia th€~h? 1884,

the-h? nhe.ng ngu6.i khi 16m len, khi trtf6.ng.thinh thi hba-u6.c

1884 da ra d6.i, cu?c xfm-ling d5 Loin.t%t.

Nghien.cdru anh-hu.6.ng cia thb.i.aai .trong` trtring-L9.p

Nguyen KLuy8n, tiguhi ta kh8ng nhdrng pLai d!-cSp tdi nhtrng

y8u-t81ien-h? v6.i the-h? 1862 mi ca nhtrng ygu-t8 li6n-L? v6.ith8-h81884.

(I) Th8-h? li in?t 16.p ngu.a.i ttrcrng-d5i d`6ng-tug, vi aLu. vSy thurb.I]g

chiu clung inL-hu.&ng c&a in?I s6' s¥.-ki?a ho?c l!ch-sfr, hoic kinh-te', a:-hsi,van-L6a... Nha.iig ph:n-tfr y-tLdc caa thi'-h? -hLing tic-gil, ch3ng hen -thu.a.ng bsa tsm thfc-m€c v¥ tnct s6 va'n-d! clung do 2nL-Ltr&ag traa ph{tsinh ra. Nhing vi'n-dt^ d6 s€ du'9.c giii-quygt-hay kh6ng giii quy8t-theonLifu cdeL tLy '`thuSc aori Loin-citiL c£-ahfa cia tirng flgu.8.i. Nhu. v?y haingu.a.i c6 tL€ s5ng d8ag-tL>i nh¥ng LI]8ng d8ag thg-h? (tru.}tig-L9.p Ngny§frC6flg Trd va Cao 8: Qu:t, tru.a.ag-Lg.p NgnyEn Khoye'ti v: Trfn Te' Xuo.ng. ..

8 NGUYEN KHUYEN

I.-Yeu-t6 th6ii.dqi c6 lien-lac vdi the-he 1862.

- Anh-hrfug cfia nhing ygu-t6 xa h©i, kinh-t8 vi van-h6a bi lu mb. tru6.c fnh` hub.ng cfia ygu . t8 Itch-sfr : cu?c x§n;keg c&a Phip bfo hi?u try nhdrng tigng d3i-bic n8 vio Di-Ngngnan 1848, ds tLquc~s¥ bft a_au nan 1858 at r8i ti8p-di~ch Dhumet vet d*u loang trth toin qu8c -1862, 1874, 1883 (2)-.--, vi chi cLgm dde vdi squ ky-k8t hba-tr6.c cu5i chng - hba-tt'6.c Patcti6trc, 1884 -c6ng-nh§n n!a bfo-h? cfia PLfp trthtoil-tLa 15nh-tL6 Vi?t-Nan.

Tru6.c sic tgn - c6ng va . bao c&a qufn - d§i PLfp, si - phuVi?t-Nan - ding-cgp tr{.thdc, d3ng-cgp ,c6 tricL-nhi?in - batdiu phfro-tin. C6 thii.d§ quygt-chi8n, c6 thfi.d§ d3u hang, c6thfi de hba-Loan. PL3n-£nL sang dia-hgt van-chtrong, nhtrng thfi-d9 d6 se tr6. tLinL nhdrag [huynh-Lu6mg :

a) Khuynh-hur6ng hh&ng-chie~nr.- Ttot\g LLnyth-ha6Inga;y, ngu6.i ta gl]i ten Nguy8n Dinh,a{hi8u, Pl]an Van Tri, BhiHtru NgL?a. 86.i c5ti-ban tu-ttr6.ng ti!m-tang trong van-chuo.ngeta nhag 1£c.gia Diy vzti d} cao nghla trung-qufn fi-du8cj d€ltd fn nhang ngtfb.i c§ng.t:c vdi PLip, nan kbuynh-Lu6.ng naycan c6 ch8 in?aLrdanh li kLnynb-Ltf6mg a?o-ly.

b_) Khugah-hco6ng d`au hang.- RTgub..1 t.ieu-b.i€u 1± T6nThe Tu6ng.

c) K4rtynA-Atf6.ng Aoa.Aodr._ Ho5c ch& hba v6.i PLip a€

(2) 1862 : baa-tr6.c NLsm~TqA't lhag.fag D6ng Tan Tial

1874 : baa ur6.c Gifp-Tuft m6. cfra s8ag mag-in

1883 : L6a-era.c Harmand c&ng-nh?a cu?c bfo-h? c&a Phfp tr€n t®in

qu6c.

NGUYEN KHUYgN 9

lgi-dqug s¥ gidp d6. cda Phip, hoic ch&-trtrong tgm hba d8 cficich n©i-bS gay l¥c-lug.ng. Cr trong khuynh-hachg nay ngtrdita c6.the x8p flhing Phan ThanL Giin, Nguy5n Tru.ing T9.

2.- Nhiing y€u-t6 the.i-a;i c6 lien-lac v6i the-he(1884) -

The-II? 1884 li in?t the-h? giao-th6.i (I) ra d6.i troLg co.ri qu5c-a?n 16.a len trur6.c s¥ a5 r8i : ntr6.c m%t, nhi tan.

Ngiy 13 thing 5 nim Gifp-Thin (6-6-1884), hba-Lr6.cPaten6trc ra ddt, daflh dgu bu6.c ch6t cfia cuSc x§m ling. Tdr d6dth kLoatig nan 1913, Phip di via giairdo?n t8-cLdc n¥n bfo-hStr6a toin qu8c Vi?t-Nan, th¥,c-hi?n c£€'mSt cliznd-sicL. hBu dat

m¥c-dich cia minh v! mpi mat th6ng-thuo.ng, `th¥c-dan. dBu-ttrcang nLu nguyen-lieu. Chfnh.sich d6 c6 tinh-cicL toitirdien bao

98m mgi ph.A.o.ng-di?a chfnh-tri, kinh-t8, van-h6a, gis ord¥c. S¥th¥c-hi€n chfnh-sfch d6 d5 lam thay d8i r6 r?t co'~cfu xa-h©iVi?t-Nan vi t%t.nhien fnh-hu6.ng in?nh-me vio tan-nao thg-h? 1884. /

Dtr6`i dfty, chdng ta hay ki8m-di8m lei nhdrng di8m quan-

trong trong chinh-sich c&a Phfp, nhtrng di8m c6 lien-lac v6.i th8-

h? 1884, the-L? mi Nguy~ch Khuyth d5 tr6. thinh in?t bsc a;a a.ah :

a) Chink-tr!.-

1) M?t mat, Phfp nl]%m vi?c tieu di?t lquc ltrq.ng khfng

chi"en. Him Nghi b! bft vio tiim 1888, Nim ]896, Phan Ditih

(I) Chdng t6i xa'p via the-li? triy nhing t€c-gil dtr6.i diy theo dinh-ngh?a v! danL-tin «th8 h€» cia ch6ng t8i a tr€a : Hoii]g Cao Khii

(1850~1933), Chu M?nL Trinh (1862-1905), Trfa Te' Xu.ong (1870-f9Ov),PLaa 86i CLfu (1867-1940), Phan CLu Trinb (1872-1926).

I o NGUY£N KHUYEN

Phdng tg the. Hoing Hoa TLfm bi hai vio nan 1913. Pbongtrio CAn.Vtro.ng tan ra.

2) M?t mat khfc, Phip can .thi?p vio vi?c lTa chon vua,bu©c nhtrng vi nay ky nhang a?o-dq d8 sfra d8i hba-tr6.c Paten6-trc, hBu afm trgn quyth trifc-tri trong tay. (I)

3) D8ng tha.i, Phip phai t6 ch4c nth tr¥c-tri nay thi8t.ISpmet gu8ng may hinh-chfnh vi chuyen m6n mdi d8 tLay-the cho

gu8ng may ca.

6) K!nA-!c".- Vi mvc-dich cia cu¢c xfm-kng c6 tinh-cfchkinh-t8, nan vi phuo.ng-di?n nay, ch{nL-sich cfia Phfp dug.c b5-triva thquc.hi?a ky-lug.ng vi ticL-cquc.

N6ng-nghi?p du'9.c kLai-th6c theo dgi quym6 v¥ vio vi?asan.xu%t vi cung.cgp nguyen-li?u cho Phfp (don-di!n lda, dda. ci-

phe, cao-su, tra ..... ). Thu.o.ng-nghi?p duo.a dac-biet phft-tri8n.Nhdrng hang bu6n, xu%t.nhap cang mgc len nho n%m. Vi d8 ph¥cvq muc-dfch th6ng-throng, h?-th8ng giao th6ng - nhft li nhirngcon dub.ng tith len bien-gi6.i Hoa Vi?i dug.c cfi-thi?n m6--mang.C8ng-nghi?p cang dug.c chd-trgng. N8u c6ng-nghi?p can.ball

(1) I.886 : D8ng-Kh€nh ky Dq thinh-l?p Nha Kink-Lug.c Bfc-K}.

1.888 : Thinh-Thai nhug.ng ba tlnL Hi-N§i, Hai-Phang, Da-Ngng cho Phfp.

I.897 : Think-Th:i bai Nha Kinh-Lurg`c, trao quy!n cai-tr! Bgc,K) cho Ph:p.

I.898 : Thaal-Thfi nhug.ng cho Ph€p quy!n thu thue' va ki8m-soft t;i-chfnL t?i Trung-K}.

I.925 : Khi Bio-D?i can 8. Phfp, H?i-D`6ng Phq-Chfnh phfi Lyth8a-hi?p trao quyEn quy€'t-dinh mqi vi?c 6. Trung-K} chovi€n Khfm-S4 Phfp.

NGU¥EN KHUYEN 11

nhu lb d4c gatig, ddc th€p bi tuy?t-d6i hgin c5m, ngu c6ng-

nghi?p ch8-bite c6 bi gi6.i-hah vi quyth-lvi kp-ngh? Phap, thic6ng-nghi?p khai-thfc lei atrg.c tich-c¥c phft.tri8n vi m¥c.aichnguyen-li?u (1 )

c) y6n-A6a g!do-dprc.- Giai-do?n nay li giai-aoan giao-thai. Met mat, Phfp m& trtr6.ng th6ng-ng6n vi ttuing hsu-b8 d8aio-tao c5p-t8c nhtrng cgp thha-hinh ban-xd. Met mat khac, agsfra so3n thi8t-I?p m§t n!n hgcrfh{nh m6.i thay th8 cho n@n gifo-d¥c ca van fp-dqug ttr xtra t9i Vi?t-Nan, nan` 1906, m§t ago-dqudtrg.c ban-hinh sfra a8i` ph€p hgc ph€p+. thi.

Theo ago-d¥ nay thi phfp hoe chia lam ba c*p : cfp gu-hoelgy bang tuy8n-§inh lam tat,nghiep, c5p ti8u-hgc 15y bang kh6a-

:i:[hH[imon::t€g:£!:'gct*r?nirro8c~*:']!;ycgdrt?&hh!u|!::a:,-Sinhhuna:them nhdrng man thud.ng-thdc, cha qu6c-ngdr vi chdr Phip.Chtro.ng trinh thi Htrong va thi H§i cang a8i lei them nho.ng manthus.ng-thtic bins chdr qu8c.ngfr vi nhfrng bai dich bang chtrPhip.

Nhtr di n6i a tr6n, chuong trinh nay chi iprd¥ng trong ldc-

giao-th6.i. Nam 1915, trtr6.ng thi Nan-Dinh bi a6ng cfra. N5m1918, trtrdrng thi Hug cthg bi a6ng cfra. N!n hgc ca nhu the libi ddrt-khoft bai b6. Vi chuong-trinh tr8n se I?i atrg.c sfra a8iLoin-toin cho th{ch.hg.p v6.i chitih-sfch chung vi m¥c-dich x§m-ling cfia Phfp.

K8t-qua li nhang tu-trfrog c8-truy!n t?i Vi?t-Nan nhtfKh8ng-giio, Lao-gifo vi Phst-giio 1?i cing tr& nen soy-tin.

(0 Ngay n5m 1888, gitra 14c ti\8ng sing Can-Vtrong can n8, Phfpaa b8 v5n a8 khai-thfc nLang m6 than mi`€n dny6n-hii Bfc-K}.

'2 NGUYEN KHuyEN

Nhangkhuynh.htrfugxuft-th8(nhuL5o-gifo,Phst-giao)thtrfugvan li nori ntrong-t¥a tinh-than cfia si-phu VI?t-Nan m8i khi

kh6ng gip thdri-van, thi nay a5 t6 ra v6nhi?u kh6ng the acm lei an-

fii cho tan-s¥ bi-a4t, y-thdc bgt-lquc ti.u6.c thdri-cuSc bi8n-chuy8n,

tfia nhtrng con ngu6.i mgt ntr6.c. Trong khi a6, khuynh.hu6mgnhsp.tL8 _ tieu.bi8u nhgt la Kh6ng-gifo ,~ thi qua met cu§'c thfr-

*hich vdi lan s6ng van-minh co.-khi Au-T3y aa t6 ra Loin-lointhat-bai. TUT trong giai-aoan xfm-lang -giai-do3n c&a th8-he

1862 -s¥ hi?n+di?n cfia ngoai+nhfn c6 kich-thich l8ng a'i-qu6ccfia toan d£.n, nghia trungquan cfia s?-phu, va gifnhti€p ph¥c_

Lung I?i tinL-than ago KL8ng .v6n da bftd*u xu6ng d&c tdr th8-h§Cao 86 Quf I, nhung cing vB sau, v6.i th8ng-19.rc&a Phip, v6.isir t6-chic nth d6 h© c&a Phfp, tlii :

a S{ tit rut ra, gb ph&i c&o...D

vi a;o Kh ng de r6 r?I suy-tan.

Khofng a*u th8.kj th4 XX - ldc Nguy§n Khuy8n d5' sgpt3-thg -mst s6 tr£~thdc trong chg-li? 1884, trong co.a khfing-hoang cfia tinh-tLgti, b8ng b8t gip m§t lu8ng tu-tu8.ng m6.i

gifn-ti8p t¥ Au.T§y aua lei vi tr¥€.ti8p do nh6.ng cue;n tan-the- hoac pLien dich, hoic khf o-lufro - c&a nhdrng nhi van ti8n-

b§ sang-tic, nhu Khang Htru Vi vi I.trong Khai Sieu. Nhingtfc-phfm n;y thfy asu aat lei vgn-d! y-thdc-I]? vi v6 ra nhdrngch8n trdri ttr-ttrdrg m6.i. D3o Kh8ng vi vsy nia cing th#t-th8 vimet s8 sI-phu Vi!t-Nan gi4c.ng¢ cing vi vay mi tim dug.cihing htr6.ng tu-duy m6.i m€ 3nh-htf6.ng b6.i nhfrng nhi vancfch-m3ng nhtr Montcsquieu, Rousscan... va dthg-th6.i r6.i b6 c5n-bfn C±fl-Vuong trotig can cu?c ch8ng Phapd8 hu6.ng v! nhfrng

NGUYEN KHUYgN 13

714can-ban ti8n-b? ho.n dat trgng.tfm vio quy!n-19.i cfia dan-t¢c vatqu-do c&a con ngur6.i.

***

N6i t6m lai, tgt ca nhdrng`thay-d8i vdra phar`-tich a tren vg

phuo.ng-di?n chinh_tri, kinh-t8 vi van.L6a giio d¥c do squ t8-chdrcn!n d6-h§ Phfp gay ra da lam thay d8i r5 r?t b© mat xa-h§iVi?t-Nan. Nhdrng d3ng-cgp cfl phan h6a ; nhing tdrng 16.pm6.i manh nha - nhtrng th*y th6ng, thEy ky, 6ng cb, 6ng tigLi...nhdrng nhfn vat cda Td Xu.o.tig. MSt ngp s8ng m6.i b8t dtsuxuft-hi?n. Nhtrng gi£-tri cti sup-d8 :

« Ong ngh`e 6ng co"ng cfing nam co »

trong khi d6, nhtrflg gi£-tri m6.i chua xfc dinh, thinh hinh.

S8ng trong giai-dogn h6n-tap giao-thb.i nay bin-kho5n dau-kh8 nLft van li nhdrng ngu6.i tri-thdrc. Hang-ngti I?ch-1gc, tinh-thEn phan.tin, thai-a? phdrc_tap. Hoac dEu hang. Hoac tich.c¥ctranh-d#u tuy?t-vgng troog hang ngfl CEn-Vu.o.ng. Hoac timnhthg phtfo.ng-hu6.ng tranh-dfu m6.i. Nhung da-s8 thi hoang-matig tru6.c thb.i-cu§c, tim quen lang trong th4 vui lang in?ti,hay t6 n6i b%t-man v6.i mitih, v6.i d6.i qua nhdrng lb.i bft-dfc-ch£, ch8 riEu.

6. dia-hat van-hoc, ao v?y mi nfy-n6. ra nhi!u khuynh-hu6.ngkLf c nhau :

a) KAwgnA-4tr6ng daH hang.- Tieu bi8u nhgt li HoingCao Khai v6-i tic-phfm Tfy Nam Df c B8tig, mSt v8. tu8ng aE caoSi:;;aci%:-tit: RLgfupyg¥££'nh::J'qn8-trun8 b6.i m8i tinh b8ng-hdru Bi

14 NGUYEN KHUYEN

b)Khugnh-h.r6.ngtranh-dau.-INLfrngt±c-g±£ttongLlngnhhrfug nay d5 dtmg via.chtfong d8 truyth-bi nhtrng ttr.ttfchgtranh-d%u ti8n-.b¢, doan~tuy?t h8n v6.i ch&-nghia Cia-Vtrong.Ti6u-bi8u li Phan B¢i Ch§u, Phan CLu Triah.. .

c) K liugnh-htt6ng lieu-cape.-

1) Hoac ca-tqug thien-nhien, nhtrng thd vui kng-in?n nhoChu Manh Trinh...

2) Hoac ri5u minh, ri5u d6.i hhtr TrBn T8 Xuo.ng...

*

D6i v6.i m6i the.h?, 6. no.i kgt-hop nhdrng squ ki?n chinli~tri,kinh-tg, via-h6a. gifo-dqc, xa-h?i - g9i chung I; th6.i.a?i _thu6.ng phft~sihh ra mSt s6 v%n-d!. Nhtimg vgn-d! d6, trong dia-

hat vati-chuong se tr& thinh nhtrng luan-d! chfnh cfia tic-pLfm,n6 chilng nhsn n5i banikhoan cia the-h? v! vgn~d! vi nhi!u khi n6I?i can chdrg-nhsfr- cf nh@ng c8-g8ng cfia th8-L? d8 giai-quy8tvgfl-d!.

The-I? Nguy5n Du ban.kLoin trong squ Ipa chgn gifra Hi?n-tgi vi DI-ving. TL8-L€ Nguy§ti C6ng Trdr bSn tarn v! vi?c xfy-dqutig squ-nghi?p. Th8-h? Cao Bi Quit thfc-mfc gidra hal th8 s8ngxu8t vi xfr. The-h? 1862 quy8t-dinh thfi-d© tru6.c cu©c xam.IfngThe-h? 1884 hoal]g mang. phan tin...

***

Nhu d5 n6i 6. tren, Nguy8n Khuy8n sinh n5m 1835, m%t nan1910 li-ngu6.i cfia cf hai the-I? I 862 vi I 884. Nhtrng vzn-d! dit

NGUY£N KHUYgN 15

ra cho ca hai the-h? d!u a5 dit ra cho chinh ci-flh§a 6ng. Nghien-•rfu via-chtrong cfia 6ng, chdng ta ,1gy nhsn x6t tren lam tieu-cbufn vi dit trqug tan vio nhtrng suy-cam c&a 6ng d6i v6.i nhtragv5n-a! cia thai-a?i -n6i met cfch khfc, thii.dS cia 6ng a8i v6.itha.i-cu§c - trong vi sau co.n qu8c.a?a, trong khi Phf p Ham-kngVi?t-Nan vi khi cu¢c x§m-1ang ch8m-ddt, Phip bft a5u t8.chfrcn§n a6-h§ tren toin c6i Vi?t-Nan.

Nhtr vsy, trri6.c tien chdng ta pLai nghiea-c4u dbng.d6i, ti8u-sfr, tfnh-tinh, tut-ttrchg vi nhft li tan-s¥ caa Nguy€n ,Khuy8n.

II.~ NGU¥EN KHU¥fiN

Nhtrng n€t chinh c&a Ti8u-sfr ~ Tinh~tinh -Ttf-ttf6.ng -Tam~sir.

1._ Tiau -8dr.

a) D6ng-d6l : Sinh nan I.835. hi?u li Qug-So'n, ngua.iling Yen-D8, buy?n Binh-L;c, tznh Hi-Nan. T8-phu li Nguy~thM3i, aau tith-s? trigu L6. Than-phq li Nguy`@n L?, ba lie dau t4-tii. Nim gan 40 tu8i sinh h? Nguy5n Khuy8n. (Ldc d*u tch liNguy5n Via Thang, sau trug.t ky thi li§i, a8i ten li Nguy5n-Khuy€n).

6)rAud4an-t]r..-Th6ngminh,chimhgctdrthu6.nhs.NanI 5 tu8i dsu k} khao-h?ch 6. t{nh. Hai nam sau sfra so?n hu.ong-thi thi cha m*t, phfi ctr tang, cfra nhi sa sat, phai day hgc nayday mai a6 a8 kigm in. Sau aug.c c¥ Ngha Pham Van Nghi chuc*p cho an hgc. N5m 1864 asu giai.nguy6n. Nan 1871 dau h§i-flguyen vi ainh-nguy6n vi thinh danh Tarn.Nguy6n Yen D8.

c) 7.fidJ-a:tta!-chfnh.-(1871 -1885). Bft a*u dtrg.c b8N©i-Cic thdra-chi r8i D6c-hoe Thanh-H6a r8i B8-chiflh Qufflg

16 NGUYEN KHUYEN

Nan vi Qufng-Ng5i. Sau vua Tqu-Ddc bi8t 6ng thanL li6m vihgc cao nen tri?u v€ kinh lam Sfr~qufn Tofn-tu.-

Nan 1882, vi?c ngogi-giao v6.i Phfp tr6. hen kh6 khin flh*tli 6. Bfc-K}, Nguy8n Khuygn dug.c cfr ra Hi-NSi lam Thuo.ngBi?a lo vi?c giao.thi?p v6.i Phfp. Sau d6 6ng dug.c cfr gidr chdrcT8ng-D8c So.n-Hung-Tuyea (Son-Tfy. Hung-H6a, Tuyen-Quang). N5m 1883, hba~u6.c Harmand dug.c ky-k8t. N5m 1884hba-u6.c Paten6tre ra d6.i. Nfm 1885, Him-Nghi truy!n Lich CBn-Vu.o.ng. Nguy8n Khuy8n l*y c6. dau m8t tdr chic,rdt v! 6. £n.

a) 7.46.f. !rf-Sr.-( 1885-1910) . Ong s5ng thanh-ban no.i tL6nd5, Phfp m*y lfn &y cLo HoingcaoKhfi r8i Vav5nBfo rna.i6ng ra cSng-tic, 6ng thfy d!u tdr ch6i. Tuy nLi€fl d8 trftih spnghi-ngb. c&a Phfp, 6ng d5 gidp L6 Hoan chgm giai thi tho. t8-ch4c tgi Hung~Y6n vi c6 lBn ng8i d?y Lgc trong dinL Kinh-hfg.cHoang Cao Khai. Ong mgt vio khofn&dau nan 1910.

