INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AVIATION - alms-cdn.gelisim.edu.tr

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AVIATION

• FIRST WEEK

SUBJECTS:

• DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY.

1. BEGINNING

2. MATURING

GOALS:

To create an understanding aboutaviation.

LECTURER: Assist. Prof. Olcay ÖLÇEN

E-mail: [email protected]

Office Days: Every Fridays,

Every e-mails about course subjects accepted7/24.

Resources of Slides:

1. Nawal T. Kaneja, Introduction to Civil Aviation,

Exam:

Main resources are slides.

-GLOSSARY-(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/)

• Airplane, Aeroplane (UK), Plane (US): A vehicle designed for air travel that has wings and one or more engines.

• Aircraft: Any vehicle, with or without an engine, that can fly, such as a plane or helicopter.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)1. BEGINNING OF CIVIL AVIATION

• Daedalus and his son Icaruscreated wings of feather -heldtogether with wax- to fly out of aprison on the Isle of Crete.

• In thirteenth century, Friar RogerBacon, an English monk, arguedthat it was possible for the airsupport a machine, hisconvinctions based on theprinciples of buoyancy discoveredby Archimedes. https://medium.com/@cobanialisinan/daedalus-and-icarus-a-

greek-myth-684b50864114

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• During the sixteen century,

Leonardo da Vinci explored theconcept of flapping wings.

• In the eighteen century France,the Montgolfier brother usedthe principle of rising smoke todesign and construct the firsthot air baloon.

http://sped2work.tripod.com/davinci.html

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• The Germans constructed

balloons that transported mailand even passengers.

• Toward the end of the 1800s,Otto Lilienthal of Germanybegan to construct gliders.

https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/lilienthal-glider/nasm_A19060001000

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• Main design properties of air

vehicles in the nineteenth centuryprogress toward:

1. Controlled,

2. Heavier than air,

3. Powered

SIR GEORGE CAYLEY IN ENGLAND,

• Fixed wing craft,

• Aerodynamic theory.

http://aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)

• Wright brothers in 1903 realizedfirst succesful controlled, heavierthan air flight at Kitty Hawk,North Carolina.

https://time.com/3629042/wright-brothers/


• Louis Bleriot’s flight across theEnglish Channel in 1909 sparkeda flurry of excitementthroughout the two continents.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• Before First World War,

Scientist and scientifical organizations tried to find new airplaneTechnologies.

Philanthropists financed big organizations on airplane.

Expositions are organized for the best airplane.

Pilots and Designers competed for money and legitimatization of their airplane designs.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• What could be the effects of World

War 1 on Aircraft Technologies? 1. The governments invented the

importance and value of aviation.

2. Airplane development andproduction are increasedtremendously.

3. Airplane performance alsoimproved. https://www.iwm.org.uk/learning/resources/what-impact-did-

the-first-world-war-have-on-aircraft-and-aerial-warfare

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• After First World War, the European governments decided to strongly

support the development of air services for public. The causes:

1. War-ravaged condition of ground transportation systems,

2. Competitive nature of European nations,

3. War surplus airlines,

4. Ex-military pilots seek civil aviation related employment

5. Government financial support,

6. Dedicated persons who had faith in the future of commercialpassenger transportation.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• After First World War, in United States:

1. The ground transportation system had not been affected by thewar,

2. There was no military surplus airplanes,

3. Intercountry rivalry was not issue,

4. The technology of airplanes were low in the view of speed andluxury.

5. Government support was minimal,

6. Public support and confidence were low.

-GLOSSARY-

• Civil Aviation: Flights and aircrafts used for personal and businesspurposes, such as transporting goods or passengers, rather than formilitary purposes.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• United States Post Office

Department considered theairplane a solution to problem oflong distance mailtransportation.

• With army equipment andpersonnel, the Post OfficeDepartment in May 1918augurated airmail service on theNew York- Philadelphia-Washington and then New York-San Francisco.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service


https://abpic.co.uk/pictures/model/De%20Havilland%20DH.4M

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)CIVIL AVIATION IN USA

1925, the Air Mail Act, Kelly Act • New rights for U.S Post Service to contract with private companies. (New airlines to be established)

Henry Ford, Mid-1920 • Ford Trimotor (the Tin Goose), a reliable three-engine airplane.• Ford produced new ways in order to overcome public fear of flying.• So, the Aviation sector and industries began to grow up under Ford’s

presence and financial commitment.

THE AIR COMMERCE ACT of 1926

• With air commerce act, government-backed development of civilairways, navigational aids and safety regulations were ordered. Civil AirRegulations were predecessors of Federal Aviation Regulations.

• Ex-military pilots became licenced and airplanes met certainmaintenance standarts.


CIVIL AVIATION IN USA

1926-1931 • A five year plan was established for U.S Aviationsystems.

• Army and Navy air services were decided toreequipe with modern airplanes.

1926 • Guggenheim Fund, a wide campaign was started inorder to develop Aviation education system in U.S.

1927 • Charles Linderbergh’s 1927 transatlantic flightgreatly accelerated public acceptance of air travel.

Air Mail Act of 1934 (the Black – McKeller Act) • Airmail contracts were ordered.• The Department of Commerce was made

responsible for regulation of safety and themaintenance, operation and development ofairway system.

1935 after accident of TWA • A new air traffic control system was tried toreorganized.


https://www.trade-a-plane.com/search?make=STOUT%2FFORD&model_group=NO+MODEL+GROUP&model=TRI-MOTOR&listing_id=2358031&s-type=aircraft

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)CIVIL AVIATION

The Paris Convention, 1919

• Establish principles of international law to regulate aerial navigation andeach nation’s sovereignty over its airspace.

1919, IATA • Make international air transportation convenient and more acceptable topassengers by standardizing the international system.

