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IntergovernmentalAgreements

IGA’s

IllinoisschoolsaregovernedbytheIllinoisSchoolCode,theIllinoisSchoolStudentRecordsAct,andotherlawsspecifictotheeducationsetting.•  Exceptions:SomelawsliketheOpenMeetingsActandPersonnelRecordReviewActapplytoschoolsaswellas

•  otherunitsoflocalgovernment.

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IntergovernmentalCooperationThroughFormalAgreements

TheauthoritytoenterintoIntergovernmentalAgreementsderivesfromthreeprimarysources:•  TheIllinoisConstitutionof1970,ArticleVII,Section10

•  TheIllinoisIntergovernmentalCooperationAct,5ILCS220/1etseq.

•  Specificpowersgrantedtothestate,counties,townships,municipalities,unitsoflocalgovernment,andschooldistrictsunderstatestatutesgoverningthoseentities.

GeneralAuthority-IllinoisConstitution

IllinoisConstitutionof1970,ArticleVII•  Section10(a):Unitsoflocalgovernmentandschooldistrictsmay

contractorotherwiseassociateamongthemselves,withtheState,withotherstatesandtheirunitsoflocalgovernmentandschooldistricts,andwiththeUnitedStatestoobtainorshareservicesandtoexercise,combine,ortransferanypowerorfunction,inanymannernotprohibitedbylaworbyordinance....

•  Section10(b):Officersandemployeesofunitsoflocalgovernmentandschooldistrictsmayparticipateinintergovernmentalactivitiesauthorizedbytheirunitsofgovernmentwithoutrelinquishingtheirofficesorpositions.

•  Section10(c):TheStateshallencourageintergovernmentalcooperationanduseitstechnicalandfinancialresourcestoassistintergovernmentalactivities.

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GeneralAuthority–IntergovernmentalCooperationAct

IntergovernmentalCooperationAct(5ILCS220/1etseq.)•  Section3.Intergovernmentalcooperation.Anypowerorpowers,privileges,functions,orauthorityexercisedorwhichmaybeexercisedbyapublicagencyofthisStatemaybeexercised,combined,transferred,andenjoyedjointlywithanypublicagencyofanyotherstateoroftheUnitedStatestotheextentthatlawsofsuchotherstateoroftheUnitedSatesdonotprohibitjointexerciseorenjoymentandexceptwherespecificallyandexpresslyprohibitedbylaw....

SpecificAuthorityforIntergovernmentalCooperation

•  Developingschooldisciplinepoliciesandreciprocalreportingbetweenschooldistrictsandpolicedepartmentstodefinedifferentrolesinrespondingtostudentmisbehavior–105ILCS5/10-20.14

•  Missingchildreports–105ILCS5/2-3.73•  Mandatoryreportingforincidentsbelievedtoinvolvechildneglectorabuse(cooperationbetweenschooldistricts,theDepartmentofChildren&FamilyServices,andpolice)–325ILCS5/1

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LimitationsonAuthority•  Readinisolation,Section10oftheIllinoisConstitutiontogetherwiththeIntergovernmentalCooperationActwouldappeartoprovideIllinoisunitsoflocalgovernmentalmostunfetteredpowertoenterintointergovernmentalagreementsandtootherwiseassociateandcooperatewithoneanother.

•  However,theseprovisionsmustbereadinconjunctionwithotherIllinoisconstitutionalprovisions,Illinoiscase-law,andIllinoisAttorneyGeneralOpinionswhichhavenarrowedanddefinedthescopeoftheirabilitytoenterintoandperformintergovernmentalagreements.Theseopinionscitetheexceptionlanguageemphasizedabove

ExamplesofStatutoryLimitationsonAuthority

IllinoisConstitutionof1970,ArticleVII•  Section6(“HomeRule”):“…ahomeruleunitmayexerciseanypowerandperformanyfunctionpertainingtoitsgovernmentandaffairsincluding,butnotlimitedto,thepowertoregulatefortheprotectionofthepublichealth,safety,moralsandwelfare;tolicense;totax;andtoincurdebt.”