2.- Van - nghi?p.

Ong sfng-tic trong tha.i-k} tr£-si. V! van Hfn 6ng d8 I?i Qu8-So.n Tbi Van Tap. Vi van n6m, tho. vfa cfia 6ng kh6ng nhgt-dinL 6. lo?i nio : Dub.ng lust, hit n6i, luc bit, song thgt luc bit,cau d5i... vi cting kh6ng nhgt dinh 6. met khuynh-hu6.ng nio :

trio pLdng, tan-s¥, ta canh, t¥ thust...

Ong lei thtf6.ng sang-tfc bgng Hfn-van r8i lai dich I.a VIet-vin.

3.- Tlnh-tinh.

Dqua vio nhtrng bii fry.tLust, try-trio cfia 6ng, chdng ta c6the bi8t r8ng 6ng la ngua.i ch8t-phfc gifn-di, h8n-nhien. Danlai con chiu trtr6.c khi tg-th8, 6ng vi8t:

M6n \8inh cl.6. tang tl"en dqt gif iy,

Ban oat tl.ay c.dng o¢g rna thai.

NGUYEN KHUYEN 17

Kh&ch quen con ch6 c6 m&I,

lie dun die"u I)h&ng con th&l ch6 thu.

Oflg kh6ng ph§n-bi?t giBu, ngh!o, sang, hid. Trong bii t£-canh len ko, 6ng vi8t rft t¥ nhien :

Anh em lhng x6m xin m&l c&,

X6l b6nh trau Leo cdng g9i lb.

Cli& D6o l]en D\nh lam o6l t6, a

Ong Tit x6m Chg` lai chng ta.

Nhung cii tfnh gifn-di, chat-phf c d6 cang c6 ;h8 di a6i -tuy c6 v€ mau-thu5n - v6.i met di8m aac-bi?t va sau kin trongtinh.tinh cfia 6ng : d6 li di€m try cao. Hoic 6ng cho d6.i thi8ungtfb.i xdrng-#rig I; b?c tri-ky. thi8u ngu6.i hi8u n8i tan-h8n cfia6ng : ,.

C&u thcy ngh{ dan-ao muo"n ole"i,

Vie"I du.a ai, al bie~t rna dtra ?

Hoic 6ng tip-cao vE tai hgc 18i-lac :

Hgc c,h&n8 c6 rang hag chl cd,

Ctt6i d`au ngtr6.I k} da ba phen.

Vi cflng vi 6ng tqu-cao, cho nefl 6ng b%t chfp dtr-lu?a :

D&D tat ngo&nli mat lam ngci,

Rang hJi6n cdng k€ rang hh6. cdng lh&y I

4.- Tu-tub.ng.

Ong mang truyth th8ng Nho-giio trong ngub.i, cho nan d5t6 ra hi8u r5 1e xu8t xfr cia mSt bSc s?-phu ch§ti-chinh. Khi gipthdi, 6ng kh6ng th nan met vi?c gi dAu kh6 khia nguy-hi€m d8

18 NGUYEN KHUYEN

gidp db.i, gidp nu6.c. Nhu'ng khi Loin-c3nh kh6ng thuSn-ti?n chinhti lan len, 6ng da bi8t cqu-tuy?t c6ng-danh phd qdy, rdt lui v! no.itL6fl da, an ban lac d3o. Ngay kLi 6. £n, 6ng v§a xfr s¥ tiLtr mStnhi nho, kh6ng r4t b6 Lan cuSc ch.8. Ong kh6ng chiu fnh-Lrfugcfia Ph?t-giio vi mac dBu van tLd-nh?a cfi m=nh-lquc quyth.ra c&akliuynh.hu6ng sieu-tLoit L5o Trang, nhtrng khi mu8a quen kDgth¥c-tai :

« T¥a g6i ben mhnh loan h6a bu.6m »

Loac nhtrng khi yen ling met minh d8i canh tLi8n.nhien, tsnhu6.ng cfi d9p tich-mich cia ting dg.t « s6ng bigc », tang €higc« li ving », c4i d€p fm-thAm cfia in?t tt fnh tring » lot k€ « soi]g

thua » ..., nhung ngay nhtrng kLi d6, hay ngay sau nLing khi d6,cog lei t6 ra h6i-hsn. Ong dinh dfm minh vio m§t gigc rio. « h8di?p -Trang Chu », nhtfng lei squc t?nh vi «gi6 thu lanh leo »cia tLb.i-cu©c van Bang hiu-hgt, lu6n lu6n flhf a nL6. 6ng t6.ithtrc-tai,:

Ty:a go"i ban mhnh loan I.6a bu6m,

GIG thu lqnh lao,1& odng icri...

N6i t6m I?i, 6ng vzn kh6ng the quen db.i, quen nhi?in-v¥ mettihi nho, ngay khi afl b#n I?c d3o. Gang vi tL8,1%y cfi cubi « nhsnhing kin dfo », 6ng thubmg lam tho. trio-phdng c5-gzng met

phfn_ nio :

Cam chtnl. dqo, (aRAey i.icJi th cq bi.

(Nguy6n C6ng Trfr)

Oflg khing phai li m©t nLi nho thi8n-can. Oag da pfro biftdrgc r6 ref hai y-tir6ng mi thubrng thud-ng ngub.i ta hay lamlfn : trung qufn Ti fi qu8c. Kh6ng met ai c6 the nghi-ng6. dLrg.clbng yeu au6.c cfia 6ng, nbung 6ng van ci ti8ng mat sit nhingvi voa « bd nhin » cai 6ng mah danh li « voa cheo »: Mi['gn ldi

NGUYEN KHUYE'N 19

vg. mSt k6p hit, 6ng vigt :

Vua cheo con ch8ng ta g`,.

Q:uan ch`eo oal nhg, hh&c cJii lhang hie.

X€'t tinh tinh vi tu-tu6mg cia 8ng, c6 giio-su Duro.ng QuaDgHim cho rgng 6ng li bac dSt-nhfn qu§n-tfr. Nhsn x€t c&a Duong

Quang Him tuy vfn tft rna thst li xic-df ng vay.5.-Tan sT. 'Phan-tich dbng d6i, ti8u~sfr, tinh-tinh vi tu.tu6mg cfia

Nguy§n Khuy8n, sau khi d5 nghien-c&u nhing n€t chitih th6.i-a?icia 6ng. chdng ta s5 hi8u r6 dtfg.c tan-squ cia thi-si.

Li ngtr6.i tr8 nh5t cfia the.h? 1862 (1), NguyEn Khu}`e'n itd8 I?i d%u-t{ch van-chtrong ben canh nhdrng bac din anh NguyEflDinh Chi8u, Phan Van Tri, Phan Thanh Gian.„ Trong su8tthb.i ky cu6c xfm-ktig diEn~ti8n, 6ng }`8n-1atig lam trbn b8n-pb?at&a in?t k8 s?, cfla in?t b! t6i. Nhung 6ng 1?i da c6 dip d6ng vaichrfug.nhan cda met giai-do?n Itch-sfr nghiem trgng, d8 nhsn thgyn6i b%t-1quc cia d&ng-c#p sI-phu ~ qua n6i b%t-lTc cda chinbc£-nhan 6ng - tru.6.c thb.i-cu6c bi8n-chuy8n. Cii j;-f44c 4&-/pc\,

nay se in h8a vio tfm-flao 6ng, se li m§t thinh-phfn quan-trongtron`g tan-stf ,cfia 6ng va s5 lu6n-lu6n ngan bu6.c quy8t-dinh cia6ng nhatig ldc. nung-nfu b6.i m8i hb.n vong qu8c, 6ng nu6i m¢ngLanh d¢ng tick-cquc.

Nan 1885, atrg.c tin Ham-Nghi rat ra chi8n-khu Tfn-s6.truyth-hich Cffl~Vuro.ng, mac dBu nghe th5y -giffl-ti8p qua ti8ng•cu8c keu rang r5 su8t den L! - ti8ng g9i cda non s6ag, Sag van

chi c6 tli8 c6 dirg.c met hinh-d¢ng tieu-quc : 6ng tdr chdrc So.a.

(1) Chdng t6i xe'p vio the-h? 1862 nLtrng tfc-gis dtr6.i day : Phan•Thanh Gifn (1796-1867), BLi Htru NgLla (1807-1872), NguyEn Dinh

Chi8u .(1822-1888), Phan Van Tri (ttro.ng a5i a`6ng tug v6.i T6n TheTu'}ng), T6n The Ttr}ng (1825-1877), Nguy8n Tru.}ng T? (1827-1871)...

20 NGUYEN KHUYgN

Hung-Tuyefl T8ag-D8c, rat v! 6. £n no.i than-d5. Ong j//f trtrdcrfng c6ng cu§c can-Vuo.ng se tan r£...

Tdr d6 Nguy8n Khuyth am-thBm s8ng n8t quatig db.i thtra,ben canh the.h? 1884 mi 6ng nghi8m.nhien tr6. neh m§t b§c dinaflh kh6flg flhtrng v`e tu8i tic mi ca v! danh-vong.Gang nhu ho,6ng thfy chur6.ng tai gai mft v! nhtrng d8i thay trong tihfn-tinh,ngoii xa-Lei. Cdng nhu hg, 6ng mang nitig m8i hb.n vong qu6c.Nhung tan-s¥ c&a 6ng the~tham gfp b©i, b6.i ben cgflh cii y-thdrc b5t.1quc clang day vb, lai can fm-£nh them in?t mac-cam :

M5c-cam 4fru~£rdcA. Ong cho ring s6.. di cii canh nh¥c-nha:

C¢g sf rc, cdg du nhi"eu c,h] b&m,

Tham tl"en c§t m6 lam anh leo.

o6 diEn ra hang ngiy, tren khfp D5t Nu6.c, thi cting do no.i.b*t.Iquc cfia ca m§t th8-he, _ the-h? 1862 -trong d6 c6.6ng -cfia ca met Bang-cgp, d&ng-c8p s?-phu, dzng.cgp cfia 6ng.Chinh the.Ii? cda 6ng, chinh d&ng-c%p cia 6ng phfi chiu trich-

nhiem.

Y-thdrc b%t-lquc vi mac-cam Ltru-trich, hai di8m t§m.Iynay se ph8i-hg.p, k8t-tinh thinh tarn-squ Nguy5n Khuyth vi sachi-pL6i mgi hinh-vi, suy-nghl cfia Sag, se quy8t-dinh thii.dS,cfia 6ng, d8i v6.i thb.i.cu©c, d6i v6.i flgtfb.i ab.i, d6i v6.i t%t ci.

Ill.- Y.NGHIA NOI-DUNG THI-PHAM

NGUYEN KHUYEN

K8t.qua cfia squ phan-tich a hai phtsn trth se rgi sitig nSi-dung thi-phfm Nguy~th Khuy8n, se lam n8i b?t len y.nghia chink

NGU¥EN KHUYfiN 21

¢aa thi-phfm, se cho ch4ng ta thgy r6 ffr4I..d¢ cj!4 £frl.-j'7 J5!. tJ4i.ffi}!.-c#¢c, vi r¢ng ra d6i v6.i ngua.i db.i, d5i vdi b?n b!, d5ivdi gia-ainh.

I .- D6i v6Ii th6.i-cu¢c.Trong giai-doan d5t ntr6.c bi tin-phi b8.i cu§c xam-ling.

-yen laag bern c?nh the-h? 1862, 6ng lam ti.bn b8n~ph?n vi vtia

vi nu6'c. Nhtrng den khi nh?n thgy ngudi Phip d5 th&-thzng vibgt dfu thi8t.lap ch8-d§ bao.ha tren toin qu5c, 6fig rdt lui v!a £n, chi-truo.ng bgt hg.p-tic, c8-g8ng :

« Glf i son s&t 6m d`em m§t tie"i »

Rgt nhi!u kLi, nhdrng ldc den khuya catih v8ng, nhdrng ldcnghevang I?i met tigng cu6c keu, r8i lian tu'6.og dth di8m xira t{ch{a, m5i hb'n votig qu8c van d&n-vat tarn-squ 6ng. C)ng that len :

Nam canli m&u chdg dam he o&ng,

Sdu hhac hion tan b6ng ngugel m&.

C6 ph&l ti8c xuan rna df mg g9i, \

Hag la nh6 ntr6.a o&n nam mcr.

Y-ttr8mg gia-nhap Ling ngti Cfn-Vtro.ng, hiflh-d©ng tfch-€tf c lit-van no.i tarn-tri :

Ban dam rang ra h6u ai d6 ?

Glue hhdch giang-hio dq ng"an,ngor .....

;im±ti¥n:oi:y:-gt¥:ngbvi#t§h{jti£:Cia5!::::;ub£:h«-tfi£{|);;::gp£§n»nv¥:

faqu=£u{£aqu;gut;I:..pg#r6::dr;:ti#i:c,.ihc!;6;ig6Si:i;gt£;:e¥¥;,h;£ifr-i:%§nn;;§j

(I) Ong mfc b?nh dau mft,1dc c6 tu5i thanh 16a.

22 NGUYEN KHUY£N

met tfm gtro.ng trong. sach cho din cm trong tL8-L? soi chung.Ong bi8t r¥ng dfng-cfp c&a 6ng d5 suy~tin, Gang tan r5, sfp in?nh-chung, nhtfng 6ng van c8-g8ng, b8ng thfid© dfug-dung tru6.cm8i c6ng-danh phd-quy, gitr trgn ti8t-thfo cia dgng-cgp clio t6.ichng. Ong tuyen-b8 :

a T&m gtro.ng trlnh oang-oac qug€t hh6ng nhcr »

Cho nen trong cfi « d8m oi-a » dfu mda Phfp-thu¢c d6, n8u6ng Td Vi-Xuy6n c6 trfng-trg.a n6i th3I]g :

Thl6n hq c6 kyhl. Gang ngd c&,

T¢i g` md thfrc, met m`nh ta.

thi rieng NguyEn Khuy8n van trong mft ng8i yen, chiu dung tgtcf cf i canh bTc~b©i :'

Tie~ng dew heu th{€l thai

Dan mu-6i bag tcri t&.

Ong cLb. dg`i « m§t ti'gng g; D bfo-hi?u met r?ng d6ng singI?ng cho dgt nu6'c. Bi cquc `%t t6.i tufn thai lai. Den d;i d8n m%y,nhung v6`i thb.i-gian mat tr6.i se r?ng d6ng.. Ong tin nhtr vayv} 6ng dat tin-tu.6.ng vio nhtrng th8-h? din cm. Ong vi8t :

T&i od lrqu mac dan cm g&nh ode

Ni!m tin cfia 6ng kh8ng phfi li m§t s¥ kh6ng tu.8.ng. Phan_B©i Chfu, Phan Chu Trinh d5 b8t afu chuy€n hu.6.ng ttr-duy...

2.- E}6i v6.i ngudi dd.i.V6n t{nh tinh hign linh, chgt-pLic, gia dl I?i xfr.squ

nhu mst b§c a?t.nhan quan_tfr, d8i v6.i ngu6.i db.i, Nguy8nKhuygn kh6ng cfu-chgp mi tLu6.ng t6 ra kLoan-h8flg, dai-lug.ng. Ho.n htra lai mang hang trong lbng micrfam hdru-tricL, nan 6ng cho rfng c&i canh vong qu5c chtr6`ng tai gai.mft, n8u c6 di8n ra thi ch(nh 6ng cang c6 dqu phfn trich-

NGU¥EN KHUYEN 23

nhiem. CLo nth, ngu c6 phai cam bdt c6ng-k{ch ngub.i dai. tigbibdt trao~phdng cia 6ng bao gis. cang nhs.nhing nhtrng khi tr¥c-ti8p vi trong da s8 trtr6.ng-hg.p thi kin-dio b6.i giin-ti8p. C6n\g.kich, chggi5u, nhungbao gib. 6ng cing van gitr thfi-ds cia nhimStnho chinh-th8ng cam bdt d8 tich ta c¥ b£, d8 chgfl-ch{nh nh§ntarn, d8 cai~thi?n th6i db.i.

3.-86i v6.i gia-dinh.Tiflh cia 6ng d6i v6.i gia-dinh cting gian-di, kh6rig v8-v?p

nhu'ng thfm-thigt, c6 th&y c6 chung. Tinh nay chibi8u-l¢ ra trongnhtrng dip quan-trgng. Kh6c vg.,, 6ng vi€t :

a Nha chin r'at ngh`eo thaw , nh& dtrgrc bd hag lam hag lam.®th&t ltrng b6 que, s&n odg quai c"orig, tat-tu'&l chai`, nam ch&n

a cliiau, ul t6. d&-d`an lrong mgi ulec.»

« Bd di d&u o¢i mag, doe c;ho lao oat-oo. oat-ou&ng, b&l.

a t6c ch hank, bu6ng qu`an 1& tga, get-gd tag dda tag ch6n, ciinga ai h\"e-|fue chugen tram nam » .

Con 6ng li Nguy5n Hoan mgt tru6.c 6ng : trong dip nay 6ngc6 lam d6i cau d8i kh6c con, lb.i le vdra li cfla met b?c a?i-khoa

kh6c in?t bsc a?i-khoa, vha li chfn thinh cia ngu6.i cha kh6cCotl :

Nghin nam l>ia d& bang oang, than 61 ngtr&16g I

Tram tu8o.i rang long a"au bqc, hh`o lam con crl !

4.~- D6i v6.i be ban.

:gncgh:££:hc;C;u:ifr;fi;:ig¥h£6iuc¥§u:anng-¥t#:yaa%#;g:{iEbu:::g±;t:it!ich4ng cho nh?n x¢t nay.

IV ~ NGHB-THUAT CbA NGU¥EN KHUYEN

du&£°n£:!uvfit:naha.tifticc]°:?£c:ata#iutcacbaapt}'tsroan°gpht#*g'tTqu:hub§it;,

24 NGUYEN KHUYgN

drfug luSt, nga ng6fl. Nho.ng mac dBu 6. lo3i nio hay du6.ih`inh-th4c nio, thor viti cda 6ng cang c6 nhtrng dac-tinh r6I?t, chdng ta se ph fro-tich du6.i day :

1.-Ta tinh.Thcr tf tinh cfia Nguy-ch-KLuy€n rft kin dio, phan vi tinh

tinh cia 6ng vi phffl ndra li do tha.i.cu©c. ft khi 6ng trquc-ti8pk8 18 tim-squ vi bao gi6- cang gifn-ti8p mu.9.n c6. d8 ta tinh : 6ngmtrg.n chuy?n «Me M8c» d8 trinh bay thfi-d© cfia 6ng, mettigng cu8c keu d8 th8-I? n6i lbng thgc.m8c, cii oi-bfrc cfia metden dfu hg d8 ti tha.Lthg, met tigng gi gfy`, sing d8 kin dio n6idth lang tin tu6mg cfia minh no.i ttt'o.ng lai d*t nu6.c.

2.- Trio-phting.Vi bin tinh hi!n linh, vi can bi ring bu?c b6.i quan-ni?in

c8-truy!n cda nhi nho v! van-chuong : van d? tfi da.o, nan

g;9flg trio phdtig cia 6ng kh6ng cay chua nhu gigng H8 XufnHtrong vi thigu h&; cfi v8 ic-li?t cfia "a T8 Xu'o.ng. D5i-tugrgtrio-phdflg cda 6ng thus.ng li nhfn tinh the thii, than quan I?inhang, ahdrflg cinh chtr6.ng tai gai mft, vi chfnh bin than 6ng.

V! phuo.ng-di?n cu6i ctmg, 6ng hay vigt nhtrng bii thcrm€nh-danh li t¥ trio. Thst ra v! logi nay, 6ng kh6ng thihL"6flgvi via can mang kin trong thfm tf in m§t ch%t t¥.-cao ding kinh.Den ban than minh ra lam trb cub.i cho thien ha, flhu'ng 6ngvan kh6ng quen 6ng d6 Tan-Nguy8n :

Nghi in)nh cdng g6m cho m}nh nh{.

The~ Gang bia xanhi cting bang oang.

Bin v! van trio-phting cfia 8ng, gifo-str Duo.ng QufngHim c6 vi8t rgt x6c-ding : « Ong cang hay gi5u-cg.t ngub.i db.i,chi tr{ch th6i db.i in?t cicli nhs-nhing kin.dfo, r6 ra mSt bac d3t

NGUYEN KHUYEN 25

nhin quin-tfr mu8n dtmg 16.i van trio-phdng d8 kbuyen ranngu6.i d6.i ».

3.~ Ngh¢-thuat ta cinh.

VB phuo.ng-di?n nay, van chuong caa 6ng c6 nhi!u di8indac-sfc khi8n ihtrng ngub.i nghien-cd.u sau thub.ng hay menhdatih 6ng li «thi-s? cfia n6ng-th6fl», «thi-sI' cfia mha thu».Mu8n hi8u I.6, chdng ta hay so sinh 6i]g v6`i met s5 thi-si Vi?t-Nan khfc cting d5 n8i-danL troflg lanh-vTc t£-canh nhu Nguy€n-Du. H8 Xuan Huro.ng, bi Huy?a Thanh Quafl...

A.- Nguy6n Du.

