Items:Items:--1.1.Main function of Main function of musclomusclo Skeletal Skeletal

systemsystem2.2.Principle manifestations of Principle manifestations of musclomusclo

Skeletal system disorders.Skeletal system disorders.3.3.Examination of each component of Examination of each component of

the the musclomusclo Skeletal system .Skeletal system .

Function:1.1.Support the body in normal location & posture.Support the body in normal location & posture.2.2.Some skeletal structures are involved in Some skeletal structures are involved in respiration, mastication, urination & defecation.respiration, mastication, urination & defecation.

This system include:This system include:1.Muscles2.Bones 3.Joints

1.Lameness2.Failure in support recumbency

Fail to stand or set down3.Insufficient movement, confirmation.

o Forelimbs crossing each other (X-shape) → KetosisoLordosis О KyphosisoScoliosic → Lateral deviation oRecumbancy → Lateral recumbancy (milk fever)

Set on sternum, deviate head & neck to ward left flank

Neglection of off spring (No suckling)oWalking on fetlock joint: ↓ vit. E → stiff Lamb diseasestiff Lamb disease

Principle manifestations of musculoskeletal Principle manifestations of musculoskeletal disorders:disorders:

A.Muscle examination:→→ examination of superficial muscles is by inspection & palpationexamination of superficial muscles is by inspection & palpation1.1.Abnormalities in size:Abnormalities in size:Reduction (Atrophy) in size in case of:Reduction (Atrophy) in size in case of:

--Limited useLimited use--Nerve paralysisNerve paralysis--Painful conditions of bone & jointsPainful conditions of bone & joints

Muscular Muscular hyperatrophyhyperatrophy →→ due to genetic factors.due to genetic factors.2.Abnormalities in tone ( increase tone of musculature):2.Abnormalities in tone ( increase tone of musculature):ooContinuous (Tonic spasm) Continuous (Tonic spasm) →→ Tetanus Tetanus ooIntermittent (Colonic spasm) Intermittent (Colonic spasm) →→ strychnine intoxicationstrychnine intoxicationooTremors: repetitive twitching of the voluntary muscle may resultTremors: repetitive twitching of the voluntary muscle may resultfrom from →→ dehydration, electrolytes imbalance, dehydration, electrolytes imbalance,

3.Degenerative changes (3.Degenerative changes (MyopathyMyopathy):):NonNon--inflammatory, degenerative disease of voluntary muscles, inflammatory, degenerative disease of voluntary muscles, characterized by:characterized by:Muscle weakness, changes in posture & may Muscle weakness, changes in posture & may recumbencyrecumbency, alteration , alteration in cardiac function.in cardiac function.

1.1.Stiff Lamb disease (Enzootic Stiff Lamb disease (Enzootic musclarmusclar dystrophy), dystrophy), white muscle disease at cow:white muscle disease at cow:

--Due to Due to vitvit. E deficiency, decrease selenium, decrease . E deficiency, decrease selenium, decrease unsaturated fatty acids.unsaturated fatty acids.--Muscle: rubbery, hard, swollen.Muscle: rubbery, hard, swollen.--SymptomsSymptoms: : unable to get upunable to get up □□stiffness of gaitstiffness of gait□□ Circulatory dysfunctionCirculatory dysfunction □□ respiratory respiratory dyspneadyspnea□□ RotatoryRotatory movementmovement □□ step gauze movementstep gauze movementP.M P.M -- muscles appear as boiled especially heart muscle muscles appear as boiled especially heart muscle

became white became white colouredcoloured-- Fleshy appearance of muscle Fleshy appearance of muscle

- Due to Cupper Deficiency, animal try to get up then die Due to Cupper Deficiency, animal try to get up then die from myocardial degenerationfrom myocardial degeneration

2.Falling disease at cow:2.Falling disease at cow:

-- Mainly in equines when animal eat at day of rest the same rationMainly in equines when animal eat at day of rest the same ration of of concentrates concentrates

