Introduccion a La Teoria de Las Obligaciones

5/25/2018 Introduccion a La Teoria de Las Obligaciones

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INDICE GENERAL

PRIMERA PARTE;

Pgina.

I.- INTRODUCCIN ................................... 2II.- OBLIGACIONES CIVILES Y NATURALES ................................... 12III.- NATURALEZA Y EFECTOS DE LAS OBLIGACIONES........................ 1IV.- OBLIGACIONES CONDICIONALES ............................................... !"V.- OBLIGACIONES A PLAZO ............................................... "#VI.- OBLIGACIONES ALTERNATIVAS ................................................ "$VII.- OBLIGACIONES FACULTATIVAS ................................................ %&VIII.- OBLIGACIONES GEN'RICAS ................................................ &1I(.- OBLIGACIONES SOLIDARIAS ................................................ &2(.- OBLIGACIONES DIVISIBLES ......................................... )(I.- OBLIGACIONES INDIVISIBLES . )$(II.- OBLIGACIONES CON CLAUSULA PENAL .................................. $&

SEGUNDA PARTE*

DISPOSICIONES GENERALES ................................................ 11&DEL PAGO ................................................ 11)PAGO POR SUBROGACIN ................................................ 1!"I+PUTACIN DE PAGO ................................................ 1)PAGO POR CONSIGNACIN ................................................ 1"1PAGO INDEBIDO ................................................ 1%1PAGO POR CESIN DE BIENES ................................................ 1&%PAGO POR BENEFICIO DE CO+PETENCIA ................... 1))NOVACIN ............. .................................. 1$#

RENUNCIA O RE+ISIN DE DEUDA ......................................... 212CO+PENSACIN ................................................. 22$CONFUSIN ................................................. 2%I+POSIBILIDAD DE PAGO ................................................. 2"
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23INTRODUCCIONhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESCIVILESYDELASNATURALEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23DELANATURALEZAYEFECTODELASOBLIGACIONEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESCONDICIONALEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESAPLAZOhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESALTERNATIVAShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESFACULTATIVAShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESDEG%C3%89NEROhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESSOLIDARIAShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESDIVISIBLESEINDIVISIBLEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESINDIVISIBLEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESCONCLAUSULAPENALhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESCIVILESYDELASNATURALEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23DELANATURALEZAYEFECTODELASOBLIGACIONEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESCONDICIONALEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESAPLAZOhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESALTERNATIVAShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESFACULTATIVAShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESDEG%C3%89NEROhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESSOLIDARIAShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESDIVISIBLESEINDIVISIBLEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESINDIVISIBLEShttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23OBLIGACIONESCONCLAUSULAPENALhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/HYPERLINK%23INTRODUCCION


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I.- INTRODUCCIN A LA TEORA DE LAS OBLIGACIONES

La, /iga0in, ,n /a a, n 3 , ,3,4n4an /a, 5/a0in, 6 3na ,0i6a67 8,

0n054a8n4 / 459i0 :35;6i0 3 , 6a n //a< /, 0n45a4, n ,n 8, 3 /iga0in, n

0n054< a,; =3,< /a, /iga0in, ,n /a ,3,4n4a0i>n 4>5i0a 6 /, 0n45a4,.

E/ D50? 6 /iga0i>n , 5/a4i@< =53 ,>/ , ?a0 @a/5 95n4 a /a =5,na /iga6a7 8in45a,

3 / D50? Ra/ , 3n D50? a,/34< @a/ erga omnes, ,a< 3 =5630 904, 95n4 a

46a, /a, =5,na, 3 0n,4i43n /a ,0i6a6.

Sgn /a 6i,4in0i>n 3 ?a0n /, 58an,< / 650? 6 /iga0i>n @n65;a a ,5 3n jus ad rem;

,a< 3n 650? a /a 0,a< =5 =5 in4586i 6/ /iga6< / D50? Ra/ 3n :us in rem, ,an :35;6i0a< in 5n3n0ia5/a7 ,n /, 3 6=n6n 6 /a @/3n4a6 6 /a, =5,na,.

Pa5a 3 , 6 /a 5/a0i>n /iga0ina/ i,4 / =5in0i=i 4>5i0 6 /a equiparacin, 3 6a4a

?i,4>5i0a8n4 6,6 /a =0a 6/ /i5a/i,8 35g3,< / 03a/ =5=3gnaa /a ig3a/6a6 6 46, /,

?85,< =5 4an4< 0n ig3a/, 650?,. E/ =5in0i=i 6 /a equiparacin 0n,i,4 n* La a,i8i/a0i>n

6 0a4g5;a,< 0a/i6a6, 93n0in,< 3 , ,4a/0n n45 0,a, 6i@5,a, =a5a n0n45a5/a,

ig3a/, 83 =a50i6a,. E,4a 3i=a5a0i>n /a ?a0 / ,4a6 =a5a 50n05 3 46a, /a, =5,na,

,8, ig3a/, an4 / ,4a6 650? 6 0i36a6an;a< 6 a?; 3 4n8, /a 50n0i6a 0a=a0i6a6

=a5a /iga5n, =a5a 4n5 650?,.

Ha 3 @i4a5 0n93n6i5 /, 65, /iga0ina/, 6 /, "deberes jurdicos", =a5a , ?a58,

n4a5 /a, 6i95n0ia,* a L, 65, :35;6i0, 08=5n6n / D50? 9a8i/ia5 / D50? =/i0n 3

i,4 n45 6, =5,na, a /a @/3n4a6 /i5< La, /iga0in, ,n =a45i8nia/,< 8in45a, 3

/, 65, :35;6i0, ,n 45a=a45i8nia/,. 0 La /iga0i>n< 3na @J 038=/i6a< 6,a=a507

8in45a, 3 /, 65, :35;6i0, n.

2


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I. EVOLUCION HISTRICA

S 5=i4 in,i,4n48n4 3 /a, /iga0in, 5=5,n4an /a =a54 in834a/ 6/ D50?7 4a/

=a50 3 ,3, 5g/a, =5in0i=a/, ,n @56a6, 3ni@5,a/, 45na,< 08 /a, 6 /a G845;a /a

A5i484i0a. E,4 8=5 , 3na i/3,i>n. E, in636a/ 3 ,4a 8a45ia ,4 8n, ,84i6a 3 /a,

68, a /, 0a8i, 6 /a, 5@/30in, =/;4i0a,7 =5 n ,0a=a a //, =5 08=/4< a3n3 ,3,

45an,958a0in, ,an 8, /n4a,.

L, ,05i45, 95an0,, 865n, , ?an ngaKa6 =5 /a, 0i503n,4an0ia, 3 635an4 /, ,ig/,

(VI< (VII (VIII 93 50n,453i6a /a 45;a 6 /a, /iga0in, 0n /a a36a 6 /, 8a45ia/,

58an,< =5 D383/in< 6Agn45< D8a4 P4?i5. G5a0ia, a ,4 45aa: 6 5,4a35a0i>n , /,

=5,n4a / D50? 0n 3n 0a5045 6 0n4in3i6a6< 3 ?i,4>5i0a8n4 , 9a/,7 635an4 46a /a

E6a6 +6ia /a F5an0ia 0n,3436ina5ia =5a04i0>< n 8a45ia 6 0n45a4 /iga0in,< 3n ,i,48a

5igina/< 6 93n4 g58ni0a< 3 0a,i ?a;a 55a6 / an4ig3 650? 58an. An n n3,45,

6;a,< 6,=3, 6 /a 5,4a35a0i>n 6 /a, 45a6i0in, 58ana,< /a, /iga0in, 0n45a4, n /

,i,48a 6/ C>6ig 6 Na=/>n< 0a,i n , =a50n a La, In,4i434a, 6 Ga 6 M3,4inian< a

6,6 1)# , @i ,35gi5 3n n3@ 8@i8in4 3 93 a04i@a6 =5 /a =3/i0a0i>n 6/ C>6ig a/8n.

+30?a, 45;a, n3@a, ,35gn ,5 /a culpa, responsabilidad, la estipulacin por tercero, /a causa,

40. Va, ,5 46 /a 5a 6 Sa/i//,. N 46a, /g5an in45630i5, n /a 6045ina< =5 / ,/

?0? 6 ,3 =56300i>n 683,45an 3 ,4a =a54 6/ D50?< /:, 6 =,5 3na in8@i/i6a6

a,/34a ,4< =5 / 0n45a5i< 64a6a 6 3na @i6a in4n,a 3 a45a@i,a =5 3na ,=0i 6 05i,i,.

P5 45a =a54< /a 45;a 6 /a, /iga0in, ,395 4a8in /a in9/3n0ia 6 /a, 6i95n4, 5aJa, 6/

86i< 59/:a 08 / 5,4 6/ D50?< a3n3 n 8n, 86i6a< /a 6i@5,i6a6 6 i6a, 3

5ina n /a, na0in,< +a50/ P/ani/< D50? Ci@i/< T8 %< =g. 12#.

II.- DEFINICIN Y CONCEPTO

a Sentido amplio.- E/ 8, a8=/i ,n4i6 6 /a /iga0i>n< ,gn Caan//a,< , /a n0,i6a6 n

3 , n03n45an /a, =5,na, 6 ?a05 n ?a05 3na 0,a< 4an4 n / 65 n0,i6a6 85a/

6 :034a5 n 3na 0,a< 6 a,4n5, 6 //a. En4n0, / 65 :35;6i0 n ,n4i6 /a4

08=5n6 /a n0,i6a6 85a/ 6 ?a05 3 8i4i5 / 3 / 56n 6 5/a0in, na435a/, 6 /a

,0i6a6 ig 3 , 5a/i0 , @i4.

Concepto Romano.- O/iga4i est jure vinculum quo necesitats astringimur alicujus solvendae re

secundun nostra civitatis jura", , 60i5< 3 / a0565 =65;a igi5 / 038=/i8in4 6 /a O/iga0i>n

an @a/in6, 6 /, 86i, 0a04i@, 3 / ,4a6 / =5=50inaa. E,4 0n0=4 an =5635an :35;6i0a n45 //,. N,45, n 60i8, @;n03/ :35;6i0< =53 ,4 0n0=4

?a ,i6 ,3=5a6 n /a, /gi,/a0in, 865na,7 n,45, 60i8, 5/a0i>n :35;6i0a =53 , 3n

0n0=4 8, a8=/i< =53 ,i 60i8, @;n03/ :35;6i0< ,>/ 08=n,a /a =a54 =a,i@a 6/ 6365n :35;6i0a 0n48=/a8, 4an4 /a =a54 a04i@a 6/ a0565 08 /a

=a54 =a,i@a 6/ 6365< , 60i5< , 3n 0n0=4 8, a8=/i< a68, 6 ,5/ , 8, 8a45ia/.

0 Concepto de nuestros legisladores.- E/ C>6ig 0i@i/ ni0a5agn, 69in O/iga0i>n a 45a@, 6/

a54. 1)!# C>6. Ci@.< 6 /a ,ig3in4 8an5a* "Obligacin es la relacin jurdica que resulta de la le o

de dos o m!s voluntades concertadas, por virtud de la cual una persona puede ser compelida por

otra a dar alguna cosa, a prestar un servicio o a no acer algo".

E,4a 69ini0i>n 3 6a n3,45 0>6ig , 69043,a< n / ,n4i6 6 3 n385a 08 93n4n< n n385an6 /a, 45a, 93n4,< =3,4a,< ,i< n / a54. 1)!1

C>6. [email protected] N 6an 5aJ>n 6 3 a/ n 0i4a5/a,< in0/3n6 /a 0n@n0i>n< 6a5;an =5 n4n6i6 3 /a

93n4 =5in0i=a/ =5i856ia/< 6 /a O/iga0i>n< , /a /7 , 60i5< 3 ,in /a / /a, 0n@n0in, n45

/a, =a54,< :3n4 0n /a, 45a, 93n4,< n 4n65;an 904, :35;6i0,. En4n0, ?3i5an 8n0ina6

08 93n4 6 /a, /iga0in,< ,/a8n4< /a /< n 0i4an6 3na 93n4 a00,5ia a /a / 8i,8a6ig 60/a5a na0i6a, 6 /a / 08 /a, 3 , 65i@an 6/

03a,i0n45a4 6 /, 6/i4, 03a,i6/i4,7 =5 n,45, n, a=5,35a8, a 5,=n65 3 n ,

56n 6 i6a, a,4aa n385a5 /a / 08 93n4 6 /a, /iga0in, ,in in0/3i5 /a, @/3n4a6,

0n054a6a,< =53 n , =36 nga5 /a @i5436 6 /a / n /a 9i0a0ia /iga45ia 6 /, 0n45a4,.

6 Concepto #oderno.-

La 69ini0i>n 3 , a0=4a a043a/8n4< 6 /iga0i>n< , /a ,ig3in4* O/iga0i>n n 3na 5/a0i>n

:35;6i0a n @i5436 6 /a 03a/ 3na =5,na //a8a6a a0565 =36 igi5 a 45a //a8a6a 6365 3

,a4i,9aga 3na =5,4a0i>n 3 =36 0n,i,4i5 n 6a5< ?a05 n ?a05 a/g< ga5an4iJa6a 0n 3n a04i@

=a45i8nia/.

Pa5a 3na 8:5 08=5n,i>n 6 ,4a 69ini0i>n 865na @a8, a ana/iJa5 /a, =a54, =5in0i=a/, 6 /a

,ig3in4 8an5a* S 6i0 3 , 3na 5/a0i>n :35;6i0a =53 , n0,i4 3n a0356 6 @/3n4a6,n , 59i5 a /, ,3:4, 3 n45an n /a 5/a0i>n :35;6i0a< /, 03a/,

6n8;nan, 08n8n4 a0565 6365< ,4 3/4i8 , / 3 , /iga n / :4 6 /a

/iga0i>n. E, =5 , 3 n , 6i0 n45 6, 8, =5,na, 3 , /igan 50;=50a8n4 a

038=/i5 / a056a67 =53 n 3n 0n45a4 6 8343 / a0565< 4a8in< 4in /a /iga0i>n 6

n45ga5 / 6in5 ,/i0i4a6< a/ 08=5845,< 0a6a 3n 4in / 650? 6 igi5 /a O/iga0i>n.

P4?i5 n, 6i0 a050a 6 /a, =5,na, 3* E, 6 /a ,n0ia 6 /a, /iga0in, / 3 i,4an 6,

=5,na,< 6 /a, 3 3na ,a / a0565 /a 45a / 6365< ,in 8a5g< /a /iga0i>n n ,

6,453 =5 /a 8354 6/ 3n 6/ 457 =3, , 5=34a 3 6i0?a =5,na @i@ n /a 6 ,3,

?565, 3 / ,306n n 46, ,3, 650?, /iga0in,.

A3n n 6:an6 ?565 a/g3n< / a0565< n =5 , , / 6:a5;a 6 0n,i655,/ @i@ n /a

,30,i>n @a0an47 =3, 3 6i0?a ,30,i>n @a0an4 5=5,n4a a/ 6i93n4< 03=a / /3ga5 6 ,3

=5,na / ,306 n 46, ,3, 650?, /iga0in,7 $ereditas personae de%uncti vicem

sustinet; ,4a P5,na 9i04i0ia< a ,a / a0565< a ,a 6/ 6365< a,4a =a5a ?a05 ,3,i,4i5 /a

/iga0i>n 6,=3, 6 /a 8354< a ,a 6 3n 6 45.

N 4an ,>/ =36 3na /iga0i>n 0n4in3a5 ,3,i,4in6 n /a =5,na 9i04i0ia 6 3na ,30,i>n

@a0an4< =a5a 0n 3na 4a/ =5,na 9i04i0ia7 =3, ?a 0i54a, /iga0in, 3 =36n 0n45a4a5, =5

3na 4a/ =5,na 9i04i0ia =a5a 0n 45a 6 /a 8i,8a 0/a,.

P5 :8=/< 03an6 3n 035a65 05a6 =a5a 3na ,30,i>n @a0an4 a68ini,45a /, in, 6 ,4a

,30,i>n< 0n45a4a5, =5 3na 4a/ =5,na 9i04i0ia =a5a 0n 45a 0n45a4a =a5a /a =5,na 9i04i0ia 6

,a ,30,i>n @a0an4 /a /iga0i>n 6 6a5/ 03n4a 6 ,3 g,4i>n< @i0@5,a7 ,4a =5,na 9i04i0ia 6

/a ,30,i>n @a0an4 0n45a4a =a5a 0n , =5035a65 /a /iga0i>n 6 6a5/ / 3 ,a 6 5aJ>n =5

/ 3 / ?a 0,4a6 /a g,4i>n 6 ,3, in45,,.

E@i6n4 , 3 /, /0,< /, in,n,a4,< /, niK,< n ,n 0a=a0, 6 0n45a4a5 /iga0in, 3

naJ0an 6 6/i4, 6 03a,i6/i4,< ni 0n45a4a5 =5 ,; 8i,8, a3//a, 3 na0n 6 /, 0n45a4,n :35;6i0a @a a gn5a5 6, /iga0in,< 3na 6/

08=5a65< 3 0n,i,4 n n45ga5 / =50i n / 88n4 6 038=/i5, / 0n45a4< /a 45a 3

0n,i,4 n n45ga5 / :4< 3 , / 0aa//. Cn / a0356 6 @/3n4a6, 50;=50a8n4 ,

08=584n a 038=/i5 0a6a 3n 0n ,3 /iga0i>n a68, a63i5n / 650? 6 igi5 /a

=5,4a0i>n 055,=n6in4.

III FUENTES DE LAS OBLIGACIONES

S 0i4an 0in0 93n4, 6 /a, O/iga0in, n / a54. 1)!1 C>6. [email protected] ,in6 /a =5in0i=a/ /a /< /3g

/, ?0?, /;0i4,* /, 0n45a4, /, 03a,i0n45a4, =5 /4i8 /, ?0?, i/;0i4,* 6/i4

03a,i6/i4,. An4ig3a8n4 /a / n , 48aa 08 93n4 =5in0i=a/ 6 /a, /iga0in,< ?a,4a 3

, 6i04> / 0>6ig na=/>ni0 6 1)#< n 3 , 48> 08 93n4 =5in0i=a/ /a /< 6/ 03a/ 93

48a6 =5 n3,45 0>6ig.

a &a &e.- La n4a 6/ 0>6ig =in,a 3 /a / , /a 93n4 08n 6 46a, /a, /iga0in, 3

=5 / 8i,8 n ,3 ,n4i6 a8=/i na0n 46a, /a, /iga0in,. Sin 8a5g< 6 n4a5, 3 /

a54. 1)!1< a/g3n, 45, 3 / ,ig3n< 03i6an in 6 6i,4ing3i5 /a, " 93n4, 6 /a, O/iga0in,<

6 6a5 a 0a6a 3n ,3 5,=04i@ 0a5045. E/ a54. 1)!" C>6. Ci@.< a/ ?a/a5 6 /a, /iga0in,

65i@a6a, 6 /a /< , 59i5 =5,a8n4 a /a, 3 5,3/4an 6 /, 6ig, /, ,=0ia/, n

03 0n0=4 6 n4n65, 4an4 /a =5,i>n ,/8n 6/ /gi,/a65< 08 /a 6i,=,i0i>n

5g/a8n4a5ia /, a04, 6 i8=3/,i>n a68ini,45a4i@a< =5 ,in igi5 /a 0n0355n0ia 6 ningn ?0?