-Quan-riiem v@ thien nLien caa Nguy5n-Du li m©tquan-

ni?in ly-tu6.tig r%t chfi-quan, va c6 tinL cich met chifu ; 6ng ch&-trtron8 :

- Ngtt&i bu"on cdnh c6 out dau l>ao gi&

Cting vi vsy trong su5t cu5n Doan Tr`tf&ng Tan Thanh,

nhaflg canh m6 ta d!u bi8n chuy8a theo t§m.tr?ng cda nhfn.vatchfnh trong canh. Cting phai h6i them ring quan-ni?in flay li mst

quati-ni?in thus.ng c6 nhting thi-nhan db'i tru6.c. Nguli ta c6 thedan-chdng bgng nhtrng canh troflg Dtfb.ng-thi, Chinh PhqNgfm v.v...

8.-H6 Xu6n Hu'ong.

-Nth-s? li ngtfb.i lap di, kh6ng -bao gis. chiu theo ngu6.i

khic vi dting tru6.c m§t cfnh, hinh nhu v:?c dfu tien c&a ntr-slli ki€m-di8m I?i cich ddng (d8 nhin cfnh) cda nhang ngub.i tru6.cde r8i lap di :

« E>frng ch6o tr6ng theo c&nh hat hlu».

26 NGUYiN KHUYEN

Gang phai c6ng-nhsn rang cfi 18i « d4ng chfo » caa ndr-s? aamang lei cho nhtrng bii thor ta canh cia na sl nhang hinh nf I miusfc tan ky : cang vi v?y ngu6.i nggm cfnh c6 cii cam-giic thich-th4nhur vtfa lg-lhng, I?i rft qucn thu?c d6.i v6.i canh.

C.-Ba Huy?n Thanh Quan.

- Quan-ni?in cfia bi cang`li mst quan-ni?in ch&-quan : binhin canh b*ng con mft di v5ng. Troag ky-drc c&a ba a5 in binrgt nhi!u canh Loin toan thu§c vS qua khfr, hoac chinh bi d5 dtrg.cnhin thfy, hoic qua nhdrng b4c c8-hga Trung Hoa hay qtia nhfrngangtho c8. Ddrng tru6.cthTc-tai,ba cb{ ddrng chan 1?i nhdrng khiniothquc-tSic6nhtrngn6tttronga8ngv6.icanhtrongky.dc.Nhtrngldc d6 m6-ta a8i v6.i bi chz c6 nghla la s8p Sat lai th¥c-tai cho gi6ngh?t nhang canh t`rong ky-drc. Cfnh vi vay chz la m¢t cfi c6.; cho nafu

gitra bi canh kh6 c6 the c6 squ cam-th6ng. Bi lu6n lu6n c6 a§c ;

-M§l m&nh nnh ri6ng ta o6.i ta.

D.- Nguyen Khuy6n.

- Quan-ni?in c&a 6ng d6i v6`i thi6n-nhien. bi anh-htr&ng b6.i

tinh tinh cfia 6ng cang ttro.ng-tquultr thai-a§ c&a 6ng a6i v6.i ngnd.id6.i. Ong kh6ng c*u ky nhu H8 Xuan Htro.ng, kh8ng n? c8 nhu 13aHuy!n Thanh Qqun, kh6ng cau chgp nhur Nguyen Du. Ho.a nfr+a6ng chi tim th*y thu-thai trong tan-h8n, quen ling atrg.c th¥c-tainhfrng khi mst minh a6i di?n thi8n-nhien, nan 6ng nhu 4fro`#g /4fflZa.. fr6!. qua nhi!u a thien-nhi8n. Thi8n-nhien li canh-ttrg.ng vi-aei :

-M¢t 1& o`e dau xa tham tham,

-Nghin lang tr6ng xu6ng 1>6 con con...

hay nhs b€ :

-L& ohng tru.6c gi6 s.e dora oao...

hay binL-di, tin thub.ng :

NGUYEN KHUYgN 27

-Trau gla nap bqul phi hcrl n&ng,

Ch6 nJi&ch ben ao c,a,n tle"ng ngu&t .

6ng cing trfn-trgng ngang nhau. Oflg d8n v6.i thich-nhiefl tihu. dthv6.i m§t ngtfb.i b?n, vi b6.i kh6ng cfu ky, vi b6.i thi8u ngtrb.i tri-k9 - do tinh tqu cao -, thi8u ngu.a.i d6i-thogi, nan bgn nio cahgdtrgc - chi can mSt squ hi?n-di?n nio d6 d€ b6.t c6-don I - hoaca chd Dio ben Dinh », hoic « 6ng Tdr x6m Chg.», hoac tt ba

gian nhi c6 >>, hoac « m§t chi8c thtiysn cfu b6 t€o teo », hoic m©tlifl a ao tbu lgnh leo », met fnh tratig thu lot k5 « song thua »,hay ..

a Mag ch`um tttt6c giQu hoa nam ngo6l ».

Ddng tru6.c canh 6tig kh6flg phfn ng6i chd khfch, lang lecam-th6ng v6.i cfnh d8 r8i cu8i chng. khi phfi c*m bdt tf cfnh,canh se xu%t-hi?n du'6.i n€t bdt nhu hinh ding m§t ngtrb.i b?tithan, cinh d5 n8i bat len v6.i day dd - vi `chi vdra di - hinhding, n6t, miu, am-thanh... nlitrng n¢t ti6u-bi8u.

K8t-qua li nhtrng bii tho. ta canh cia Nguy€n Khuy8fl doclen in?t lan nhu chtfa gay durg.c quy8n-luy€n, nhung cing doc I?icang`ua thich, I?i cing bq?c ngtr6.i d©c-gia phai suy nghE : Cinh

m6 tf trong tho. d5 c6 h8n.

v._ DIA_vl cfrA NGuyEN KHuy£N

Cting nhu' moi thi-sl c6 mSt cu?c s5ng n?i tan phong-phd,tf c-phfm cia NguyEn-Khuy8n dtrg.c trinh bay du.6.i nhi!u hinhthde, nhi!u khuynL-Iiu6.ng ; d!a-vi cia 6ng trong vati-Loc-sfr cangvi vSy mi lei cing tr6. hen phdc t?p.

Tru6'c` h8t 6ng li m§t thi-sl can kin c6 in?t squ~nghi?p van-chuo'ng quan-trgng dug.c luru-truyin cho mai d8n 1]ay gib..

Ong lei li m§t nhi tho. ini tic.phfm d5 thoft.Iy kh6i anh-

28 NGUYEN KHUYEN

htr6.ng caa vati~hgc Trung-boa. 6og li m§t nhs diar ta canh c6met quan-di8m ngh?-thuat aic-bi?t.

Than-th8 chng via.chuo.ng c&a 6ng lai can cho ph€p chdrgta k8t-lusn rang 6ng xdng.afng tieu.bi8u cho met 16.p nhi Oho

gia trgn ti8t-thfo trong m¢t th6.i-a?i nhi€u-nhuong. Ngay aphtrong-di!n tr;a-phdng, tuy ngh?-thuat cfia 6ng kh6ng c6 gi aic-bi?t, ngub.i ta vfn nhsn th%y squ hu6.ng-dan cda quan-ni?in c8-truysn v`e van-chtro.ng mi m§t nhi nho ch{nh-th8ng bao gidrtcang theo adng khi cam bdt : a6 li quan-ni?in « Via-ai tai-dao p.

Trong hi?n-tai. thor van cfia Nguy5n Khuy8n van can ti§m-ting nhdrng gi£-tri b*t-hi. N6i a8n mha thu, ngua.i Phfp nghid8n Vcrlainc, ngu6.i Trung-boa nghl a8n D6-Phfi, thi ngtra.iVi?t-Nan nghi ngay den Nguy5n KLuy8n.

Hun ntra cho d8n bay gis. n8u pLai di tim met tlii-sl xdrgdfng v6.i danh.hi?u. «thi-sl cia n6£g-than » thi ten Nguy€nKhuyth cang v5a li met trong nhtrng cf i ten mi ngub.i ta bftbu?c phai nghl t6.i.

Di8mbgt hd cu6i chng chinh li di8m tinL-cam trong van-chtrong caa Nguyen Khuygn. Th?t vay, ttr-tu6.ng c6 the thay d8i,nhong tinh cam cfia coo nguai chfnh li m§t y8u t5 b5t di dich quakh6ng giati v; thb.i gian.

Nhan x6t nLu vay, chdng ta thgy ngay qua via tho. chiaNguy5n Khuygfl, ben c3nh b© mat nghiem-trang cia met nhi nh®thb.i c8, lu6n lu6n hi?n ra in?t 1]© mat th4 hal : b§ mat cda cosngub.i t`inh.cam, da kh6c vg., da kh6c con, aa kh6c ban b: n%mxu5ng trtr6.c minh, b§ mat rft d5 thtrong, b6.i d6 li b§ mat c&aton ngub.i mu6n thus..

PH`AN [UAN~DEil

DEI

Data I)do odn-clNIcrng cfia Nguy=en Khuu'en, hagtim htie^eu thai-d© cfia 6ng d6i vdi lhdi cu¢c nu&c nhdtdr khi Phdp t26_chtrc n`en b&o-h¢ ti`en todn qu6c Viel-Nam.

BAI LAM MAU

Khofng gidra nan 1884, hba-u6.c Paten6tre ra d6.i, ghi dgubtr6.c ch6t c&a cu§c x§m-kng PLfp tren agt nu6.c Vi?t.Nan.Cu©c bfo-L© b8t dau. V! mgi phaong-di?n chinh-tr!, kinh-t8,via-h6a giio-dqc, x5-h¢i Vi?t-Nam thay d8i l*n lfn. Nan 1885,nghe tin Him.Nghi xu%t ngo?i, truygn hich Cfn.Vuro.ng, Nguy5nKhuygn rd fo, cfo b?nh tdr quah.

Ttr n5m d6 den nfm 6ng m%t - I 909 - lfnh xa nori d6-thi ph8n boa, 6ng yen ling hba minh vio cuSc s6ng no.i than-d5,lo cii lo cda tigub'i dan no.i d8ng ru¢ng :

Qf qual M*e, Thank Llem da 1& r`oi...

a Ving ta th6l cting lul rna thi6l I

bu8n cfi bu8n era ngub.i canh-tf c chafl lfm tay bin :

« Mag nam lam ruSng Dan chan thua,

a Chlem m'at dhng chlem, miia._mat mba.

vi cang c6~ging vui chng cfi vui noi than x6m dtrg'c mha, dg.iT8t:

32 NGUYEN KHUYgN

a Nam ngo&i, nam Fia d6l tct&ng che"i,

a Nam nay phong-lt[u da ra phc~l.

« Tli6c m`ua tl.6c chl6m hay con nhi`cu.,.

r8i ca-t¥ng cfnh dgp thien-nhiefl : nio a s6ng bi8c », « lf ving »nio « tdrng may xanh ng*t » nio « ng6 trdc quanh co >>...; hoac :

« L&c hfrng uo"ng them dam ch6n rurg'u,

« Khi bu"on ngam l&o met o"an thcr.

Can cdr vio n8p s6ng d6, ngub.i dtrorig thb.i cho ringNguy€n Khuy8a d5 tim thgy I?nh-phdc, hay ft nh%t cting dakng quen thb.i cuSc. H9 t`r h6i: cuSc s8ng v6 danL no.i d8ngnei, tut-tu6.ng xugt th8 era Lao Trang... the ra d5 an~fii n6i dug.cin?t tan-h8n vong qu6c?

Du-lu§n bin tin, hoic cLo 6ng la kL6n, Loac cho 6ng lidai. TLquc ra du-lu?ti cting c6 di!u ng§ nh?a. Vi doc van-chuo-tigNguy5n Khuygn -- no.i ky-thf c trung~thinh tim-squ - ngu6.ith4c.gis van th*y ggn len, nhdrng tLgc-mfc ti§m~ting kin-dio

gidra hai v*n tho.. S6ng gidra hai giai-Joan giao-thb.i, dgt ntr6`c chiunhi!u tatig-thtrong bi8fl d8i, k€ sI NguyEn Khuy8n nLgt-dinh kh6ngthe binh-than trong tan-ttr.

Thst vay, mac dEu y8u 6.t vi dBn dBn thua-th6.t, ldc bgy

gi6., ti€ng sdng CEn-Vuong via can vang d©i. Phan Dinh PLhtigvdra flfm xu6ng thi con « hdm xfm Yen-Th8 » I?i da gfm vansnori chith-khu Bfc-Vi?t. Nguy8n-Khuy"en tuy y-tLti.c r6-ring dug.acii thg suy-tin c&a d&ng-c%p minh qua sT lech I?c cfia hang ngaCia-Vtro.ng, flhung van kh6ng th815ng quen m5i ham vong-qu6c.D8m den nghe met ti8ng cu5c keu, nL6. dth di€a xtra, tf ch ca, 6kgn8am D8hi len ti€fl8 :

Dam dam rang ta k6: al d6?

•- Giuc kh&ch giang-hio dq ngaa`n-ngor...

NGUYEN KHUY8N 33

Nhung 6ng cang thdra bi8t r%ng cfi in?ng « giang h8 » cfia6ng sE kh6ng bao gidr thif c-hi?a : phin vi y-th&c r6 ring dug.cn8i 1]%t-l¥c cda Gang-c%p sI-phu tru6.c lan s6ng via-minh co.-kh{.

::ina±#~ja±g?h8nn;}&bf?:,i:a:'£n6ncghokhm6£it±:tgiah-;#.Pv:,anfdinh doat cho minh in?t thii-d§.

Thfi-a? d6 ctLtig nhi?in-vv , d6, giin-ti8p murqui tinh-tr3ngmet ngub.i din bi dien r8 li Mg M8c, 6ng da neu r6 trong metbii ca-trd. Tru.6.c h8t 6ng kLuyen flgub.i db.i adrng nan d8 y 'd8nb€ ngoii :

Ngoqi mqo bat c`au nhtt mg nggc.

Me M8c dau c6 di8fl r8. S& dl :

T6m hiong-nhan dam b6l l~am x6a nhb:. .

chi vi ngtr6`i din bi nay mu8n :

Lam nhtr the" dQe cho qua mat tqc.

cing nhu NguyEn KLuy8n. Mac dBu s5ng Zn-dSt, mac dBu :

M& ml?ng n6i ra gan b&l s&ch,

M"em m6i ch6n mat t`tt oung thong,

Nhang 6ng van c6 thai-a? - mi 6ng gidr vdrng :

Tror-trcr nl.ur d&, otrng nlitr a"ong...

` Trtr6.c thb.i-cuSc bi"en-chuy8n, trtf6.c s¥ tan r5 cfia dfng-c%p

s;.phu, clang-c%p hrfu-trich trong nu6.c, thai-d§ d6 1i thii-dS bgthg.p tic, thii-d§ cia met nhi nho kh6ng gip v?n, nhun`g d5 bi8tan b3a lac ago a8 gitr trgn ti8t-thio vi thanb-danh cho Gang cfpcaa minh clang ldc suy-tin.

6. thai.d§ d6, Nguy§n Khuy8a lei aa tim thfy cho minh m©t

34 NGUYEN KHUY8N

ndi§m.vq`c6 tinh-cfch gifo L6a : neu cu§c s8ng cia chinh minh lenlam m§t tfm gtfo.ng « v8rig vac ».

Sqch tthur tuylt, trdng ndur ng`d, trong nktr tuy#t, cho tihatigdin em ctLng the-h?, cdng d&ng c%p, mi phin d6ng hoang-mangtrtr6.c th6.i-cu§c, bo. vo. nhur nhtrng k8 « I?c dub.ng >) :

Dtr&ng ddt xa hhcri ai mach bdo ?

Ble~t dau mh ng6ng de"n boo g1& ?

Gang vi vSy, Nguyen Khuy8n treo 8n tdr \quan r8i l*n ltrg.t

€h5i tdr 16.i m6.i cSng tic c&a nLtrng Hoang Cao Khfi, VtivanBio, nLdrng ngub.i trong phe tLffl Phfp... Ong quy€t -cansnhu ngu'b.i din bi dien r8, Mg M5c :

Gitr son sat 6m dtwi met tie"i

L?i c6 ngub.i n6u lefl tinL cich tieu-cquc cda thai-d§ NguyEnKLuy8n .. thfi-d§ d6 r%t dep de;i v6.i mSt cf nhan, c6 the neu lam

guo.ng mzu cho met s6 ngua.i `noi theo, nhung rdt cu§c vankb6ng c6 £ch gi cho aai-squ. Chdng t; d5 kh6ng ph&-nhsn Loin-toin tfch cich tieu-cquc d6 : chdng ta da Lieu tai sao Ng-uyth Khuy€nkh6ng the c6 m§t thfi-d¢ tfch.ctrc ho.a. Ho.a ntra, d8 kh6i mfcl8i b%t c6ng d8i v6.i c8.nhan, d8 xfc~dinh r6 r?t gil.tri cia thai-d§ Nguyen Khuy8n, chdng ta cting can phai nh%ri in?nh Vio kl]ia-

c?nh xf y dqung cfia thfi-d§ :

- Th§t vSy, thii-a? d& kh6rig chi dE ra m©t kp~luSt ci-nhan

cho rieng Nguy5n Khuy8n mi can bu§c Nguy5n Khuy8n tim cichcanh-tfnh nhdrng ai di ngug.c I?i chinh-ngh¥a, hinh a?ng trii v6.iago-Iy c6-truy!n. Nh§n x6t tiiy gifi-thfch khuynb-hur6`ng trio-

pLdng trong van-chuo.ng cia Nguy5n Khuy8n : ho.a met lan, thi-sE da ddng cfi cub.i d¥c bi?t cia in?t bsc a?t nhan quin-tfr, « kindio vi tihe nhing » d8 nL6-nhs khuyefl flh& ngur6.i d6.i...

Thfi-d¢ cia Nguy~ch Khuy8n I?i can bi8u-l¢ tinh cich xsy

NGUYEN KHUYfiN 35

dqug 8. di8m ca-t¥ng ni!m tin-tu8.ng no.i ttfo.ng lai. Kh6ng kh£Phfp-thu§c, 6ng cbo r8ng n8u c6 tt oi-a » nhur ti8t trb.i met « dendEu h? », thi ngua.i trong cu?c van kh6ng c6 quyBn. tim 15ng quen±rong gifc ng&, trfng-trg.n ki8u Tr`£ri T^g Xtro.ng :

Th;an ha c6 khi tang ngd cd,

T¢i g\ rna thfrc m§l in)nh ta ?

Ngubi trong cu©c phfi chiu dapg. t*t cf squ bTc b?i cfia cfi<anh :

Tie"ng de~ hiu thie~t tl.a !

Dan mu8l bay tcri t& !

tft ca cii « oi-a >) cda m§t den dii, m6. to`mft mi thdrc :

Bie~ng nhap nam canh ch"ag...

dg mi ag.i sang. Den nio mi c6 the k€o dai v6 tsn trong thb.i

gian ? Ong tin nhu vsy vi dau agy d5 rSn ra nhtrng ti8ng gi` gf ysing :

Ga da 86.in r§n-ra...

Ni!m tin cia Nguyen Khuy€n kh6ng li m§t io-tu&ng. 88nkia ti.6.i d6n§, mSt`dan-t§c d8ng ch&ng d5 vha chi8n-th8ng metdan-t©c T§y-Phuo`ng. Lan s6ng tan-thtr KhaDg Luong trin vionSi.dia ttr-ttr8.ng Vi?t-Nan. Phan B§i Chfu vug.t bi8n-gi6.isaflg Nh§t. Phong-trio D6ng-du, phong-trio D6ng-kinh Nghla_thuc bft d*u rfnr r§ tren toafl qu5c.

D8m se ch%m ddrt. Mat trb.i se lai mac huy-hoang trefl dgt

fltr6.c.

Cdng vi v?y, gitr vtrtig thai-d§ trong hi?n-tai u-;in, hod.ngttsm tin-ttf&ng no.i tuong-lai sing-1?ng, Nguyer_ Khuy8n c6 the

ung-dung ha bdt :a T&l ba-tr¥ mac dan em g&nh o&c».

DBII

Khi I)*e tri.sti, Ngug*en Khug*en lhudng n6i denc&nh gid cfia 6ng. HGg can.ctr udo udn-thcr truy`enlqi md ac6t dodn ddt s6Iig u¢l-chfit ud tinh~thian cfiathi-s~z trong ltic d6.

DAN-BAI V6.I CHI-TIET

I.-Nhap-de.-

Sinh ham 1835, m%t nim 1910, Nguy@n Khuygn the du.9.at6.i 75 tu8i. Tuy-nhiefl, vi th6.i-cu§c, n5m 50 tu8i 1%y c6. daumft 6ng xin v! huru : cu§c db.i trLs? cfia 6ng k€o dii su6t 25n5m cho den khi 6ng mgt. Giai-ao?n nay, s6ng no.i d8ng ruSng,sit v6.i thi6n-nhien, 6ng c6 nhi!u dip di sau vao cuSc s8ng fl¢itan cfia chinh minh. V8n mang s&n m©t tan h8n thi-s? t8-nLi

giai-aogn nay vi th€ li giai-doan 6ng sing-tic nhi!u nhft, hoicd8 ngf in-vinh phong-canh than-que, hoac d8 riEu d6.i flhung ahgtli a8 m6 ta canh gis cfia 6ng. Nan 53 tu8i 6ng vi8t:

Tu8l them, them dttg.c t6c r&u Ph&

Nay da ndm mttcri c'616 l>a...

Nan 74, -6ng I?i vi8t :

Nam nay t6 da bag mtrcri tu,

Rang lao, rang quan, t6. cdng ii.

Di€m dac-bi€t trong nhdrng thi-phfm d6, chinh li sT phin-

NGU¥EN KHUYfiN 37

£ah khf r6 r?t cuSc s5ng v?t-chft vi tinh-thAn cia tLi-s?. Nhsnx6t nay sE dug.c ch`ing-minh, dqua vio nhang tho.-via trfch-lqc,bfng nhtrng dbng ph§n-tich dtf6.i day.

11._ Than bai.

A.- CuSc s6ng vat-ch6T.

Ong v! trLsi, s5ng fn-dst no.i que nha, s5ng h8n nhi8n vitrgn ven met cu§c s8ng giati-di. sit v6.i sinh-ho?t cfia dan ctsy.Tho. 6ng kh6ng c6 t{nh-cfcL phh-phi8m c&a ngu6.i ngoai cuSc, ca-tung mo.-h8 `sinh-boat n6ng-dan. Kh8.i tdr thfm tan dim dan€iy, tho. 6ng c6 mBu sf c n8ng nan no.i qua hurong d8ng ru©ng.