-- Concentrate metabolized at liver & converted to glycogen Concentrate metabolized at liver & converted to glycogen

Lactic acid, Lactic acid, sarcolacticsarcolactic acid, those have acid, those have NephrotoxicNephrotoxic, , hepatotoxichepatotoxic, muscle , muscle degeneration, at kidney degeneration, at kidney →→ cause degeneration of renal tubules, so cause degeneration of renal tubules, so MyoglobinMyoglobin pass with urine, on muscle specially Quadriceps muscle pass with urine, on muscle specially Quadriceps muscle causing muscle stiffness, paralysis: causing muscle stiffness, paralysis: MyoglobinureaMyoglobinurea paralyticaparalytica

→→ Differentiation between Differentiation between HbHb urea, urea, MyoglobinureaMyoglobinurea, , haematoureahaematourea: :

--perform perform BenzedineBenzedine testtest

--BenzedineBenzedine reagent + urine samplereagent + urine sample

44-- Damage of nerve supply of muscle cause degenerationDamage of nerve supply of muscle cause degeneration

3.Monday sickness, coffee urine, 3.Monday sickness, coffee urine, MyoglobinMyoglobin urea, urea, AzotureaAzoturea::

++veve test test ((HbHb--urea, urea, hemateureahemateurea))

--veve test at test at MyogbbinMyogbbin ureaurea

--to differentiate between to differentiate between HbHb--urea, urea, hematoureahematourea::

Put samples in the centrifugePut samples in the centrifuge Sediment Sediment →→ RBCsRBCs →→ HaematoureaHaematourea..

All red color All red color →→ HbHb →→ HbureaHburea

44-- In In flammatoryflammatory changes ( changes ( myositismyositis) :) :-- muscle hot , painful, loss muscle hot , painful, loss functionfunction

11-- Black leg diseases:Black leg diseases:----Due to Due to clostridialclostridial disease characterized by hotness , disease characterized by hotness , redness, loss of function, gases under skin at quadriceps, redness, loss of function, gases under skin at quadriceps, gluttealglutteal muscles, fever muscles, fever

22-- Chronic Chronic myositismyositis ::--- In cattle, affect tongue in In cattle, affect tongue in actinobacillosisactinobacillosis..--Muscle painless, firm, enlarged.Muscle painless, firm, enlarged.

33-- Traumatic Traumatic myositismyositis ::--- From trauma, sever lameness, swelling, heat, pain occur.From trauma, sever lameness, swelling, heat, pain occur.44-- EosinophiticEosinophitic myositismyositis ::--Inflammation of muscle of mastication in dog.Inflammation of muscle of mastication in dog.

BB-- Bone examination:Bone examination:----Examination of bone by inspection, palpation Examination of bone by inspection, palpation radiological examination.radiological examination.

11-- Inspection recognize the Hardness, Inspection recognize the Hardness, contour, shape , sensitivity (pain) contour, shape , sensitivity (pain) 22-- Palpation Palpation

33-- Radiological examination Radiological examination →→ detection of detection of fracture.fracture.

1.1.Degenerative changes : osteopathy or Degenerative changes : osteopathy or osteadystrophyosteadystrophy::--

1) Rickets ( calves ) , 1) Rickets ( calves ) , osteamalaciaosteamalacia ( cattle ) :( cattle ) :--

-- Due to deficiency caDue to deficiency ca+2+2 , p, , p, vit.Dvit.D. . -- In small animals occur defective calcification In small animals occur defective calcification while growth is continue. while growth is continue. -- Bone is unable to carry body leading to bony Bone is unable to carry body leading to bony curvature & enlargement of proximal & distal curvature & enlargement of proximal & distal extremities of bone.extremities of bone.-- Enlargement of Enlargement of costochondralcostochondral junction junction potbelly (stunted growth, enlarged abdomen) potbelly (stunted growth, enlarged abdomen)

As inAs in . . ActinomycosisActinomycosis in cattle .in cattle .. Abscess from tail biting in pigs .. Abscess from tail biting in pigs .. Infection of castration . . Infection of castration . . Docking wounds in Lambs .. Docking wounds in Lambs .