•  Section8(“Dillon’sRule”):“…specialdistrictsandunitsdesignatedbylawasunitsoflocalgovernmentwhichexerciselimitedgovernmentalpowersinrespecttolimitedgovernmentalsubjectsshall

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PoliceDepartmentsandSchoolDistricts

Commonexamplesofworkingtogether•  SchoolResourceOfficers•  ReciprocalReporting

SchoolResourceOfficers(SROs)•  Schooldistrictentersintoanagreementwithapolicedepartment

forofficerstoworkwithinschoolsandreduceandrespondtostudentmisbehavior.

•  Balancingactbetweenschoolsafetyneedsandstudents’constitutionalrights.–  UndercontrollingU.S.SupremeCourtprecedent,schoolchildrencan

havelegitimateexpectationsofprivacyintheirpersonsandinpersonalpossessionstheybringtoschool.NewJerseyv.T.L.O.,469U.S.325,105S.Ct.733(1985).

–  However,schoolofficialsaregivenbroadauthoritytokeepschoolssafe,andthelegalityofasearchbypublicschoolofficialsisbaseduponastandardof“reasonableness”ratherthanprobablecause.

•  SROprogramisdesignedtoestablishapositiveworkingrelationshipbetweenthelocalpolicedepartmentandtheschoolstaff,includingadministrators,teachers,students,andparents.

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SROs•  SROprogramisgovernedbyanintergovernmental

agreementormemorandumofunderstandingbetweenthemunicipalityandschooldistrict.

•  Theagreementsetsthetermsofthelevelofpoliceinvolvement,schooland/orcommunityinvolvementindictatingthetermsofpoliceworkoncampus,processfornotifyingparentspriortosearchorseizure,whichagencymaintainsdecisionmakingauthority,confidentialityofstudentrecords,andindemnificationforbothparties.

ReciprocalReportingSpecificAuthority:105ILCS5/10-20.14(b)•  “Theparent-teacheradvisorycommitteeincooperation

withlocallawenforcementagenciesshalldevelop,withtheschoolboard,policyguidelineprocedurestoestablishandmaintainareciprocalreportingsystembetweentheschooldistrictandlocallawenforcementagenciesregardingcriminaloffensescommittedbystudents.”

Otherrelevantstatutes–  IllinoisSchoolStudentRecordsAct(105ILCS10/6(a)(6.5)–  JuvenileCourtAct(705ILCS405/1-7(A)(8)–  FreedomofInformationAct95ILCS140/2.15(d)

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ReciprocalReportingThePoliceDepartmentmayprovidecopiesoflawenforcementrecordstotheAppropriateSchoolOfficialforpersonsunder18yearsofage,whoareenrolledinaschoolwithintheSchoolDistrict,pursuantto705ILCS405/1-7(A)(8),onlyifthestudenthasbeenarrestedortakenintocustodyforoneofthefollowingoffenses:•  unlawfuluseofweaponsunder5/24-1oftheCriminalCodeof1961,as•  amended;•  aviolationoftheIllinoisControlledSubstancesAct;•  aviolationoftheCannabisControlAct;•  aforciblefelonyasdefinedin5/2-8oftheCriminalCodeof1961,as•  amended;•  aviolationofMethamphetamineControlandCommunityProtectionAct;•  AviolationofSection1-2oftheHarassingandObsceneCommunications•  Act;or•  aviolationofoneofseveralsectionsoftheCriminalCodeof2012.

ReciprocalReporting

AswithSROprogram,reciprocalreportingwillbegovernedbyintergovernmentalagreement.TheIGAwill:–  Identifyappropriateschoolofficialsandappropriatelawenforcementrepresentativestoexchangerecords

–  Confirmtheresponsibilitiesoftheparties– Acknowledgetheconfidentialnatureoftherecords

•  TheIGAmayalsoaddressindemnification

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Hypothetical:BobbySunshine

Onemorningateacherwalkingtoschoolthroughthestudentparkinglotsmellswhathethinksismarijuana.Theteacherreportsthistotheschooldeanandthedeangoestotheparkinglottoinvestigate.QUESTIONS:•  Doesthedeanhavetolimithersearchbecausethereportedsmellisintheschoolparkinglot?