1) Gfdn-J./. -M6 tf n8p s8ng cia 6ng (v8n da qucn c&nhfig-h!o tdr ldc thi8u thb.i), 6ng vi8t :

« S6m trtra dora muo"i cho qua biro, `

« Chg. l]&a dau c,h`e cJi& dam mua.

2) Sdf t76r. sJnA-Aoqf n6ng-Jen. -C6 tli8 n6i, 6ng la tlii-sIc&a n6ng-dan. NLu trong cau chuy?n c&a m§t n6ng-dan, tho. 6ngday day chi-ti8t cia cu§c s6ng ncri d8ng ru?ng. Nio li : ao sau,

+trdn r§ng, vtrin cii, vu6.n ci, gian mu6.p, giin bEu. Vi8t thu haithan b?n, 6flg cang kh6ng quen h6i b?a :

a M"ag 8o`o l9.n con r`ag lan b6 ?

a Vhi glan ne"p c&i ng¢p n6ng sau ?

M6 ti canh lqt, 6ng cting t6 ra rgt thi8t-thquc. Cans nhurmgi n6ng-dan, cu§c s8ng vat-chat cia 6ng t#t-nhien cans bi fnh-btr&ng tai-hai c&a nhfrng vq thien-tai. Ong vi8t :

« Qual M*e Thanh Llem da 1& r`oi...

a Vhng ta th6l c&ng lqt mb lh6i I

38 NGUY£N KHUY£N

a Gao nam ba l]&t, ccr can ham,

«Thu€ met I.ai ngugen d&ng chba db!..`.

8.-Cuec s6ng iinh-than.

I) Ch!u fnh-hu8.ng cfia cu§c s6ng vat-ch%t nhu. vdra phin-t{cL 6. tr6fl, cu©c s8ng tiph-thBn cfia 6ng tburb.ng thuing kh6ng

phdc t?p.

a) --.- Ong lo, cii lo era ngu6.i dan ciy :

Mag nam lam lung oan chan thua,

Chi6m mat dhngchl6m, mba mxat mtia.

PI."an thue" quan thu, plidan lr& nq.,

Nfra c6ng dira a, ntia cbng bb.

b)_ Ong cang bi fm-£nh b6.i nhtrng vql6. de lqt I?i ; b6.icii viin ttrapg d6i k6m :

Quai M8 Tlianh-Liem aa 1& r"oi,

Vting ta tl.6i c&ng lul rna th61.

Gqo ndm ba b&l, col can b.6m,

Thirf mSl }ial nguyen ddng c.hfra dbl.

c)- Nhung cans nLu moi ngub.i n8ng-dan, cii vui c&a 6ngcting h8n nhien. Nhtrng khi dug.c mha:

Ndm ngodl nam kla d6i ttr&ng €he~l

Nam nag phong-lttu cdng ra phe~t `_

Tl.6c mha lh6c chiem hag can nhi"cu

6ng ao-u6.c :

Ta tr6c g\ dug.:mat nhtr tl.e*

NGUYEN KHITYEN 39

Nhdrng khi n5m h8t, T8t den, xufn sang:

Tron8 niih r¢rri|P g61 b&nJi chang

N goat cba bi-b6 r& chung th!t

6ng mong, ng§ythcr nhu met tan h8n s5ng sit v6.i thien-alien :

H .6 h eA i T e" I r `o i , i h a i I a i T e" i

2) Nhung cu§c sang tinh-tLfn d6 cang kb6flg the `:ai maibinh than. Ong carl la m§t k€ s?, vi tuy c6 tim squ binh-di trongcuSc s8ng fn-d?t ncri tL6n que d8 quen ling cii hb.n vong qu8c,nhung cfi hid vong qu8c d6 m§t d6i khi lai tr8i len. Nghe metti8ng cu5c keu, 6ng than th6.:

Kh&c-hho&i s`au dtta gigng l&ng-le

Ag liton Thuc Dew thdc boo gi& ?

Ndm canh m&u cl.dy dam he oang,

S&u kh&c hion tan b6ng nguyel m&.

Tfm-squ a6 din.vat 6ng, trio ra ngbi b4t :

N6i ay ble~l c,dng al ?

C&nli n"ag bu`on c& dq I

Nhfrng ldc d6 thi6n-nhi6n d6i v6.i 6ng li met ngu8n an-di.Ong Lba minh vio canh vst thien-nhien d8 c8 gay lai 3¥ binh-tLin trong tan h8n.

Ong ca-t¥n`g mha thu, nhfrng canh cAu ci gidra m§t tru'alinh lanh mha thti :`

a Ao thu lqnh 16o mr6c trong oeo.

a M¢l ch{e"c thuy`en c&u b6 t6o Leo.

4o I`'GUYEN KHuyffN

Ong gLi 13i s¥ t8-nL! cfia mBu s8c mha thu :

« Lttng gi¢u fuh"at Phcr mhu hh6l nhqt,

a Lan -ao 16ng l&nh li6ng lrang loe.»

squ t8-nLi cia am-thatih mda tLu :

« L& oang trtr6c g16 s5 du.a oao.»

R8i sau nharig con b=o-tip trong tfm-squ d6, 6ng lai gay

viol nhang the.h? tuong-lai. Oflg tia-tur6.ng r¥ng cfi ha.n

binh tLfn troflg tan h8n. CfnL menh mang cfia d8ngnu6.c d5 den lai cho 6ng m§t ni!m tin tu6mg v6 di!u-

qu8c cfia 6ng, cfia ding-cfp 6ng. m§t ngiy kia phai rfraGitha cfi dam Itch-sfr dfy a3c b6ng dcfl, kh6ng kh{ oi btic,

d5 nghe ving len, bfo hi€u m§t binh,minh sing-lang, met ti8ngnr5:

« Gh da s6m glqc gla I »

Ill.- K€t-,uan.

Chdng ta vdra phan-ticL, qua tLi-van cfia Nguy5n Khuy8n,€u¢c s8ng vat-ch%t va t;tih-than cfia thi-si. Ngo;i gis.tri ngh?-tLUStcia nhdrng thi-phfm d6, cLdng ta can nhSn th%y met gi£-tritieu-bi€u cho the.i-a?i cfia tic-gis vi nhgt li cho cu©c s6ng c£-nhfncfia tf c-gis. Ch{nh 6. di8m cu8i chng nay mi ta c6 the tim thgy

met bii hoc v! gis-tri nhan-ban trong thi-pLfm cfia thi-s? : bii hqcti8t-thio cfiam©t k€ s? an4tsn lac ago, bii hgc cia lbng tin-tu6.ngflo.i tuon8-lai.

DE Ill

Qua Deo Ngang, bd Huy€n Thanh Quan c6 c6u :

a Nh6. niltrc dan lbnq con cu"oc cu6c »

Dem h6 nghe ti6ng cu6c keu, Nguyen Khuy6n lqic6 cau :

«Niiln canh mdu ch&u dam he udng.

« Sdu kht.ic h`on tan b6ng ngug¢t mar » .

H6yx6t sv' bi6n.chuy6n trong tarn-trqng c8a sT-

phu Viet-Nam giCha kho&ng hai ti6ng cu6c k6u d6.

BAI I.AM Mau

Tqc truyth vua TLuc-D8 xtra, m^:t riu6`c, ldc ch8t di h8nb6a thinh con cu5c. ngiy den ra-rf keu gio n6i ni!m voag qu6ccia minh. Cfu chuyen a6 tr6. thitih in?t di8n_tfch mi cfc thi_sITrung-Hoa vi Vi?t-Nan thtf6.ng nhfc-nL8. d8n trong nhtragtrrfung-hgp ttfo.ng-tp.

M?t bu8i chi!u ti khofng ti!n bin th8-k? th& 19, nth-saTLanh Quan ddrng chan 6. g;dra d!o Ngang, nghc met tiiveng cu8ckeu mi vi8t :

Nki6. ntr6c dau long con cuo"c cuo"c...

Ti6ng cu8c d6 1gi v&ng len, khoang hsu bin chng met th8-

ky, gidra m§t den Le, khi8n cho Nguy5n Khuyth cfmTkhichmi than :

42 NGUYEN KHUYfiN

Nam canh m&u chag dam he o&ng,

S&u bh&c hion lan b6ng nguy¢t m6..„\

Ctmg m§t ti8ng cu5c nhs c dth chng met ngu8ti di8n-tfch mida kh6.i len hai ni!m tfm-sif khic bi?t: tan tr'?ng cfia sir-phuVi?t-Nan `tdr dfu den cu6i the-k9 th& 1!9 th?t da `chiu nhi!u s¥bi8a-chuy8n. Dtr6.i day ta hay phan-tich nhdrng bi8n-chuy8n d6,khofng gitra hai ti8ng cu5c ken tren.

N8u tam~tr?ng cfia gi6.i si-phu - d&ng c*p y~thdc nh*t cfiax5-hSi Viet-Nam thb.i tru6.c - chz li n#m k8t tinh nhtrog phfn,ding cia sI-phu trong tdrng Loin-c&nh Itch-sfr, thi vi?c phAn-ticktan-trgng sI-phu Vi?t-Nan tdr dEu d8n cu8i th8-kp thdr 19 tgtkh6ng the tich rb.i kh6i vi€c nghien cdru nhtrng giai-doati lick-sfr

quan-trong trong khoang thb.i gian d6.Lug.c nhin Itch-sfr Vi?t-Nam, v8 th8-kj thti 19, ta nhsn th#y

c6 the phfn ra lam hai giai-do?ti: ti!n 1]£n vi hSu bin, lfy nim1862 lam m8c phan chia.

Trong ti!n bin thg k}, sT ki?ti quan-trgng nh%t li vi?c Gia-Long lan ng6i. S¥ ki?n nay chgm ddrt non ba the-kj nSi lo?n, d%tnu6.c phan chia (k8 tdr nbi Mac cu6.p ng6i nhi L6, nim 1527),nhung lai gay ra m§t Loin.canh chfnh-tri m6.i, dat ra m©t tinh-tLgkh6 xfr cho gi6.i si-pLu. Si-phu phfi chgn lqua : cSng-tic v6.itfn-tri!u hay th&-trung +6.i tri!u.a?i cfl ? Lgy van-chucrng lam cL4ngli?u, ta th8y thii-dS cfia s?-phu trong thb'i-k} quf d© nay kh6flgLoin toin gi6ng nhau., Ngo?i trdr mSt s8 d5 theo Cia-Long thnhafig ngiy tranh-da'u Cia-Dinh, da s6 can I?i, nh%t li nhtrtigngub.i mi!n Bf c dgu d5 bi d8n-vat trong ltrcyng~tam b6.i hoangmang trong squ choa lqua gitra hi?n-t?i v6.i in?I tri8u-agi m6.i vi qu£_kh& k8t-tinh quanh met tri!u-dgi da cio chung. Troag khi H8Xufn Huong, v6.i ban tinh yeu d6.i. da nhSn hi?n-t?i. dgu r%tigchf d8 ch€-gi§u, m[a-mai, ch8ng d8i, thi Nguy5n-Du, PLgm QuyThich tieu-ape quay vE qul-kLdr, dhng van-€Luo.ng d8 ky thf c

NGuyEN KHuyffN 4}

tan trgng hoii L8. Ntr-sI Thanh Quan tuy ban thin kh6ag vu6mgm8c v6.i fn l©c cda tri!u-a?i ca, rna qua D!o Ngang, tighc ti"engou6c keu ctiflg lbng mang mang, nh6. lai tri!u xu.a, nu6.c ca nha Le :

Nh6 ntt6c dau long con cuo"c cuo~c

Squ-ki?n Itch-sfr quan-trgng thd hai li chinh-sf ch dSc-ti icia Mink-mang. Tri!uNguy5n ngiy m9t vtrng ch£;. Qua thb.iGia-long, dth thdri Minh-Ming thi chfnb-sfch da tr6. nan chuyench8. Chinh-sicL phan-quy!n v6.i chg-d© T8ng-Tr%n d= nhub.ngch5 cho chinh sich tap-quy!n v6.i squ bai-b6 cLdc T8ng-Trgn.Tuy nLien chfnh-sf ch tap-qu}.th vio th6.i d6, phfn thi du'g.c.ngurb.i 15nhd?o gil tay li Minh-M?ng, ph*n tlii th6.i cti?c qu6c-t8 chua anh-hu6.ng t6.i thb.i-cu§c Vi?t~Nam, chua gay h?u_quatai-hai, nen s?-phu van c6 the ndrc lbng nhap th8 vi Nguy8n C6ngTrd via c6 th'6 lfy van-thor ca-t¥ng y chf xay-dqung cia nan-nhi.

Nhung v6.i Thi?u_Tri vi Tap-Ddrc, ch€-a¢ a6 ai di atech5 c¥c doan .vi v6.i cLinh-sich b8 quan t6a cang, d5 tr6. nth nguy-hi8m. NguyEn Trtra.ng T§ clang bi8u diEu tr#h - Cao Bi Quit« ngfn db.i » r8i u%t-dc mi theo Le Duy C¥ cL6Dg d6i.

N^gu lgi dqua vao chdrng-li?u van-cLuo.ng. thi pbfi nhsri th%yngay li luan-a! chink cfia da s8 tic-pLfm trotig thb.i ky Day ch{nhli xua't va xfr.

Trong khi Nguyen C6ng Trdr cuong-quygt :

F>6 ky. s& c,hl ccln Tqo,

Ngr tang bBong quge~t tra Oho xong.

Thi Cao B£L Quit ngSm-ngtLi than th6. :

Lam chl cho m¢1 mat d&l I

Trong giai-ao3fl hau`bfn thg-kj thtr 19, squ-kien quan-trgngnhft xay ra chinh li vi?c ky kgt baa.tr6.c Nh§m-Tu%t vio nan

44 NGUYEN KHUYE'N

1862 c6ng flLsn sT nhtrg.ng d%t Nan Ky ; sI-phu trong au.6.cph§n lam Lai nL6m : nh6m chi chi8n vi nh6m chfi hba. th6a hi?pdiu L5f}g. CuSc bit chith gitra Phan Van Tri vi T6n-The Tub.rgd5 d8 lei nbfrog chdng-lieu cho tfm tr?ng ctia hai nh6m s?-phu flay.

NLung g3n v! cu6i the k}, s¥ m%t nu6.c d5 hi8n nhien I;mst sT tLquc. Trdr met s5 sI-phu via tfch.ctrc theo du8i c6ng vi?cch8ng PLfp trong nhfrng phong-trio Cfn.Vuo`ng ; nhtrng ngu}ikhfc I?i mst lan ntra phfa lam hai nh6m ; nh6m hg.p-tic mi a?i-bi€u la Hoing Cao Klifi, mi tfc-pLfm Tfy Nam Dgc-B8ng lam§t chting li?u tT thanh-minh vi nh6m bgt hg'p-tic, tieu-c¥c¢h6. dg.i, §in-thfm 6m-gp trong lbtig n6i hb.n vong qu8c.

Giea mSt dam he vfng lang, NguyEn Khuy8n a;i~di?ncLo nh6m thfr hal - bang flglic v8ng len met ti8hg cu5c keu. Tans¥ c&a met k3 sl bgt~1Tc, tfim-squ c&a m§t ngu'b.i tri-thdrc m%t t¥-do

cfia m§t ngu8.i dan mft "f6.c, tarn-squ Nguyen Khuy8n, trio lenngon bdt. Thi-s? ngh8n ng;o :

Nam canh mdu ch&y aem h`e o&ng,r S&u kh8c hio}on tan b6ng nguy?i m6..

Khofng gifra hai ti8ng cu8c keu, tarn-trSng s? phu Vi?t-Nan

qua c6 bign-chuy8fl theo nhip bith chuy8n c&a Itch-s& nu6.c nhi.T]8ng cu5c dau bu8n n5o t6 cfo in?t tan.squ chin-chu6.ng, nhungtigng cu8c sau c6 the-than hen ; b8.i kh6ng chfn~cLur6.Dg mi

bgt-l¥c, ngben-ngio, u%t-drc : ti8ng lbng cfia nhdrng coo ngtr6.i

vong qu5c.

DBIV

Van-hQc~sf i cho rang .. «Ngug6n Khuurien chpI~tf richth6id&i m©t cdch nh?-nhdng,tkin.ado, r6 ral)¢c dqt-nhdn qu&n-tiF». Gh{rng-minh ldi phe-phdn d6 quaudnthcr c{la Ngug=en Khuu'en.

DAN_BAI C6 CHI-T15T

Nhap de.-Phs-binh Nguy€n Khuy8n, c5 giio~str Dtro'ng Quang Him

c6 vigt trong Vi?t-Nan Van-hgc Sfr-y8u : « Nguy€n Khuy8n chftr{ch th6i d6.i m§t cich nb9 nhing kin df o, r6 ra bac dat-nhan

quan-tfr ), .Lb.i phs.binh cda mSt ngub.i, than-trong nhu c6 gifo-su. hg

Dtro.ng tft-nhien kL6ng the la vi8n-v6ng, vu-khoft. CLdng ta c6tim th%y nhi'eu chting-minh cho lb.i phs.binh d6 qua van thorNguy5n Khuy8n.

Than bai.-1 )_ Gigng tr;o phdng cfia Nguy5n Khuy€n nhs-nhing m6i

met khi 6ng phfi tr¥c-ti8p cLi-trfch.

a) Hoac Ong ch:-tr{ch t8ng.quit th6i td6.i ..

Di xem canh H¢i Tay 8ng vi8t :

C¢y sf rc cag du rnhi"eu chi b&m,

Tham li`en c¢l m& lam anh trao.

Nhs c den vi?c Vtro.ng Ong mf c oaa trong « Dogn Trtf6.ng

46 NGUYEN KHU¥fiN

Tfn Thanh », 6ng kh€o l€o len fn nhdrng than quan nhdng lgidu'o.ng th6.i c&a 6ng :

C6 ll"en olec "ag rna xong nhi ?

D6.i trtt6c lam quan cdng the~ a?

b) Hoic khi ph&i ti.quc ti8p chz-tricL met nLfn-vst, gigng 6ng<flng nhs-nhang, kb6ng hffl-hgc. Ta hay nghe 6ng giEu met 6ngD6c.hoe :

Ong lam F>6c.-hgc in"ay nan; nay.

. G"an d6 rna t6i Van chf rahay.

T6c bqc rang long chirng l>¢c cq,

Khan tham &o thung cting ra tliif eag.

Hgc trb kj c.hq. tr"au dam mie~ng,

Kh&o kyh6a ngag xtra quyze`en mSl ch"ay.

BVo`ng l¢c nhtt 6ng hh6ng in"ay nh't,

An tleu nli6. dtrgrc cl.ie"c lurong lag !

Ta ch*c k6 bi gi5u, phai doc den cau cu8i m6.i r6 than y cfiatic-gi£. Ta chfc k€ bi chi~tr{ch li . an lu'ong tfy >> kh6ng gisn t;c-

gia, nhung `ds phai cdi d*u ng§m-nghI...

2) Nhung trong da s8 trubng-hg.p, NguyEn Khuy"en kh6ngtrquc-ti8p chi-trich, 6ng ddng gigng gifn-ti8p. Nhdrng ldc d6 gigngtLo. cfia 6ng vi the tr6. men kin-#o.

Oflg mtrg.n m§t thti d8 `cLo.i cfia tr€ con dip t8t Trung-Thula 6ng ti8n-s? gifty d8 ch8 gi8u nhe.ng 6ng nghe, 6ng c6ng c&a ngqy.

quy€a bao.h? : \

NGUYEN KHUYffN 47

K:h6o ch& boa-man kyh6o o-e trb,

Ban 6ng ina lei dfr lh8ng cu.

May r&u o6 mfil oang lrong ntt6c,

Gi^ay m& nha bag d&ng in"ay xu ?

Ban lie"ng mua dand tliag 1& tr6,

Bang obng bia d& ojan ngan tliu.

H&i al muo"nur6.c cho con ch&u,

Nghit lql d&i xtra m~ag Fie"D lu.

Bquc mitih v6.i vien T8rig-d8c L6 Hoan c5 mb.i 6ng I im gifmkhao trotig dip giai thtr8.ng van chuo.ng v!nh Kigu t3 chtic

t?i trnh Hung,Y8n, 6ng mug.a ngay cau chuy?a Vuro.ng Ong mgctoan trong « Dogn Tru6.ng Tan Tbanh » d8 vi8t :

T hang ban tcr hia d6 gi6i ra.

Lam Oho ban de"n cqu Vien glh\..

Gigng th§t li kin dio, nhung doc len ai mi kh6ng hi8u 6ngding danh hi?u « th%ng bin to. » d8 « kin dfo » chz Le Hoan ?

K€t-luan. -

N8u tinh qich cda ngu.6.i a?t-nhan li kh6ng them cfu ch%p,n8utfnL cich cia pgub.i qufn-tfr la kh6ng ldc nio lang qu§n ciithi?a y ran ab.i d8 sfra chfra, d8 « pLd tug gif o » thi lb.i phs binh

gigng thcr trio phdflg NguyEn Khuy8n cia c6 giio-sun hg Duo..n8th?t li khfm ph£, b6.i ngay trong khi chg gieu, chi.trfch, c6ng-kich,

., thi.sl Yeti,D8, khic baa TrBn T8 Xuong, vzti gitr v9n cii c6tcfch cfia m§t bSc « dat-nhan quaa-tfr » .

DEv\

Tim hiau in"oi cam thu cia Nguy=en Khuu*en quaba bdi «Thu am», «Thu di6u», «Thu uinh».

DAN-BAI C6 CHI_TIET

Nhap-aa.-

Mtla thu li mha mi cic thi.s? tdr D6ng sang Tay thur6.ng hay

99.i d8n trong tic-phfm c&a minh. Vcrlaine than kL6c v6.i mha thu,D6-Ph& kho.i flgu8n tho. trong kh6ng-khi mha thu. Bi Huy?nThanh Quan nhin cfnh vat qua fnh sing ving-vet cfia nhtrag bu8ichifu thu.Cu8i th8 kp ,thdr 19, chdng ta 1?i thfy c6 Nguy5n Khuygfldfm du8i trong mau s8c vi am-thanh cfia mha thu. Khf c v6.inheng tic-gis vdrak8 tr6n, da gfa lign mha thu vio tan-squ cfiaminh, Nguy§n Khuv€n da chan-thiQh, trquc-ti8p cam thu, da m6ta mgikhfa cgah am-thanh vi miu s8c cfla mtia thu, d5 say.mehtr6.ng-th¥ «cL*t thu» qua ba tic.phfm «Thu\ di8u>>, « Thu fm »vi « Thu_ vinh >>.