/iga45i /;0i4 i/;0i4< =5 / 03a/ , @ 0/a5 3 / ni8 6/ /gi,/a65 0n /a 6n8ina0i>n de

obligaciones derivadas de la le, , 3i5 ,>/ 6,igna5 a3//a, 3 n =506n 6 ning3na 6 /a,

45a, 03a45 93n4, n385a6a,. En ,38a< 3 /a n0i>n 6 4a/, O/iga0in, n =36 =n5,

,in 86ian4 3n 05i45i nga4i@< ,4 ,< a68i4in6 3 , 6n 50n05 08 /iga0in,

3 na0n 6 /a /< 46a, a3//a, 3 n , 65i@an ni 6 0n45a4, 03a,i0n45a4,< ni 6 6/i4, %


7/106

03a,i6/i4,.

'l Contrato.- Un 0n45a4 , 3na ,=0i 6 0n@n0i>n 3n =a04< , / 0n,n4i8in4 6

6, 8, =5,na, =a5a 958a5 n45 //a, a/gn 08=58i,< =a5a 5,/@5 86i9i0a5 a/g3n

i,4n4.

La ,=0i 6 0n@n0i>n 3 4in =5 :4 958a5 a/gn 08=58i, , / 3 , //a8a 0n45a4.

E,4a , 3na 6 /a, =5in0i=a/, 93n4, 6 /a O/iga0i>n< =3, , /a 0n054iJa0i>n< /a 958a/iJa0i>n

/ a,g35a8in4 6 3 ,4a , 038=/i5< =5 4an4< /, 0n45a4, , /a 5a/iJa0i>n :35;6i0a 6 /a,

/iga0in,.

P5845 /iga5 , 4n5 /a in4n0i>n 6 8=Ka5n,< 6 0n065 a 3in , /a, ?a08, /

650? 6 igi5 ,3 038=/i8in4< 6an 8a45ia =a5a 3n 0n45a4 3na 0n@n0i>n.

E,a, =58,a, =5630n< ,;< 3na /iga0i>n i8=5904a 6 038=/i5/a< 0n 4a/ 3 n ?aa ,5@ni6

a/g3na 0a3,a< =5 /a 03a/< ,i ?3i5a ,i6 =5@i,4a< ?3i5a i8=6i6 / 038=/i8in4 6 /a =58,a*

8a, 6 =5 ,; n 958an 3na /iga0i>n< ni =5 0n,ig3in4 3n 0n45a4< =3, ,4a, ,n 3na

0n@n0i>n ,in /a, 958a/i6a6, 3 /a / ig.

L, Cuasicontratos.-

E, 3n a04 /;0i4< n 0n@n0ina/< 3 =36 gn5a5 /iga0in, a 9a@5 6 3na =a54 a 9a@5 6

a8a, =a54,< 3n :8=/ 6 03a,i0n45a4 ,5;a / ,ig3in4* a ( =5,na /a =5,ig3 /a =/i0;a< ,a/

=50i=i4a6a8n4 6/ =a;, 6:a ,3, in, ,in a68ini,45a0i>n n ?a 08i,ina6 a na6i =a5a 3

/ ?aga7 Y =5,na =5 ini0ia4i@a =5=ia , ?a0 0a5g 6 /a a68ini,45a0i>n 6 /, in,< a3; ,

gn5a 3na O/iga0i>n ,in / 0n,n4i8in4 6 /a 45a =a54< /3g 03an6 ,4a 5g5, =36 =4a5

6, =,i0in,* =5i85 5a4i9i0a5 46, /, ?0?,< Y 4n65 3 5n6i5/ 03n4a, =a5a 3 , / =ag3

46 / in@54i6< ,g3n6 n 5a4i9i0a5 /, ?0?,< ,4 , ,gn /a ,03/a an4ig3a< 3 ,i n

5a4i9i0aa / 63K 6 /a 0,a n 4in /a /iga0i>n 6 =aga57 /a n3@a 5in4a0i>n 0n 5,=04 a

,4 6i0* ,i /a a68ini,45a0i>n 6 ,4a =5,na n9i0i> a/ 3 ,4aa a3,n4< / 45a: 34i/i6a6 a/

63K< n4n0, 6 =ag5,/ a,a6 n /a ,/i6a5i6a6 ,0ia/. E,4 , :3,4 =53 ,a/@> a/ 63K

3 , =56i5a /a 0,0?a a,i8i,8 n9i0ia a/ ,4a6 =5=50inn6/ 8, 6i@i,a, =a5a ,3

0n8;a< n 0n0/3,i>n /a 5in4a0i>n 865na 6i0 3 ,i / 45a: n9i0i 4in 3 =aga5.

(elito.-

E, /a /iga0i>n 3 5,3/4a 6 /a 08i,i>n 6 3n 6/i4. ( =5,na =5630 /,in, a Y =5,nan 6 in68niJa5/ =aga5/ 6aK, =5:3i0i, =5 /, 6aK, 0a3,a6,. Pa5a

,436ia5 ,4a 93n4 68, 48a5 83 n 03n4a /a 6i95n0ia 3 i,4 n45 6/i4 =na/ 6/i4

0i@i/< a8, 4inn n 08n / 6/< =5 4inn @a5ia, 6i95n0ia,< =5 :8=/< / 6/i4 =na/ ig

6, 53i,i4,* 4i=i9i0i6a6 =3nii/i6a6< /a 4i=i9i0i6a6 , 3 ,4 ,4 0n48=/a6 =5,a8n4 n /a

/ /a =3nii/i6a6 3 4nga ,3 =na 055,=n6in4. En / 6/i4 0i@i/ n ?a n0,i6a6 3 i,4a

4i=i9i0i6a6< ,i a/g3in 0a,ina 6aK, n 3na =5=i6a6< a3n3 ,4 6/i4 n ,4 =5,a8n4

0n48=/a6 n /a /< , , 5,=n,a/ a 5=a5a5/,. O45a 6i95n0ia , 3 n / 6/i4 0i@i/ n ,

0a,4iga a ni@/ 6 4n4a4i@a 953,45a0i>n< 08 n / =na/< ,>/ a ni@/ 6 0n,38a0i>n. En / 6/i4

0i@i/ /, 6aK, =5:3i0i, 4inn 3 ,5 =5a6, /, 53i,i4, =a5a 3 ,4, i,4an ,n /,

,ig3in4,* 3 i,4a / 6aK< 3 ,an @a/5a/, n 6in5< 3 ?aa 0ni>n n45 /a

a00i>n 3 8i,i>n /, 6aK, 0a3,a6,.

'l cuasidelito.- E/ 03a,i6/i4 , / ?0? =5 / 03a/ 3na =5,na ,in 8a/igni6a6< ,in =5

i8=536n0ia 3 n , 03,a/< 0a3,a a/gn 6aK a 45.

L, 6/i4, 03a,i6/i4, 6i9i5n 6 /, 03a,i0n45a4, n 3 / ?0? 6 6n6 5,3/4a /

03a,i0n45a4 , 3n ?0? =58i4i6 =5 /a, /,7 n /3ga5 6 3 / ?0? 3 958a / 6/i4

03a,i6/i4 , 3n ?0? =na/.

R,3/4a 6 /a 69ini0i>n 3 ?8, 6a6 6 /, 6/i4, 03a,i6/i4,< 3 ,>/ /a, =5,na, 64a6a,

6 5aJ>n ,n 0a=a0, 6 0845/,7 =3, /, 3 n /a 4ngan< 08 /, niK, in,n,a4,< n ,n

0a=a0, ni 6 8a/igni6a6< ni 6 i8=536n0ia7 , =5 , 3 ,i 3n niK 3n /0 ?a0 a/g3na 0,a

3 0a3, 6aK a a/g3in< n 5,3/4a /iga0i>n ning3na 6 /a =5,na 6 ,4 niK 6 ,4 /07

=3, / 3 ?a ?0?< n , 3n 6/i4< ni 3n 03a,i6/i4< =5 / 8i,8 3 n ?a i8=536n0ia ni

8a/igni6a6< 6 3 n ,n ,3,0=4i/, 6i0?a 0/a, 6 =5,na,. P4?i5< T5a4a6 6 /a,

O/iga0in,< =g. &2

IV REUISITOS DE VALIDEZ DE LAS OBLIGACIONES

N3,45a /gi,/a0i>n ,4a43 08 53i,i4, ,n0ia/,* / 0n,n4i8in4 6 /, 3 , /igan< /

:4 0,a 0i54a =,i/ 3 ,i5@a 6 8a45ia a /a /iga0i>n.

a 'l consentimiento.- L, 06i9i0a65, 0a8ia5n /a =a/a5a 0a=a0i6a6 =5 /a 6 0n,n4i8in4n n /a 03a/ , 6a 3n 0n,n4i8in4 @a in0/3i6a /a

)


9/106

0a=a0i6a6. P5 n ,i8=5 , 6a / 0n,n4i8in4 =a5a 3 i,4a 3na /iga0i>n< =53 ?a

/iga0in, 3 na0n ,>/ 0n / ?0? 6 4n5 0a=a0i6a6 08 ,306 n /a, /iga0in, 3

na0n 6 /, ?0?, i/;0i4,.

L, 06i9i0a65, 0a8ia5n /a =a/a5a 0a=a0i6a6 =5 /a 6 0n,n4i8in4< 35in6 =5,38i5 3

na6i =36 0n,n4i5 ,in 4n5 0a=a0i6a6< =5 / 4an4< n ?a5;a n0,i6a6 6 in0/3i5 /a 0a=a0i6a6.

P5 ,306 3 n ,i8=5 , 6a / 0n,n4i8in4 =a5a 3 i,4a 3na /iga0i>n< =53 ?a0n

,>/ 0n / ?0? 6 4n5 0a=a0i6a6< 08 ,306 n /a, /iga0in, 3 na0n 6 /, ?0?,

i/;0i4,< n /a 03a/ ,>/ a,4a /a 0a=a0i6a6 =a5a /iga5,. P5 4an4< , ,4 en la necesidad de incluir

la capacidad en los requisitos esenciales de la obligacin.

P5 / an45i58n4 6i0? , =36 69ini5 / 0n,n4i8in4 08 /a a00i>n 904 6 0n,n4i5n 6 /a @/3n4a6 0n958 /a 954a /a

a0=4a0i>n< 3n 6 /, 53i,i4, ,n0ia/, igi6, =5 /, 0>6ig, =a5a /, 0n45a4,.

Objeto o cosa cierta.- Sgn P4?i5< :4 6 3na /iga0i>n =36 ,5 3na 0,a =5=ia8n4

6i0?a +res 3 / 6365 , /iga a 6a5< 3n ?0? +%actum 3 / 6365 , /iga a ?a05 n

?a05.

N ,>/ /a, 0,a, 8i,8a, =36n ,5 :4 6 3na /iga0i>n7 / ,i8=/ 3, 6 3na 0,a =36 ,5

:4 6 /a 8i,8a. P5 :8=/< 03an6 ( =5,na a/3i/a 3na 0a,a< , / 3, 6 ,4a 0,a 8i,8a /

3 , :4 6 /a /iga0i>n< , 60i5< 3 n , =5=ia8n4 6i0? / :4< ,in / 3, 6 /.

T6a, /a, 0,a, 3 ,4n 6n45 6/ 459i0 6 /, ?85,< ,a / /;0i4 0850i =36n ,5

:4 6 /iga0in,.

Cn4ina P4?i5 6i0in6 3 n ,>/ 3n a0356 9i: 6458ina6 08 3n 0aa//< ,in 3 a3n

a/g3na 0,a in6458ina6a 08 03an6 ( =5,na , 08=584 a 6a5 3n 0aa// ,in 60i5 3

0/a, 6 0aa// ,. E, =50i,< ,in 8a5g< 3 /a 0,a in6458ina6a< 3 ,a :4 6 3na

/iga0i>n< 4nga n ,3 in6458ina0i>n 3na 0i54a 0n,i65a0i>n 85a/. C3an6 , =584 3n

0aa//< 3na @a0a< 3n ,855< n gn5a/< 8a, ,i /a in6458ina0i>n 6 /a 0,a , 4a/ 3 ,

563J0a 0a,i a na6a n ?a5;a /iga0i>n< =5 9a/4a 6 0,a 3 ,a :4 8a45ia 6 /a /iga0i>n.

C3an6 /a 0,a in6458ina6a , 563J0a a 03a,i na6a n , =36 4n5 08 :4 6 /a

/iga0i>n< =5 :8=/* n, 08=5848, a n45ga5 45ig< 6in5 @in< ,i , =36 5630i5 a

$


10/106

03a,i na6a< n 4n65;a8, 3 n45ga5 3n g5an 6 45ig 3na g4a 6 @in< n 4n65;a @a/i6J /a

/iga0i>n.

C3an6 / :4 , 3n ?0? 6 ,5 =,i/7 =3, imposibilium nulla obligatio est, a68, 6 ,5

=,i/ 6 6 ,5 /;0i4< 3 n ,a 0n45a5i a /a, /, /a, 3na, 0,4385,< =5 4n65;a8,

3 6458ina5 03a/, ,n ,a, 0,a, 3 ,4n 0n45a /a, 3na, 0,4385,< ,i ,a8, 3 /a,

0,4385, 0a8ian 03an6 03=an 6i95n4 ,=a0i 4i8=. Ta8in / :4 6 4n5 3n

in45, a=50ia/ @a/3a/ n 6in5< 3 , 0n48=/a6 =5 / a54. 1)! C>6. Ci@.< / 03a/

=a,a58, a ana/iJa5 0n ,3, 6i95n4, 05i45i, n ,g3i6a*

C5i45i R8ani,4a* L, 58an, ,,4inn 3 /a /iga0i>n 6 ,5 @a/3a6a =a45i8nia/8n4n

6 ,5 45a630i/ a 6in5.

C5i45i a/8n* M?5ing< in0?i6 Enn,53, 6i0n 3 n ?a n0,i6a6 6 ,4i8a5 /a

=a45i8nia/i6a6 6 /a =5,4a0i>n< a,4a 3 ,a 3n in45, :35;6i0a8n4 =54gi6.

C5i45i I4a/ian +65n* R3gi5a +,in 6i0n 3 n /a /iga0i>n ?a 3 6i,4ing3i5 6,

0,a,. E/ in45, , /a =5,4a0i>n /a =5,4a0i>n 8i,8a. Si 4ng in45, n /a =5,4a0i>n , 3na

0,a< =5 /a 0,a 8i,8a , 45a< a,; , 3 n ?a 3 0n93n6i5 in45, 0n /a =5,4a0i>n.

Sgn / 0>6ig F5an0, 0n / 03a/ 0in0i6n /, 0>6ig, E,=aK/, a5gn4in,< ,n 03a45 /,

53i,i4, ,n0ia/, 6 /, 0n45a4,* 0a=a0i6a6< 0n,n4i8in4< :4 0a3,a. N3,45,

/gi,/a65, n 6i,4ing3n n45 /, 53i,i4, ,n0ia/, 6 /, 0n45a4, /, 53i,i4, ,n0ia/,

6 /a, /iga0in,7 =5 3 ,gn / a54. 1)!2< /, 53i,i4, =a5a /a @a/i6J 6 3na /iga0i>n ,nn.

En ,4 a54;03/ n3,45 0>6ig n 8n0ina /a 0a3,a 08 53i,i4 in6i,=n,a/< =5 / ?a0 n

/ a54. 1)&2< a3n3 /a 0a3,a n =5,a6a n /a /iga0i>n , =5,38 3 i,4 , /;0i4a. La

0a3,a , i/;0i4a 03an6 , 0n45a5ia a /a, /, a /a, 3na, 0,4385,< 6 8an5a =3,< 3

a3n3 n , 8n0in /a 0a3,a ,4a @a in@/305a6a n /a /iga0i>n. La 0a3,a n /a /iga0i>n @in

0n,4i43i5 3na 93n0i>n 0n>8i0a ,0ia/< 3 /a / =54g =5 0n,i65a5/a 6 in45, :35;6i0.

1#


11/106

LECTURAS

Cn45a4, 08 93n4, 6 /iga0in,. D0/a5a0in, gn5a/,. Ng0i :35;6i0 ,3

8ani9,4a0i>n.

La S. 50355i6a 0n4in< n45 45a,< /a, 60/a5a0in, ,ig3in4,< n i8=3gna6a, =5 /a @;a 6/ n8.

&. 6/ a54. 1%$2 6 /a L. E. C.* a E/ a045 a?5a 50355n4 43@ 0n0i8in4 08=/4 6/

4,4a8n4 3 i8=3gna< =5 / 8n,< 6,6 / 6;a 1$ 6 0435 6 1$"< ,4aa ig3a/8n4

n45a6 6 /a 5/a0i>n 3 86iaa n45 / N4a5i a345iJan4 6/ 8i,8 / 4,4ig 6n A. H.< a

=,a5 6 / 03a/< n ,>/ te a,43@ 6 ,Ka/a5 /a 9a/4a 3< a ,3 :3i0i< a904a a 6i0? 4,4a8n4< ,in

3< a68,< 0n 5i45a6, a04, / =5,4> ,3 0n958i6a6< n 038=/i8in4 6 /a 0/3,3/a 2a.