•  IfthedeancontactsaSROforassistance,doestheSROhavetooperateunderdifferentsearchstandards?

•  Isthisaschooldisciplinematter,alawenforcementmatter,orboth?

Hypothetical:BobbySunshine•  Bobbyreturnstoschoolfollowingasuspension.DuringBobby’sfirstdaybackanotherstudenttauntsBobbyduetohisabsence.Bobbyretaliatesbypunchingthatstudentinthenose.

•  Isthisaschooldisciplineissue,alawenforcementissue,orboth?

•  IfthepolicedepartmentprosecutesthecaseandwantstoobtainBobby’sschooldisciplinerecords:– Howshoulditgoaboutrequestingtheschoolrecords?

–  Canitobtaintherecords?

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QUESTIONS

SRO

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TRIADApproach

•  Teacher–Presentingtopicsonspecificareas,i.e.–drug,law,driving,behavior.

•  Counselor–Toprovideadviseonlawenforcement/youthrelatedissues(notasocialworker)

•  LawEnforcementOfficer–PublicSafetyorResourceforstudents/staff.

TRIADApproach-TEACHERTheSROcanteachLawRelatedEducation(LRE)tostudents:

•  JuvenileRights•  SubstanceAbuse•  InternetSafety•  BillofRights•  Science–Forensics/DNAetc•  Math–Accident

investigations.•  ConflictResolution•  Bullying•  DomesticViolence

Awareness

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TRIADApproach-COUNSELOR

TheSROisaresourceforfaculty,studentsandparents,providinginformalcounselingand/oradvice.

•  AnycriminalorlawrelatedissuethatarisesoncampusistheSRO'sresponsibility.

•  SRO'sworkcloselywithschooladministrationintheseissues.

•  TheSROischargedwithproactivelyaddressingthecrimesthatoccuroncampus,boththrougheducationandthroughspecialprojectsorprograms.

TRIADApproachLAWENFORCEMENTOFFICER

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QUESTIONS

ClassroomIssues

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SchoolStaff•  Maintainingandkeepingacloseworkingrelationshipwith

theschooladministratorisparamount.•  Bysharinginformationproperlytheinstructorcandevelop

valuableinformation(students/activity)•  Maintainacopyofthestudenthandbook.Makecopiesof

specificcommonissuesthatneedtobeaddressedwithstudents– Disciplineissues– Gangs– Clothingrestrictions– Tardy/Truancy

Students

Differencesthatimpactstudents•  Maturity•  Socio-EconomicStatus•  PreviousExperiences•  PreviousFailures•  TraumaticExperiences

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Students

StudentPerceptions•  Extremelyperceptive.Donotlie.•  Credibility.Ask&Answer•  Encouragethemtocallortalktoyououtsidetheinstructor/studentsetting.

Creatingpositiveclassroom

•  Honest&Open•  BeApproachable•  Allowopportunitiesforstudentstotalk•  KeepanInterest•  Listentoeverythingbeforeformulatingaresponse•  Leavethedooropenforfutureconversations.

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ListenListen…(activelylistening)•  towordsbeingcommunicated•  payingattention•  withoutinterrupting•  withoutjudging

Dealingwithstudents

InteractiveClassrooms•  Askingquestiontogetanswers•  Gettingaquestionandgivinganswers•  Beinteractiveinthepresentation

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Dealingwithstudents

InteractiveClassrooms•  Askingaquestionwithoutgettingastory.•  Knowingthedifferencebetween–  “Onetime”or“I”itsnotaquestion.

TheStoryTeller

Dealingwiththeminapoliteway.•  ‘Thankyou,butI’lltalktoyouafterclassaboutthat.’

•  ‘Wewilladdressthatatalatertime.’