Thu di€u

Aothu lan.h leo ntt6c trong oeo,

Met chic"c thug"en cau 'b6 t6o leo.

S6ng bi€c theo lang hcri ggrn ti,

L& oang tru6c gi6 s6 dtra oao.

NGUYEN KHUYEN 49

Tilng mag lcr-l&:ng tt&l xanh ngal,

Ng6 lr&c quanh co fyh&ch o&ng leo.

Tqa g3i 6 in c"an lau chang dttg.c,

C& dau d6p d¢ng dt£6I chan beo.

Thu am :

N din gian nha c3 th"ap le-te,` :'` Ng6t6id6mJehuyad6ml¢p-lob...

Ltrng d¢u ph"al-phor mbu bhii nhqti

Lan ao 16ng-l&nh b6n8 trang loe.

Da tr&i ai nhusm md xanh ng&l,Mat lao bli6ng o`ag ctimg d6 hoe.

Ru.gru tle~ng rang hag, hag _chang mag,

f>¢ dam ba ch6n da saw nhe.

Thu vinh :

Tr&l lliu xanh ngat in"ay tilng coo,

C;"an tr&c lcr-phcr gi6 hal-hiu.

Ntt6c bie~c tr6ng nhtt i"ang hih6i Ph&.

Song lhura d`e mac b6ng trang oho.

Mag ch`um tru6c gi¢u boa nam ngodt,

M¢i lie~ng tren hi6ng ng8ng ntt6.a nao...

Nhan hting cdng odra loan c"at l>&t.

Nghi ra'tqi then o6i 6ng Dao.

5o NGU¥EN KHU¥ffN

Than bai.-

A.-M6i cam thu cea Nguyen Khuy6n qua bdi« Thu di6u ».

Cam-Lting 6. day ttft ngu8fl tdr am-thanh t8-nhi cfia mtiathu. Stu t8-nhi cfia am.thanh d6, phs i met tan-h8n thi-si tinh.t8m6.i rung-cam n8i, phai mSt thinh-gifc `tinh-vi m6`i tg-nhsn n8i;

(cting hen d8 y ath b?nh Iba c&a Nguy§n KLuy8n, nguyefl nhfnc&a squ pLit-tri8n thfnh giic). Nhdrng fm-thanh b6 nh6 d6 da gBn sitbien.gi6.i cfia im ling : m6 ta dug.c l!n, chfnh la d= m6 t£ €urg.c mstkhfa canh d5c biet c&a mda thu A-D6ng, c&a mha thu gitra m©tbu8iti.ura n.o.i th6fl xjm Vi?t-Nan (Dan chring bang nhtrng chti trongb}tii dro.. trong veo, ho.i ggrn ti, s~e dura v2o, cd dfiu tt| a©ng

dar6i ch4fl liao).

8._ M6i cam thu c&a Nguy6n Khuy6n qua bdi« Thu am ».

Khfc v6.i bii tren m6 tf ti8ng thu, cam-hdrng trong bii « Thufm » li 6. no.i mtsu sf c cia mha thu.

N8u dic digm cia ti8ng thu li tg.nhi, thi dac-di8m mBu sfccia mha thu li m6.-m6., nh`at-nhat, I; tt lap-lbe », « 16ng-lfnh ]>.MAu s8c d6 li mBu s*c cia don-d6m chSp-chb.n trong ng6 t6i, c&akh6i Strong vtrong bb. gisu, c&a inh traflg thu, c&a da trb.i xanhnggt mda thu. M8i cam hdng d6 d§a den met cam-giic : cfi cam-giic« d6 hoe» trong m8t cda chinh tic-gis, m§t 6ng gil mft Iba a?cfm met gem thu.

C.- M6i cam thu c6a Nguy6n Khuy6n qua bai«Thu vin\h».

N8u trong bii « Thu di8u }D €£m-h4ng li ti8rig, n8u trongbai a The fm », cam h4ng li mfu, thi 6. day cam-hang li tft ca :

NGUY£N KHUYEN 51

Ca mau :

Tr&i tliu xanh ng&l...

Ntt6c bi€c tr6ng nhtt i"a`ng hh6i ph&,

Song tlma doe mac l]6ng trang oho,

Mag chtim tru.6c gi¢u boa nam ngodi.„

Ca ti6ng :

C`an tr&c lo phcr g16 hat hlu`\

Met tie~ng tren Jch6ng ng*ong ntr:c nao ?

Nhdrng ti8ng vi miu 6. day d5 dug.c ,gen l9c d8n a? cu8iting de hba hg.p cfu t?o think « chft thu ».

D8n bii ntsy m8i cam thu cfia Nguy5n Kbuy8n m6.i that litrgn v9n'.

Ket-1uan.-

N8u d6i v6.i da s6 thi si, mha thu chi li m§t cii c6., chr limet cfi b6icfnh, tLi d6i v6.i Nguy5n Khuy8n, mtLa thu li m§tngu8n thi.hdrng thuBn tdy. Chdng ta c6 the k8t-1uan sau khi phfntich ba bii tLo. vS mda thu cfia Nguyen Khuyth 6. tren : Nguy5nKhuy8n that xdrng ding v6.i danh-hi?u « thi-s? cia mha thu ».

DEjl

Hag tim h{'eu tinh-t`.nh; tdm-trqng ud c&nh-ng¢cfia Ngug*en Khuu'en ud Tr`an T6 Xurclng qua nhtttligbdi ihcr tq:-trdo ctia hai 6ng.

BAI LAM MAU

M8i khi mi horn.cffl`h xa-hSi va Itch-sfr ghi nhdrng bi€n c5 `

a8i tray quan-trong khi8n ngu.a.i thi-sl kh6 tim cf ch thich-nghiv6'i cu§c s8ng cf nhan cfia minh; thi thtrdng thus.ng ho hay quayvg v6.i cuSc s8ng n§i tamLoic dtmg tho. van d8 ky-thfc t§m-s¥,hoac 1%y ngay cLinh ban than minh lam dS tai tir-trio. Cting do

d6 met phan 16.n mi lo?i tho. tqu-trio d5 xu%t` hi?n nhi!u trong

thi-phfm c&a flLfrng tic-gis thg-kp thti' 19, met the-kS tuo.ng-d8i

ghi nbi!u bi8n-c5 Itch-sfr vi thay d8i xa~h?i.

Tqu trio la tqu chg giiu minli. Lo?i tho. try trio li in?t loai tho.

mi tic.gis da lgy tigay ban than cia minh lam d! tii ho'ac d8 bang

lo.n rieu cg.t, hoic cang c6 the gigu kin ben trong m©t vii y-tu.6.ng

mia.mai. V6.ilapi tho. nay thi-si da trTc.ti8p phs bay nhieu khiac?nh c&a cu¢c s6ng ri8ng taycfia minh,vi cang do d6 c6 the d8cho d©c, gig bi8t nhi!u v! tfnh tinh, tan trgng hay canh ng§ `cha

minh m§t cfch r6 r?t. D8 hi8u r6 nhan x€t cu6i chng nay, chdng

ta hay neu lenmst vi~i trua.ng-hg.p dac bi?t, trub.ng-hg.p cia

Nguy5n Khuy€fl vi Trth T8 Xuo.ng.

NGUYEN KHUY£N 53

V8 tinh t:nh thi kh6ng ai can la gi cfi n€t Lay cho.i` cfia 6tig±d Vi-Xuyen. Ong thd thst :

MSl cht, msl rttq.a, m§L dan ba,

Ba c&i ldng nhang n6``qu6y la.

One laili ngub.i sinh an chori, di!u nay cting I?i chinh 6nga.a vigt r6 cho ta bigt :

Ble"i nstl nl\a Fi&t, ble"i di a a"au,

B|ewt thu5c ld, b{€t chk i"au,

Coo-laubie"lo!,+hionglaubie"lmtil.

Nhung vi s8ng trong cfnh ngS v%t-v£, ngheo tdng, s6ng trongdinh :

Ti`on bqc Dh6 cho con mqu hle~m

Cho fiefl d6i v6'ivg.. Td Xuo.ng d5 t6 ra kh€o l€o m!m m6ng.`Ongc6 tii ninhbi Td, tgt nhiefl cang chi d81%y ti!n hu6.ng I?c.

®ng da trfng trqu vi8t :

Vu6t r&u n|nh oar, con bu n6.

Trong kLi d6, d8i v6.i nhtrng ngub.i khic thi Td Xuro.ng d5*6 I.a tig6ng ogLenh Lieu bac :

Qu&c mat khlnh d6.i c&l b¢ anh I

Trii h&n lei v6.i Td Xuong, qua nhtrng dbng tho' t¥ trio,Nguy~ch Khuygn da bfyc-I? nhfrog dde-tinh h8n nhien vui v€, trung`flSu binh dan.

Cv khiem t8n ini nhsn rfng :

54 NGUYEN KHUY£N

Nh¢p nhoen ban mat iranli m6.16,

Kh¢p hhie^nhba chan d& t{nli sag.

Can m¢t c&l nag them ng&n nSi,

f>i dau gi& nhf mg co"i c`ung ch"ag I

D6i v6.i ai, cu cting t6 ra nhdn-nhub.ng. Ngay khao the 6-

ling, cq vigt :

Anh em lang x6m xin m&l ca,

X6i, b&nh, trau, heo cang g9i ld.

Cl.il Ddo ben D\nh len o6.i t6.,

Ong Tie x6m CJig. lei c`ung ta.

C6 ngua.i cho c¥ li bac a?t nhan quan tfr, ttr&ng cang kh6tlg

qui ding v?y.

Tfm tr?ng cfia thi.si cting dE pb6 bay trong lo?i tho. t¥ trio.

Tfm tr?ng cfia NduyEn KLuy8n, m§t ngu.a.i tri-thdrc bgt l¥c trtr6.a

cfnh vong qu8c, de dug.c b§c lS met cf ch sau dam qua hai vBn thor

tqu trio dud.i day :

I C6. dlrcrng d& cu¢c, hh6ng con nur6c,

' Bqc clifra thau canh, da chgg lhng.

The thfm ho.n, tfm tr?ng cia Td Xtro.ng li mSt tantrgng Loin toin.bai vorig, thi-sl tqu in?a :

The" md Van ngh{ rang ta gi6i,

C6 ol§c an chcri ch8ng hgc hank.

NGuyEN KHUYffN 55

vi fu thd :

Thien hq c6 khl cbn ng& cd,

Viec g\` rna llifrc met m}nh ta.

Cu8i chng v! phurong-di?n canh ng?, thi nhdrng bii tho. tqutrio cfia Td Xu'ong thst c6 gil-tri ngang rihing dbng kha:

gia-cinh.

Ong ngheo :

Ba lu6ng our&n hoang ban sac,h r"oi,

Gqo cir 1¢ dn Gong bfra m§t.

Ong c6 nhigu con, vi gia-dinh tr6ng vio tii bu6n bin cia

Bi Td :

Quanh nam bu6n ban & mom sang,

Nu6i dd nam con o6i met c:hiong.

Squ tdflg thigu trong gia.diflh c6 ldc d5 len tdi d§ :

N`ha 6ng da bdn r`ol,

Vgr lam-le a o&.

Con tap-tisnh di b`ol.

Trong khi a6, Nguyin Khuy8n cans cho ta bi8t nhi`eu chi.ti€t cinh-ng§ qua nhtrng bii tho. ttr-trio cia cq : Cu kh6ng

gifu, s6ng met d6.i s8ng thanh-b?ch :

M~ag nam lam rti¢ng Van chan thua.

Chi6m m`6t clang `¢hl6m, mtia in"at miia.

56 riGuyEN KHuygN

'vi lu6n lu6n ch!u dqung kham~kh8 :

S6m trua dora mu6l cho qua bira,

Chq. bda gl`au cha ch& d&m mua.

Qua mSt vii van tho' t¥ tl.io c&a Nguy5n Khuy8n viTrBn T8 Xuong, cLdng ta da tim th%y nhirag n€t die bi?ttrong tinh tinL, tan-tr?ng vi cfnL ng¢ cia hal thi.sI. Gang vivsy, gif tri tii li?u cia nhrfug bai tho. tqu trio ds tr6. hen quantrgng. m6i met kLi ta in,u5n dTa vio tic-phfm d8 di s§u viosT ngbien-crfu than the vi tinh tinh tic gis.

DE vll

Nguuan Khurf en ud TI.an T'e Xuong s6ng cadp.caoid`ong.thdi ud cting chung met ,hodn c&nh cad_h¢i.Cd hai nhd I.hor d6, nhttng ldi odn hi-long ud tTdo.

phfing, nhirirg Dan cfia hQ Tr`an thi durqm mau€hdm-bi'em chua-chdl md van hg Ngug*en lqi c6 I)8hdri.heyt nhG.dam, tiiy cudri ddri md kh6ng c6 dc tgsdu cau. Tqi sao lqi c6 nhttng dtiam I{h&c nhaunht. ,,¢u ?

Ri6ng I)`e phllcyng-di¢n trdo.long, hdy ldu udi±hi.du thi-pham cfia 6ng 'Tfi Vi-Xuy6n ira cfia cuTarn-Ngugen Yen-D6 de chdrng.minh sq: phdn.bi€t ay.

(Kh6a 9-6.1952

Ban Sinh-ng@ vd C6-Di6n)

DAN BAI

Nhip de. -

Nhfrag tigudi flghien-cdru vati hoe theo quan-di8m duy-vat thtrb.tig t6 r5-ldng tdng khi phii ph§n-tzch nhtrng di8m kh8c-bi?t gitra nhfrng nhi van d8ng th6'i. Trong nhdrng trtr6.ng

`_ hg.p d6, y8u t6 Loin canh x5 h¢i t%t flhien tr6. hen v6 {ch.

Y8u t6 quan trgng pL3i li d6.i s8ng ci nLfn cia tdrng tic gis.

58 ' NGUYEN KHUYE'N

S¥ so sinh thi-phfm c&a hai thi-sl xgp xf d8ng thb.i I;NguyEn Khuyth vi TrBfl T8 Xuo.ng cho ta flLi!u minh ch&ngcLo nLSn x€t n;y.

Tban bai,-I.- Th?t v?y, ca hai d!u ch!u chung fah-hu6.ng met

:ho:in:c£;ahn`iit-asfrA|?|!pvath:i::,mg§it!_:r;i:a.c£:;a..:;:!ih(:ii:{t nhi!u chng chung met thii dS : chin da.i (dan chdrng), mst

plifn dng : ch8 gi5u th6i d6.i (dan chdng).

]1._ r\TLung di vio chi ti8t thi gigng tho. cia 6ng T4Vi-Xuy6n th?t li chua chit, sau cay mi gigng tho. cia cqNghe Yen.D6 I?i nLa.a?in, kin~dfo, gi5u db.i mi kh6ng fn ic

} cay chua.

Ill.- Nhu d5 nhsn x€t 6. do3n nh?p-d!, slf khfc-bi?t d6cl]f c6 the tim tli5y nguyen nhfn 6. nhdrng di8m khfcbiSt

gidra hai ddri s8ng ci-nhfn cia Lai thi~sI.

I) Nguy5n Khuy8n thanh c6ng vg dub.ng klioa cfr:Gifi-Nguyen (1864), H¢i.L\Tguy8n va Dinli-Nguy6n (1871) :Tan-Fnguyen. \

TrBn T8 Xuong thgt bai vB dub.ng kLoa-cfr :

Tarn I€hcia chura hh6i phqm trtt&ng-qug...

2) Nguy§n Khuy8a thioh c6ng v! dub.ng ho3n-I? :

Lam quafl a Hug, Thanh-h6a, Ngh?-An.

1883 : Lam Thtrong-Biea tr6i]g mom vi?c thtrong-in?i vdiPhip 6` Hi-N?i.

T8ng-D6c Son.Hung-Tuyea.

NGUYEN KHUY£N 59

N6i t6m l9i dug.c trgng-dung.

Can TrEn Tg Xuo.tig thi Loin toin. th%t 1]3i v€ dub.ng ho?n-l©.

3) CuSc s8rig vSt-chgt cia Nguyth Kliuyth tuo.ng-a5ikh6ng vft-va bfng Trin T8 Xu.o.ng (d§a chdng).

4) CuSc s8ng tinh~thBn cfia haithi-s? cang khfcnLau : TrAtET8 Xuo.hg li ngu6.i ph6ng detig :

V!-Xugen c6 Til Xtlcrng,

D& d& lei uro.ng urong.

Coo l&u thir&ng an quit,

Theo`o d{ lql cl.orl lur&ng,

ham 5fl chcyi, gBn nLu' tray-I?c:

M¢t ira, m§t rtrgru m¢l dan bb,

Ba c&i lang nhang n6 qu"ag ta.

Chira durg.c c&i g\ hag cat Nay ,

C6 c,hang chiia rtrgru o6i chira ira.

Cia Nguy5fl Khuy8n thi dam bac, x& sT r5 ra ngtfb.i qufn-tfr, lu6n lu6n mu8n gidr tgm lbng a sach nhtr nu6.c, trfng nhu ngi,trong nhtr tuy8t p.

5) T& Xuo.fig s8ng no.i ph8n boa d6 thi. Met phin 16.n cu§cddi era 6ng, 6ng s8ng 6- Nan-Dinh (no'i mi tihfrflg cLuy?n

frihu#8trtia££gi:i,mii:drxn£:sr:anhn_E::tn:;t£Vi6rn6g.rtit6:}gtn);:Nm8;uyc8::ngub'i tuo.ng-d8i it thay d8i, no.i mi n!n phong-h6a xtra can gidrlai au.g.c nhi!u tSp.t¥c.

6) Cu5i cdng, sT khfc.bi?t can 6. ch8 hai ldra tu8i qui xacich. NguyEn Khuyth sinh nan 1835, Lo.fl Td Xuong hhtrng 35

6o NGUYEN KHUYgN

tu8i (1870). Nguy8n Khuyth hLin ddrib8ag con m8t cia met 6ng

gil d5 tha thd. Td Xuong s5n-s8 Lo..n, b6.i tr€ Lou Nguy8nKhuy8n.

IV.- Nhirng di8m khfc.b;?t vdra neu len d5 gifng giai r6 r?t

sv khfc-1]i?t gifra hai gigng tlio. trio phdng cfia hai thi si.

Dan chdng :

Ttf-trio tLi :

Nguyen Khuy8n c6.i m6. :

M& m!eng n6i ra gbn b&l s&ch,

M"em m6l ch6n mat tit cung ±hang.

Nghi m\nl. lqi g6m `cho m`nl. nhi,

T he~ cdng l>la xanh c&ng bang oang?

Tr¥a " Xuo.ng u5t-h?a :kzRE

Khdch h6i nhb 6n8 de"n,

Nhb 6ng da ban r`ol.

Vg lam le 6. od,

Con lap-t*enh di b"oi I

Ta canli H©i Tfy, 14 thirig 7, NguyEn Khuyth kin diomia mai :

` C¢y stic caw du nhi"cu ch| bdm,

Tham ti"en c6_i m& lam anh treo.

Khan ai hi6o a.e trb out the",

Vut the" bao nhleu nhuc b"ag nhi6ul

NGUYEN KHUYfiN 61

Tf canh 18 xu6.ng danb m§t khoa thi ca. Tr*n T8 Xuongdrfug h8n va phc '« met din th8ng hang » d8 rna cay chua m6 ta :

M§t dan thang h6ng dfrng m`a tr6ng,

N6 a-6 khoa nay c6 su6ng lth6ng ?

Tran gh€ ba d`am ngoi a'.i o!t,

Dtt6i san 6ng c& ng6ng dva`u r`ong.

NguyEn Khuy8n cub.i nfra mi?tig tru6.c squ hanh di?a cia lap

quan-lieu m6.i :

Tarn than xi6m do sao mh nh€,

C&l gi& khoa dank "ag m6i Jicrl...

Trong Lhi fy Td Xuych fc nghi?t hen, d5 ch2 r6 mat r6 tenngurb.i, 6ng ch8 giiu :

Scr FJ.&o tnr&ng Nam b&c cb N hu,

That la otra do"i lei oi±a tigu...

van van . . .

(c6 the dzh-chdrng them)

Ket-luan.-

SIP so-sinh phan bi?t gitra thi-phfm c&a hai thirfel d8ng.th6.ili NguyEn Khuy8n ya TrEn " Xuo.ng d8 tim ra nguyen~nhan squkhfc-bi?t gitra gigng tho. cfia hai thi-si a6`da gidp chdag ta ch4ng.minh dug.c t*m qLian-trong cia db.i s6ng cl-nhan tic.gia trong vi?cnghien.c&u van churo.ng.

D8 k8t-luari, tu6mg catig nea`n6i them li chinh nhfrng di8mkhfc.bi?t d6 m6.i li aha.ng di8m t8.nhi, nhffag b%flg ch&ng Ling-h8n eta sq phong-phti cda mSt nan van-chuong.

DE vllli

Phdn-tick I)d ph6-b`inh bdi thor « Dam miia ha»CfiaNgug=enKhuyrfen.

DAN BAI

Nhap d6.-Ngu6.i sinh tho. tlitr6.ng ca tung tfnh cf cL dung-di vi sdc-

tzch cfia ngli?-thust Ngu}7En Khuy8n. Bii tho. ngti ng6n bat cd

cfia thi si dude day li met b%ng ch&ng Lhng h8n cho nhan xc't

d6:

Th&ng ttt d`au rn`ua hq,

Tie~t tr&l ihie{ oi a.

Tie~ngde~heuthie~ttha,

Dan mu8l bag tcri td,

N8i Wag ble"{tiung ai'?

Cdnh nag bu"on ca dq,

Bie"ng nh&p nam canh cii`ag.

Ga da 86m glqc gia.

Than bai.-I._ PHAN-TfcH

A.-M6.i doc qua met lan, ta tu6.ng bii tho. m6 tf in?t aem

NGUYEN KHU¥EN 63

dfu hg, oi bdrc, c6 mu6i bay, d8 keu, c6 ngtr6.i tr8n-trg£ su8t denkL6ng nhfm mft d8 r8i gist minh nghe ti8ng gi gfy sing.