6/ 8i,8 =506i> a 6i@i6i5 0n ,3 0?565 /a, a/?a:a, 45, :4a, 6 @a/5 i,4n4, n /a

?5n0ia< ,gn 0n,4a n 6038n4 90?a6 a 2" 6 955 6 1$%< ?a0in6 ,3a ,in 5,5@a

a/g3na /a =a54 3 / 055,=n6;a< Ig3a/8n4< ,in 9583/a5 5,5@a =5,4an6 =5,

a0a4a8in4 a/ a04 6 /a /4i8a @/3n4a6 3 a?5a i8=3gna< =5,n4> / 50355n4 3n =504 6

6i@i,i>n 3na a6i0i>n a/ 8i,8 n 1$ 2& 6 n@i85 6 1$"< ?ain6/, n45ga6 a 3n 6

/, a/a0a, 6,igna6, n 6i0? 4,4a8n4.

Si in /a 0/5a0i>n 6/ ng0i :35;6i0 ig 3na 8ani9,4a0i>n< a,4a /a 5a/iJa0i>n 6 /a a04,

6 /, 3 6i0?a @/3n4a6 6 ng0i , in9i5a 5a0ina/8n4< 6045ina ,4a a68i4i6a n / D50?

,=aK/< 05n / 683,45a< =5 @;a 6 :8=/< / a54. $$ 6/ C. C-< 3 59i5in6, a /a

a0=4a0i>n 6 ?5n0ia a68i4< n ,>/ /a =5,a< ,in 4a8in /a 5@/a6a =5 a04, 3 ,3=nn /a

@/3n4a6 6 a0=4a5< 3 n ?a5;a 650?, a :034a5 ,in 0n /a 03a/i6a6 6 ?5657 < n

gn5a/< ,i 8ani9,4a6a 3na 6458ina6a @/3n4a6 a 86i 6 a04, n =36 /a 8i,8a ,5 i8=3gna-

6a =5 3in 5a/iJ> ,4,< a 3 n , /;0i4 @ni5 0n45a =5=5i38 ,in 6,453i5 /a ,g35i6a6 n /a,

5/a0in, 6 D50?< />gi0 , ?a0 n4n65 3 a,; 08 n /a in45=54a0i>n 6/ ng0i

:35;6i0< ,gn ,4a/0 / a54. 12)) 6/ C. C.< /a ,035i6a6 6 3na ,4i=3/a0i>n n 6 9a@505 a

/a =a54 3 /a 0a,in>< 6 an/ga 8an5a 4a8=0 =36 3na 6 /a, =a54, =5@a/05, 6 3na

5,5@a 8n4a/ 6,0n0i6a =5 /a 45a =a5a i8i5, 6 038=/i5 / =a04a6.

En 0n,03n0ia< 60/a5a6 =5 / T5. a 3< ,in a603a6a i8=3gna0i>n n / 5035,< 3 /

50355n4 0n0;a / 0n4ni6 6/ 4,4a8n4< a =,a5 6 ?a//a5, n45a6 6 /a 5/a0i>n 3

86iaa n45 / N4a5i a345iJan4 6/ 8i,8 / 4,4ig H. =5,4> 0n958i6a6 a 6i0?a 6i,=,i0i>nn 4,4a8n4a5ia 0n =/n 0n0i8in4 6 /a,

0i503n,4an0ia, 3 0n0355;an n /a 8i,8a< , in636a/ 3< 0n958 a / 56na6 n / a54. 12&$

6/ 8i,8 C.< =36n 50;=50a8n4 08=/5, a 958a/iJa5 /a, =5a0in, 6i@i,5ia, a:3,4n6,

a /a, n58a, 9i:a6a, n a3//a 6i,=,i0i>n ,in6 6 5056a5< a68,< 3< 08 60/a5> /a S. 6

,4a Sa/a 6 & 6 n@i85 6 1$!"< 0n,n4i6 =5 /, ?565, / 0n@ni =a54i0ina/< n

=36n 6,=3,< ,in 0n45a@ni5 ,3, =5=i, a04,< =6i5 a/g3n a/g3n, 6 //, / 50n0i8in4

6 3n ,4a6 6 650? 3 an3/ 6,@i54 / 3 6 08n a0356 05a5n< 0n,i65a0in,

46a, /a, =3,4a, 6 /a, 3 , ,ig3 3 n / 0a, a043a/ / 50355n4 0a50 6 a00i>n =a5a

i8=3gna5 /a @a/i6J 6/ 4,4a8n4< 08 0n a0i54 a9i58a / T5. 6 in,4an0ia< =5 / 3 , 6

6,,4i8a5 / 5035,. S. 1"-!-$"17 R=. M35i,=. A5anJa6i

T8a6 6 D045ina Ci@i/ 6/ T5i3na/ S3=58 E,=aK/n7 =5 nulidad.

P5 6gn5a0i>n 4n8, /, 0a,, 0n054, 6 /a =5,05i=0i>n. La /iga0i>n , 0n@i54 n

na435a/< n /a =5,05i=0i>n< ?a,4a 3 , a/ga ,4< n ,>/ , n0,i4a / 45an,035, 6/ 4i8=n.

P5 n3/i6a6 4n8, /a, 636a, 3 =5@inn 6 :3g, =5?ii6, /a, 03a/, ,n n3/a,< ,in

8a5g /a a0=4a / a54. !%1) C>6. Ci@. 3 6i0 443a/8n4* 'l que a pagado voluntariamente

deudas de juego o de apuestas no puede repetir lo que a pagado, aunque los juegos sean de la

clase proibida. E,4 / ?a0 /a / =5 5,=4 a /a /i54a6 in6i@i63a/ 6 /a, =5,na,7 n4n0, =a5a

3 / a0565 4nga 650? a/ deber negativo de irrepetibilidad, / =ag ?0? =5 / 6365 6

,5 /i5 @/3n4a5i.

La, /iga0in, na435a/, , 6i,4ing3n 6 /a, 0i@i/, n 3 / a0565 na435a/ n 4in ningn

86i 6 0a00i>n 0n45a / 63657 ,>/ =36 ,=5a5 ,3 =ag 6 /a /i5 @/3n4a6 6 ,47

a,/34a8n4 , / nigan 46a, /a, @;a, 6 :030i>n 6i504a, in6i504a,. P5 4an4< /a /iga0i>n

na435a/ =36 69ini5, 08 3na /iga0i>n 50n0i6a =5 /a /< =5 ni0a8n4 n / 0a,

12


13/106


14/106

/iga0i>n 0i@i/ / 65 85a/. P5 /a /iga0i>n na435a/ , 6i95n0ia 6 /a /iga0i>n 0i@i/< =53

/a =5i85a , in050i/ /a ,g3n6a , 050i/< ,in 8a5g 4inn ,3 =3n4 6 3ni>n ana/g;an :35;6i0a ,a 3 4inn @;n03/< 08 60;an /, 58an,.

A?5a in< ,i ,4a, 6, /iga0in,< /a 0i@i/ /a na435a/ 4inn @;n03/< 6i9i5n 0n /a /iga0i>n

85a< =53 ,4a /4i8a n 4in @;n03/< , 60i5 3 n , ,a =5,a8n4 =a5a 3in , ,4

/iga6< n ?a 6458ina0i>n 6/ @;n03/< =a5a ,a5 3 , ,4 /iga6 0n ( =5,na

85a/8n4. P5 :8=/< 6a5 ag3a a/ ,6in4< @,4i5 a/ 6,n36.

R0a Sa,45< / g5an :35i,4a ,=aK/ 6i0* /a /iga0i>n na435a/ , 3na a043a0i>n =4,4a4i@a 6/

6365< , 60i5 3 ,4 /i8i4a6a a /a @/3n4a6 6 ,4. O45, a045, =inan 3 , 3na /iga0i>n

:35;6i0a< =53 4in @;n03/ :35;6i0 45, 05n 3 n , :35;6i0a =53 n , igi/< =5 n

?a 3 0n93n6i5 /a igii/i6a6 0n /a :35i6i0i6a6.

Ca 8n4a5< a3n3 935a 6 /3ga5< a/g 3 , =65;a 0n,i65a5 08 =53a 6 /a /iga0i>n

na435a/< 03an6 , =5=n 3na 9ianJa7 , a,a ,4 n / =5in0i=i 6 650? 3 6i0 3 ,i ,

a0=4a /a 8,< , a0=4a /a 8n,< , 60i5 3 ,i /a / 0n,in4 3 , =ag3< 3 , / 8,6ig 0i@i/ a5gn4in

45a4a 6 /a, 0/a,, 6 /iga0in,< 6 ,3 0a3,a< 6 ,3, =5in0i=i, 9i0a0ia 5,=04 6/ a0565

6/ 6365< 6 /a 85a< 6 /a 03/=a 6/ 6365< 6 /a 935Ja 8a5 6/ 0a, 9543i47 8in45a, /

035= /ga/ ,=aK/ =5,0in6 6 /a, 6i95n4, 0/a,,< 0a3,a 93n4, 6 /a, 8i,8a, 45a4a n

0a8i 6 ga5an4;a, 0n45a / 95a36 6 /, 650?, 6 /, a0565, 6 /a 45an,8i,ii/i6a6 6 /a,

/iga0in,. Caan//a,

I EFECTOS DE LAS OBLIGACIONES

La, /iga0in, ,n 904,. E/ 904 6 3na /iga0i>n 0n,i,4 n / 038=/i8in4 n /a,

0n,03n0ia, 6 ,3 in038=/i8in4. La /iga0i>n , 038=/ =5 / 6365 0n 46a, ,3,

86a/i6a6, 6 4i8=< 86< /3ga5 6 0,a. E/ 038=/i8in4 6 /a /iga0i>n 6=n6 6/ 6365n @a a =5630i5 ,a4i,9a00i>n n / 056i4 6/ 6365.

1


15/106

T5a4a58, 6 6i95n0ia5 /a ,a4i,9a00i>n 6/ 038=/i8in4< a 3 / a0565 =36 ,5 ,a4i,90?

a3n3 / 6365 n ,a / 3 038=/a< =53 / a0565 / 3 =5,ig3 , /a ,a4i,9a00i>n

:4i@a< 8in45a, 3 / 038=/i8in4 , ,3:4i@< =5 :8=/< a 3n a0565 , / 6n "5-

6a,< n4n0, ,i @in 3n 4505 =aga< n ,4 0a, n , =36 60i5 038=/i8in4< ,in

,a4i,9a00i>n. E, ,a4i,9a00i>n =53 , :4i@a. Ha /iga0in, 3 n =36n ,5 ,a4i,90?a, =5

4505,< E:.* Si , n08in6a a 3n =in45 3 ?aga 3n 545a4< n =36i5a @ni5 45 08 ,3,4i434

=a5a 038=/i5 /a /iga0i>n.

La 0n,03n0ia n58a/ 08 3n 904 , / =ag< n4n6in6, ,4 08 3n 0n0=4 an/g

a/ 038=/i8in4< ,in6 3n 05i45i 6 5in4a0i>n 865na. P5 n n3,45a /gi,/a0i>n , ,436ia a/

=ag 08 4in0i>n 6 /a /iga0i>n< 6i0in6 3 ,i /a /iga0i>n , 038=/ ?a 4in0i>n< =5 ,a

5aJ>n in0/3i8, a/ =ag 6n45 6 /, 86, 6 4ing3i5, /a /iga0i>n.

S ,4i8a 08 in038=/i8in4 a,/34 6 /a /iga0i>n 03an6 46 / 83n6 ,4 /iga6 a n

?a05< / 6365 0n45a5;a / 65 :35;6i0 6 n ?a05< 6a /3ga5 a 3na 0n45a6i00i>n 6/ 65

:35;6i0. P5 ,4a 5aJ>n 03an6 /a /iga0i>n n /, 0a,, 6 6a5 ?a05< 3 ,n /iga0in, =,i-

4i@a,< ,i n , 038=/ @a8, a @5 3 , in0355 n 85a.

D5;a 48a5, a/ =ag< n4n0,< 08 904 6 /a /iga0i>n n 08 4in0i>n.

La, /iga0in, =36n ,a4i,9a05, 6 6, 8an5a,* @/3n4a5ia8n4 < =5 :030i>n 6/

a0565 3 =36 @a/5, 6 /a :030i>n 95Ja6a =5 650? ,03n6a5i< 3 3i@a/n a /a

in68niJa0i>n 6 6aK, =5:3i0i,n ga5an4;a,< =a5a 3 /a /iga0i>n , 038=/a< a/ 6365. E,4a, ga5an4;a,

4in6n a 8an4n5 /a 3ni6a6 6/ =a45i8ni ,n* / 8a5g< / in@n4a5i< a=,i0i>n 6 ,//,.

L, 904, 6 /a /iga0i>n< =a5a 0n / 6365< aa50a /a /iga0i>n 6 6a5< ?a05 n ?a05< n /a

=5i85a / 3 ,4 /iga6 a 6a5 3na 0,a< ,4 /iga6 a 6a5/a n 4i8=< /3ga5 0n@nin4 a/

a0565< a3/ 3 4nga =65 =a5a 50ii5/a n n85 6/ a0565. E/ 904 6 /a /iga0i>n 6

?a05 , a3//a 0,a 3 6 :034a5 ,a =5 / 03a/ , ?a /iga6 ,i n / ?a0< 6,=3, 6

?a5 ,i6 535i6 =a5a 3 / ?aga< 6 ,5 0n6na6 a/ =ag 6 6aK, =5:3i0i, a a3/ 0n

3in ?a 0n45a4a6. E/ 904 6 /a /iga0i>n 6 n ?a05 , 3 ,i /a ?a0 ,4 /iga6 a 6aK,

=5:3i0i, 3 5,3/4an 6/ =5:3i0i 3 , ?a 0a3,a6 ?a0in6 a3//a 0,a 3 n 6i5a 6

1"


16/106

?a5 ?0?. Si / /iga6 a ?a05 n ?a05 3na 0,a , @ =5i@a6 6 038=/i5 ,4a /iga0i>n =5

0a, 9543i4 935Ja 8a5 5,=04i@a8n4< n ?a /3ga5 a 6aK, =5:3i0i,.

Pa,a58, a @5 0a6a 3na 6 //a, 64ni6a8n4.

a Obligacin de (ar.- Si 6, =5,na, 0n45a4an ,4n 6 a0356 n / =50i n / :4< n

/ 88n4 3 , 6a / 0n,n4i8in4< / 68ini , 45an,9i5. L 3 / 0355a a /a 0,a 6n45

6/ 4i8= n 3 ,4 /iga6 / 63K a n45ga5/a< a,38 /a 5,=n,ai/i6a6< /a 0n,5@a0i>nni8a, /a, /4i8a,. La 0n,5@a0i>n , @i4a5 3 3na

0,a =a, a/ =a45i8ni 6 45a =5,na /a 03,46ia 03i6a6 , 8an4n5 /a 0,a n 3n /3ga5

6n6 ,4 a8=a5a6 =54gi6. N3,45a /gi,/a0i>n ,ig3 / ,i,48a 95an0, ,a 3 n / 8i,8

88n4 6/ 0n,n4i8in4 , @5i9i0a /a 45a6i0i>n7 n , 08 n / 650? 58an n 3 ?a

6, 88n4,* 4;43/ /a 45a6i0i>n 3 , / 86. A54. 1)" C>6. Ci@..

P593n6iJa58, / /4i8a8n4 8n0ina6< 595n4 a / 45a,/a4i0i 6 68ini< =5in0i=i 3

,ig3i5n n3,45, /gi,/a65,7 8in45a, 3 / 45 ,i,48a , /iga0ina/< n /, 3 ,

n03n45an 4;43/ 86. E/ 4;43/ , /a 08=5a@n4a ,a / 86 6 a63i5i5. En n3,45 0>6ig 6

0850i a6=4a8, 3n 05i45i 0n45a5i< ,a 3 4n8, 3n ,i,48a /iga0ina/< /a 08=5a@n4a

n / 0>6ig 6 0850i , /iga0ina/< , 60i5< 3 n 4nin6 3n ,/ g5an 6 0a9 =36

@n65 850an4i/8n4 1## 3in4a/,.

En / 0i@i/ n , =36 ,4< =53 , 45a,/a4i0i 6 68ini< a 3 a/ @n65 ,in 4n5 68inin< ,i /a ,05i435a 6 08=5a-@n4a , n3/a< /a in,05i=0i>n , n3/a7 =5 ,4 /

5gi,45 6 n @in a 0n,4i43i5 / =5900ina8in4 6/ 0n45a4 6 08=5a-@n4a. P5 n A/8ania

A3,45a/ia /a in,05i=0i>n n / 5gi,45 4in ,3,4an4i@i6a6< 3na @J in,05i4a n / 5gi,45 n =36 ,5

:4 6 5i@in6i0a0i>n.

La, 0=0in,< n n3,45 ,i,48a< n / 03a/ / 5gi,45 , 0n,4i434i@< 03an6 3n ,g3n6

08=5a65 a63i5 a nn 68in ,a 6 3n n 63K ,4a a63i,i0i>n , ?a0 =5 @i5436 6 /a

/. A54. 1%" C>6. Ci@.

1%


17/106

Ya ,436ia6 / an45i5 6 5/@an4 i8=54an0ia< , =36 =a,a5 a @5 /a 6i95n0ia i,4n4 n45

6a5 n45ga5< n / 03a/ / =5i85 ,igni9i0a 45an,95i5 / 68ini /a =5=i6a6< /iga0i>n 3 ,>/

=36 0n45a5 3in , 63K 6 /a 0,a< 0ain6 ,/a8n4 =5 / 4an4 n / 0i@i/ n n /

850an4i/. La /iga0i>n 6 n45ga5< =5 / 0n45a5i< n 45an,9i5 / 68ini 6 /a 0,a< 45a,=a,a /a

4nn0ia 6 3na 8an a 45a. Da5 , 45an,95i5 / 68ini ,a / 45a,/a4i0i 6 68ini 3

0a5a045iJa a n3,45a /gi,/a0i>n n / /iga0ina/7 =5 n45ga5 , 45a,=a,a5 4nn0ia 6 /a,

0,a,. Una ,4 08=5n6i6a n /a 45a , /a n45ga /a 3 ,4 08=5n6i6a n /a /iga0i>n 6

6a5< a 3 , /a ni0a 8an5a 6 ,a4i,9a05 038=/i5 /a /iga0i>n< =5 n 46a /iga0i>n 6

n45ga5 //@a i8=/;0i4a /a /iga0i>n 6 6a5.

E, =5 ,4 3 , 6i0 n45ga 6 9534, 6 /a 0,a< 08 3na /iga0i>n< , / ?0? 8a45ia/.

R,=04 a ,4 , 6i0 3 / a0565 4in 650? a //, 6,6 3 na0 /a /iga0i>n 6

n45ga5 /a 0,a. A54. 1)% C>6. Ci@.