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SettingtheTone

•  Modelrespectfulbehavior.–  RemainCalm

•  Encourageyouthsbylettingthemknowwhenyounoticetheireffortstopracticepositivebehaviors.

•  Useyourintuition.Identifyingthelikelyhiddenmessagehelpstheyoufigureoutthebestwaytorespond.

SettingtheTone

•  Avoidlectures,shaming,andblamingchildren.

•  Thesetacticsincreasedisrespect•  Practicemutualrespect.–  Thatmeansrememberingtorespectyourown

needsaswellasthestudents'needs.

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DisciplineintheClassroom

DisruptiveStudent•  Therearereasonsforthem.•  UseI-Statementstoaddressthem.•  GivePraisewhenappropriate•  Encouragecontributions

DisciplineintheClassroom

•  Disruptions•  Talking•  Distractions•  Disrespect

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HowtodealwithstudentsTacticstoengagenonparticipatingstudents•  Askthemaquestion.•  Askthemtoassistwithatask.•  Makethemthecenterofattentionthroughpositiveactivities.

AgeAppropriateMethods

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MiddleSchool•  Liveforthemoment.•  Keenlyinterestedintheirbodies•  RiskTakers•  Donotthinklongterm•  Seelifebeyondblackandwhite

HighSchool

•  Needtocontinuelearning•  Needtobeallowedtomakeindependentdecisions

•  Theneedtounderstandthewordcitizenandhowitappliestothem.

•  Exploringofissues.

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GettingYoungPeopletoopenup

Communicatingacrosslines

UnderstandingGenerationZ

•  AftertheMillenials•  Peoplebornbetweenmid1990’stoMid2000’s•  widespreadusageoftheInternetfromayoungage;

•  comfortablewithtechnology,andinteractingonsocialmediawebsitesforasignificantportionoftheirsocializing.

•  GreatRecessionhasgiventhecohortafeelingofunsettlementandinsecurity.

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GenZ•  LessFocused•  BetterMulti-Taskers•  Bargains•  EarlyJobStarters•  MoreEntrepreneurial•  HighExpectationsthanMillenials•  BigonIndividuality•  GlobalThinking

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Questions

LegalIssuesSurroundingSRO’sinSchool

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TLOvsNewJersey

NewJerseyvsT.L.O

•  T.L.O.wasa14-year-oldfemalestudentataNewJerseyhighschool.

•  AteacherfoundT.L.O.andanotherstudentsmokingcigarettesinthegirls’restroomintheschoolbuildinginviolationofschoolrules.

•  Theteacherbroughtthetwostudentstoaschooladministrator,whoquestionedeachofthem.

•  Thesecondstudentadmittedtosmokingcigarettes.T.L.O.deniedtheallegations.

•  TheadministratorthenaccusedT.LO.oflyingtohim,anddemandedtoseeherpurseinanattempttofindthecigarettes.

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NewJerseyvsT.L.O•  Amongotherthings,whentheadministratoropenedherpurse,hefoundapackof

cigarettes,andcigaretterollingpaper.•  Duetothefactthattheadministratorknewthatcigaretterollingpaperisusedto

smokemarijuanahenowsuspectedT.L.O.ofmarijuanause.•  HefurthersearchedT.L.O.’spurse,andfoundasmallplasticbagcontaininga

grass-likesubstanceanditemsthatcouldbedrugparaphernalia,includingapipe,awadofmoney,apieceofpaperwiththenamesofstudentswhoapparentlyowedT.L.O.money,andaletterthatappearedtoimplicateT.L.O.indealingmarijuana.

•  Theadministratorcontactedthepolicewho,inturn,contactedT.L.O.’smother.HermotherbroughtT.L.O.tothepolicestation,wheresheconfessedtosellingmarijuana.

•  Shewassubsequentlycharged.

NewJerseyvsT.L.O

•  TheJuvenileCourtdeniedT.L.O.’smotiontosuppress(keepout)herconfessionandtheevidencefromthesearch.