8.-Nhtrng doc k9 nhdrng van tr8c « I?, a, t£, da, gia»,flhtrng chdr k€p « oi-a, thi8t-tha, to.i-t£, giuc-gis Jt cLo ta metcam-gis c ugt-k€t. 0' bii tho. tigt ra in?t kh6ng-khf btrc-b§i -b¥c.b§i 8. ngoii trb`i mha h?,vi bquc~b©i ca trong tan squcda ngu6.i cEm bdt. Ta bft d8 y d8n cia « n6i fy ». Ta pLai tquh6i « n6i gy Jt li n6i gi mi ngub.i mang «t n6i 8y JJ trong lbng d5kh6ng tim n8i stu lang quen trong gi%c n,gd. Chdng ta linh cam cf i« n8i gy >> kh6ng pliai li cfi n8i kh6 chiu nh*t thb`i cfia mst ngub.i

phs i thtic su6t met den oi-a vio h!.

C._ N8u ta hi8u rgng thi-van thuamg li no.i tic-gis ky~thictan-squ - mi s¥ thgu~tri?t trong mgi trrib.ng~hg.p, van li muc-dich t6i-hSu cia squ nghi8n-cii.u tic-phfm, thi trong trtfb.ng-hg.pNguy8n Khuygn, c&i « n8i *y Jt chinh li tani-squ cfia tic-gis. T§msqu d6, phfn dng t%t nhien c&a in?t c£-nhan trong m§t the s5ng

phdrc.t?p, sE h;?n ra r6-riflg n8u chdng ta di sau vao than.the cfiaNguy€nKhuy8n, than-th8 c&a met ke s? phai ch}u d¥ng metcu§c s8ng ngang trfi.

D.-Than-the tic-gig -Phfc-hga qua nhtrng net a?i-cue.ngcu§c s8ng cfia Nguy{n Khuy8n, nhtrflg n€t a?i-cuo.ng c&'a b8i-canh Itch-sfr ldc` bfty gis., a8 k8t-luan r%ng :

Den mha ha chfnh li cii canh t8i tan, u.ugt c&a x5~h?iViet-Nan trong tha.i a'£u' Phfp-thu¢c vi ttn6i gy,» chinh la, tan-s¥ cia met k8 sl b%t-l¥c, cda Nguy5fl Khuy8n trong cfi canh vong.

qu8c d6'

11.- PHfi-BINH

A`- N?i-dung ..--,,

I ) Phfn-£nh r6 r?t dug.c tan-squ c&a met a-8ng c%p c6 trich--

64 NGUYEN KHUTEN

nhi?in Itch-jifr ldc b%y gis. : d8ng-cgp sI-phu. Mu5n quen mi vankh6ng the quen. Mu8n lam nhung lai y-th4c dtrg.c squ bgt-l¥c.

(Mu5n ng& d8 quen oi bbc, flhung cting lai vi oi bdrc, vi :

Tie"ngde"hautl.l€ttha.

Dan mu`oi bay tcri t&.in;:

Bie"ng nam canl. chag).

2) Tdr tho., tdr ch5 nghen ngio, u-k8t ti8n-tri€n tLco t§m-stucfia ngtr6.i trong cfriL ha6.ng t6.i met chffl trdri h6 sing. Den mhaha tin theo lb.i tho.. Ngub.i doc nbu tlnh in?t co+n mo. kinhhoatig1]6.i tic-gis vdra nghe th%y, vang len ttf xa dua I?i :

Ga dh sam giqc gla

Bfng in?t tithg gi gfy s6.in, Nguy5n Khuygn n6i len, gidrain?t th6.i-dgi b6ng den oi-1>&c n-gqu-tri, ¥1bng tin-ter&ng manh li?tcfia minh no.i turo.ng-lai sing-I?ng.

8._ Hinh~thtrc.

i) Chdng ta th%y lai met aac-tinL t k9-thust ciaNguy§n Khuy8n, sT gifn-d! dua den m4c d§ cu5i chng cf vith8th; (ngti ng6`n), 'hi:h-aflh (.mu6i bay to.i-ta),. am-than£ (ti8ngkeu thi8t.-tha, gi di s6.in gi¥c_gis), lfn tdr-ngtr (t5t ci lb.ilam b8Dg ti8ng Vi?t).

2) ST gifn-dj d6 li k8t-qua cfia m§t s¥ chgn l9c dieu-]uy?nthag cia, tdrng vEn. Hay d8 y d8n strc gg.i-cam cda nhdrng chdr :«thi8t-tha, to.i.t£, giqc-gia». Hay d8 y den di8m dac-bi?t.trong

cfch gieo vEti. Vfn trgc da dugc xfr-dung. Nhdrflg ti8ng:«h?, a, ta, d?, gia» gay mSt kh6ngkh{ hsm hec le-the mi c*u-kg

NGUYEN KHUYgN 65

v6-i met ti8ng gi dSt ngSt, tung bhag ds phf tan v; d8 lgi tronglbng dSc-gig nhtrng du-am ttro.i Sihg rsa ring.

K€t lutn.-T6m I?;, ky-thust via li ky-thu§t dieu-luy?a rfu Tam-

Nguyen Yen.D8, met nhi tho c8 aith. N9i-dung 66 hu'chg 13c-quan. ttDem mba haJJ Iim§t tfc-phfm aic-bi!t cfia thai-aai bgygidr.

Trong khi Td Xuong tieu-ape rfia a6.i, Chu-M3nh Trinha8m au8i trong m§t n6i tinh fuy!t-vong hu6.ng v! met Thdy-Kifu nan Cia-Tinh tri!u Minh, thi Ngnyth Khuy8n binh tinh tin-ttrfrog 6. tu.o.ng-lai. Gidra cfi aem oi-a. toin dan nghen ngho trongb6ng acn Phfp-thuSc a6, Nguyth Khuyth a5 gifm aqi ch6.. aanghc th8y, aa Ice ti8ng cho moi ngu6.i chag ngLe thfty, m§t tithggi giqc.gis, b6o hi?u m¢t Binh.Minh .Sfng-lapg cho D#t Ntr6.c.

DElx

X6t ngh¢-thu¢I t& c&nhcfia Ngug^6n Khug'en qua \

thcy udn cfia 6ng.

DAN-BAI

Nhap-de.-

Doc met bii tho. NguyEn Khuygn, chdng ta kh6ng the nh3mlan vdi bgt ky met thi-ph#m cia met tic-gis nao khic.. Nhsn x€tnay lei ciflg ddng trong logi tho. ta cfflh cfia 6ng. Nguyefl-nh§ncfia titih.cfch die-bi?t d6 1i a ncri met flgh?-thu§t ta cfnh c6chi!u di8m d§c-dio mi du.6.i day chdng ta se lfa lug.t phan tich.

Than-bai.-

Nhtrng di8m can.ban trong ngh?-thu?t ta canh cfia NguyEaKhoy8n i

A.- 86-cvc.

Met bii tho. ti canh cang c6 tnt v{ nhtr m§t bdrc hga, s¥b6-quc \flhang hinh anh trong met bii tho. vi vsy rna quafl-trgng.

1) Ngh?-thuat b5-quc cia Nguyin Khoyth li met tigh?.crust c8-di8fl, binh-dien thti _hh%t, bao gis. cting dinh cho hich anh

qJan-trgng nhgt c6 lien-I?c mst-thi8t v6.i a!-tai.

NGUYEN KHUYEN 67

a) M6 ta met cuSc di cau v! mtLa thur, tic=gia nh?p-\d! :

Ao thu lank I.eo ni16c trong oeo

b) Trong bii « Thu f in ;t thi hinh anh Hat gitra li hinh fnh :

Nam gian nha c6 th`a|. le te

nod mi tic-gil ng8i u6ng rtrqu.

c) M6 ti nda the, hinh fnh quan-trgng vi die-bi?t d6i v6.itf c-gia chinh I; :

Tr&l thu xanh ng&l mag tilng c,ao

d) Vi phic-Lea cfnh ndi AIL-Lao, nft dBu tien cfia tic-gisvia li met net hinh-dung toin the cfi canh :

''S

Mat nir6.c menh-m6ng neo`oi met l\bn

2) HinL atih quan-trgng dug.c pLic-l]9a xoag tren binh.di?n{hi nhgt, sang t6.i nhang binh-di?n phq-thu?c khf c, tf c-gif m6.idi vio chi-ti8t nhcmg « s6ng bigc », a lf ving Jt, « tdrng may Icy.1&.ng», a ng6 trdc quanh co ». a lung gi?u », tT lan aoJ1, « cBn

trtic Jt, (T song thtfa )), « m3nh c§y thua th6.t JD va « gh!`nh di long.1anh I...

Vi mu5n d8 cho canh m6-tf tr6. nen linh-d§ng, tf c-gis nhurmet ngtrb.i dan dub'ng. chi 15i cho dSc-gis, tdr chi-ti8t ng den chi-ti8t kia, dtr6.ng l8i lu6n-lu6n thay d8i khith ngtr6'i ngf in canL kh6ngbao gib. chin mgt.

a) Trong bii « Thu digu », ta th%y tan mzt cia tic-gig di tdrchi-ti8t ngay trLr6.c m8t :

Sang bie"a theo lan hori gq.n ti

\

6J8 NGUYEN KHU¥8N

dS r8i ngtr6.c lch nhin thgy :

L& oang tt¢4c gt6 s-e dtra oao

ngtr6.c lea cao ntra :

Ttrng mag lor-[drng tr&l xanh ng&t

chin ngang ra :

Ng6 tr&c quand co . . .

v; cu8i chng thu h9p l9i 6. ngfn dgng trea mat ao :

C& dau d6p d¢ng dtr6l ch4n boo.

b) Trong bii a Cho.i ndi An-L5o », catih dug.c ahin theobu6.c chan trio ndi. 88t d*u la met cii flhin t8ng quit :

Mat nu6c m6nh-m6ng n`ol mst h`on

Cfi nhin di vio chi.ti8t, theo di trao tidi :

Mdrh c&y thq-that a"au nhIT trgc,

Ghieenh d& long~lanh ng"an chba mbn.

Lea d8fl d{nh ndi, khich cho.i adi adrng lgi, cdi nhin li matcfi nhin bao-quft sau-chBm :

Met ld o"e dau`xa tharmth&m,

NgHitn lang tr6ng xu6ng b6 con-con.

8.-Mau sac.

V8pho.o.ng-di?afliy,ngh?-thustcaatfc-giat6`rar%tchofl-19c.

NGUYEN KHUYEN 69

1) M*u sfc thfch-hg.p vi dac-1]iet clio cfnh m6 ta. Ttrmg-

bing d6i khi di den ch6 ttroug-phfu trong cfnh he ch6i-chang :

Ng6 tTtt6c ®tt&n sou urn nhirng c6.

Vang phai tli&m nhct ng&n cho hue.

Diu-ding, a?in-b?c, trong nhdrng cinh mda thu :

Nur6c ble"c tr6ng nhu i"am hh6l ph&,

Song thura d% mac b6ng trang oho.

hoac :

Ng6 lo"i dam kyhuga d6m lap-lbe,

Ltrng g{¢u phat-Dho in"au hh6i nhqt.

hoac :

S6ng l]ie"c theo lan hcri ggrn ti,

Ld oaTig trtt6c g16 s6 dtta o`eo.

2) Tuy ahien cing phai nLSn I; mfu sfc bang.b?c cia mdachu no.i th6n x6m li lnau s*c tic-gis tfa dhng (d5n-c,h&ng).

C.-Am-thanh.

N8u ticiria kh6ng quen quan-ni?in « tLi trung hdru hoa » thitic.gis cthg kh6ng quen thien-nhiefl kh6ng phai ch{ li ne't L`mh vim3u sf c mi carl I; £m-thanh. CLo n8n, cting nhu 6. d!a h?t mfu

sfe, §m-thanh tf c-gis xfr-dqug trong nhtrflg bii tho. ta cinh dfu

rrdat chgn-19C.

1 ) Thich~hg.p vi dac.bi?t cho cinh m6 t£ :

7o NGUYEN KHUYE'N

a) Ta c2nh ah¢nnh!p c&a T8t, Sag vi8t :

Trong nha r¢n-rip g61 b6nh chtlng,

Ngohl cdra bl-b6 r& chung tl.|t.

b) Ta canh lut, 6ng ghi nh?a :

T le"ng s6ng long-bong lung.n tru6c nhh

vi:

Tie"ng s&o oo-ve, tri"eu nu.6.c opxp\g

c) M6-ti am thanh c&a n6ng-th6n, 6ng vi8t :

Tr&u glh trt[6c gi¢u phi hcri n&ng,

Ch6 nh6 l]en ao edn tie~ng ngur&i.

2J Tuy nhi8n phainhsn li fm-thanh 6ng u.a thich vzn li thd-£m-thanh `t8~nhi, thdr am-thanh n%m k! no'i ttbien-gi6.i c&a yfrolang». Lo3i am-tLanh d6, 6ng chz dug.c nghe thfy trong t!ch_mich c&a mha thu.

a) Gitram§t trua mda thu lanh~1gnh, 6ng t8 nhsn :

L& oang trtt6.c gi6 86 dora oeo ,...

C& aau d6p a¢ng dtt6i chan boo.

b) Ong 1£ng minh trong ban flhac t8-nLi d6 d8 dan-dEn di toe

ch6 yen.ling, yen-ling Loin-toin c&a thi8nmhien :

Ntt6cbie~ctr6ngnhttt`angtt6i.phd,

Song thura dQe^e mac b6ng lrang oao.

Yen-latig hoiti-toin cfia tarn-h8n, d8n n6i nghc :

MSl ti€ng tren Jtli6ng, ng*ong nt[6c ndo.

NGUYEN KHUYfiN 71

Hdrg kh6.i, dinh :

..... odratoancall]&t.

nhtrmg r8i :

Nghit ra lql h€n o616ng Dao

Ket-1uan.-

Ta vdra m6.i` phsn-tich vi neti len nhtimg aac-di8m trongnghe-thust tf cfnb cia Nguy§n Khuygn. Ngh?-thu?t d6 b8t ngu8ntdr met quan-ni?in vB thien-nhien cting dic-bi?t, khf c h3n v6.i

quan-niem cfia Nguy5fl Du vi bi buy?n Thaflh Quan. Nguyth Dubu§c `canh phfi theo tinh :

Ngtr6l bu"on d&nh c6 oui d&u bao gi& i

Ndr-si Thanh Quan coi canh li cii c6. no'i ky-thfc tfm-s¥hoii-c8 cda bi. Nhuflg Nguyefl Khuy8n khfc h&n, d5 c6 mSt quan-ni?in khich-quan ho.n va cfnh thien-nhien. C618 vi th8 mi 6ng davu.a.t kh6i moi ring-bu§c c&a ch&-quan d8 trquc-tigp ngfm cfnh,d8 c6 the d€-ding baa minh vio cfnh vi cang c6 the m6.t£, v6.itgt cf nhdrng di8m dac-bi?t v! moi phuo.ng-di?n net hinli mau sf avi fm.thanh cfia n6, b%t ky m§t khung canh thien-nhien nio . . .

DEx

flag phdn.tich tLnh ban cfia Nguu6n Khuy'en, dTavdo thor van cfia 6ng .

Bat LAM Mfiu

TT c6 chf kin, tdr D6ng sang Tfy, tinL bin thus.ng atrg.ccoi li m§t ai!u can-thi8t cho cuSc s6ng tinh.th#n cfia con ngtra.i.Ngtra.i muu a3i-squ c6 ban a8ng-ch£. Ngu6.i dch sfch c6 ben a8ng-song. Ngtr6.i mang tan-squ c6 ban tri-kp. D8ng thanh ttrongdng,d8ng in ttrong cau, nhsn-xc't nay a die-hat bang-hdru, c6 gi£.tr!ngang met d!nh-lust.

Rieng a6i v6j Nguyth Khuy8n, nan ngoii 50 tu8i d5 s6|mthoit Yang boa-clicn danh-19.i, tlii ngoii cau theo ch€n rtrg'u, ngoiithd xugt thin kLi mSt minh d8i cfnh thien.nhien, c6 le chf can c6cfi thd giao-du t£.in dim v6.i nhdrng ban ca.

Nguyen Khny8n lini thor than ban, ti8n ban, tang ban, giEub?a vi kh6c b?ri, Vi mac dfu tqu nhd :

Cduthcr ngl.i dan-do mu6n ole~l,

Vle~t atra ai, at bte~t mh dtta ?

Tinh ban ds nghiem-nhifa tr& thinh m§t aE-tai quan-trongthong van-chuo`ng cfia 6flg.

NIung v&n phdc-tap trong gigng ai€u thi ca, khi tra' tinh,[hi k5-18 tan-3qu, Lhi trio-ph4ng . . . cho rfen trong nha.ng via

NGUY£N KHUY8N 73

tho. dg c9p t6.i m5i tinL b%ng-htru, giong 6ng cting phdc-tap kLchgkfm vi tinh ben cang vi vsy mi a5 du'9.c bi8u-l¢ qua van tho. c&a6ng dtr&i nhi!u hitiL-thd.c kLic nhau. V8n ngu.a.i chgt-rifc, hayaha, gia-di laithu6.ng s8ng trong canh c6-aern no.i than d5, nco khicxmbdt gfri lb.i th5m baa, 6ng hay trio-phdng nhs-nhing, bangdda d£-dam.

Day li d8 gfri in?I 6ng ban D8e-Lgc tfnh Hung-Ych laungiy v#ng tin :

Ong lam D6c-hgc m~ag nam nay,

G`an d6 rna t6i Van chtta hag.

T6c bqc rang long chi+ng b¢c cu,

Khan lham &o thung cdng ra thaay.

Hgc,-trb h¢ chg' tr`au dam mle"ng,

Kh&o hi6a ngag xura qug*en met chiay.

B`ong l¢c nhtt 6ng hh6ng may nh{ ?

An lieu nh& dtrq.c c&i hrcrng tag I

Va afy la a8 h6i th5m m§t 6ng ben khfc, vdra m&i m8cnanbi t(K3 cu6.p n6 len» :

T6i nghe ky3 cur6D n6 l`en 6ng,

N6 lei 161 6ng de"n gidra a"ong ;

L"ay c&a, d&nh ngtt&i, quan te nh{ I

Xurcrng gia, da c6c, c.6 dau kh6ng ?

Bay gi6. lr6l da x"qg datrdn.

Ngaytrtr6c dl dau in"at m8a`g |6ng.

T h6l cdng diing nan hg-cop n&a.

K6o mang tie"ng dal o61 Ihur&ng ng6ng.

74 NGUYEN KHUYEN

Nhung ri5u nhau kheng cbi a8 mi dda, can cho b6.t ni!mc6nd©c : Nguy~ch Khuy€n kh6ng c6 4c-y.

D8i v6.i b?a, thi.sl thst ra rat th¥c lbng. Ong c6-gfng th6ng-cam v6.i ban, lo cfi lo, bu8n cii bu8n c&a ban. Chan tinh d6 dug.abi8u-l§ trong nhang van tho. din chdrng dtr6.i day, 6ng sftig-ticvio m§td!p thien-tai, v6. de, nu6.c sang trio-ngsp ca in?t vhnga8ng chi8m 83c-Vi?t :

Ai len nh&n nhd b&c Ch&u C"au,

Lut lei nam nay b&c & dau ?

Mag 9`o |q.n con r`cig lan b6 ?

Vat glan ne"p c&i ng¢p n6ng sou ?

Ggng thor an-ctsn, than h6i r8i rf;+a n§n an-fii, ti!m-ting in?tchdt ngdi-nghi - cfi nghi-nghi ctia met 6ng gil clig.I nghl diven in?ingub.i tri-kj d8ng tug :

Ph¢n thua sug t'tnh Gang lh6m thi€t,

Tu9o`l cd cf rcri b&i hga so"ng l&u.

Bii tho. k8t.lieu b*ng nhdrng vBn m6 ta ch{nh tinh-tr?ag ciangub.i gfri thLr :

Em c;&ng €fi&ng no rna chang d6i,

T I.ung-thang chic"c 1& rtrgru lurng bva`u.

D§c-gia c6 cam.tu6.ng doc met bbc tho. thtrc.squ c&a m§t 6ng

:r£€6mn;v;apuh§:gt%£dc::gb::g8c]¥6£Cctihnfb!ihnyhe:a.g..Ca»:+hturh:n:h]a?n:thanh, lb.i tho. gifn_di, m8i tinh b&ng-hc.u gidra ngu.a.i gc'i vingtr6.i nhan thst kh6ng the b©c.I¢ thfm-thi8t ho.n I M6i tinh d6 d5di dth ch8 tan-giao.

NGUYEN KHUYgN , 75J

Nguy§n KLuygn lei cbti kh6c bafl. Cod ngur6.i 8n-s? bft dfc-chi d6 da c6-d©c lai cing cam th%y v6 chtig ao.a-chigc, khi nghe tinmet ngtrb.i baa - d8ng tug, a8ng m6ti, d8ng khoa. a8ng dzng-cgp,d8ngtinh vi d?.nLiea d8ng cfnL-ng§ -li Dtrong Khue tigmxu6ng. L6.i tho. dfu tien li in?t lb.i n%c-n6. :

Bdc, Dttung lh6l da th6! r`o{ I

Lb.i tho. tigp theo than-th6. n6i-ni!m c6-a?c :

Ntt6c mag man-mac ng¢m-nghl long la.

Tic~gia thinh-th¥c kh6ng ch8i cai : nghc tin ddr mang l?i,chtra oghl den b?n, tic-gif da v?i nghl ngay d8a minh. Nhung tic-

gia kh6ng fch-k9. Vi d8i v6.itfc-gis, phfi kfo le ki8p s5ng thdra~trong nhfrflg ngiy «oi-£» qu8c phs gia vong d6, cang ch{ la m§tdistl bft df c dE ..

Ai cliang bie"i ch6n d6.i la ph6i I

nhung :

I/§i~obng chi da m&i len ti6n ?

Vi can tf c-gis, can ngu6.i 6. lai ? Can n8i-ni`em tfm-sT c&angtfb.i 6. 1gi ? K€-18 v6-i ai bay gidr ? Vui v6.i ai bay gib. ? Bu8nv6.i ai bay gi6. ?

Rurgru ngon hh6ng\c6 l]qn hi`en,

Kh6ng mua, hh6ng ph&i hh6ng tive`n hh6ng mua.

C&u thcr ngh{ a&n-do muo"n oic"i,

Vie"i dtra al, ai bic"i rna dtta ?