La /iga0i>n 6 n45ga5 0,a determinada 6/ 63657 =36 08=/5, a/ 6365 a 3 5a/i0

/a n45ga< , / 0a, 6/ 038=/i8in4 n @/3n4a5i.

En /a 6 n45ga5 0,a gn5i0a* 4a8in , =i6 / 038=/i8in4 6 /a /iga0i>n in6i@i63a/iJan6

/ gn5< =53 /a 08=5a@n4a in@/305a /a 45a6i0i>n 6 /a 0,a.

1R4a56 85a7 En / ,i8=/ 54a56 6 /a 85a /a in45=/a0i>n /a ?a0 /a /. T6 83n6 6

038=/i5 ,3, /iga0in, a/ @n0i8in4< a 3 /a 6i/a0i>n 6/ 6365 0a3,a =5:3i0i, a/ a0565.

Obligacin de acer.-

Cn,i,4n n :034a5 a04, 8a45ia/, ?0?, :35;6i0,< / ?0? 8a45ia/ ,5;a 0n45a4a5 3n

a53i404 =a5a 3 0n,453a 3na 0a,a< / ?0? :35;6i0 , 45ga5 3na ,05i435a.

Ha5 3 a4n65 6, 0,a,* 3 ,a 3n ?0? 3 =36a ,5 ,a4i,90? =5 3n 45057 3 ,

59i5 a 3n ?0? 3 ,/a8n4 / =36a ?a05 /a =5,na 0n /a 03a/ , 0n45a4.

A8=/ian6 0n 3n :8=/ 6i58, 3 ,i 0n@ng 0n 3n a/aKi/ UG8 /@an4 3na =a56< ,4

n 038=/< / =36 /iga5 a 3 3n 4505 /a 0n,453a a 0,4a 6 /. En 0a, 3 , a4in6a a

1&


18/106

/a =5,na 6 /iga6< 3 , 3na /iga0i>n =5,na/;,i5na< ,0gi6a 45nan6 n 03n4a ,3

0a=a0i6a6 ,3 a54< =5 E:.< ( =in45< 0n 6,4a0a6a, 03a/i6a6, =a5a 3 ?aga / 545a4 6 8i

8a65< ,i / n 038=/< n 8 =36 60i5 3 8 / @a a ?a05 3n 6 ,3, a/38n,7 =5 ,; / 0a,

=36 5,/@5, 6 6, 958a,* Rn3n0ia5 a 3 / ?aga 3n 45057 +an6a5 a ?a05/ =5 3n

4505 45a:36i0ia/8n4 0n a345iJa0i>n :36i0ia/< n / :36i0ia/ 4ng 650? a 3 8 =ag3 /

/iga6 a ?a05/ / 44a/ 6 / 3 05a / 4505< n / 45a:36i0ia/ ,>/ 4ng 650? ?a,4a /

8n4 3 , @i /iga6< a54,. 1)$< 1)"# C>6. Ci@.

Si 5,3/4a5 i8=,i/ / ?0?< ,in 03/=a 6/ 6365< n4n0, , 4ing3 /a /iga0i>n< , 4in 3

6@/@5 / 50ii6 =5 / 6365 ,i /a i8=,ii/i6a6 , =5 03/=a< ,4 /iga6 a ,a4i,9a05 a/

a0565 ,i / ?0? =36i5a ,5 :034a6 =5 45< / a0565 =65 ,5 a345iJa6 a ,5

:034a6 =5 3n 4505 ,/i0i4a5 6aK, =5:3i0i, =5 /a in:030i>n 6 /a /iga0i>n< a54,. 1)"1n 6 n ?a05< 4a/@J =5 935Ja 8a5< n 0a, 6 3n 6054 :36i0ia/ 3 6i0* L, 3

4ngan =56i, @a0;, a 5i//a, 6 /a, 0a//, =5in0i=a/, n /@an4n 0n,45300in, =aga5n 3na

9354 83/4a 8n,3a/. A3; , 4ing3 /a /iga0i>n ,in 5,=n,ai/i6a6 6/ 6365.

Si /a /iga0i>n 6 n ?a05 935 :034a6a =5 / /iga6 =5 ,3 03/=a< / a0565 4n65 650?

a 3 , 6,453a / 3 , ?aa ?0? 3 , a345i0 =a5a 6,453i5/ a 0,4a 6/ 6365. P5 ,;

1)


19/106

n 935 =,i/ 6,453i5 / 3 , ?3i5 ?0?< / a0565 4n65 650? a /a in68niJa0i>n 6

6aK, =5:3i0i,.

II INCU+PLI+IENTO DE LAS OBLIGACIONES

E/ in038=/i8in4 =36 ,5 6 6, 8an5a,* P5=i in038=/i8in4 a,/34< / i8=5=i.

C3an6 n , 038=/ 3na /iga0i>n n /a =a54 ,n0ia/< ?a 3n in038=/i8in4 =5=i< =5 :8=/*

n n45ga5 3n 0aa//< 3 0n,4i43 /a ,n0ia 6 /a /iga0i>n. Ha in038=/i8in4 =5 9a/4an 6 6a5.

+5a 6/ 6365* , /a 85a ,/@n6i 6 /, 58an,.

+5a 6/ a0565* , /a 85a "accpendi".

(e%inicin.-

E/ 545a, 6/ 6365< 50i / n85 6 85a 03an6 /a / / 48a n 0n,i65a0i>n =a5a a=50ia5,3 5,=n,ai/i6a6. N 46 545a, n / 038=/i8in4 , n0,a5ia8n4 3na 85a n / ,n4i6

:35;6i0 6 /a =a/a5a. P36 a0n405 3 / 6365 ?aa 545a,a6 / 038=/i8in4< 3 ,4

n , ?aa 5a/iJa6 a ,3 6i6 4i8=< . 3< ,in 8a5g< n i,4a 85a.

/Cmo se produce la mora0-

1$


20/106

P/ani/ =/i0a* La 5g/a gn5a/ , 3 /a 85a n , =5630 6 =/n 650? =5 / ,/

@n0i8in4 6/ 458in7 La /iga0i>n =36 ,5 igi/< ?a5 45an,0355i6 830? 4i8= 6,6

/ @n0i8in4 6/ =/aJ< ,in 3 / 6365 ,4 n 85a. S 53i5 3 / a0565 6i5i:a a/ 6365

3na ign0ia 6/ 038=/i8in4 6 /a /iga0i>n a54. 1)"$ C>6. Ci@.. P5 4an4< / a0565< n

=5in0i=i< , 3in ?a0 in0355i5 n 85a a/ 6365< n a/ @n0i8in4 6/ 458in. D a3; /a 5g/a*

(ies non interpellat pro nomine. En 4an4 3 / a0565 n ig / 038=/i8in4 6 /a /iga0i>n

=36 =5,38i5, 3 / 54a56 n 0a3,a ningn =5:3i0i 3 40i4a8n4 a345iJa a/ 6365 a

,=5a5.

E/ C>6ig 0i@i/ i4a/ian a54. 122! a68i4 /a 5g/a 6 3 ,>/ / @n0i8in4 6/ 458in ?a0 in0355i5

n 85a a/ 6365. P5 n /a =504i0a /a a=/i0a0i>n 6 ,4a 5g/a 5ig35,a ?a =5@0a6 830?a,

6i9i03/4a6, / P504 F5an0-I4a/ian 6/ C>6ig 6 /a, O/iga0in, a54. $" 8an4in /a 5gia

95an0,a< ,a/@ 0n@ni =5,a 6 /a, =a54,.

C8 6i:i8, an45i58n4< /a 85a =36 0n,4i43i5, =5 /a n4i9i0a0i>n 3 ?a0< / a0565< a/

6365< 3 ,3 54a56 / ,4 0a,inan6 =5:3i0i, 3 , n0,a5i 3 038=/a ,3 /iga0i>n

=a5a 3 n / ,iga 0a,inan67 ,4a n4i9i0a0i>n /a =36 ?a05 6 6, 8an5a,* e1trajudicial-

mente, 8an6an6 a 6, =5,na, a 05a5/< ,4a , ?a0 =a5a 4n5 4,4ig, 6 3 , / 53i5i><

=5 4an4< , n03n45a n 85a7 /a ,g3n6a 8an5a , :36i0ia/8n4< 68an6n6/ :034i@a 3

56ina5ia8n4 a,; / 6365 , =n n 85a 6 3na 8an5a :36i0ia/.

Sin 8a5g< ?a 0a,, n 3 n ?a n0,i6a6 6 ,4 =50,< 6 535i8in4 =a5a =n5 n

85a a/ 6365< ,4 ,306 n /, ,ig3in4, 0a,,*

1. Cuando Qa obligacin o la le lo declaran as e1presamente.

2. Cuando de su naturalea circunstancia resulta que la designacin de la )poca en que aba de

entregarse la cosa o acerse el servicio, %ue motivo determinante para establecer la obligacin. A54.

1)"$ F5. 2a. C>6. Ci@.

En45 /, 0a,, n 3 /a 85a i,4 =5 @i5436 6 /a / ,in n0,i6a6 6 535i8in4 , =36n

0i4a5 /, ,ig3in4,*

En /a, /iga0in, 6 ,38a, 6 6in5< 5,=04 a /a, 3 n =36 />gi0a8n4 =5 / 904

2#


21/106

a5g38n4a5, /a 0a3,a< n0,i6a6 6 in4i8a0i>n< 6,6 /3g 3 ,in6 / an 6 in45,, /

904 =5in0i=a/ 6 /a 85a< n ,4a 0/a, 6 /iga0i>n 3na 6i,=,i0i>n =/;0i4a 56na /a =56300i>n

6 in45,,.

C3an6 / 086a4a5i 8=/a /a 0,a 50ii6a n 086a4 n 45 3,< =5 3n 4i8= 8, /a5g

3 / 6,igna6 n / 0n45a47 ,i =36in6 ga5an4iJa5 /a 0,a =5,4a6a 6/ 6aK ,395i66. Ci@..

En / 0a, 6 /a @n4a 6 3na 0,a 6 /a, 3 ,3/n @n65, a =,< 03n4a 86i6a< ,i a@ni6,

@n665 08=5a65< ,Ka/a5n 6;a =a5a / =,< 03n4a 86i6a< / 3n / 45 n

08=a50i5 n /< ,5 ,4 /iga6 a 5,a50i5 / 45 /, =5:3i0i, 3 6 ,3 ng/ign0ia

5,3/4a5n7 / @n665 08=5a65 3 n 9a/4> a /a 0i4a< =65 ,i / 0n@ini5 6,i,4i5 6/ 0n-

45a4. V. a54. 2")1 in0. 1. C>6. Ci@.

En / 0a, 6 /a @n4a 6 gana6, 3 6a n45ga5, n / 0a8= 935a 6 /a, =/a0in,< n

3 / 08=5a65 , n4n65 0n,4i43i6 n 85a =5 ,>/ ?0? 6 n 0n0355i5 a 50ii5/ / 6;a,Ka/a6 n / 0n45a4< @. a54. 2% in0. 2. C>6. Ci@.

C3an6 / 6365 ,a 6 8a/a 9 / in038=/i8in4 , 65i@ 6/ 6/< n ,, 0a,, =5 / 8i,8

?0? 36a 0n,4i43i6 n 85a 08 =5 :8=/< n / 0a, n 3 / a0565 ?a 50ii6 /a

0,a 6 8a/a 9< 6 /, in45,, 6 9534 6,6 / 6;a 6/ =ag. @. a54. 2#&! in0. 2. C>6. Ci@.

E904, 6 /a 85a.-

La 85a 6/ 6365 =5630 3n 6/ 5,3/4a6*

1. Ha0 0555 n ,3 0n45a /, 6aK, =5:3i0i, //a8a6, 85a45i,< 3 5=5,n4an / =5:3i0i

0a3,a6 a/ a0565 =5 / 545a, n /a :030i>n 6 /a /iga0i>n.

21


22/106

2. Pn /, 5i,g, 6 /a 0,a a 0a5g 6/ 6365. E,4, 904, ,5n ,436ia6, a/ 45a4a5 /, 6a-

K, =5:3i0i,.

A050a 6 /a 85a 6/ a0565. W

Sn 53i,i4, =a5a 0n,i65a5 n 85a a/ a0565*

a Li0i436 6 /a =5,4a0i>n 6/ 63657

,5 =35a ,4a5 @n0i6a7

0 950i8in4 6/ 6365 6 038=/i5 44a/ 5a/8n4 /a /iga0i>n< n 4i8= /3ga5 a603a67

6 nga4i@a in:3,4a 6/ a0565 a a68i4i5 / =ag.

L, =5in0i=a/, 904, 3 =5630 ,4a 85a ,n /a /i5a0i>n 6 /a in68niJa0i>n 6 /, 6aK,

=5:3i0i,< 6 /, in45,, /ga/,< 6 /a 0/3,3/a =na/. Y 6 =5/nga5, =36 4ing3i5, /a

/iga0i>n =5 =5,05i=0i>n.

B ('& (O&O

Ha;a8, =3,4 an45i58n4 3 / 6/ , 0a3,a 6/ n 038=/i8in4 @/3n4a5i 6 3na

/iga0i>n. D/ , ngaK< 95a36< ,i83/a0i>n< ,gn / 6i00ina5i a0a68i0. En 3n ,n4i6 8,a8=/i , teda especie de astucia, 2rampa, maquinacin o arti%icio que se emplea para enga3ar a

otro; o el propsito de da3ar a oir! persona injustamente.

D/ ,45i04a8n4 n D50? Ci@i/ , 69in 05n /a @/3n4a6 8a/i0i,a 3 =5,ig3 6,/a/8n4

/ n9i0i =5=i / 6aK a 45 a/ 5a/iJa5 03a/3i5 a04 0n45a47 @a/in6, 6 a5g30ia,

,34i/Ja, 6 /a ign5an0ia a:na7 =5 ,in in45@n0i>n ni 6 /a 935Ja< ni 6 a8naJa,. Ta8in ,

/ in038=/i8in4 8a/in4n0ina6 6 /a, /iga0in, 0n45a;6a,.

La 6i95n0ia 3 i,4 n45 6/ 03/=a , 3 n /a 03/=a i,4 3n =5=>,i4 0n0in4 =5 n

in4n0ina6 6 /36i5 / 038=/i8in4 6 /a /iga0i>n / 6/ , / =5=>,i4 0n0in4

in4n0ina6 6 /36i5/a. En /a 03/=a , =5630n 4a8in 6aK, =5:3i0i,< =5 ,n 8a5, /,

3 5,3/4an 6/ 6/. La 03/=a ,4 a 0a5g 6 =5a5, =5 / 6365< 4n65 3 =5a5 3 /a

8i,i>n /a a00i>n 93 =5 a3,n0ia 6 ,3 @/3n4a6< n4n0, 4n8, / 0a, 9543i4 i8n4 6 /a

22


23/106

5,=n,ai/i6a6 0i@i/.

C/a,, 6 6/.-

a D/ 45a0n45a043a/* E, /a 8a3ina0i>n 3 3na 6 /a, =a54, ?a0 0n 5,=04 a /a 45a =a5a

4n5 ,3 0n,n4i8in47 n ,4 0a, / 0n,n4i8in4 , n3/< ?3 6/< i/i0i436 =5 4an4 @i0i>

/ 0n,n4i8in4< ,4 ,5;a / 6/ =a5a ?a05 3 / 45 0n,in4a n ,3,05ii5 3n 0n45a4.

D/ 0n45a043a/* E, / =5=>,i4 0n0in4< 6/i5a6 @/3n4a5i =a5a /36i5 / 038=/i8in4 6

/a /iga0i>n7 n ,4a 0/a, 6 6/ / 3 , @a a ?a05 , /36i5/ 6 /a ,ig3in4 8an5a* ( =5,na

08=5> 3n 0aa//< a ,4n 6 a0356 n / =50i 46< ,>/ 9a/4a n45ga5/< =5 5,3/4a 3na

4505a =5,na 3 950 3n 8a5 @a/5 =5 /. E/ @n665 n , / @n6 a/ =5i85 08=5a65

, / @n6 a/ 45057 ,4 , / 6/ 0n45a043a/ =53 / 0n45a4 ,4 a ?0?.

0 D/ in0i6n4a/.- E,4 6/ , =5630 n 3na =a54 6/ :4 6 /a =5,4a0i>n =a5a in0i4a5 a/

08=5a65< =5 :8=/* , @a a @n65 3na =5=i6a6< / @n665 =a5a in0i4a5 8, / 6i0 3 4in

//, =ai,a:, 3 /a =5=i6a6 , 3na =a5a ,i85a,< =5 n 5a/i6a6 ,>/ 4in /, =ai,a:,7 /

8>@i/ @56a65 6/ 08=5a65 5a 4n5 3na 9in0a 0n =ai,a:, =a5a 54i5a5, 6/ 83n6ana/ 53i6

4n5 3na 6i,45a00i>n. E, ,5;a 3n 6/ in0i6n4a/ =53 ,>/ , 45a4a 6 3na =a54< / 0n45a4

,i8=5 , @/i6.

4ncumplimiento involuntario.- E,4 in038=/i8in4 , 0a,ina6 =5 / 0a, 9543i4 935Ja 8a5.

E/ =5i85 , =5 a0n40i8in4 6 /a na435a/Ja / ,g3n6 =5 ?0?, 6/ ?85 6 3na 935Ja

i55,i,4i/. Si , a,38 a/ 0a, , 5,=n6 =5 /a /iga0i>n n /a, 0i503n,4an0ia, n 3 ,4

i8=5< / 8i,8 ,306 n /a 935Ja 8a5 ,i , 5n3n0ia a /a g5a0ia 6 //a.

L, a345, 865n, 69inn / 0a, 9543i4 /a 935Ja 8a5 08 a0n40i8in4, 3 =36n

=5@5,< =5 =5@i,4, ,n in@i4a/,< =5 :8=/ 3n ?35a0n , =5@i,i/< =5 in@i4a/. E,4

3i5 60i5 3 /, 0a,, 9543i4, /a 935Ja 8a5 ,n a04, =5@i,i/,< =5 in@i4a/, a04,

i8=5@i,i/,.

Un :8=/ n, a0/a5a5 /a ,i43a0i>n an45i5* E,4 /iga6 a n45ga5 3n =45< =5 5,3/4a 3 8

=nn n 85a a/ 0aa// / 0a 3n 5a< n ,4 0a, 5,=n6 a/ 0a, 9543i4< =53 ,4aa n

85a< =5 ,i / 0a / 5a an4, 6/ =/aJ n ?3 03/=a< n4n0, / 0a, 9543i4 /a 935Ja 8a5

/ =nn a 03i547 =5 ?a 0a,, n 3 /a / 6i0 3 a3n3 ,a n ,4a6 6 85a 3 0355a

2!


