INTRODUCTION TO DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY

12.November.2013 Tuesday

Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.

Food passes from the mouth and pharynx esophagus stomach

mixes with gastric secretions.

Digestion mostly occurs in the stomach and duodenum.

1.INTRODUCTION

a series of ring-like contraction wavesbegins around the middle of the stomach moves slowly toward the pylorus

Peristalsis

responsible for mixing the masticated (chewed) food mass

with gastric juices emptying the contents of the stomach into

the duodenum.

Absorption of chemical compounds occurs principally in the small intestine

a coiled 5- to 6-m-long tube duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Absorption

Peristalsis also occurs in the jejunum and ileum.is not forceful unless an obstruction is present.

Stomach continuous with duodenumreceives the openings of the ducts from pancreas & liver major glands of the digestive tract.

Cecum receives the terminal part of the ileumAppendixColon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid)RectumAnal canal

Most reabsorption of water occurs in the ascending colon.

Feces form in the descending and sigmoid colon accumulate in the rectum before defecation.

Large intestine

2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL & NECK REGIONS

Oral cavity inferior to the nasal cavities. has a roof and floor, and lateral walls.opens onto the face through the oral fissure.continuous with the cavity of the pharynx @ oropharyngeal isthmus.

Bones contribute to the skeletal

framework of the oral cavity

paired MaxillaePalatine boneTemporal bones

unpaired MandibleSphenoidHyoid bone

2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL REGION

cartilaginous parts of the pharyngotympanic tubes on the inferior aspect of the base of the skull

related to the attachment of muscles of the soft palate.

2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL REGION

The styloid process and inferior aspect of the petrous part of the temporal bone provide attachment for muscles associated with the tongue and soft palate, respectively.

2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL REGION

2. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL REGION

Mandible bone of the lower jaw. a body of right and left parts, fused anteriorly in the midline and two rami.

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone in the neck between the larynx and the mandible.

2. NECK

extends anteriorly lower border of the mandible upper surface of the manubrium of sternumposteriorly superior nuchal line on occipital bone intervertebral disc between the CVII & TI.

a tube providing continuity from the head to the trunk

3. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF ABDOMINAL REGION

Abdomen a roughly cylindrical chamber

inferior margin of the thorax

superior margin of the pelvis and the lower limb.

3. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF ABDOMINAL REGION

Sup. opening of the abdomen:inferior thoracic apertureclosed by the diaphragm.

Inferiorly, the deep abdominal wall is continuous with the pelvic wall at the pelvic inlet.

Superficially, the inferior limit of the abdominal wall is the superior margin of the lower limb.

4. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC REGION

Pelvis is divided into two regions:

False pelvis (Greater pelvis)superior region related to upper parts of the pelvic bones& lower lumbar vertebrae generally considered part of the abdomenTrue pelvis (Lesser pelvis)related to the inferior parts of the pelvic bones, sacrum, and coccyxhas an inlet and an outlet.

4. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC REGION

The bowl-shaped pelvic cavity enclosed by the true pelvis consists of the pelvic inlet, walls, and floor.

continuous superiorly with abdominal cavity

contains elements of the urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems.

4. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC REGION

Pelvic inlet somewhat heart shaped completely ringed by bone.

Posteriorly, the inlet is bordered by the body of vertebra SI.

pelvic outletdiamond-shaped formed by both bone and ligaments.

limited anteriorly in the midline by pubic symphysis.

4. SKELATAL ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC REGION

The bones of the pelvis right and left pelvic (hip) bonesSacrumCoccyx

5. ABDOMINAL REGIONS

Visualization of the position of abdominal viscera is fundamental to a physical examination.

Some of these viscera or their parts can be felt by palpating through the abdominal wall.

Topographical divisions of the abdomen are used to describe the location of abdominal organs and the pain associated with abdominal problems.

FOUR-QUADRANT PATTERN

A horizontal transumbilical plane passing through the umbilicus &intervertebral disc between vertebrae LIII and LIV intersecting with the vertical median plane

right upperleft upperright lowerleft lower quadrants

NINE-REGION PATTERN

2 horizontal PLANES

Superior horizonal plane (Subcostal plane)

immediately inferior to the costal margins,

at the lower border of the costal cartilage of rib X

passes posteriorly through the body of vertebra LIII.

NINE-REGION PATTERN

2 horizontal PLANES

Inferior horizonal plane (Intertubercular plane)

connects the tubercles of the iliac crests

palpable structures 5 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spines

passes through the upper part of the body of vertebra LV.

NINE-REGION PATTERN

2 horizontal PLANES

Inferior horizonal plane (Intertubercular plane)

connects the tubercles of the iliac crests

palpable structures 5 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spines

passes through the upper part of the body of vertebra LV.

NINE-REGION PATTERN

pass from the midpoint of the clavicles inferiorly to a point midway between

anterior superior iliac spine

& pubic symphysis

2 VERTICAL PLANES

NINE-REGION PATTERN

Superiorly

right hypochondrium epigastric region left hypochondrium

Inferiorly

right groin (inguinal region) pubic region left groin (inguinal region)

In the middle

right flank (lateral region) umbilical region left flank (lateral region)