Giur6.ng hla treo nhtrng hfrng-h&,

Dan h{a g"ag ;htrng ngan-ngor lleNng dan I

76 NGUYEN KHUYfN

Nguy5n Khuy8fl CLZ can bi8t ngsm-nghi :

B&c chang &' dau Van chang a,

T6l lug thirong, I"ay nh6 lam tl.urcrng.

Tu`ol gld hat 1¢ nlitr sttorng,

Hcri a du c.huo"c I"ag hal hang chira than !

Dogn k8t tuy an-&i nhtrmg th5m bu8n. Ngu6.i ¢tl8n tien» th81i dinh phan. Ngu6.i 6. I?i cam tLgy l€-loi, laDh-leo vi d8ng.tha.il9i cbh cam thfy cfi gis. «len tien>> cfia cLfnh minh cting da sgp di8m.

Giong tho. t8-cf o met ch%t trti. tinh hi8m c6 trong vati-chuongnhs nho Nguy5n KLuy8n. NguyEfl Khuy"en ddng tru6.c met trongb5n cfi dau kh8 h%ng-cfru cfia ki8p lam flgtr6.i : `Cii ch8t. Tinh b?acang vi vsy rna b©c-ls den dS cue;i chng vi cii dau kh6 d6, cfichgt d6 ]ai li c5i cligt ctia m§t ngu6.i ben.

Khi cub.i, khi kh6c, khi §ti-cEn. khi tbam db an-di, nh"ng

qua nhtrng vfn tho. can d8 lei, NguyEn Khuy8n lei d5 d8 lei m§tguo.ng-m§u bfng.hti.u chan-tlianh. Kh6Dg v8 v?p qua d8i, nhungkhoan-Ii8ng, gifn-d!, h8n-nhi6n, nhung c6 th&y, c6 clung., tinh bancfia Nguy§n Khuy8n xdng.dfng tieu-bi8u clio thdr tinh giao~du cfiabsc dgt-nhfn quan-tfr in; c8-nhfn thu6`ng van ca-t¥ng li dam-bacflLtr m§t dbng nu6`c chfy.

DExl

X6t rieng v`e hai khugnh.he&ng trdo-phting vdtlnh-cam tl.ong thi~tdi Nguu*en Khug8n thl theo ioi anh{ho¢c ch{). Ngug^~en Khuu8n da lhdnh-c6ng trongkhugnh-hudng ndo .

DAN BAI C6 CHI-TIET

NhSp-de.-

1 ) Thi-nghi?p c&a NguyEa Khuy8n bao g8m nhieu khuynh-htr6.ng, nhi!u sf c-thfi ph4c-tgp : trio-phdng, tinh-cam, the.i-th8pr

deo-ly .... Nhung hai khuynh-hu6mg quan.trgng ho'n ca li trio-phing vi tinh-cam .

2) Nhifu sf ch vin-hgc-sfir x8p tf c.gig vio khuyah-hu6.ng trio-phdng. Chinh 6ng cang giin-ti8p gi6.i-thi?u cfi kh{a-cgnh d6 trongthi.tii c&a 6ng b&ng cfu khen-nggri tii trio-phdng cia Trio T8.Xuo.ng : «K8 dtr cbi Lau ky Xuong h8 I ».

3) Th¥c ra, ngoii nhtrng thi.phfm rty-trio hay ch'.trzchth6i hu tst d6`m cfia ngli'b.i d6.i, Nguy~ch Khuy8n vsn can metthinh-phin thi-nghiep rft quan-trgng the?c lo?i thi-ca thu*n.uty :ta canh, tf tinh.

4) Hcrn ndra d8i chi8u mdc thinh-c6ng giaa Lai khuynh-hu.6mg vi nh?a-xft kp v! {8t tinh nghe-thuat trong thCh NguythKhoy8n, ta lgi phii nh§fl ring Nguy5a Khuyth ds thgt-bgi met

78 NGUYEN KHUY£N

phan nio trong khuynh-Ltr6.ng trio-phdng, vi a5 thinh-c6tig rquc-T5. trong khuytiL-hu6mg tinL-cam.

Phan I.- Nguy6n Khuyen aa that-bai phan naotrong khuynh-hu6.ng trio-phtlng.

I) L.S-thuye~t tang-qu&t.-TLeo qua®-dig" chag cia v.i\n-Lgc hi?a-d3i - vi cing la quan.di8m c&a met s6 tic.gia tLb.itru6.c : in Xufn Huo.ng, Nguy§n Van Giai, "n T8 Xuong -chi m5i b© man ngL?-thust nen c6 met pL?in-vi, nho'ng die-tinLva met tfc~dung rieng. Ngtr6.i ta trfnh kh6ng pha tr§n nhifu loaithi-ca v6.i ndau vi nhgt li ngub.i ta cho.truo.ng : lam nhi tho. trio-

pbdng thi dhag kiem-nlii?in ch4c-vu cia met ngtr6.i giang d?y dao.adc. N6i nhtr th8 kh6ng c6 nghla li bao nhi trio-phdng atrg.c

quy!n v6 dao-ddrc. Kh6ng, tho. trfo+phdng nhtrmgi thd van tho.,van phai c6 c5ti-ban d3o.adc. C6 ai!u trong tho. trio-phtingican.ban ago.adc a6 phfi kin afo lfn chin xu6ng dtr6.i,€hd kh6ng ph,6 b;y khoa tru.o.ng len tren. 86.i trti'ng ago-•adc ra nhtr th8, ngtr6.i ta c6 tli8 gfn cho nhdrng danh-hi?u li ago-

atlc gis. aao-adc d6.a, aao.ddc su6ng .... Va ngu gifng-day.d3orddc thi lam ngay tho. ago-adc hoac sfch ago-ddc cho xong.

M6i lo-toan ago-ddc ch{ lam cho cfi cud.i kh6ng vienLman, k€m.sfu.sgc.

2,) P.n.?~d¥ng. Pho. N.g.uy8n_ Khuye~n - G.ia-dri INgvy~chKLuy8n lei li met nhi flho chfhh-th8ng, hen kbi cam bdt gi5u ddi,6ng v§a kh6ng qu8a m¥c-dicL « tfi a?o 7t c&a vfti-chuo.ng. Nu`cu6.i trao~phdng c&a 6ng cans vi th8 mi k6m ph*n fc-li?t. N6« ndg-nhang vi' kin-dio » ddng nhu 16.i flhan x€t era c5 giio-stfDuong Qufag Him.- Kin dio :

C6 ti`en olec ag rna xong nk't ?

Ngag trtr6c lam quan cdng lhe~ a ?

NGUYEN KHUYgN 79

- NIe-nhing :H6l al muo"n u6c cho con ch&u,

Nghi lql d&i xua mag ble~p tu ?

M6i lo toan fin db.i da lam giam b6.t Li?u lquc trio-phdng so-

sinh v6.i bhang vBa tho. tr¥c ti8p, s5n-s8 €&a mst Trfn Tg

Xuong sau nay.

3) G/dl.-14fcfi.-Nguy+En Khuyth li met 6ng gia (the-h?Tr"an Tg Xtrong) c6 danh-vgng xa-h§i (Tan-Nguyen), c6 ch4c-

vy cao dep (lam thBy, lam quan); s5ng no.i yen-hin chgt-phfc (d8ng

qu6). Trong khi d6 Tr3ti T8 Xuo.fig kn-16c ch5n thi.thinh, no.ibi va ch?in trur6.c nh8t, xfo-tr§n in?nh flhgt tru6.c lan s6ng xfm-

latig cia Phfp. MicdEuch6 cao agp trong thien-y c&a nhi nLoNguyEn KLuygn, mac dAu tic-dung d3o-d4c cfia cfj cub.i m6.ph9mc&a 8ng c6 the thich-hg.p v6'i met s8 ngu6'i, ta v5n phfi tiLsn

rfng 8ng da th%t-b?i m¢t phin nio trong logi tLo. trio-phdng.

PAZ±rt JJ.- Nguyen Khuy€n da thanh-c6ng ldn trong

khtiynh~hu6.ng tinh-cam.

/) Khdl-qud!.I Trong thi-ca tLufn-tdy ti canb, ta tinh.Nguy€n Khuy8n da dat t6`i m§t ngh?-thuat cao-si6u. Ngh?-thu?td6 g8m trong nhdrng «ddc tftih van-chuo.ng» : do.a-giffl, trong-sfag,

rty-nhien, tinh-ttrb`ng, thu3ti-tdy. Nhtrng dtrc-tinh van.chuo.ngfy, b%t lusn trong met n§a van-chuong c8-di€n nio ctitig phaitrgng-vgng. Ngoii ra trong tho. tinh-cam, Nguy8n Khuy8n ctiflgdi b6 dtrg.c r8t nhi!u u6.c-1? khu6a sfo cti, thoft-ly ftih-hu6ngcia Hin-hgc d8 tr6~.~ v! v6.i h8n tho. dan-tSc.

2) Dan c46ng - Dgc thi-ca caa Nguy5n Khuy"en, kh6.i

d3u ta va chain v6.i met b! ngoii r8t kbiem-nhtrg.ng, hung thquc

80 NGuyEN KHUTffN

ra bch trong th6ngrthfi, tan.k} v6 chng, ch4ng t6 tf c.gis de kh8c-

ph¥c dug.c thi-ph6p kh6-khan cia tho Dtring_lust :

_ Don-gifn trong sing :

S6ng l>le"c theo lan horl gq.n l'h

Le oang trir6.a gi6 s6 dtta o`eo.

- Tinh-tLrchg t8-nh! :

Tie"ng s&o ol-ou lri"eu mt6c opng,

Con thug"en len-16l l]6ng trang lr6l.

- T¥-nhien :

Di dau cdng th6g ngit&l la n61,

Mt[&i ch'tn nam nag lei cat L`oi.

~ Thanh-thof t, mo.-ming :

Tgra go~16m manh loan h6ab¢6m,

C;16 thu thioi rung ld odng rcrl.

- C?in-d9ng :

Tu`ol gla liql le nhtr 3trcrng.

I]ari dan 6p lag I.ai hang chfra chan.

Ngtr6.ita can n6i t6.i ti'nh,cfcL VI?t-Nan trong thor NguythKkyth : khung-canh. nhth.v?t, y.nghi, tinh-cam ....

3.-`GJdllAfc4 -,Nguyin KLuy8n s8ng gan thich-nhich.Ngt ngtrhi diem-d3m m¥c thud.c. Hay suy-tub.ng toy nhs-nhing

NGUTEN KHUYffN 81

thai. Hay quan sit chi8m ngu6mg.Rft th6ng thai (dSu Tan-nguyen}d8 vurg.t len cfi th6ng-thii d3t dug.ccfi binh-di cda ngh?.thust,

nghEa li binh d! mi kh6ng t*m thub.ng.

Ket-Iuan.-' Phai men coi Nguy§n Khuygn linhi tho. tinh~cam ti`tt.6.c khi

nhSn 6ng li nhi thcr trio-phdng.

DE xll

Binh.g'idng bdi ca.trii du6i day ifia Ngug*enKhug„en..

Me M6c,

So dank-gi& ai bang M€ Mo"c,

Ngohl hinh-hat g~am o6c.cdng tFiem ra.

Tarn hang-nhan Gem b6i I"am x6a-nJ.ba,

Lam nhtr lh.€ doe cho qua mat tgc.

Ngoql-mqo bat chu nlnf m3-nggc,

Tarn lruhg thtt&ng thd tip hi6n kylm.

Nh6 chiong con mu6n dam tr6ng tim,

Gl& son sat 6 in a`em m§t tie"I.

Sqcl. nhur nur6c, tr&ng nl.tt nga, tro~ng nhtr tug€t,

M&nh gurcyng trinh oang-o6c quge"i fyli6ng nho.

Dap tat ngo&nh mat lam nger,

Rang hh6n cdng he, rang hid cting thag.

Kh6n em dse ban dqi nay I

DAN-BAI C6 CHI-TIET

Nh?p-aa.-

Nan 1885, gitra ldc tithg sdng Cia.Vuong vang rig tren

NGUY£N KHUYfiN 83

'toia qu5c, Nguy5n Khuy8n tdr ch&c Son-Hung-Tuyen T8ng_

D6c, r4t lui v8 6. £n ho.i qua nLa, 1%y ch€n rug.u, cfu tho., canh

a?p thien-nhien, cau chuy?n tfm~dim cdng b?a ba tri-k?, lam thdtieu-dao ngiy thing. Ngub.i duo.ng th6.i cting c6 k€ tu8.ng 8ng•da lang quen th6.i cu§c mi bin ra tin vio. Hoic cho li kh6n.

Hoac cho ii khb..

Than-bai.-

A.-Gidng.

1 ) Xuft-xd- Gfo vhng Yea-D8,- c6 mSt ngtrb.i din-bi teali Thi M8c gap canh ch8ng di xa, kh6ng durg.c tin tdrc, I?i bi nhi8ungudri d8n c*u h6n. nen ning ban gil dien, gia d?i, x€ quan fo,

lgy bhn b6i lgm len ngtrdy_i d8 tdr h6n, cam chiu s8ng am than ch&

dg.i tin ch8ng. NguyEn Khuy8n 1£y nhan-vat d6 lam d!-tii d8

sing-tic met bii ca-trh v6.i m¥c-dzch ky-thfc ufn~khdc tan-s¥ ciaminh vi d8ng-thb.i tra lb.i giin.ti8p du-lusn.

2) Bai ca.trh nay lam dd kb8 c6 mi€u h?u. Kh8 afu gi6.i-

chi?u M9 M6c. Tic-gis nh?p aB bfng mSt nghi-v%n :

So dank gid ai bang M€ Mo"c ?

V?y thi Mg M8c kh8ng dien. S6.-d? ngu6.i din-bi nay phai :

T6m hiong nhan Gem b6t l`6m x6a n.hba

cang chi vi mu5n :

....... cho6uam&ttquc.

Nhu vSy, kh8 d¥u buSc ngub.i dSc~gia nghl dth tan-squ c&a

Me M8c. Vi kb8 thd hai- ti8p theo cfi y a6 :

84 NGUYEN KHUYE'N

Ngoqi mqo b"at c`au nhur m8 nggci

Tom lrung thu.&ng thd tq. hlen him.

Nh6 chiong can mu6n dam xa tim,Gif i Son s&t em a"em met lie~t.

Thst vay, te;t g6 can hen t8t nu6.c so.n. Ngoii mat c6 cEnldau nLu nggc dgp ? Chf miEn li trong tfm thurdrng gidr dug.c .Luvang dfn. Tfm-sT cfia M9 M8c chgc phai li met tan-s¥ d6ngkznh. Kh8 thti hai b6 phBn « ngoai mao » c&a Me M8c d8 neu leh,cf i ¢t tfm trung JD cfia ning. Ning xa ch8ng, xa corn. Va vi tqu nh& ;

I/&ng chio}ong dice in Ph"an lhoa hi}ong o6i ai ?

cho nan fling da phai gis dien, gig r8,

T~am hio}ong-nhan Gem b6i lam x6a nhba

mien li bao gi6. cang c6 :

G{ir scin s&l em a"em met tie"t.

KL8 cu6i vtra khai tri€n cfi y a tfm trung tqu kien kin »:

Sqcl. nhur ntr6c, tr&ng nhu nga, trong nlw tuge"tr

Mdnh giro.ng trinh o8n8 o¢c qug€l kh6ng nhcr.

lei vdra k8t lusn cho toin bii :

D&p lai ngo&nh mSt lam ngcr,

Rang hh6n cdng kS ran.g kh& cdng lhag,

Kli6n em d6 ban dqi nag.

Dth kh8 cu8i, dSc gis nhu d5 d8ng y v6.i tic gig : Me M6c:li met nh§n-vSt ding kinh, li in?t nhfn-vst mi :

So dank gt& ........

Thi d5 ai bfng ?

NGU¥EN KHUYfi'N 85

Vi di nhien khi tf c-gia ca-tqug Mg M8c, - met tigub.i rnatru6.c kia ai cting cho li dien r8 - thi kh6ng met d¢c-gil niokh6ng d8ng y :

Sqch nhtt nur6c. Ir&ng nl.tr nga, trong nhur tuye"i

M&nh gtrcyng trlnh oang-odc quge"i hh6ng nho..

D8n khi k8t-lusti, Mg M6c -hay li tic-gi£ _ m6.i cf tithgm6i 16m ..

D&p lal ngo&nh mac lam ngcr,

Rang hh6n cfing h¢, rang hh6. cdng thag .

Ngub.i db.i thfr dcm cf i kL6n cfia minh d8i Ify cfi dgi c&.aM9 M6c xem c6 dug.c kh6ng ?

I Kh6n em d*e ban dQi nag.

a.- Binh.

1.-Hinh thtrc- Chdng ta kh6ng the Item lan bii niyv6.i b%t ky m§t bii tho. nio c&a b%t k} met tic-gis nio khic. T%t€a rihtrflg dac-di€m thi phfp cfia NguyEn Khuy8n d!u hien-Iiiru\trong tic-phgm nay.

a) Gi.dn-J.i - D& kh8. Lb.i miEu d6i 6. plan cu8i m6 t£xic thquc cfi giotig cia mSt ngu6.i gi&`dien, sau mSt phdt chfnthinh k8 18 tan sT, l?i quay I?i cii gigng le nhe gia di8{i gig daicia mink.

b) Sdng-sdcz- Kh6ng c6 nhdrrig di8n-t{ch, nhdrng Janh-tdrHis Vi?t kh6 khin. Hai cau tho. chfr:

Ngoqi mqo l]at chu nhur mS nggc,

Tarn trung lhur&ng tha 1¥ klen J€lm.

bft bu§c pLai ed nhung cting de higu.

86 NGUYEN KHUYEN

c) G!png gJdn-!r.e"A- Gigng giin~ti8p li gigng Nguy5nt

&h##§:c:?I;d:nS::i:£ct;a;€:}cd_ng:;::i;nt.£t±#gh£'a£::::::¥:

2.- N¢i-dung- Nhu chdng ta d5 bi8t, cfu chuy?a MgM5c chf li met cf i c6. d€ Nguy5n Khuy8n th8-ls tfm-squ, d8

NguyEn Khuy8n tra 16.i gifti-ti€p du~lusn thud.ng hay bin ra tint

vio v! thfi ds c&a 6ng. Ong tqu vi nhu M? M6c vi yeu cAu thien-

h? n8u mu6n tim hi8u 6ng thi ddrng nen d8 i den b! ngoii :

Ngogl-mqo b~at c"au nhtt m3 nggc

Thien La phfi tim hi8u no.i tfm-sT cia 6ng, tfm-squ cia m§t

k€ s? bft ltrc trtr6.c thb.i cu§c nhung c6 v6.t-vat 1%y ch4t thanh

danL cLo dfng cgp bgflg thfi-dS an b*n I?c a?o cfia minh. Cting

nhu Mg M6c d6i v6.i ch8ng. d8i v6.i nu6ic, bao gis. cring van chfi-

truo.n8 :

GiG son sat 6m a"em m§t t{e:I

vi b*ng cuSc db.i'trfnL xa mgi m8i phd quy mpi bf vinh hoa, 6ng

c8 gfngneu lth mSt «tfm gtrcmg trinb ving-vac» gitra cai xa-h¢i

daodi6a d6. '

C6 the c6 ngu6.i trich NguyEn Khuy8n tieu-cquc. Sao kh6ng

b8t chu6.c tihtrng Hoing Hoa Thin, Phan Dinh Phhng, c*m

gu.o.in tich-cquc dfnh giic ? Nhung dBu sao gidra ldc -ving thau lanI?n, x=-h§i giao thdri d6, tbfi-d© b%t hg.p tic c&a Nguy5n Khuy8n

cing c6 met tBm anh-hu6.ng kh6flg phai li kh6ng quan-trong.

Ngurb.i duo.ng th6.i, nhgt li tihtrng aim em c&a 8flg trong

dang`-c8p c6 the coi d61a m§t gtro.ng m8-phap d8 tioi`-theo, n8u

kh6ng gist dug.c giic, thi cting nhft dinh kh6ng hang giac.

NGU¥EN KHUYfiN 87

Ket-luan.-

L6.i tho. hg.p v6.i y tho., n©i-dung hba d8ng cdng hinh-thdc,.

y-nghla trTc-ti di li!n v6.i ngq-y gifn-ti8p, tim h8n cL%t-phic h8n-nLien, tu-cich dgt-nhan quan-tfr c&a ngu6.i lam tho. that d5 thgm-nhu3a vio tdrng van tdrng ch@ bii tho.. Trong via nghi?p Nguy8mKhuyth. bii ca-trti Me M6c d5 c6 met dia-vi quan-trong vsy.

THO' VAN

T R `1 C H T U Y 'E N

THor vrfu TR!'cH TuyEit- _ _ -J

I)udid&gldm¢ts'othowdntrioh-tuifeendfideeti6u-b{%uchoudn-11ghi¢pNgug*enKhutg~en.

Tgf TRAO

Gong ch&ng giau, rna cijng chdng sang,

Ch8ng gay, chdng b6o, chi ling nh6ng.

C6 clang d6 cu§c kh6ng c6n nu6c,

Bqc chdra th6u canh da chqy lajig ;

M6 mieng n6i -ra gdn bat s6ch,

M6m m6i ch6n mdi lit cung thong ;

NghT m`[nh lqi g6m cho ininh nhi ?

The ccjng bia xanh cijng bang Yang.

CHOT HUNG

Ngan 6y ndm nay van 6 `nhd,

NghT ta, tci lqi chi lhuong ta.

86ng hi6n them ng¢n hoi n6ng nhi i

Ng9n gi6 kh6ng nhuGng t6c bqc a ?

Tho.a mq rqch.r6i chan x6u t6t,

Dau lucmg do.dan tu6i non gid.

Khi bu6n ch6n ru.gu say kh6ng bi6t,

Ngdra mat ld.m6 ngon nei xa.

92 NGUY£N KHUYffN

TU-TRAo NAM BAY MUcrl TU

- Ndm nay t6 da bay muoi tu',

Rang leo, rang quan, t6 ccjng tr !

L6c htrng ddnh them dam ch6n ru.gu,

Khi bu6n ng6m [6o mst van the ;

Bqn gid 16p tru6c nay c6n may ?

Chuyen co mudi phan chi'n chdng nhu..

Ccjng mu6n s6ng them dam tu6i nc`a,

Tho xem mai mdi the nay u ?