24/106

/ 0a, 9543i4 935Ja 8a5 n ?a5 5,=n,ai/i6a6< ,i ,4 ?0? ?3i5 0355i6 4a8in n

8an, 6/ a0565< n4n0, ,>/ , =agan /, 6aK, in45,, 6 /a 85a.

R3i,i4, =a5a a68i4i5 / 0a, 9543i4 08 03,a.-

a 3 ,a in6=n6in4 a /a @/3n4a6 ?38ana< / ?0? 3 ?aa 6a6 /3ga5 a/ a0n40i8in4

in,=5a6 i8=5@i,47

3 93, i8=,i/ 6 =5@5 / ,30, 3 84i@> / 0a, 9543i4 n 0a, 6 =65, =5@5

n ?aa ?ai6 86i 6 @i4a5/7

0 3 a 0n,03n0ia 6/ 8i,8 / 6365< , n03n45 n /a i8=,ii/i6a6 6 ,a4i,9a05 ,3

/iga0i>n7

6 N 4n5 =a54i0i=a0i>n< n /, ?0?,< ni n /a ag5a@a0i>n 6/ 6aK =5:3i0i 3 ?aa 5,3/4a6

=a5a / a0565.

C. '5'C6OS ('& 47C8#9&4#4'76O E904, 6/ in038=/i8in4* DaK, =5:3i0i,.-

T6 in038=/i8in4< ,a @/3n4a5i in@/3n4a5i< 45a 0n,ig /a in68niJa0i>n =5 6aK,

=5:3i0i,< 3 0n,i,4n n* La =56i6a 3 3n 4in /a ganan0ia 3 3n 6:a 6 ?a05< , 60i5

/ lucro cesante da3o emergente. S 6i0 3 / 6365 ,4 /iga6 a/ =ag 6 6aK, =5:3i0i,

a/ a0565 08 5,3/4a6 6/ in038=/i8in4 6 /a /iga0i>n< ,4 3i5 60i5 3 6

in68niJa5 a/ a0565 /a =56i6a 3 / ?a 0a3,a6 / n9i0i 6 3 / ?a =5i@a6 /a in:030i>n

6 /a /iga0i>n.

Caan//a, n, / 69in 6 /a ,ig3in4 8an5a* La, @0, 6aK, =5:3i0i, , 5/a0inan =5

08=/8n4a5,7 =3,4 3 46 6aK =5@0a 3n =5:3i0i 46 =5:3i0i =5@in 6 3n 6aK. La

a5@ia435a 6 indemniacin de da3os perjuicios, , /a ,38a 6 6, n0in, :35;6i0a,

6n8ina6a, 4a8in 6aK 85gn4 6i,8in30i>n =a45i8nia/ /305 0,an4 / ,403/ =a5a

n3@a, a63i,i0in, =a45i8nia/,.

R3i,i4, =a5a /a @a/i6J 6 /, 6aK, =5:3i0i,.-1 La i,4n0ia 0i54a 6 /, 6aK, =5:3i0i,7

2X. 3 ?aa n n45 /a a00i>n /a 8i,i>n. A/g3n, a345, 05n 3 4a8in , 6 =5a5

/a @a/3a0i>n 6 ,4,< 6 //, , n0a5gan 4, =5i4,.

#anera de liquidar los da3os perjuicios*

2


25/106

L, 6aK, =5:3i0i, , 45a630n a 6in5 , ?a0 6 /a, ,ig3in4, 8an5a,*

a Li3i6a0i>n :36i0ia/* E,4a , /a 3 ?a0 / :3J 6 / 3 / 6630 6/ 0,4 6 ,4, 6aK,7

Li3i6a0i>n 0n@n0ina/* E,4a , /a 3 , ?a0 n /a 958a0i>n 6/ 0n45a4< =5 :8=/< n

3na 0/3,3/a =na/ 6n6 , ,4a/0n ,4, a =5i5i7

0 Li3i6a0i>n /ga/* E,4a , /a 3 , 59i5 a 0an4i6a6, 6 6in5< , 0a/03/an /, 6aK,

in45,, /a / / 6i0 =5,a8n4< ,4 , n / 650? 850an4i/< n / 0i@i/< ,i n , ,4a-

/0n /, in45,, n , ganan< n ,in6 a,; n / 850an4i/ 3 /a / =5@in ,4a ,i43a0i>n

,4i=3/n6/, =5,a8n4.

N3,45 0>6ig 0i@i/ =5?; / ana40i,8< 3 0n,i,4 n 05a5 in45,, ,5 in45,,< :8=/*

( 6 2#56a, a/ 1< 5,3/4a 3 n =aga ,4, / 68an6an =5 / 0a=i4a/ /,

in45,,7 a/ n4a/a5 /a 68an6a 4n65n 3 =aga5 / 0a=i4a/ 8, /, in45,, 6/ in45, =5i8a5i

ana40i,8. E,4 a54. 1)%) C>6. Ci@. , =36 0n04a5 0n / a54. 21 C>6. Ci@. 3 6i0 3

n , =36n 05a5 in45,, 6 /, in45,, @n0i6,< =5 , =36n 9i:a5 /a, 90?a, =a5a /a

/i3i6a0i>n 6 ,4, 6,6 3 , 038=/ ,a 90?a , @an a ,a0a5 /, in45,,.

La / =58i4 6, 958a, 6 ana40i,8*

a 03an6 , n4a/a /a 68an6a< / in45, 50/a8a6 @a a 08nJa5 a gana5 in45,,7 C3an6 , ,4i=3/a / ana40i,8 n / 0n45a4< =5 :8=/7 ( ,4i=3/a 3 6/ 0a=i4a/ 3 6

, ?a5 /a /i3i6a0i>n 6 in45,, 0a6a % 8,, ,4, , ag5ga5n a/ 0a=i4a/ ini0ia/< 3 a ,3 @J

6@nga5n n3@, in45,,.

L, in45,, =5in0i=ian a 0555 0n45a / 6365< 6,6 / 6;a n 3 ?a ,i6 535i6 ?a,4a / 6;a

n 3 =aga< =5 03an4 ,n / =50i 08n 6/ =5@0? /g;4i8 3 / a0565 ?a5;a =6i6

54i5a5 6 /a ,38a 3 / ?a ,i6 6i6a< ,i / ?3i, ,i6 =aga6a. Si / a0565 n ?a ,395i6 6aK

a/g3n =5 / 54a56 6/ =ag 6 /a ,38a 3 / 5a 6i6a< , 60i5< ,i , 54a56 n / ?a 0a3,a6=56i6a a/g3na< n / ?a =5i@a6 6 ningn n9i0i< n 6 igi5 in45,,7 =3, ,, in45,,

, 0n06n 08 3na in68niJa0i>n< n =36 ,5 6i6 a a3/ 3 n ?a ,395i6 =5:3i0i

a/g3n.

Si / 6aK 3 / 54a56 ?a 0a3,a6 a/ a0565 , 8, g5an6 3 ,, in45,,7 ,gn /a, 5gia,

2"


26/106

6/ 935 6 /a 0n0in0ia< 03an6 / 6365< =5 ,/ =5 3na 0n438a0ia a904a6a ?a ,i6

535i6 =a5a =aga5 / 3 / =65;a =aga5 90i/8n4< 6 in68niJa5 a/ a0565 n45a8n4 6

46, /, =5:3i0i, 3 / ,a 3 / ?a 0a3,a6 =5 ,3 in:3,4a 54n0i>n7 =3, n a,4a 3 =ag3

/, in45,, 6,6 / 6;a 6 ,3 5,i,4n0ia.

D la ejecucin %orosa.:

C3an6 / 6365 n 3i5 038=/i5 /a /iga0i>n =5 ,3 =5=ia @/3n4a6< /a / 6a a/ a0565 /,

650?, 6 /a :030i>n 95J,a< ,4 , / 3 , //a8a 650?, a3i/ia5, 6/ a0565 a ,4 ,

59i5 / a54. 1) C>6. Ci@. ,n /, ,ig3in4,* E/ 8a5g< / in@n4a5i< a=,i0i>n 6 ,//,n 6 ,3,4i430i>n< a00i>n 6 ,35ga0i>n /a 5@0a45ia =a3/a4ina.

P/ani/ 0n,i65a 3na n0,i6a6 /ga/ /a :030i>n 6 /a /iga0i>n =n / ,ig3in4* E/ 6365

6 038=/i5 ,3 /iga0i>n n / =/aJ 958a 0n@ni6. Si n /a 038=/ a,; , n03n45a a:

0i54a, 0n6i0in,< n 85a< ,4 ,4a6 i8=/i0a =a5a / 6i@5,a, 0n,03n0ia,. A68, ,i

=5,i,4 n ,3 nga4i@a 6 038=/i5 0n ,3, /iga0in,< /a / 0n06 a/ a0565 / 650? /,

86i, 6 igi5 ,3 038=/i8in47 n 6904 6 3na :030i>n @/3n4a5ia< / a0565 =36 50355i5

a /, 45i3na/, 68,45an6 ,3 650?< 6,=3, 6 / 03a/< / ,4a6 =n65 a ,3 6i,=,i0i>n /a

935Ja ,0ia/ =a5a 4n5 / 038=/i8in4 904i@ 6 4a/, /iga0in,. E,4a , /a ejecucin

%orosa". T8 %< =g. 12.

[LECTURA

SENTENCIAS DE LA CORTE SUPRE+A DE MUSTICIA

I. NATURALEZA Y EFECTOS A54. 1)&!R E S U L T A *

I

E/ 6;a $ 6 +a5J 6 1$11 / ,K5 M3an B53n +/ina< 8a5 6 6a6< ag5i03/45< ,/45 6/

68i0i/i 6 E,4/;< , =5,n4> =5 ,05i4 an4 / M3J 6 Di,45i4 6 \a4a 0i36a6 =nin6* 3 /

,K5 R54 Tin0< 4a8in 8a5 6 6a6< ng0ian4< ,/45 a00i6n4a/8n4 5,i6n4 n /a

2%


27/106

=5=ia 0i36a6 6 E,4/;< / 45g> 3n 36an a /a 56n n 0a/i6a6 6 6=>,i4 =5 @a/5 50ii6 6

,i, 8i/ 0in =,, i//4, na0ina/,< 36an 3 93 50n0i6 =5 / S5. Tin0 ,gn 6i/ign0ia,

3 , n03n45an n / 8i,8 6,=a0?7 3 ,in6 95a,45 / 595i6 S5. ?a;a =6i6 / 6i0n4

8a5g =5@n4i@ n 3na, ,4ia, 83/a5,< 0n958 /a, 8i,8a, 6i/ign0ia, a =5,a6a,7 3

6in6 n4a/a5 /a 68an6a 6n45 6 /, 3in0 6;a, 6 3 ?a/a /a /< , =5,n4aa a/ 904

in,4a35a6 68an6a :034i@a =5 /a 0an4i6a6 n 595n0ia< a 9in 6 3 , /iga, a Tin0 a/ =ag 6

//a , =i6i, / 8an6a8in4 6/ 0a,.

II

E/ 36an 6 3 , ?a ?0? 85i4 6i0 a,;* P5 C]%. 1##.##. 36an n 8; =65 n 0a/i6a6 6

6=>,i4 a /a 56n 6 6n M3an B. +/ina< /a 0an4i6a6 6 ,i, 8i/ =,, i//4, na0ina/,....

%.1##.## =5 ig3a/ @a/5 50ii6 n 904i@ a 8i ,a4i,9a00i>n. E,4/;< 2 6 +a5J 6 1$11.

R54 Tin0. T,4ig< A. E,=inJa. T,4ig< A6n +na6a. E/ S5. Tin0 n /

50n0i8in4 3 ?iJ< ,gn a04a 6 /a, 45, 6 a 4a56 6/ 0? 6 +a5J 6/ aK 8n0ina6 / 3 ,ig3* .../a 9i58a 3 035 / 6038n4 a 9a@5 6 6n

M3an B. +/ina 6 6, 6 8a5J 6/ 055in4 aK< 90?a6 n ,4a 0i36a6 3 6i0 R54 Tin0 :030i>n 56nan6 , /i5a, / 8an6a8in4 5,=04i@< n4i9i0a6 3

93 / S5. Tin0< a=/> 6 6i0?a =5@i6n0ia< a=/a0i>n 3 / 93 a68i4i6a n / 904 6@/34i@n a/gan6* 3 /a /iga0i>n 0n@ni6a

n / 36an 3 ,i5@ 6 6038n4 :034i@ , n3/a =5 =5065 6 :3g a /, 6a6,* 3 / M3J

5a in08=4n4 =a5a 0n05 6 /a 68an6a< =53 /. Tin0< , @0in 6 San M, 6 C,4a

Ri0a n ?a 5n3n0ia6 a ,3 68i0i/i7 3 / 4;43/ :034i@ , 9a/,< =53 n /3ga5 6 ?a5,

9i58a6 a 9a@5 6 6n Mna5 +/ina / 93 a 9a@5 6 6n M3an B53n< a68, 3 / a04 ,

,i83/a6< =3, , 6i,95aJ> ,3 @56a65 0a5045 :35;6i0 a: /a, a=a5in0ia, 6 45.

IV

D,=3, 6 0n4,4a6a =5 / a045 /a =,i0i>n< , 5in6i5n /a, =53a, 3 /, in45,a6, 055n

0n@nin4,. Cn / in455ga45i N. /.* / :034a6 S5. Tin0 45a4> 6 :3,4i9i0a5< /. 3 /,

0n0=4, 6/ 36an ,n 9a/,,< =53 / S5. +/ina n / 6i n 6=>,i4 ni 3n 0n4a@7 2.* 3 /

36an , ,05ii> =5 3i@0a0i>n a 9a@5 6 6n M3an B. +/ina< n /3ga5 6 ?a5 ,i6 a 9a@5 6

6n Mna5 6/ 8i,8 a=//i6< 3 93 3in 904i@a8n4 / gan> /a ,38a n 595n0ia n

2&


28/106

0a5ga6i//a a 6a6,7 !.* 3 /a 0an4i6a6 a 3 , 59i5 / 36an =506 6 :3g a /, 6a6,7

.* 3 /, 3 9ig35aan n / :3g 5an / 8i,8 Tin0< 6n Mna5 6n M3an B. +/ina

45,. E/ S5. A/54 E,=inJa 60/a5> 3 5an 0i54, /, =3n4, 595i6, 0n ,4a a6@54n0ia* n

?a5 @i,4 3 6n Mna5 ?aa 6a6 /a 0a5ga6i//a =5,a6a =5 ?a5, 54i5a6 / 60/a5an4

an4, 3 08nJa5a / :3g7 3 / 36an 93 9i58a6 =5 3i@0a0i>n a 9a@5 6 6n M3an B ,5 0i54, /, =3n4, 8n0ina6,< 0n ,4 ag5ga6* 3 / S5. Tin0

8ani9,4> ,3 0n958i6a6 0n / 36an an4, 6 9i58a5/7 3 n / 0n,4a 6 @i,4a 3 / 6in5

?aa ,i6 6a6 n 0a5ga6i//a. L, 45, 4,4ig, =5,n4a6,< 6n H5a0i B586J 6n M3an C.

+Ja< 8ani9,4a5n 3 n ,a;an na6a a050a 6 / ?0?, 5/a0ina6,.

V

Cn / in455ga45i N. 2. E/ 8i,8 :034a6 45a4> 6 08=5a5 08 =3n4 =54inn4 6 /a

03,4i>n< 3 / S5. M3an B< +/ina 0n9,> an4 /_ 3 ian a 60/a5a5 3 /a ,38a 68an6a6a

=506;a 6 :3g a /, 6a6,. D0/a5a5n n 904 ,5 ,4 ?0? 6 3n 86 a9i58a4i@ /,

,K5, A/54 E,=inJa ,4 /4i8< a/ 0n4,4a5 /a n-=5g3n4a 3 / ?iJ / a045 =a5a 3 6i:5a /

/3ga5< /a ?5a< 90?a 68, 0i503n,4an0ia, 6 i6n4i9i0a0i>n ,5 /a 0n9,i>n n 595n0ia 6/ 86 3 ,ig3* 3 an4, 3 / 60/a5an4 ,05ii5a / 36an =5g3n4> a 6n M3an

B. +/ina 3 ,i / ?a;an gana6 n / :3g 6 6a6, / ,3 ?58an a Tin0< / 0n4,4a5n 3

,7 3 ,4aan =5,n4, n , a04 /, 6, +/ina,< 6an A/54 E,=inJa / 60/a5an4. L, 45,

4,4ig, H5a0i B586J M3an C. +Ja< 8ani9,4a5n 3 n ,a;an na6a ,5 / =a54 i03 /a5 .

VI

A/ 9/ i !" , n03n45a 3na 063/a 6 =,i0in, =6i6a, =5 / =5035a65 6/ ,K5 Tin0 a 6n

Mna5 +/ina a,3/4a, =5 ,4 6 3n 86 nga4i@< 0n 0=0i>n 6 /a n 3 60;a 3

5a ?58an 6 6n M3an B. +/ina< En //a, , =5g3n4aa 3 ,i 5a @56a6 3 /, ,i,

8i/ 0in =,, =506;an 6 3n :3g a /, 6a6,< n 3 / a,/@n4 ?a;a gana6 6i0?a ,38a

a/ S5. Tin07 4a8in ,; 5a 0i54 3 / 36an 93 ,3,05i4 =5 3i@0a0i>n a 9a@5 6 6n M3an

B. +/ina< a,; 8i,8 ,i / a,/@n4 5a ?58an 6 ,4. L, 68, in455ga45i, /a, 45a,

=,i0in, =5,n4a6a, =5 / 8i,8 =5035a65< 05n a4aKn a /a 03,4i>n =5in0i=a/ 935n

0n4,4a6a, nga4i@a8n4-

VII I

E/ a045 =5,n4> 4a8in 3n in455ga45i< / 6/ 9/i 2< =5 / 3 08=5> 0n /a 60/a5a0i>n

6 /, 4,4ig,< 6n A6n +na6a 6n A/54 E,=inJa< / ,ig3in4* /. * 3 / 36an 6

3 , ?a0 85i4 93 9i58a6 =5 / S5. Tin07 2. 3 /, 60/a5an4, 9i58a5n 4a8in 08

4,4ig, a/ =; 6/ =5,a6 6038n4. Ci4a6a, /a, =a54a =a5a ,n4n0ia / M3J 6i04> /a 6 /a,

2)


29/106

6iJ 6 /a 8aKana 6/ 450 6 M3ni 6 8i/ n@0in4, n0< 03a =a54 5,/34i@a 6i0 a,;* ,4a

a345i6a6 , 08=4n4 =a5a 0n05 n / =5,n4 :3i0i< , /ga/ /a =,i0i>n 6630i6a =5 /

:034an4 6n R54 Tin0 n 0n958i6a6 a /a, 0a3,a/, :3,4i9i0a6a,< %a. 1 6/ A54. 1&!& P5.n =58@i6a =5 6n M3an B. +/ina

0n45a 6n R54 Tin0 a 3in , a,3/@ 6 //a 0n 5,=n,ai/i6a6 6 0,4a, =a5a /

:034an4 S5. +/ina.