•  HerlawyerarguedthatthesearchofherpursewasaviolationoftheFourthAmendment.T.L.O.wasfounddelinquent,andwasputonprobationforoneyear.

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NewJerseyvsT.L.O

Addressedthreespecificareasinschools:•  LegalTechnicalitiesimpendingSoundAction•  IncompatibleTheory(locoparentis)•  SchoolSafety

Search&Seizures

SCOTUSRuled:NewJerseyv.T.L.O.•  Mayinvestigate,interrogate,searchstudentsbasedonreasonablesuspicion

•  Noschoolofficialeverneedssearchwarrant•  Mirandarightsdonotapplyinsituationsinwhichschoolofficialsarepursuingdisciplinaryaction

NewJerseyvsT.L.O

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SCOTUSruled:•  InlocoParentisisnotnecessarytoanunderstandingofschooldiscipline.

•  Theschoolsrighttomaintainsafety,orderanddisciplinederivesdirectlyfromtheconstitutionalrightofthestudenttoaneducation.

NewJerseyvsT.L.O

Rileyv.California(2014)•  ThecaseincludedanearlierCaliforniacourtrulingthatupheldDavid

Riley'sconvictionongang-relatedweaponsoffensesthatpoliceuncoveredafterstoppinghiscarforexpiredtagsandfindinggunsunderthehoodandincriminatingphotosandvideoonhiscellphone.Therulingwasoverturned.

•  Cellphonesgenerallycannotbesearchedbypolicewithoutawarrantduringarrests,thecourtruled9-0.Thedecisionwashailedasavictoryforprivacyrights.

•  Thejusticesacknowledgedtheneedtoinvestigatecrimesbutcamedownstronglyonthesideofanindividual'sprivacy.

•  "Moderncellphones,asacategory,implicateprivacyconcernsfarbeyondthoseimplicatedbythesearchofacigarettepack,awalletorapurse,"ChiefJusticeJohnRobertswroteforthecourt.

•  "Wecannotdenythatourdecisiontodaywillhaveanimpactontheabilityoflawenforcementtocombatcrime,"hesaid."Privacycomesatacost."

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TheImpactforSchool•  Principalsonoccasionandwhenwarranted–confiscate

andsearchcellphonesifstudentsaresuspectedofwrongdoing.

•  Principalsmightnowrefrainfromsearchingastudent'scellphoneaspartofaninvestigationandmightnotfindevidenceofthenextactofviolence,cheatingorvandalism,givingeducatorsachancetopreventit.

NowthishasnotspecificallynamedaSchoolandtheburdenofproofismuchlowerforaSchoolAdministrator.Therearestillpotentiallegalissuesifanunwarrantedsearchweretobedoneonastudentscellphone.

Rileyv.California(2014)

K9SearchesinSchools

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Floridav.Jardines(2013)Burlisonv.SpringfieldPublicSchool(2010)•  SCOTUShaveupheldthatpublicplacesorbuildings(publicandprivate)towhichthedrugdoganditshandlerarelawfullyadmitted.Inotherwords,itisnota"search"withinthecontextoftheFourthAmendmentwhenaK-9unitisinvitedintotheschoolforarandomdrugsearch.

•  Athree-judgepaneloftheU.S.CourtofAppealsforthe8thCircuit,inSt.Louis,heldunanimouslythatthatthefive-minutedog-sniffofstudentbelongingsinahighschoolclassroomwhilestudentswerenotpresentdidnotviolatetheFourthAmendmentprotectionagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizures.

MedlinvsBass

MedlinV.Bass(1990,NC)398Se2nd460

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Medlinv.Bass

•  Plaintiff,asguardianadlitemforherminordaughter,soughttorecoverfromdefendantscompensatoryandpunitivedamagesallegedlysustainedastheresultofsexualassaultsupontheminorplaintiffbydefendantVannJ.Bass,principaloftheschoolwhichtheminorplaintiffattended.