~ THAN GJA

Nh6 ttr ndm tru6c hay tho ng6y,

Pht}t ch6c rna nay dd t6i ngay.

M6i t6c ch6m den, ch6m 16m.d6m,

Ham rang chi6c rvng, chi6c lung.lay;

Nhap-nhem b6n mat trcinh md 16,

Kh6p-kh6nh ba ch6n d6 tinh say;

lqi met n6i nay them chdn ng&t,

Di d6u gid nhtrng`c6i cbng ch6y.

NGUYEN KHUYfi'N 9}

DI CHUG (I,

K6m hai tu6i xu6n day chin chvc,

S6 th6y sinh phdi 16c ducmg cung.

Phan thdy tuy m6ng m6ng.mong,

Tu6i thdy lqi s6ng hon 6ng d6 th6y.

Nh6 ngdy tru`6c 6ng may ccjng d6 ;

H6a bay gi6 cho b6 lam nan.

On vua met cht}t chu.a den,

CJi tr6ng then ddt, ngoa len Then trdi.

S6ng kh6ng d6 ti6ng ddi ta.than,

Cb6t du.gc ve qua-qu6n hucmg-th6n.

Cho hay moi sv vu6ng tr6n ;

Quan-tdi c6n d6 chat ch6n ngqi g`i ?

Kham-liem ch8ng qudn chi xau, t6t,

Kin ch6n lay dau g6t thi th6i.

C6 dtrng to lam con oi!

Ai rna chqy den khuyen mdi sieng ndng.

(I; TLeo lb.i cq t& Hoing i Vian th} bii tiiy Nguy€fl KLuye'n cLi Lip lamLing chin Hfti, Lhi sgp malt. Sau c6 nhi!u ngurb.i di8n n6m. Gang v} v?y c6tlhi¥u tin khfc flhau. Bfn nfy so?n-g.if kh6ng hi€u ai li dich-gis.

94 NGUYEN KHUYEN

T6 ccjng ch6 vi6t van md doc,Tru6ng, d6i dtrng gain v6c lam chi.

Minh.tinh con ccng b6-di,

Mdi quan d6 ch& con thi ch6 nan.

D6ng-m6n ch6 b6 tien dqt gi6y,

Bqn c'¢a thdy ccjng vey md th6i.

Bqn con dtrng vi6t thi6p mdi,

Ai duo bqc ph6ng con lhdi ch6 thu.

Chdng qua ng d6 cho ngu6i s6ng,

Chat di r6i can ng6ng vdo d&u.

Vd mang c6i ti6ng fo dau,

Khi nay bay bien, khi sou che ban.

Can cd bi5n vua ban ngdy tru6c,

Lt}c duo thay con ru6c dau ti6n.

Lqi thus may ddra thg ken ;

Vtra di vtra thai m6i ben v6i thdng.

Viec 16ng Tang ldng nhdng qua qul't,

C6ng cho thdy may lit ru.gu hoa.

S6ng c6n, ch6t h6a ra rna,

Thil xu'ong r6i cong h6a ra ddt bbn.

Khi gi6 t6t c6 ban ch6 ve,

S6ch v6 nhd con gitr lam ghi.

Bien vdo may cho. trong bia,

Rang :quan nhd Nguy6n cdo v6 da lau.

NGU¥EN KHUYfiN 95

cH6N cruE

May ndm lam rueng van chan thua,

Chiem mat ding chiem, mba mat mba ;

Phan thus quan thu, phan tr& ng,

Ntra c6ng ddra 6, nfra thus b6.

S6m trua du'a mu6i cho qua bo`a,

Chg boa `Trau che ch&ng dam mua.

•Can-kiem the md kh6ng khd nhl!

o gid cho bi6t kh6i du6ng lo?

CANH TET

Ndm ngo6i ndm kia d6i tu6ng ch6t,

Ndm nay phong-Iuu da ra ph6t ;~ Th6c mba, th6c chiem hay c6n nhi6u,

Ti6n ng, ti6n c6ng, chua tr& h6t ;

Trong nha rSn-rip g6i b6nh chung,

Ngodi cO`a bi-b6 r€ chung thit.+

Ta u'6c gi dugc` mai nhu lh6,

He h6I t6t r6i, thai lqi i€t.

96 NGUYEN KHLT¥ffN

CANH LEN LAo

Ong ch&ng hay 6ng tu6i da gid,

din-nhdm 6ng cijng leo day md;

Anh em ldng x6m xin m6i c&,

X§i bdnh tr6u heo Gong g9i ld

Ch6 D6o ben dinh len v6i t6,

Ong Ttr x6m chg lqi cbng ta.

Bay gi6 den bac dn dung nhi?

C6 rurgu thai \6ng ch6ng gSy ra.

NUcrc LUT

Quoi M6 Thanh Liem d6 16 r6i,

Vbng ta lh6i ccjng ltit md th6i !

Gqo ndm ba bat, co can k6m,

Thus met hal nguyen, d6ng chfra d6i ;

Ti6ng s6o vo-ve tri6u nu6c vong,

Con fhuy6n len-16i b6ng lrdng tr6i.

Di d6u ccjng th6y ngu`di la n6i :

Mudi chin ndm nay iqi cat b6i,

NGUYEN KHUYEN 97

LUT NAM AT~T|

Ti tru6c Ti nay ch¥c 16 ba,

Thuan gi6ng nu6c cG lqi foao la ;

86ng thuyen thap-thodng gi6n tr6n v6ch,

Ti6ng s6ng long-bong lugn tru6c nhd.

88c bac ngudi can ch6 Chda dan,

D6ng b6 ta ph&i ru6c Vua ra.

Sfra sang viec nu'6c cho yen-8n,

Trdi ddt sinh ta &t c6 ta.

Girl BAc cHAu cAu

Kim-Lan to' th€a nh6 choi bdi,

D6i ldra nhu ta, dugc may ngudi ?

Tr6i hqn ngdy, cho ba vqn s6u,

Ta chung :u8i, m6i mSt tram hai ;

K6 gia net bdt, chdm cbng tr6,

Ngudi kh6e toy dao, d? lay ddi ;

Tar tru`6c bang vdng nhd sdn c6,

Ch&ng qua trong bdc v6i ngodi 16i.

`98 NGUYEN KHUY8N

NU6C LUT THAM BAN

Ai len nhan h6i b6c Chau.Cau,

L¥t lei ndm nay bdc 6 dau?

May 6 !gn con ray !6n b6?

V6i gian n6p c6i ng?p n6ng sau?

Ph¢n thua, suy tfnh c6ng them thiet,

Tu6i c&, choi bdi hga s6ng 16u.

Em ctjng ch&ng no md ch&ng d6i,

Thung-thdng chi6c ld, rugu !u.ng bau.

KH6C ONG DUCJNC;-KIIUE

Bdc Duong thai da thai r6i,

Nu6c may man-mac ng¢m ngbi !6ng ta !`Nh6 ttr thud ddng khoa ng6y tru6c,

Ldc s6m khuya t6i b6c cdrng nhau ;

KI'nh yeu tdr I ru6c dan sou,

Trong con g€p g5 bi6t dau duyen trdi.

C0ng c6 lt}c choi noi dam khdch,

Ti6ng su6i nghe r6c-rdch lu.ng d6o;

NGUYiN KHUYi±N 99

C6 khi ttrng g6c treo leo,

Thd vui con hat IT`a chi6u cam xoang.

Ccing c6 16c ru.gu ngon cbng nh6p,

Ch6n quynh-turong 6m ap bau xuan;

C6 khi ban soqn c&u van,

Bi6t boo d6ng~bl'ch di6m phan tru6c sou.

Bu6i duong-cthu cbng nhau hoqn nqn,

Mi6ng dau-thdng chdng dam than trdi ;

T6i gid b6c ccjng gid r6i,

.Bi6t th6i, thai the thi thai m6i ld I

tNhc`ng di ]qi tu6i gid them nhdc,

TrLr6c ba ndm g¢p b6c mSt lan ;

Cam toy h6i h6t xa gan,

Mtrng rang b6c van tinh than chu'a can.

K6 tu6i t6i can hon tu6i b6c,.

T6i lqi dau tru6c bdc may ngdy;

L&m sao b6c v?i va ngay,

Chgt nghe t6i b6ng chan toy rung rdi ;

Ai chd bi6t ch6n ddi ld phdi,

Sao vei v6ng da m&i len ti6n?

Rugu ngon kh6ng c6 bqn hien,

Kh6ng mua kh6ng ph&i, kh6ng ti6n kh6ng mua.

I oo NGUY£N KHUYfi'N

Cau tho nghT dan do mu6n vi6t,

Vi6t duo ai, ai bi6t md duo ?

Giu'drng kia tree nhchng IC.ng-!d,

Dan kia gay nhc`ng ngan ngo ti6ng dan,

Bdc ch8ng 6 dau van ch&ng 6,

T6i I uy thuong lay nh6 lam thuong,

Tu6i gid hgF ls nhu. su'ong,

Hoi dau chu6c i6y hal hang chdra chan.a.

*RE ill

qu6C KEU CAM Iltf NG

Kh&c-kho&i sau dtj'a gigiig !drng^-!o,

Ay h6n Th¥c.E}6 th6c boo gid ?

Ndm conh mdu ch&y dem h6 v&ng,

S6u kh&c h6n tan b6ng nguySt m6 ;

C6 ph&i ti6c xu&n md dSng g9i ?

Hay ld nh6 nu6c van n8m mo?

Ban d6m rang ra k6u ai d6?

Gitic kh6ch giang.h6 dq ngan.ngo.

NGUY£N KHUYfi'N |oi

6NG PH6NG-DA

Ngu6i d6u tan hQ !d gt ?

Kh6o thay frl'ch-tri'Gh tri-tri nTc cudi.

Giang toy ng&nh mat lan trdi,

Hay c6n lo ti'nh chuySn ddi chi day ?

Thay ph6ng dd lq long mu6n h6i,?C6 lam sao len 16i den chi day?

Hay ]d, vui hoa c6 zigr6c non nay,

Chf cong rap clang toy vdo h§i lqc./

Thanh so4q tir ti6u dau fu'ong hqc,

Thuong hai thby tri ngtfi die.c au.

Th6i xin ddrng chap truy@n dau d&u,

T6i vO-f rt, mSc. dan sa'j g6nh vac.

Duy6n ky-ng? ld diJy6n tu6i t6c;,

Ch6n ch6, ch6n anh, ch€An t6i, ch6n hdc ;'Cu?c tinh say, say tinh in?t vai cau,

Nen chdng d6 ccjng gel dau!

ME M6c

So danh Sid ai bang Me M6c,

Ngo6i hinh hdi, gain v6c ccjng them ra.`T6m hang nhan den b6i lam x6a nh6a,

Lam the d6 cho qua m6f tvc.

'02 NGUYEN KHUYgN

Ngoqi mqo bat cau nhu my ngoc,

Tarn trung thudng the TF kien kim.

Nh6 ch6ng con mu6n d?in xa t:in,

Gier son sat em dam met ti€t.

Sqch nhu nu.6c, tr&ng n!`Iu nga, lrong nhu tuy6t„

Manh gu.cmg trinh vdng-vac quy6t kh6ng nho®

B&p tai ngodnh mat lam ngo,

Rang kh6n cong ke rang i-`-h6 cong lh&y !

Khan em de ban dgi nay.

CHCJI NUI AN-LAO

Mat nu6c menh m6ng n6i in?I h6n,

Nei gid nhung ti6ng van ld non ;

M&nh c6y thua th6t dau nhu troc,

Tang dd cheo leo ngan cho`a man.

Mst ld va dau xa th&m th&m ?

Nghin ldng tr6ng xu6ng b6 con con;

Dau gid, dd hdn hcm ta chfra ?

Ch6ng gay len coo, bu6c chfra ch6n.~

NGUYEN KHUYfiN '0,;

DEM MUA HA

Th6ng tu dau mtia hq,

Ti€t trdi thu.a oi-a.

Ti6ng d6 k6u thi6t-tha,

Ban mu6i bay toi.td.

N6i 6y bi6t ct;ng ai?

C&nh nay bu6n cd dq.

Bi6ng nh6p ndm canh chay,

G& dd s6m givc-gi6.

THU AM

Ndm gian [6u c6 th6p le-te,

Ng6 t6i dam khuya dam [¢p-!6e ;

Lung giau ph6t.pho mdu kh6i nhqf,

Lan ao 16ng-j6nh b6ng trdng toe ;

Da tr6i ai nhuSm md xanh ng&t,

Mat leo kh6ng vay cong d6 hoe !

Rugu fi6ng rang hay, hay ch&ng may,

BS ndm ba ch6n da say nhs ! /

904 NGUY£N KHUYfit\T

THU V!NH

Treri thu xanh ng&t may tang coo,

Can trdc lo-pho gi6 hat-hiu ;

Nu'6c bi6c tr6ng nhu tang kh6i ph&,

Song thu d6 mac b6ng trdng v6o.

May chtJm tru6c.gi€u hoa ndm ngo`6i,

M?t ti6ng tren kh6ng ng6ng nu6c ndo ?

Nh6n hdrng cong vdra loan cat bt}ky

iNghT ra lqi then v6i 6ng B.do.

THU BIEU

i \\\

Ao lhu lqnh.leo nu6c trong veo,

^^et chi6c thuyan cau b6 t6o.te..

S6ng bi6c theo lan hoi ggn tf,

Ld vchg trur6c gi6 s6 duo v6o.

Ttrng may lo.Ifrng trdi xanh ngat,\Ng6 trt)c quanh co khdch vang leo.

Tva g6i 6m can !&u ch&ng dugc,

G6 dau d6\p deng du6i ch&n ba®.

e,\

NGUY£N KHUYE'N I o5

H6[ THAM C[UAN TURN MAT CU6P

T6i nghe k6 cu'6p n6 len 6ng,

N6 lqi ]6i 6ng den gic`a d6ng ;

Lay cea d6nh ngudi quan ts nhi !

Xurong gid, da c6c, c6 dau kh6ng ?

Bay gid tr6t da say da tr6n,

Ngay tru6c di dau mc±t may 16ng.

Th6i ccjng dtrng n6n ky.c6p no`a,

K6o mang ti6ng dqi v6i phudng ng6ng.

Girl ONG NGcl_sclN, D6c HQc HLf!NG~yEN

Ong lam D6c-hgc may ndm nay,

Can d6 md t6i van chdra hay.

T6c bqc rang long chdrng bac cu,

Khan tJiam do thvng ccjng ra thay.

Hgc tr6 ke chg trau c!dm mi6ng,

Khdo kh6a ngdy xu'a quy6n in?t`chay.

86ng I?c nhu 6ng kh6ng may nhi ?

An lieu nhd durgc cdi lurong lay.

I o6 NGU¥EN KHU¥ffN

MtrNG ONG Nco-SON LAM D6c H9c HUNG.yEN.

Lau nay kh6ng gap, ng6 xa ddng,

Ai bi6t rang ra gic' m6 ldng ;

In s6o ve cho thang met trang,

86 c6 tl'nh lqi cdi luong vdng.

Truyen ddi hay d&p tai cdi tr6c,

L§c th6nh ddrng lira nqc b6 xu.ong.

Ccjng mu6n ra choi. choi chdra dugc,

Gi6 thu hiu-hat dugm mau su'cmg.

1161 TAX

Kia hSi thanh-binh I i6ng ph6o reo,

Boo nhi6u cd k6o v6i den treo !

Bd quan tenh-h6ch xem boi ch&i,

Thdng b6 lorn-khom nghe hat ch6o ,.

Cay strc, c¢y du nhi6u chi don,

Tham ti6n, c?t m6 [&m anh leo ;

Khen ai kh6o ve tr6 vui the,

Vui the boo nhieu nhvc bay nhi6u !`

NGUY£N KHUYEN I 07'

THANG BAN TC} THONG TF{uYEN KIEU

Th&ng bdn to kia d6 d6i ra,

Lam cho ban den cu Vien gid ;

Mu6n 6m phdi bien ba tram [qng,

Kh6o x'6p nan lieu in?t chi6c thoa.

D6n kh6ch mu'gn mdu son phan mu,

Ban minh chu?c [6y t?i tinh cha.

C6 tien visc ay md xong nhT ?

Ddi tru.6c lam quan cong the a ?

TIEN~Si GIAy

R6 cht} hoa~man kh6o ve tr6,

86n 6-ng md [qi dtr th8ng cu ;

May r6u v6 mat Yang trong nu6c,

Gi6y m6 nhd bay ddng may xu ?

Ban ti6ng mua danh they 10 tr6,

Bang vdng bia d6 van nghin thu.

H6i ai mu6n u6c cho con ch6u,

NghT lqi ddi xu'a may ki6p tu !

1 o8 NGUYEN KHUYEN

NHCJI Vg PHUCJNG CHEO

X6m ben D6ng c6 phu'6ng ch6o trg,

86n nfra d6m g9i vg chuyen tr6.

Rang : «Ta thudng lam quan to,

Sa® ngudi coi ch&ng ra tr6-tr6ng chi ?»

Vg c& gi¢n nrdng di mdng !qi :

«Tu8i da gid sao dgi nhu gi ;

Bern h6m ngu&i ch&ng bi6t chi,

Ngudi nhu bi6t den thi6pthi h6 tha`/i

Sdi c6 hai di6u nay nan sg:

S6ng ch6i ngu6i quy6n 6 tgi toy;

The md chdng da chdng hay,

can ai sg den phudng nay nS'a chdng ?

Vd chdng van ldng-nh6ng tbng-ki6T,

Sam ham cheo, ki6m ch6c qua thi.

Vua ch6o con ch&ng ra gi ;

\Quan cheo chi ngra kh6c chi fh6ng in\a »

MUC LUG

* Lurgc-dan ve Nguyen K.huy€n ....,

* Phan luan-da ............

D§ I.- Thai.a§ cfia Nguy~th Khuy8n a8i v6.i th6.i.cuScnur6.c nhi tdr khi Phip t6~chti.c flt!fl

bao-h¢?........

D.e 11._ Xft doin db.i s8ng vst-chAt vi tinh-thtsn

cia tLi-si NguyEn Khuy8n khi vS tr{-sl

D`e Ill._ Qua dto Ngang, Bi Huy?n ThanL-Quanc6 cau :

« Nh6 iiu6c dau long con c,u6c ou6c»

Ben h± ng'he ti8ng cu8c k6u, Nguy€n

Khuy8n I?i c6 cfu :

«Ndm c,anh m&u ch&g dam ha o&ng»

Hay xft sif bign.chuyen trong tan.tr?ng

c¢']a sl-pLu V.N. gitra kai ti8ng cu6c k6u d6

D6 IV.~ Van-hgc-sfr cLo rang : « NguyEn Khuy8nchf trick th6i d6.i m§t cf ch nhg nhing, kin

dfo, r6 ra bsc Eat-nhan qu§n-tfr. Chang

mink lb.i phs-phfh d6 qua van tho. cda

NguyEn Khuy8n ........

DS V._ M8i cam thu cia Nguy5n Khuy8n qua babii ttThu fimD,«Thu Di8u»,«Thu Vinhp.

D`e VI._ Tfnh -tinh, tan-tr?ng vi cfnh -ng§ ciaNguyEn Khuyth vi Tr5fl T8 Xuo.ng.

31

36

4i

45,

48

52

D6 VII.-Chiing-minh squ phfn-bi?t v`e van tho.

cfia Nguy5h Khuy8n vi TrBn T8 Xuo.ng

qua cic thi phfm ........

D6VIII._Phan.tich vi phs-binh bii tho. tt D6mmtiah?» cfla NguyEn Khuy€n . . .

D`e IX.- X€t ngh?.thuat ta cinh cia Nguy§n Khuy8n

qua tLo. via cda 6ng ......

D6 X.-Phfn.tfch tinLbari cia Nguy8n Khuy8n,dqua vio tho'-van cia 6ng .....

D6 XI.-Hai khuynh-hu6.ng trio-phdng vi tinh-cam trong thi tii NguyEn Khuy8n thi NguyEn

Khuy8n d5 thinL -c6ng trong khuynh.

hu6.ng nao ? ....,....

D`e XII.-- Binh-gifng bii ca trd c&a Nguy€n Khuy8n

J* Phan tho. van trfch-tuy6n ......

57

62

66

72

SACH M6I I SACH M6J I

* Xu'at-ban TAO-F}kIN xin ban-I.qnh gi6i-thl¢u

chng c&c ban hgc-Sink 16.p De-Tfr met cuo"n 8&ch gt&-

tti do cJi&ng t6i xur'at-l>dn oira m6l ph&t-hank trong

a"au ni6n-hgc 1960 -1961 ..

v I fi I . § tr®

lop DE-Tdr

Cua

a. oa a. TANG-XUAN-AN

..

2oo TRANG _ IN E}EP - CIA 4oS

* I]9c cu6n s&ch n`ay, cdc ban s.e hh6ng can than

phi"cn la qua rur&m~ra hoac qua thie~u s6l.

* Hgc cuo"n s&ch nag, c&c ban s6 n&m odrng dtrgrc

c&c tbl-lieu ch'.nh d^e laTn bat thi a"e Vi¢i-s&,&nh-hur&ng

to" i de~n le§l~qu& hS thi, de"n ttron8-lai cda cdc ban.

',

Dfi xufT_BrfN :

oti6'G - Tfiffi F®iEN - THurL6rp DE_Ttr -

NGuyEN SP TETO BANG

VtJ KHAC KHOAN

~ Cu&n s;ch ti'8p tquc b€ Toan-The vg khoa

Qu5c-van a Trung-hgc (d5 *n-hinh clio 16.pd€_that vi a?_it[c)

~ Mat cu6ri sach soan thfo c6ng pLu, c`£n thi€t

cLo hoc-sink 16.p a?-tdr.

- Mat khi-cq lam vi?c d`£y dd g8m moi m6nho: tfong cLucrng-trinh Qu5c-van 16'p. a?-tdr

(c.hero.ng-trinh I g S 8)• Van-hQc-srfu - Van-the.• Van van -Van xu6i hi?n kin

(c6 nghi6n-cti.u tic-gis, tic-phfm, binh-gifngmau, tffch tuy8n vi chti-thfch ).

•Nghi-luin tang-quit, luan--1y,van.churo.ng (c6 ly.thuy8t, bai mau, dan bii,hu.6'ng-dan, d3-tai d`6-nghi).

clo TAO-DAN` xuar~bdn