VIII

A68i4i6a n a8, 904, /a a=/a0i>n in45=3,4a =5 / S5. Dn M3an B< +/ina //ga5n /, a34, a

/a Sa/a 6 / Ci@i/ 6 /a C54 6 A=/a0in, 6 O00i6n4. En ,4a in,4an0ia / a=/an4 / a=/a6

,43@i5n 5=5,n4a6, 5,=04i@a8n4 =5 los (res. B53n H. B3i45ag 6n M3an 6 Di,

Vanga,< 0n 3in, , ,3,4an0i> / :3i0i =5 46, ,3, 458i4, ?a,4a 6i04a5, =5 6i0?a Sa/a< a /a,

6iJ 6 /a 8aKana 6/ 0a450 6 Ag,4 6 8i/ n@0in4, n0 /a ,n4n0ia 3 n / 0n630n4 6i0*

/. Ha ,i6 08=4n4 =a5a 0n05 6 ,4a 68an6a / :3J 6 Di,45i4 6 E,4/;< 2. S a68i4n

/a, 45a, 0=0in, =5=3,4a, =5 / :034a6 6n R54 Tin0< n 6in6 n 0n,03n0ia

0n4in3a5, /a =5,n4 :030i>n =58@i6a =5 6n M3an B53n +/ina< a 3in B 0n6na a/ =ag 6

/a, 0,4a, 6 ,4a in,4an0ia 6 /a, 6, 4505a, =a54, 6 /a, 0a3,a6a, n /a =5i85a< =5 ?a5,

6,0?a6 3na 6 /a, 0=0in, 3 a/g> / 68an6a6.

I(

E/ a=65a6 6 6n M3an B. +/ina< 6045 B53n H. B3i45ag< in45=3, 0n45a 6i0?a ,n4n0ia

5035, 6 0a,a0i>n n / 9n6< 3 a=> /a, 0a3,a/, /a< 2a< !a< a< "a< &a< )a 1#a. 6/ A54.

2#"& P5.< ,Ka/an6 n45 45a, 6i,=,i0in, /ga/, in95ingi6a, /, A54, 2!)"< 22< 22" C< 1!#n a 9a@5 6/ /4i8 6 /, 8n0ina6,< n /3ga5

6 ?a5/ ,i6 a 9a@5 6 6n Mna57 6 , a8n 5,3/4a< 3 /a /iga0i>n 4a/ 08 ,4n =5in0i=a/.

II I

Cn 5,=04 a/ 5ign 6 /a =5,a6a /iga0i>n< / S5. Tin0 a63: /a =53a a 3 , 0n45a 0n

/ =3n4 !. 6/ 5,3/4a6 IV 6 ,4a ,n4n0ia< 45a4an6 6 :3,4i 9i0a5 0n //a< =5 86i 6 /,

!#


31/106

4,4ig, E,=inJa +na6a< 3 /a 636a n 595n0ia =506 6 :3g, a /a 6a6,< 3 =5

0n,ig3in4 , n3/a7 8a, ,4a =53a 5n6i6a< n , a0=4a/ 4a8=0< =53 ,gn /a

60/a5a0i>n 6 a8, 4,4ig,< , @in n 0n0i8in4 3 a //, n /, 0n,4a 6 @i,4a /a 054Ja

6/ ?0? 3 , =54n6i> =n5 n @i6n0ia.

IV

P5 / 3 ?a0 a/ 45 =3n4 a 3 , 59i5 /a 8i,8a n3/i6a6 6 /a /iga0i>n< / 03a/ / =3n4

:034a6 45a4> 6 08=5a5/ 0n /a 60/a5a0i>n 6 /, =5,a6, 4,4ig, E,=inJa +na6a an4 ,4, /4 i8, 3 /a 636a =506;a 6/ :3g a

/, 6a6,< ,4a C54 S3=58a 0n,i65a /a =53a a 3 , 0n45a 6i0? =3n4< 08 6i5igi6a a /a

08=5a0i>n 6 3na 0n9,i>n 45a:36i0ia /7 n 4a/ 0n0=4 6 60i5, 3 ,i in =5 / A54.

!.%1! C.< =36 =5a5, =5 46, /, 86i, /a 0a3,a 5a/ 6 /a /iga0i>n< // n i8=i6 3 /a

=53a 6a ,3:4a5, a /a, 5g/a, ,4a/0i6a, =5 / C>6ig. En 4a/ @i5436< , ?a0 in6i,=n,a/ /

a8n 6 6i0?a =53a7 =5 / , ,5@a 3 /a 0n9,i>n 45a:36i0ia/ 6 3 , ?a0 85i4< ,4

,* 3 / S5. M3an B. +/ina 0n9,> 3 /a 636a =5@in 6 :3g 6 6a6,< n =36 0n,i65a5

85a8n4 08 3n ?0? =35 ,i8=/< ,in 08 3na 60/a5a0i>n 3 n@3/@ 3n a04 :35;6i0 3

3i@a/ a ,4a 45a* 0n9i, 3 / S5. Tin0 n 6 na6a< =53 , in636a/ 3 ,i / S5.-

+/ina 60/a5a 3 /a /iga0i>n 0n,4i43i6a a ,3 9a@5 4in a3/ 5ign @i0ia6< /iga0i>n 3 n

0n0=4 6 /a / ,5;a n3/a< ,a a9i58a0i>n 3 6a5;a / 8i,8 5,3/4a6 3 ,i , 60/a5a, 3 /

n ?a ,i6 a0565 6/ S5. Tin0< 3 /a 636a ,4 =aga6a< 40. Ea8ina6a a,; /a 03,4i>n /ga/

, ,5@a 4a8in 3 3na 0n9,i>n 6/ a0565 n 3 60/a5a ,/30ina6a 3na 636a< 6a5;a /

8i,8 5,3/4a6< n 03an4 a /a ,45i04a a=/i0a0i>n 6/ 650?< a3n3 n ,n4i6 in@5,< 08 ,i

a/g3in 0n9,a5a 3 , n 65 a 45a =5,na 3na ,38a 6458ina6a 6 6in5. P5 ,4 84i@

, ?a0 n0,a5i @5 /a, 6i,=,i0in, /ga/, =54inn4, a /a 03,4i>n. Sgn /a 1a. =a54 6/ A54.

2.!1 C.< n , a68i,i/ /a =53a 6 4,4ig, 03an6 /a 0n9,i>n 45a :36i0ia/ , ?a ?0? ,5

3na 0a,a 0an4i6a6 6 @a/5 8a5 6 0in =,,< a 0n4in3a0i>n / 8i,8 A54< 6i0 a,;* En /, 68,

0a,,< /a 0n9,i>n 45a:36i0ia/ , 0n,i65a 08 3n ?0? ,3:4 a /a a=50ia0i>n 6 /, T5i3na/,6ig

Ci@i/ a0=4a a =53a 6 4,4ig,< 03an6 i,4 3n =5in0i=i 6 =53a =5 ,05i4< 6an6 0n //

a0gi6a a /a 0n9,i>n 45a:36i0ia/< 08 a,; =36 @5, n / A54. 2.!$& C.< 03an6 ?a ,i6 i8=,i/

a/ 3 in@0a /a =53a 4,4i8nia/ =5035a5, 3na /i45a/< 03an6 a 0n,03n0ia 6 0a, 9543i4 ?a

=56i6 / 3 , ?a;a =5035a6* A54. 2.2) N. 2. C. D / 03a/ , ,ig3< 3 n ?ain6,

:3,4 i9 i0a6 ,4a, /4i8a, 0i503n,4an0ia,< /a =53a 5n6i6a n 4in ningn @a/5.

!1


32/106

V

P5 45a =a54< n a4n0i>n a /a, 6i,=,i0in, ,=0ia/;,i8a, 6/ 4;43/ ((< Ca=. III 6/ C.< 3

45a4a 6/ :3g< a=3,4a ,354< , ?a0 in6i,=n,a/ ana/iJa5 /a, 0n630n4, a/ =3n4 /ga/ 3 ,

6i,034. E/ A54. !.%12 C- Di0 a,;* La 636a 6 :3g a=3,4a n =36 08=n,a5,< ni ,50n@54i6a =5 n@a0i>n n 3na /iga0i>n 0i@i/8n4 9i0aJ< / ,ig3in4 !.%1!< 6 ,4 86* E/ 3

?3i5 9i58a6 3na /iga0i>n 3 4n;a n 5a/i6a6 =5 0a3,a 3na 636a 6 :3g 6 a=3,4an 6 45a 0a3,a 0i@i/8n4 9i0aJ7 /a 0=0i>n 6/ A54< an45i5<

=36 =5a5 =5 46, /, 86i, /a 0a3,a 5a/ 6 /a /iga0i>n. Cn958 /a 1a. 6 6 i0?a,

6i,=,i0in,< a4n6in6 a / a/ga6 =5 / S5. Tin0< ?a5;a n / 0a, 3 , 0n48=/a

n@a0i>n =5 / 0a8i 6 a0565,< a 3 6i0? S5. 0n9i,a 3 6n Mna5 n 6n M3an< 93

3in 904i@a8n4 / gan> /a ,38a 6 ,i, 8i/ 0in =,,. En ,4a @i5436< ,i ,5@a* 3 =3,4

3 / 6a4 36aa 5630i6 a /a =5a0i>n 6 /a n@a0i>n< a/ :034a6 / 5a in6i,=n,a/08=5a5 =5 /, 86i, /ga/, 3 a 9a@5 6/ :034an4 , ?a;a =5a6 6i0?a n@a0i>n< 5a

0n / 0n45a4 0/5a6 =5 ,4 0n 6n Mna5 +/ina A54. 2.#$% N. 2. C< 5a =5 /a, 45a,

0/a,, 6 =53a, a68i4i6a, =5 /a /7 8a, 08 / S5. Tin0 n in4n4> ,i3i5a 5n6i5 ning3na

,5 ,4 =a54 i03/a5 6 60i5, 3 n , ?a :3,4 i9 i0a6 na6a ,5 ,4a 0/a, 6 n@a0i>nn 45an,05i4a ,4 S3=58 T5i3na/ ,4i8a 3 =a5a a=/i0a5/a , ?a0

n0,a5i ,3=n5 3 /a n@a0i>n 3 =36i5a =5a5, n / 0a, 3 a//; , a6@i54< ,5ia =5 /

0a8i 6 /iga0in,< a 3 ,gn / ,=;5i43 6 6i0?a 6i,=,i0i>n< / 3 ?a 9i58a6 /6038n4 / ?a ?0? a 9a@5 6/ 3 / ?a gana6 n / :3g< n /a a=3,4a7 08

0n,03n0ia 6 / 6i0?< /a =53a =54inn4 a/ 0a, a043a/< ,5;a /a 4n6in4 a :3,4i9i0a5 =5 /

:034a6 3 /a 0a3,a 5a/ 6 /a /iga0i>n 5igina/ 6 6i0? :034a6 , ?a 0n@54i6 n 45a

0i@i/8n4 9i0aJ< n45 /, 8i,8, 6365 a0565* 8a, 08 ,gn In 0n9,i>n 3 / S5. Tin0

?a ?0?< el :034an4 n , /a =5,na 3 / ?a gana6 /a ,38a =53 , / :034a< ,in 3

93 6n Mna5 +/ina< 5,3/4a 3 /a =53a 3 , ?a 5n6i6 n / :3i0i< an ,3=nin6 3 935a

53,4a n / ,n4i6 3 / ?a in4n4a6 / =5,a6 S5. Tin0< n 055,=n6a a /a ign0ia 6 /a

6i,=,i0i>n 6 3 , ?a ?0? 85i4< =5 / 4an4 n 4in ningn @a/5 /ga/.

Vi/

Si in =36i5a a/ga5, 3 0n958 a/ 595i6 A54. !.%1! C.< , 4a8in a68i,i/ /a =53a =5

=5,3n0in,< 6 60i5, 3 n / =5,n4 0a, / T5i3na/ n n45> a a8ina5 ning3na< =53

=a5a //, ?a5;a ,i6 n0,a5i 3 n / :3i0i i,4i5an ?0?, 6i6a8n4 =5a6, 6 /,

03a/, =36i5an 6630i5, a 3 /a, 08 a,; /, ,4a/0 /, A5/,. 1.!&$ 1.!)) P5.7 08


33/106

,gn , ?a @i,4 / :034a6 n 08=5> =/na8n4 / 5ign 6 /a /iga0i>n< ni 45a4> 6

:3,4i9i0a5 4a8=0 0n958 a 650? /, 45, 458, 0i ,3 =,i0i>n< n 0a n 0n,03n0ia

?a05 85i4 6 ning3na =5,3n0i>n /ga/ ni ?38ana. D / =3,4 , 6,=5n6 3 /a Hn5a/

Sa/a 6 / Ci@i/ a=/i0> 55>na8n4 /a, 6i,=,i0in, 3 0i4a n ,3, ,n4n0ia, =5 //< 6 ,50a,a6a ,4a /4i8a.

POR TANTO*

Y 6 0n958i6a6 0n /a, 6i,=,i0in, 0i4a6a, /a A54,. 2.#)< 2.1#$ P5. /, in95a,05i4, +agi,45a6,

6i:5n7 S 0a,a< /a ,n4n0ia 6 3 , ?a ?0? 85i4< 6i04a6a =5 /a Sa/a 6 / Ci@i/ 6 /a C54 6

A=/a0in, 6 O00i6n4< a /a, 6iJ 6 /a 8aKana 6/ 0a450 6 Ag,4 6 8i/ n@0in4, n0.

En 0n,03n0ia 6 ,g3i5, a6/an4 /a :030i>n a 3 , 59i5n ,4, a34,< in,4a35a6a =5 /

S5. M3an B. +/ina 0n45a / S5. R54 Tin0< ,in ,=0ia/ 0n6na0i>n 6 0,4a, n / =5,n4 5-

035, =5 ?a5 4ni6 ,4, /4i8, 84i@, 5a0ina/, =a5a /i4iga5.LECTURA SENTENCIAS DE LA CORTE SUPRE+A DE MUSTICIA

2. EFECTOS DE LA +ORA

RESULTA*

I

E/ 6iJ 6 M3ni 6 8i/ n@0in4, 6iJ , =5,n4> an4 / M3J 1` 6 / Ci@i/ 6 ,4 Di,45i4< / D5.

Ma3;n Ca,4i//< 08 a=65a6 E. Pa/aJi C8=aK;a< 68an6an6 :034i@a8n4 a/ D5. M,

+a5;a B5gn< 8a5 6 6a6< aga6< 6 0a4 @0in6a5i< =5 /a 0an4i6a6 6 45in4a 0in0

3in4a/, 6 0a9 /i8=i 850an4i/ 3 a636a 6 =/aJ @n0i6 a ,3 =656an4. E, /a 68an6a /a93n6a / a045 n /a 45, 6038n4, 6 /. ! 1# 6 Ag,4 6 1$#%< ,3,05i4 =5 / 68an6a6 a =aga5 a 9a@5 6 6i0?a C8=aK;a< /a, ,38a 6 3in0< 0in0

3in0 3in4a/, 6 0a9 5,=04i@a8n4< =a5a / /4i8 6 A5i/ 6 1$#$< /ign6, 4a8in< n

0a, 6 9a/4a< a 50n05 a 9a@5 6 ,3 a0565 / 8a5 =50i 3 //ga5 a a/0anJa5 n ,4a

=/aJa / 0a9 6 /a =5>i8a 0,0?a< 8, /, 6aK, =5:3i0i, 3 / 0a,in. Di0?, 6038n4,

, 43@i5n =5 50n0i6, n 5,/30i>n 6 /a, n0 6 /a 8aKana 6/ 2 6 +a 6 1$12.

II

N ?ain6 68an6a6 ,a4i,90? / =ag 3 , ig;a< / M3J :0345 ?iJ 45aa 8a5g>< /

8i,8 6;a n 3 , n4a/> /a :030i>n n /a Fin0a //a8a6a San M,< 03, /in65, ,

n03n45an ,=0i9i0a6, n / a04a 5,=04i@a. E/ :034a6 ?iJ =,i0i>n< a/gan6 3 / 3

6;an ?a5/ 50/a8a6 5a / @a/5 6/ 0a9 a/ 4i8= 6 @n05 /a /iga0i>n n / 0a9 8i,8

=5 n 4n5/. Ta8in =i6i> a0383/a0i>n 6 ,4, a34, 0n 45, ini0ia6, n ,3 0n45a =5 6n

ng/ Ca/iga5ia. D,0?an6 ,4 in0i6n4 /a Sa/a 6 / Ci@i/ 5,=04i@a< n @i5436 6 5035,


34/106

in45=3,4< 0n9i58> /a =5@i6n0ia 50355i6a. S =i6i> a 0n4in3a0i>n =5 / :034an4 / a@a/ 6/

0a9< n ,4an6 6 a0356 /a =5i4, n85a6, =5 /a, =a54a< 93 6,igna6 08 4505 n

6i,056ia / D5. T/8a0 Ca,4i//< 3in 6i ,3 6i04a8n / @in4 6 +a 6 8i/ n@0in4, n0 ?a5 ,i6 n45ga6 ,gn /a

/iga0i>n 6 3 , ?a ?0? 85i4. E/ M3J / 3in0 6 n@i85 6/ 8i,8 aK< 6i04> ,3

,n4n0ia 6 58a4< 8an6an6 //@a5 a6/an4 /a :030i>n< =a5a ?a05 904i@ / =ag 6/ 0a9 3

/ 50/a8a< ,3 @a/5 a/ =50i 6 0in03n4a =,, =5 0a6a 3in4a/< 0n 8, /, in45,, 6,6 /a

85a /a, 0a4a, 6/ :3i0i. Nga6a /a 5958a 6 6i0?a ,n4n0ia ,/i0i4a6a =5 / D5. B5gn< /

M3J a68i4i> /a a=/a0i>n 3 ,4 / a=65a6 6/ :034an4 in45=3,i5n 6 /a

8i,8a.