. Normally ca/p ratio is 2:1 or 1:1 at least. Normally ca/p ratio is 2:1 or 1:1 at least.

. This diseases occur at equines 2. This diseases occur at equines 2--7 years , 5p:1 ca 7 years , 5p:1 ca ratio.ratio.. The imbalance in ca/p ratio lead to stimulation of . The imbalance in ca/p ratio lead to stimulation of parathyroid tissue at area containing cartilage as parathyroid tissue at area containing cartilage as septum septum nasinasi ,sternum, tendon or ligament ,sternum, tendon or ligament →→ cracking cracking when walking .when walking .Treatment :Treatment :-- surgical removal of the fibrous tissue .surgical removal of the fibrous tissue .

22--osteo dystrophy osteo dystrophy fibrosafibrosa::-- in horse in horse

22-- Inflammatory changes = Inflammatory changes = OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis

-- Examination by :Examination by :--1.1. inspection & palpation : by observing the range of inspection & palpation : by observing the range of

flexion & extension of the joints , sensitivity . flexion & extension of the joints , sensitivity . 2.2. Radiological examination.Radiological examination.3.3. ArthrocentesisArthrocentesis..

Enlargement of proximal & distal end of bone Enlargement of proximal & distal end of bone →→press on jointpress on joint

How to differentiate between Rickets, Rheumatic How to differentiate between Rickets, Rheumatic arthritis ?arthritis ?

Rheumatic arthritis :Rheumatic arthritis :--In all ages In all ages affect all joints affect all joints

,swelling of all joints.,swelling of all joints.

Rickets :Rickets :--In In youngsyoungsBone fractures , Bone fractures ,

RichtiresoryRichtiresory pot belly . pot belly .

see fracture by palpation.see fracture by palpation.Horse falls & gets up Horse falls & gets up →→spasmodic colicspasmodic colic→→ fits fits

colic every 15colic every 15--30 min the rest & starts again.30 min the rest & starts again.Horse falls carefullyHorse falls carefully→→ flatulent colic flatulent colic →→ CaecumCaecum

filled with gases.filled with gases.Horse falls without riseHorse falls without rise→→ MyoglobinMyoglobin urea urea

paralyticaparalytica , , AzotureaAzoturea..

1) Inspection of posture, movement of animals:

See the movement of animals or the walk, see if See the movement of animals or the walk, see if there is lameness, animal unable to stand or set there is lameness, animal unable to stand or set down.down.

2) Close exam of animal:

A) Measuring the serum biochemistry, enzymes, ca , P A) Measuring the serum biochemistry, enzymes, ca , P level ,alkaline phosphates enzymes.level ,alkaline phosphates enzymes.B) Measuring CPK (B) Measuring CPK (creatinecreatine phosphokinasephosphokinase))

Measuring SGOT (serum Measuring SGOT (serum glutamicglutamic oxaloacetateoxaloacetatetransaminasetransaminase))They become 10 times their normal level at inflammation They become 10 times their normal level at inflammation & degeneration.& degeneration.

3) Lab. diagnosis:-

To see fracture, bony To see fracture, bony exystosisexystosis →→ fluorosisfluorosis..

4) Radiography: -

8) Dead animal :

5) Biopsy:

Muscles from a life animals .Muscles from a life animals .

6) Autopsy:

Muscles from Muscles from adeadadead muscle.muscle.

7)Arthrocentesis:

Aspiration of fluid from the Aspiration of fluid from the synovialsynovial joint.joint.

Ash / organic matter 1:1 normally.Ash / organic matter 1:1 normally.

3:1 in Rickets. 3:1 in Rickets. Bone ashing