•  SheallegedthatononeoccasiondefendantBasssexuallyassaultedtheminorplaintiff

DangerousSituations

MedlinV.Bass(1990,NC)398Se2nd460•  Coversdeliberateindifferencetosafety&civilrights.

•  Theremaybenodutytointerveneinadangeroussituation,buttoignoreitaltogethermaybeactionable.

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DangeroussituationsCourtrulingfound:•  Giveproperwarningofdanger•  Takereasonablestepstoprotectthejuvenilefromharm.

•  Instituteactiontoavoidrepetitionoftheproblem.

•  Documentthoroughly

UseofPoliceofficerswithSpecialCircumstances

InreBoykin1968237N.E.2nd460•  Establishedprecedenttoutilizetheservicesofa

policeofficerwhensafetydemandedit.

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UseofPoliceOfficersNewYorkV.Overton(1967)20NY2d360•  L.E.O.’ssummonedtoschoolandsearchastudentpriortotheprincipalaskinghimto.

•  Theprincipalstatedbecauseofhisfrequentworkwiththeofficers,theyworkedaspartnersandwasplanningtohavehimsearchthestudentanyways.

ProhibitedGroupsHughesV.CaddoParishSchools(1945)65Ct.562•  SecretSocieties

Specifyprohibitedactivities

•  SupremeCourtruledthatsuchruleswereconstitutional

•  Actionscouldincludesuspensionandexpulsion.

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ProhibitedGroups

KatzV.U.S.389U.S.347•  Conspirators,gangmemberscanbetreateddifferently

thenotherpersonswithoutdisparatetreatmenttodiscrimination.

•  Extrasuspicionattachestogangmembers•  Individualsuspicionastoonememberextendsto

conspirators.•  Allgangmembersshouldbeassumedtobedangerous.

Tinkerv.DesMoinesISD,1969

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Tinkerv.DesMoinesISD,1969

•  When15-year-oldJohnTinker,hissisterMaryBeth,13,andChristopherEckhardt,16,–  woreblackarmbandstotheirIowapublicschoolsinDecember1965toprotesttheVietnamconflict.

•  Schoolofficialsenactedano-armbandpolicy.–  Schoolthenenforceditsno-armbandrulewhileallowing;–  thewearingofothersymbols,includingtheIronCross.

TinkerStandard

The Decision that the Supreme Courtestablished what become known as theTinker Standard, considered to be the highwatermark of students’ First Amendmentrights.

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Tinkerv.DesMoinesISD,1969•  Schoolofficialsmaynotsilencestudentexpressionjustbecausetheydislikeit.

•  Theymustreasonablyforecast,basedonevidenceandnotonan"undifferentiatedfearorapprehensionofdisturbance,"thatthestudentexpressionwouldleadtoeither–  (a)asubstantialdisruptionoftheschoolenvironment,or–  (b)aninvasionoftherightsofothers.

TheTinkerStandardwasthelawofthelanduntiltheSCOTUSruledontwocasesinthe

FRASERSTANDARD

(BethelSchoolDistrict.No.403v.Fraser,1986)

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FraserStandard•  SCOTUSruledthatschoolofficialscouldpunishhighschool

seniorMatthewFraserforgivingaspeechbeforethestudentassemblythatcontainedlewdreferences.6

•  thecourtmajoritystatedthat"theconstitutionalrightsof

studentsinpublicschoolarenotautomaticallycoextensivewiththerightsofadultsinothersettings."7Instead,thehighcourtsetupabalancingtest:"thefreedomtoadvocateunpopularandcontroversialviewsinschoolsandclassroomsmustbebalancedagainstsociety’scountervailinginterestinteachingstudentstheboundariesofsociallyappropriatebehavior."8

FraserStandard

SCOUTUSadded:"Surely,itisahighlyappropriatefunctionofpublicschooleducationtoprohibittheuseofvulgarandoffensivetermsinpublicdiscourse."9

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FraserStandardDespitetherulinginthecase,courtsarestilldividedinhowtheyapplytheFraserstandard.