IIIS 43@ =5,na6, a /, D5,. B5gn Ca,4i//< n /a Sa/a 6 / Ci@i/ 5,=04i@a< a 6n6 //ga5n

/, a34, =5 / 5035, =5,a6< 6,=3, 6 8an6a5 / T5i3na/ ag5ga5 a /, 8i,8,< 0=ia 6

3n ,05i4 6/ ,g3n6< =5,n4a6 n 45 :3i0i< 3na 054i9i0a0i>n 6a6a =5 / A/0a/6 6 ,4a 0i36a6 ,3 ,n4n0ia 6 /a, 6iJ 6 /a 8aKana 6/ 45, 6 8a 6/ aK =5>i8

=a,a6< 3 6i0 a,; n /a =a54 5,/34i@a* L/@, a6/an4 /a =5,n4 :030i>n in0a6a =5 /,

S5,. E. Pa/aJi C8=aK;a< 0n45a / D5. M, +a5;a B5gn< =5 45in4a 0in0 3in4a/, 6 0a9n n / 9n6< 93n6n6, n /a, 0a3,a/,

2a< &a< I#a< 6/ a54. 2#"& P5.< =53 n ,3 0n0=4 /a Sa/a in45=54> 55>na8n4 / A54. 1)"$

P5.< =5 ?a5 60/a5a6 3 /a 85a 6,6 / 6;a 6 /a 68an6a n 6,6 3 @n0i> / =/aJ 6

/a /iga0i>n7 =53 935n @i/a6, / A54. 1)%# /a, 5g/a, 6 /, A54,. 1)%" 1)%% C.< =5 n

?a5, 0n6na6 a/ 5 n /, 6aK, =5:3i0i, 3 6i0 935n 68an6a6, =53 4a8=0

, in45=54> 6i6a8n4 / A54. 1)%& C. A8=/ian6 6i0? 5035, ,5 /a, 8i,8a, 0a3,a/, n

,05i4 =,45i5< 60/a5a6a ,in /3ga5 /a ,/i0i436 6/ :034a6 =a5a 3 n , 0n06i5a 8, 3

n 3n 904< /a Sa/a / a68i4i> n a8, 904, n =5@i6n0ia 6 6i0i,i, 6 8a 6/ aK


35/106

=5>i8 =a,a6.

L/ga6, /, a34, a ,4 S3=58 T5i3na/< , 43@ =5 =5,na6, a/ D5. B5gn a/ D5. F5nan6

Saa//,< n 5=5,n4a0i>n ,4 /4i8 6/ :034an4. C55i6, /, 45a,/a6, 6 / / :034a6 n /a,4a0i>n =543na a6?i5i> a/ 5035, in45=3,4< a/gan6 3 935n @i/a6, /, A54,. 2< 1&"

P5. 1)"$< 1)%"< 1)%% 1)%& C.< 3 055,=n6;an a /a, 0a3,a/, 2a. 1#a. 6/ A54. 2#"& P5.

E@a03a6, /, 45, 458i4, 6 5=/i0a 63=/i0a< ,Ka/a6, 6;a ?5a =a5a /a @i,4a< 3 =a,> ,in

0n0355n0ia 6 /a, =a54, ni 6 ,3, a=65a6,<

CONSIDERANDO

1

3 =a5a 9i:a5 / @56a65 =50i 6/ 0a9 6i6< ,5 / 3 , ?a ?0? 0n@5g5 =5in0i=a/ 6

/a 6i,=34a< ?aa 3 a4n5, n / =5,n4 0a,< a/ 0n@ni 0/5a6 =5 /a, =a54,< ,gn /,6038n4, 6 /iga0i>n ,3,05i4, =5 / :034a6< 3 ,4 0n@ni 6 =5630i5 ,3, 904,

/ga/, n45 //a,< a/ 4n5 6/ A54. 2&$C. 3 ,gn 6i0?, 6038n4,< / D5. B5gn 36>

/iga6< n 0a, 6 9a/4a< a =aga5 a ,3 a0565 / 8a5 =50i 3 / 0a9 6 /a =5>i8a 0,0?a ,4a/0i6 n 0in03n4a =,, =5 0a6a 3in4a/< ,gn / 6i04a8n 6/ =5i4 n

6i,056ia D5. T/8a0 Ca,4i//.

U

3 =5 / 3 ?a0 a /, in45,, 6@nga6, ,4 T5i3na/ ,4i8a 3 , 6n 6,6 3 /

6365 0a> n 85a ,a 03an6 93 535i6 :36i0ia/8n4 =a5a / 038=/i8in4 6 ,3 /iga0i>n,gn / A54. 1)"$ C.< n 3 =36a 48a5, n 03n4a / 3 , a/ga =5 / :034a6 ,5 /

=3n4 6 3 n ?a ,4a6 n 85a< =53< a 3 n =36 n45ga5 0a9 a/ @n0i8in4 6/ =/aJ 08 5a 6 ,3 /iga0i>n 0n,igna5< n ,a 90?a /a ,38a 6 6in5 3 05;a 65< ,i /

a0565 n a0=4aa / =50i =5 / 9i:a6. C3an4 a /, 45, 6aK_ =5:3i0i, 50/a8a6, =5 /,

a=65a6, 6/ :034an4< ,5 / 8a5 @a/5 3 a63i5i> n =,45i5i6a6 6/ 0a9< ,4a C54

S3=58a :3Jga 3 n =36n 60/a5a5< =53 a=a54 6 3 n /a /iga0i>n 36> ,4a/0i6 3

/ 6365 /a ,a4i,9a05/a =agan6 / 8a5 =50i 3 //ga5 a a/0anJa5 / 0a9 6 /a 0,0?a

=,45i5 a 1$#)< n 935n a3//, 68an6a6,< n 03an6 , igi> / 0a9< ni 03an6 , =i6i> ,3@a/5 =5 / 6i04a8n 6 =5i4,. 3 n ,4a @i5436< 0n054n6, /a 03,4i>n a/ =ag 6 3na

0an4i6a6 6 6in5< /, 6aK, =5:3i0i, 36a5n 5630i6, ,gn / A54. 1)%& C. a /, in45,,

/ga/, 6/ < an3a/< =5 n ?a5, 0n@ni6 n 45 4i= 6 in45,.

III

3 ,4an6 ,4a/0i6 3 / 6365 038=/a ,3 /iga0i>n< 6 a0356 0n /, 6038n4, 3


36/106

,3,05ii> 3 =36 ?a5 038=/i6 0n,ignan6 / 6in57 igin6 =5 45a =a54 / A54. 1"

PR.< 3 /a, 0,4a, ,n a 0a5g 6/ 6365 a3n3 =ag3 an4, 6/ 535i8in4< , / 0a, 6 3

/ D5. B5gn ,a4i,9aga /a, =50,a/, 0a3,a6a, a/ a0565.

IV3 n 85i4 6 / =3,4 , 6,=5n6 3 /a Sa/a 6 / Ci@i/< n @i/> n ,3 ,n4n0ia ni

in45=54> 55a6a8n4 ning3na 6 /a, 6i,=,i0in, 0i4a6a, =5 /, 50355n4,7 =5 / 8i,8< n

, / 0a, 6 0a,a5/a.

POR TANTO*

Y 6 0n958i6a6 0n /a, 6i,=,i0in, 0i4a6a, /, A54,< 1. 6 /a / 6/ 1. 6/ 8, =5>i8

=a,a6< 2#) 21#$ P.D.< /, in95a,05i4, +agi,45a6, 6i:5n* N , 0a,a /a ,n4n0ia 6 3 , ?a

?0? 85i4 6i04a6a =5 /a Sa/a 6 / Ci@i/ 6 /a C54 6 A=/a0in, 6 O5in4< a /a, 6iJ 6 /a

8aKana 6/ 45, 6 +a 6/ 8, =5>i8 =a,a6. S 0n6na a/ :034a6 n /a, 0,4a, 6 ,45035,. V3/@an /, a34, a/ :3Jga6 6 ,3 5ign 0n 4,4i8ni 0n054a6.

IV.- DE LAS OBLIGACIONES CONDICIONALES

D9ini0i>n.- +in45a, / 458in , 3n a0n40i8in4 93435 0i54< la condicin es un

acontecimiento %uturo e incierto. N , ,a< n / 88n4 6 /a 0n0/3,i>n 6/ 0n45a4< ,i /

a0n40i8in4 /gi6< /a 0n6i0i>n< , 5a/iJa5 n. P5 ,< la condicin posee, a di%erencia delt)rmino, un in%lujo no slo sobre la e1igibilidad, sino sobre la e1istencia de la obligacin." +aJa36n 6 /a condictio jurs, ,a 6 /a, 3 ,n i8=3,4a, =5 /a /n / =/aJ , /a in054i63857 n / =/aJ i8=5a /a 054Ja< a3n3 /=/aJ ,a in6458ina6< =5 :8=/* La 8354< 3n =/aJ in6458ina6< ,a 93435 in0i54n ,i n,45, =n8, 3na in054i6385< n / 3 , 59i5 a /a 8354< =5 :.* L 6i0n a

3na =5,na 3 / @an a ?56a5 "56a,< ,i 03 =a65 835 6n45 6 6, aK,< ,4 @in

a 0n,4i43i5 3na 0n6i0i>n< 3 gJa 6 in054i6385.


37/106

Ei,4n a04, :35;6i0, n 3 n , =36n a=/i0a5 /a 0n6i0i>n< ni / =/aJ< 05n n / 8a45i8nin =5 ,5 3n actus legitimus. N , =36

60i5 8 0a, =a5a 0in0 aK,< 4a8=0 6 3 ,i ,4a 83:5 n 4in 3n ?i: a/ aK 6 0a,a6 8 6i-

@50i. La 5aJ>n 6 ,4 , /a 9ina/i6a6 6/ 8a45i8ni 3 ,a =5=43. O45 0a, ,5;a / 6/50n0i8in4 6 /, ?i:,< a3; n , =36 60i5 3 , 50n0 a 4a/ ?i:< =5 0n /a 0n6i0i>n

6 3 n //@ / n85< ni 6 3 ?56< 6 3 n @a a 4n5 650? a /, a/i8n4,. E,4

60< 4a8in< a /a na435a/Ja :35;6i0a 6/ 50n0i8in4 3 , strictus sensu, a 3 6/ =a65

,>/ i,4 /a ,=n4ani6a6 n 355 50n05/< =5 /a, 5g3/a0in, /a, ?a0 /a /< , 3n a04

in,4i430ina/ n 3 /a 5/a0i>n n45 / =a65 / ?i: ,4 5g3/a6a =5 /a /.

En4n0,< /a 0n6i0i>n , 3na /i8i4a0i>n 6 /a @/3n4a6< ,4i=3/a6a =5 /a, =a54,< a 9in 6 3 /a

9i0a0ia in9i0a0ia 6 3n ng0i 6=n6a 6 3n a0n40i8in4 93435 in0i54.

I DIVISIN Y CATEGORAS DE LAS OBLIGACIONES CONDICIONALESEi,4n 6, 0a4g5;a, 6i95n4, 6 0n6i0in,7

La condicin suspensiva la resolutiva, /a /iga0i>n , ,3,=n,i@a 03an6 ,3 igii/i6a6 ,

,3,=n6 ?a,4a 3 , 038=/a /a 0n6i0i>n< 6=n6 6 3n ?0? 93435 in0i54< =5 :. ( =5,na

, /iga a 6a5 !## 0>56a, a Y =5,na< ,i / 0aa// 6 ,4 gana /a 0a555a 3 , @5i9i0a n /

?i=>658 ?.

La 0n6i0i>n , resolutoria, 03an6 a/ @5i9i0a5, 038=/i5, /a 0n6i0i>n @3/@n /a, 0,a, a/ ,4a6

n58a/ n 3 , n0n45aan an4, 6 0n45a4a5. La 0n6i0i>n resolutoria , / 0n45a5i a /a

suspensiva, 4in i,4n0ia =5@i,ina/< 3 458ina 03an6 , 038=/ /a 0n6i0i>n< 6:an6 6i,4i5 /a /iga0i>n< 3n :8=/ ,5;a* ( =5,na 6:a a Y =5,na /a 0an4i6a6 6 1#56a,n 6 3 ,i , 0a,a 0n 3na

=5,na Z< , 4ing3 / /ga6< , 60i5 3 6 038=/i5, /a 0n6i0i>n 3 , =3,< , 5,3/@ /

0n45a4< n , =5630 na6a< /a, 0,a, @3/@n a ,3 ,4a6 n58a/< a 08 ,4aan an4, 6

?a5, 0n,4i43i6 /a /iga0i>nn 6n45 6 0in0 aK,< ,i //3@ a5na n L>n7 ,i

6n45 6 0in0 aK, //@i> a5na< n4n0, 8 =36 igi5 3 / @n6a. D=n6 6 /a na435a/Ja

A54. 1&)$ C>6. Ci@..

Cn6i0in, P4,4a4i@a,* E,4a, 6=n6n 6 /a @/3n4a6 6 /a, =a54,. Ha 6, 0/a,,. Una 6

//a, , /a 5ig35,a8n4 =4,4a4i@a< n a0=4a6a =5 /a /< a 3 6=n6n 6 /a @/3n4a6 6/

63657 Ca50 6 @a/i6J :35;6i0a< =53 , =5,38 3 n ?a /iga0i>n< a 3 0a50 6


38/106

@in03/a :35;6i0< =5 :8=/* / =584 @n65 8i 0a,a 6n45 6 3n aK< ,i 8 =a50 0n@nin4.

La ,g3n6a , /a 0n6i0i>n 85a8n4 =4,4a4i@a< ,in6 a3//a 3 6=n6 6 /a @/3n4a6 6/

a05657 gJa 6 @a/i6J :35;6i0a< =53 ?a @;n03/ :35;6i0 6,6 / 8i,8 88n4 n 3 ,

958a/iJ> / 0n45a4.Cn6i0in, +i4a,* Sn a3//a, 3 6=n6n 6 8i @/3n4a6 6 3n 4505< 6 3n 650?

a:n< =5 :.* a 3,46 / 6ig< / =584 @n65 8i 0a,a 6 ?ai4a0i>n< ,i 93/an 6 4a/ 8 @n6 /a

6 /< n4n0, ,i / 4505 8 @n6 ,3 0,a< 3,46 8 =36 /iga57 n 6=n6 ,/a8n4 6 8i

@/3n4a6< =53 n ?a5;a @in03/a0i>n< ,in 6 /a 6 a3/ 3 8 @n6a n.

Cn6i0in, T0i4a,* E, / 0a, 6 /a 0n6i0i>n 5,/345ia t!cita 0n48=/a6a, =5 A54. 1))"

C>6. Ci@.. Caan//a, /a 69in 08 /a n =5,a6a 6 86 6458inan4 n 3n a04 0n45a4nt!cita, 3 /, 68, ga,4, 055n =5 03n4a 6/ @n665.

Na435a/Ja :35;6i0a 6 /a 0n6i0i>n 40i4a.- Ha 05i45i, 6i95n4,.

L, a5gn4in, =in,an 3 n 0a //a8a5 0n6i0i>n< a /a 40i4a< =53 ,>/ /a, =a54, n 3n

0n45a4 =5 ,3 @/3n4a6 =36n 05a5 0n6i0in,< =5 /an;< 3 n , 3na 0n6i0i>n< ,in 3 3na

i8=,i0i>n 6 /a /.

L, i4a/ian,< n45 //, D//a< 6i0n 3 / 93n6a8n4 6 ,4a 0n6i0i>n 40i4a ,5n4n6i6a ,

08 3na 0n,03n0ia 6 /a 9a/4a 6 0a3,a< =53 / 3 , 0a3,a =a5a 8;< , :4 =a5a /a 45a

=a54< n4n0, ,i 038=/ 8i /iga0i>n / 45 n 038=/ /a ,3a< n4n0, / 3 9a/4a , /a0a3,a< a 3 / 8>@i/ n i,4 =a5a 9043a5 / 0n45a4< =i6in6,< =5 4an4< /a 5,/30i>n 6/

0n45a4.

Di95n0ia n45 /a 0n6i0i>n 5,/345ia 40i4a /a 0n6i0i>n 5,/345ia 56ina5ia.- La 0n6i0i>n

5,/345ia 56ina5ia =5a 6 =/n 650?< n ?a n0,i6a6 6 ning3na 60/a5a0i>n 6/ :3J =a5a

3 =5 /a 0n6i0i>n =a5a 3 4nga 904, :35;6i0,< =5 :8=/ n / 0a, 6 /a 545@n4a ,3

=a04 3 , 3na 0n6i0i>n 5,/345ia 56ina5ia 4;=i0a.

La 0n6i0i>n 5,/345ia 40i4a n =5a 6 =/n 650?< ,in 3 , a in,4an0ia, 6 =a54< =53

08 6i0 / 8i,8 a54;03/< 3 =68, =6i5 /a :030i>n 6/ 0n45a4 3 /a =a54 n, 6<

038=/a< =6i5 5,/30i>n 6/ 0n45a47 n a8, 0a,, , n0,a5i =6i5 /a 60/a5a0i>n :36i0ia/. En

/a :030i>n 95Ja6a ?a 0n438a0ia 6 /a =a54< n4n0, /a 0n6na aa50a< n a8, 0a,,< /,

6aK, =5:3i0i,. E,4a 0n6na 6 6aK, =5:3i0i, n i,4 n /a 0n6i0i>n 5,/345ia 56ina5ia

a/ =5a5 6 =/n 650? @i4a5 3 , 0a3, 6aK< ni =5:3i0i. Si =i6 /a 5,/30i>n 6/ 0n-

45a4 n /a 0a,i4a @an a 36a5 /a, 0,a, a 05n ,4aan< 8, /, 6aK, =5:3i0i, 3 8


39/106

0a,ina5n =5 9a/4a 6 038=/i8in4.