1933, WarsawConvention

• Establish rules for air carrier accident liability in international airtransportation with more country including United States.

-GLOSSARY-

• REGULATION: The rules or systems that are used bya person or organization to control an activity or process, orthe action of controlling the activity or process.

• STANDARDIZATION: The process of making things of the same type allhave the same basic features.

TAKE A REST FOR 5 MINUTES

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)BOEING IN US

(FOCUS POINT AIRPLANES TECHNOLOGY)

• The seeking of new airplanesespeciall after Air commerce act.

• FASTER,

• LARGER,

• LONGER-RANGE.

LUFTHANSA IN GERMANY

(FOCUS POINT AIRLINES)

• There were a lot of airlines inEuropean countries particularyin England, France, Holland,Belgium and Germany.

1. Lufthansa was a government-owned and national airlines.

2. Lufhansa signed an agreementwith Farman, a French Airline.


https://internationalaviationhq.com/2019/09/11/boeing-247-first-of-firsts/

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• The main production of 1930s is landplanes,

• Pan American Airways in the United States and Imperial Airways in Great Britain(predecessor of BOAC, now British Airways) in large«flying boats» capable of operating at higher speeds and altitudes forcommercial transoceanic service.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)Land Planes(DC 3 Douglas, 21 passsengers, 207 miles per hour, 1500 miles a range.

Flying Boats (S-42 Sikorsky , 32 passengers, 160 miles per hour, 2500 miles a range )

http://fsaircraft.net/sikorsky/s_42https://travelupdate.com/douglas-dc-3-video/

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)Flying Boats (China Clipper, Glen Martin, 48 passengers, 160 miles per hour, 3000 miles)

Flying Boats (Boeing 314, 74 passengers)

https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/aircraft/historic/martin-m-130-china-clipper

https://roncole.net/products/314-clipper-aluminum-skin-relic-display

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)The focus point of airplanes technology in United States. TheManufacturer Companies:

1. Boeing,

2. Douglas Aircraft Corporation,

3. Sikorsky

4. Glen Martin Company.

5. AVCO

6. North America Aviation Company.

7.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• The focus point of airplanes technology in United States. The legal

relationships between airplane manufacturer companies and airlinesafter Air Mail Act of 1934,

1. A part of BOEING Airplane company became United Airlines,

2. North America Aviation Company split up two of it’s divisonsTWA(Transworld Airlines) and Eastern Airlines,

3. A division of AVCO became American Airlines.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (TO PRIOR -1938)• PILOT TRAINING:

1. US Congress began to a campaign in order to establishCivilian Pilot Training Program in nation’s college.

2. J-3 Piper Cub are invented fortraining pilots by William Piper.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_J-3_Cub


• AVIATION INFRASTRUCTURE:

• One of the first airports openedat Croydon, England, in 1920. the first air traffic controller wasa man using flags at the endrunways.

http://www.airportofcroydon.com/After%20Closure.html

• The first radio equipped controltower was established at Cleveland Airport in the United States in 1930.

https://www.airporthistory.org/cle-95-years.html

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (1938 - 1958)• CIVIL AERONAUTICS ACT of 1938 in United States:

1. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY: Economic and safety.

2. Air SAFETY BOARDS: Investigating aircraft accidents.

3. The ADMINISTRATOR of AVIATION: Safety policies.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (1938 - 1958)• The European Airlines,

Britain (Imperial Airlines),

France (Air France),

Belgium (SABENA),

Holland (KLM).

• The main trade routes betweenWest and East (Silk Road):

1. ATHENS,

2. BAGHDAD,

3. KARACHI,

4. CALCUTTA,

5. RANGOON,

6. BANGKOK.

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (1938 - 1958)

• THE IMPORTANCE OF PANAMACANAL:

The Latin America with aid ofGerman national and Germancapital

COLOMBIA (SCADTA)

BOLIVIA (LAB)

• For this reason, United Statesalarmed about South Americaand Pan American.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (1938 - 1958)• AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR:

1. New routes were found, newstrategic airfields are settled inAfrica and South Africa.

2. Pan American in United States,Imperial Airways in Britain andDeutsche Luft Hansa inGermany were the biggestairlines after Second WorldWar. https://www.ahleducation.org.uk/second-world-war/


Jet engine and jet propulsionconcept were developed by FrankWhittle from England in 1930 andHans von Ohain from Germany in1939 independently.

https://www.robertnovell.com/the-jet-engine-german-technology-or-british-june-2-2017/


After work of Guglielmo Marconiin 1922 and work of HeinrichHertz in 1886, the concept ofradar were included in Aviationworld by United Kingdom and theUnited States.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/radar/History-of-radar

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION AND CIVIL AVIATION HISTORY (1938 - 1958)• Five major changes occured in the air transportation industry:

1. The developments of helicopters, better general aviation airplanes,and larger, longer-range and faster commercial airplanes.

2. The resolution of contradictory political attitudes toward thedevelopment of international air transportation services.

3. The expansion of U.S airlines.

4. The large-scale development of airports.

5. The expansion of existing national airlines and the emergence ofnational airlines from newly independent nations.


REGULATIONS, RULES AND LAWS (1938- 1958)

CHICAGO CONVENTION, 1944 54 countries.Conflict interest

INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES TRANSIT AGREEMENT Saving National rights, national borders

PICAO Technical, operational and legal framework foroperating international airport services.

IATA,1945 In order to standardize air travel to foreign countries.


TURBOPROP ENGINE TURBOJET ENGINE

https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2020/february/24/turboprop-engine-repairs-for-less

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-basic-difference-between-turbojet

THANK YOU VERY MUCH…

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INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AVIATION - alms-cdn.gelisim.edu.tr