La / n =58i4< ,i< 3 =36a igi5 /a :030i>n 95Ja6a /a :030i>n 6/ 0n45a4 ,in ?a5

038=/i6 0n 8i =a54< =53 n4n0, 3,3953043a5;a 8i =a54 /a 45a 3 8 @an a 6a5 0n /a

:030i>n ,in ?a5 038=/i6< =5 / 4an4 ?a 9a/4a 6 :3,4i0ia. Di95n0ia n45 /a 0n6i0i>n 40i4a / =a04 08i,5i.-

E/ =a04 08i,5i , 3na 6 a, 4an4a, 0/3,3/a, 3 , =36n ag5ga5 =5 /a, =a54, n 3n

0n45a4 6 08=5a@n4a< 3n :8=/ n, a0/a5a5 /a ,i43a0i>n< 3 , 03an6 @n6 8i 0a,a 6

?ai4a0i>n / 08=5a65 8 36> 6in6 /a 8i4a6 3 ,n "#56a, =aga65, a 3n

aK< ,i n 8 /, =aga =36 ?a05 93n0ina5 /, 650?, 3 8 0n9i5 /a 5,/30i>n 40i4a 6

/, 0n45a4, i/a45a/,7 =5 ,3/ ,3065< 830?a, @0,< 3 /a 0n6i0i>n 5,/345ia 40i4a n

,i5@ =a5a na6a< =53 ,i 8i 08=5a65 @n6 /a =5=i6a6 a i5 =5,na< a3n3 3,46 5,3/@a /

0n45a4 n 4in a00i>n 0n45a / 4505 3 08=5>< =53 4in /a, 03a/i6a6, 6 3n 45055gi,45a/. P5 ,4 , 8:5 ,4i=3/a5 / =a04 08i,5i< n3n0ian6 3 n 0a, 3 /, "#56a, n 8 ,an 6@3/4, n45ga6, n 8i 0a,a 6 ?ai4a0i>n< n /a 90?a in6i0a6a< 36a

5,3/4 / 0n45a4< 4in 08 904 =a5a 4505,< 3 ,i 3na =5,na 08=5a /a 0a,a a 3n

,g3n6 08=5a65< n4n0, , a904a6 ,4 4505 08=5a65< a 3 /a /iga0i>n =5,na/ ,

0n@i54 n 5a/< =5 / 3 /, 4505, @inn a ,5 =a54, 6/ 0n45a4< ,a 3 , a904a6 46

/ 83n6 =5 /a in,05i=0i>n n / 5gi,45.

II REUISITOSY VALIDEZ DE LA CONDICIN

A.- Caractersticas que debe presentar el acontecimiento.A0n40i8in4 93435 in0i54.- La ,/30i>n 58ana< a,i8i/a a/ a0n40i8in4 93435 /

a0n40i8in4 a a0a0i6< =5 6,0n0i6 =a5a /a, =a54, n / in,4an4 6 /a 0n0/3,i>n 6/

0n45a4. E/ a0n40i8in4 93435 in0i54 4in 3 ,4a5 6n45 6 /a, =,ii/i6a6, 3 a0n4J0a

n , ,=a n 3 90?a.

A0n40i8in4 45;n,0 a /a 5/a0i>n 6 650?.- La 5/a0i>n 6 650? 6 =65 i,4i5 ,in

/a 0n6i0i>n< 3 n , ,in 3na modalidad 6 /a 8i,8a7 por lo tanto, un elemento esencial del

contrato no constitue jam!s una condicin,

La 08=5a@n4a a: /a 0n6i0i>n 6 3 , =ag3 / =50i n 0n,4i43 3na 08=5a@n4a

0n6i0ina/< ,in 3 3na 08=5a@n4a =35a ,i8=/7 / =ag 6/ =50i , 3n /8n4 6 /a

08=5a@n4a< 3n /8n4 in45;n,0. P5 / 0n45a5i< /a 08=5a@n4a 6 3n in83/ a: /a

0n6i0i>n 6 3 / 08=5a65 0 0a,< , 3na 08=5a@n4a 0n6i0ina/* , 0n0i/ / 0n45a4

,in /a 0n6i0i>n< 3 n , ,in 3na 86a/i6a6. P5 6,g5a0ia< /a :35i,=536n0ia n 34i/iJa ,i8=5 3na

458in/g;a 5ig35,a n ,4a ,95a. +aJa36< @/. III< =g. 2$).


40/106

B.- =alide de la Condicin.

Pa5a ,5 @/i6a 3na 0n6i0i>n , n0,i4an*

1. 3 /a 0n6i0i>n n 6=n6 6 /a 0/3,i@a @/3n4a6 6/ 6365.

A54. 1))1 C>6. [email protected]. 3 /a 0n6i0i>n n ,a i8=,i/< i/;0i4a in85a/.

A54. 1))# C>6. Ci@..

3 n 6=n6a 6 /a @/3n4a6 6/ 6365.- R=a,a58, / ,436ia6 an45i58n4< 595n4 a /a,

0n6i0in, =4,4a4i@a,< n4n0, ,4 , / 0a, 6 /a, 0n6i0in, 5ig35,a8n4 =4,4a4i@a, a

9a@5 6/ 6365< / 03a/ , in@/i6a. A/ 0n45a5i /a 0n6i0i>n ,i8=/8n4 =4,4a4i@a , @/i6a< 3

, 03an6 / a0n40i8in4 6=n6 6 8i @/3n4a6 6 /a =,ii/i6a6 6 n0n45a5 a/:a8in4n 5ig35,a8n4 =4,4a4i@a a 9a@5 6/ a0565.

+aJa36 6i0 3 /a 0n6i0i>n =35a 5ig35,a8n4 =4,4a4i@a =5 =a54 6/ 6365 , n3/a< =53/ ?a0 9a/4a 3n /8n4 ,n0ia/ 6/ 0n45a4 3 , /a @/3n4a6 6 /iga5,7 / 0a, n ,

08=5845, ,i , 3i5. A,;< /a ,0i6a6 3 0n,in4 3na =58,a 6 =5,4a8< =5 3

,356ina /a n45ga 93435a 6/ 6in5 a /a a=50ia0i>n 3 //a ?aga 6 /a, ga5an4;a, 3 , /

95J0an =5 / =5,4a65< n , /iga7 =3,4 3 =65 60/a5a5< a ,3 an4:< in,39i0in4, /a,

ga5an4;a, =5=3,4a,. P5 4an4< 4a8in< =36i5a :4a5, 3 n i,4 @;n03/< n ?a 5/a0i>n

:35;6i0a.

Cn6i0in, i8=,i/,< i/;0i4a, in85a/,.- Ta8in =a5a ,5 @/i6a /a 0n6i0i>n 6 ,5

=,i/< /;0i4a 85a/. La 0n6i0i>n , i8=,i/ 03an6 /a 5a/iJa0i>n 6/ a0n40i8in4 /gi6 ,i8=,i/* i8=,ii/i6a6 na435a/< ,i 40a, / 0i/ 0n /a 8an< :35;6i0a< =5 :8=/< /a 08=5a@n4a

0n /a 0n6i0i>n 5,/345ia 6 3 / in @n6i6 ,a =5=43a8n4 ina/ina/.

Ta8in 03an6 / 84i@ i8=3/,i@ ,a 3na 0,a i/;0i4a< =5 :8=/* En /a, ,30,in, n ,

=36i5a 038=/i5< ,3=nga8,< 4 6 "#.### n 8a5i?3ana 08 /a =a54 3 4 055,=n6 n /

ng0i. 3 @aa 4a8in 0n45a / 56n =/i0 /a, 3na, 0,4385,< 08 03an6 , 950

@n65 3na 0a,a 0n /a 0n6i0i>n 6 3 , 084a 3n 05i8n.

E904 6 /a n3/i6a6 6 /a 0n6i0i>n.- La /gi,/a0i>n ,=aK/a 4in a

/a n3/i6a6 6 /a 0n6i0i>n 05n n ,05i4a n /a, ,30,in,< =5 n /, 0n45a4, 08 n3/a 46a /a

/iga0i>n7 a,; 3 /a i8=,ii/i6a6 /a /i0i436 @i0ia 46a /a /iga0i>n< =53< 6i0n //,< , 3i,

/iga5 n ,a 958a< a/ ,4a/05 3na i8=,ii/i6a6< , =53 n 3i, /iga5,7 n 0a8i n

n3,45a /gi,/a0i>n , 6i0 3 a / i8=,i/ ning3na =5,na =36 ,4a5 /iga6a< 45an6

=a50ia/8n4 /a an3/a0i>n 4in0i>n 6 /a 0n6i0i>n< @a/in6 /a /iga0i>n< =53 /a 0n6i0i>n , /

a00,5i< n =36n ,5 :4 6 ng0ia0i>n< n4n6in6, 08 n ,05i4a,< n =36in6 ,5


41/106

0/3,3/a, 6 3n 0n45a4.

La /gi,/a0i>n 95an0,a 6i0 3* , 6 ,4i8a5 n45 /, a04, a 4;43/ g5a43i4 /, a04, a 4;43/

n5,. +in45a, n 3na 6i,=,i0i>n , 0n,i65a n ,05i4a n /a, /i5a/i6a6, /a 0n6i0i>n in85a/

i/;0i4a< 45a 6i,=,i0i>n a9i58a /a n3/i6a6 6/ 0n45a4 a 4;43/ n5,< n ,3 44a/i6a6< 03an6 ,4a904a6 =5 4a/ 0n6i0i>n. +aJa36 ana/iJa< 3 /, 45i3na/, ,84n 46, /, a04, a/ 8i,8

5gi8n7 6i,4ing3n 4an ,>/ ,gn / 0a5045 6458inan4 a00,5i 6 /a 0n6i0i>n* la nulidad de

la condicin lleva consigo la nulidad de lodo el acto cuando a sido la causa impulsora

determinante de la voluntad del contratante; en el caso contrario, la condicin se considera sen-

cillamente como no escrita. Cn0/3 +aJa36 0n 3 /a :35i,=536n0ia ?a ,3=5i8i6 /a =,i0i>n

,4a/0i6a =5 /, 56a045, 6/ C>6ig Ci@i/ n45 /, a04, a 4;43/ g5a43i4 /, a04, a 4;43/

n5,.

III EFECTOS DE LAS OBLIGACIONES CONDICIONALES A.- E&!ct#s "! a c#$"%c%'$s(s)!$s%*a.

In45,a 6i,4ing3i5 6, =5;6,.- E/ =5i85< 3 , / =5;6 6 ,=5a< 6 in054i6385*

pendente conditione, 8in45a, 3 /a 0n6i0i>n ,4 n ,3,=n,. E/ ,g3n6 , ini0ia 03an6 ,

6i,i=a /a in054i6385* in , 5a/iJa /a 0n6i0i>n7 in , 0i54 3 n , 5a/iJa5< 3 , ?a

953,45a6.

Pn6n4 0n6i4in. Na435a/Ja 6 /a 5/a0i>n.- La 0n6i0i>n , 3na 86a/i6a6 8, n5gi0a 3

/ =/aJ< =3,4 3 ,3,=n6 / na0i8in4 8i,8 6/ 650?. En 4an4 3 /a 0n6i0i>n ,4

=n6in4< =36 60i5, 3 no e1iste /a /iga0i>n ,3,=n6i6a =5 //a7 , 4in< ni0a8n4< /a,=5anJa 6 3 3n 6;a naJ0a. E,4 60;an /, an4ig3,* Ni?i/ a630 6435< ,6 ,=, ,4 6i438

i5i. P5 0n,ig3in4< n 6 =5630i5, ninguno de los e%ectos propios de las obligaciones. Sin

8a5g< / 93435 a0565 =, a a/g 3 n0,a5ia8n4 6 48a5, n 0n,i65a0i>n* ,a

esperana 3 4in< 6 //ga5 a ,5 a/gn 6;a a0565< , =54gi6a =5 /a / 0 i8=/i0a< n 6i@5,,

a,=04,< 3na 5g/a8n4a0i>n :35;6i0a. P/ani/< T8 %< =g. 2G).

Ini,4n0ia 6 /a /iga0i>n.- E/ a0565 n =36 :50i4a5 ,3 650?7 n i,4in6 an / /aJ

/iga45i< na6a =36 igi5 a 3na =5,na 3 na6 / 67 ni ,i3i5a ?a 054i6385 ,5 ,i

,4a =5,na a/gn 6;a ,5 ,3 6365.

R=4i0i>n n 0a, 6 =ag an4i0i=a6* Da5;a /3ga5 a 3n =ag in6i6< a 3 /a 636a a=a50

?a,4a 3 , 038=/ /a 0n6i0i>n< =5 / 4an4 , =ag> ,in 0a3,a. P/ani/ 6i0 3 /a /iga0i>n

0n6i0ina/< 3 n ,4 ,84i6a a /a ejecucin %orosa, 4a8=0 i8=/i0a 3na inejecucin voluntaria,

=5 /a 8i,8a 5aJ>n* 46 =ag ,3=n 3na 636a< =5 a3n n i,4 ,4a. Si / =ag , ?a 5a/iJa6

6 ?0?< / 6365 =65 5=4i5 ,3 8n4 0n4a5 / a0565< 0n958 a/ D50? 08n< , 60i5


42/106

,3=nin6 3 ?a =aga6 =5 555< ign5an6 /a i,4n0ia 6 /a 0n6i0i>n 05n6/a 5a/iJa6a6. Ci@..

Ri,g,* La @n4a ?a0 3 /, riesgos ,an a 0a5g 6/ 08=5a65< / 3 3i@a/ a 60i5 3 /

08=5a65 , 6365 6/ =50i 6 /a 0,a @n6i6a 3 =5J0a an4, 6 ,5/ n45ga6a< a3n3 n4a/ 0a, n 4nga ning3na @n4a:a 6/ 0n45a4. P5 ,4 904 6 /a @n4a ,3=n 3 / 0n45a4

=35 ,i8=/. Si /a, /iga0in, 6 /a, =a54, , ?aan ,3,=n6i6a, =5 3na 0n6i0i>n< n ,

=5630 / 904 in6i0a67 /, 5i,g, ,n a 0a5g 6/ @n665< 3in =i56 46 650? a/ =50i

,i /a 0,a @n6i6a =50 an4, 6 /a 5a/iJa0i>n 6 /a 0n6i0i>n. P/ani/< T8 %< =g. 2").

C3an6 / 6365 a: 0n6i0i>n na:na / :4 /iga0ina/< /a 5i@in6i0a0i>n n 4n65 /3ga5 6

a0356 a / ,ig3in4* E/ A54. 1)$! C>6. Ci@. 6i0* no abr! dereco de reivindicarla contra terceros

poseedores de buena 9. E,4 , / 0a, 6 /a na:na0i>n 6 0,a, 83/,. La 5aJ>n 6 ,4a

6i,=,i0i>n ,4 a,a6a n / ,436ia6 an45i58n4 6 /a 5i@in6i0a0i>n 6 /a, 0,a, 83/,=56i6a,< ?354a6a, 5a6a,< 60in6 ,i8=5 n 93n0i>n 6/ 0850i< =a5a @i4a5 ,3

in4553=0i>n 6a5 /3ga5 a ,3 =5,=5a0i>n< a 3 /a =,,i>n =5,38 4;43/ 6 =5=i6a6< 46 ,

3 @aa =5 86i / 3na 9.

En /a na:na0i>n 6 3n :4 /iga0ina/< in83/< 45a 08 0n,03n0ia,< ,gn / A54. 1)$

C>6. Ci@.< 3* no podr! resolverse la enajenacin o gravamen, sino cuando la condicin constaba

en el ttulo respectivo inscrito u otorgado por escritura p>blica tambi)n inscrita. E,4 93 ,436ia6 n

/a 0n6i0i>n 40i4a ,5 n4n6i6a< ,5 / 03a/ 6i:i8, 3 n ?a 3 a4n5, a /a 0n6i0i>n

40i4a ,5n4n6i6a< ,in 3 ?a 3 ,4i=3/a5 / =a04 08i,5i =a5a 3 a904 a 4505, =5/a in,05i=0i>n 6/ 5gi,45. En4n0,< /, 5i,g, ,4n a 0a5g 6/ 6365< 0n 8, 5,=n,ai/i6a6

46a@;a< =a5a ,3 5,/30i>n< n 0a, 6 in,05i=0i>n 6 /a 0n6i0i>n n / 5gi,45.

A?5a n 03an4 a/ =50i8in4 6 /a 0,a 3 958a ,3 :4 , 0n,5@a5n /a, 5g/a, ,ig3in4,6. Ci@.*

/.- Si la cosa perece enteramente sin culpa del deudor, la obligacin se reputa no contrada. La

5aJ>n 6 ,4a 5g/a 60 a 3na 935Ja 8a5 0a, 9543i4< in6=n6in4 6 /a @/3n4a6 6/

6365 6 03a/3i5 @/3n4a6 ?38ana 08 / n ,4 n 85a< =53 an n , ?a 038=/i6 /a

0n6i0i>n< n4n0, /a /iga0i>n 458ina.

2.- Si la cosa perece enteramente por culpa del deudor, )ste queda obligado para con el acreedor al

pago de los da3os. E, =5 / 3 an n , ?a 0n,38a6 /a @n43a/i6a6 0n6i0i>n< ,4an6 6

=5 86i /a 03/=a 6/ 6365< 3in ,4 /iga6< n4n0,< a =aga5 /, 6aK, =5:3i0i,.

!.- Si la cosa se deteriora sin culpa del deudor, el acreedor debe recibirla en el estado en que se

encuentre, sin disminucin del precio. A3; / a0565 ,395 /, 8n,0a,< =53 /, 904,


43/106

:35;6i0, 6 /a 0n6i0i>n ,n 545a04i@,.

.- Si la cosa se deteriora por culpa del deudor, el acreedor tiene el dereco de resolver la

obligacin, o de e1igir la cosa en el estado en que se encuentre, adem!s del pago de los da3os.

O45a @J in45@in /a 03/=a 6/ 6365< /, 904, ,5n 3 , 5,/@5 90i/8n4 / 0n45a4 ,i /6365 n ?a 50ii6 6in5< =5 ,i / ?a 50ii6< n4n0, 4in 3 6@/@5/.

P5,05i=0i>n* La =5,05i=0i>n 4in4i@a n 055 0n45a /, 056i4, ,3,=n6i6, =5 3na 0n6i0i>n. En

904< /a =5,05i=0i>n ,3=n 3 / a0565 =36 :50i4a5 ,3, 650?, 3 n / ?a07 =5

4an4< ,/a8n4 08nJa5 a 0555 6,6 / 6;a n 3 , 5a/;0/a 0n6i0i>n.

D50? @n43a/ 6/ a0565 0n6i0ina/.- P3,4< 3 pendente conditione, n i,4 46a@;a /a

/iga0i>n< =a50 3 /

Documents

Introduccion a La Teoria de Las Obligaciones