•  SomecourtsapplyFrasertoallvulgarorlewdstudentspeechevenifthespeechisstudent-initiated.

•  OthercourtsonlyapplyFrasertovulgarstudentspeechthatisinsomewayschoolsponsored.

FraserStandard

Thequestionissignificantbecauseschoolofficialsconsideralargeamountofstudentspeechoffensiveorvulgareveniftheexpressionalsocontainsapoliticalmessage.Forexample:WhatstandardappliesifastudentwearsaT-shirtwitha•  vulgar,or•  politicalmessage?OnecourtconfrontedthisissuewhenajuniorhighschoolstudentworeaT-shirttoclassbearingthewords"DrugsSuck!"10

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FraserStandard•  Thestudentarguedthattheshirtconveyedan,

"anti-drugmessage"anddidnotcauseadisruptionoftheschoolenvironment.

•  Theschoolrespondedthattheshirtwasinappropriatefortheschoolenvironmentbecausethewordsuckshasavulgarconnotation.

FraserStandardSCOTUS,ruledtheonabroadapplicationoftheFraserStandard,stating.•  Teachersandadministratorsmusthavetheauthoritytodo

whattheyreasonablybelieveisinthebestinterestoftheireducationalresponsibilities,aswecannotabandonourschoolstothewhimsorproclivitiesofchildren.

TheSCOTUSruledthat...•  SchoolOfficialshadaninterestinprotectingtheiryoung

studentsfromexposuretovulgarandoffensivelanguage.

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HazelwoodStandard

TheHazelwoodStandardHazelwoodSchoolDistrictv.Kuhlmeier,1988

HazelwoodStandard

•  SCOTUSruledthatstudents’FirstAmendmentrightswerenotviolatedwhenaschoolprincipalcensoredtwostudentarticlesoncontroversialtopics--pregnancyanddivorce--intheschoolnewspaper,TheSpectrum.

•  Theprincipalhadorderedthestoriesremovedfromthepaperbecausehebelievedthestory….

•  Onestoryonteenpregnancywasinappropriateforsomeoftheyoungerstudents…basedon..–  sexualactivityand–  birthcontrol.

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ThePrincipalalsocensoredapaperonDivorce.•  Becausethewritersdidnotaffordtheparentofoneofthestudentsmentionedinthearticleachancetorespondtocertaincomments.

HazelwoodStandard

HazelwoodStandard

•  SCOTUSdiscussedtheFirstAmendmentconceptofapublicforum--placessuchasapublicparkorstreetwherethegovernmenthaslessleewaytoregulatespeechthaninothers--andaskedwhethertheschoolofficialshadbypolicyorpracticeopenedupa"publicforum"or"forumforstudentexpression"byallowingstudentstomakecontentdecisions.

•  SCOTUSstatesthat"educatorsdonotoffendtheFirstAmendmentbyexercisingeditorialcontroloverthestyleandcontentofstudentspeechinschool-sponsoredexpressiveactivitiessolongastheiractionsarereasonablyrelatedtolegitimatepedagogicalconcerns.“

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SCOTUSruledthat…•  "aschoolmustbeabletosethighstandardsforthestudentspeechthatisdisseminatedunderitsauspices--standardsthatmaybehigherthanthosedemandedbysomenewspaperpublishersortheatricalproducersinthe'realworld.'"

•  Inaddition,therulingcontainsbroadlanguageonwhattypeofspeechschoolofficialsmaycensor,includinganyspeechthatmight"associatetheschoolwithanypositionotherthanneutralityonmattersofpoliticalcontroversy.“

HazelwoodStandard

HazelwoodStandard

SCOTUSthendefinedschool-sponsoredexpressionequallybroadlywhichincluded…•  "school-sponsoredpublications,theatricalproductions,andother

expressiveactivitiesthatstudents,parentsandmembersofthepublicmightreasonablyperceivetobeartheimprimaturoftheschool...whetherornottheyoccurinatraditionalclassroomsetting,solongastheyaresupervisedbyfacultymembersanddesignedtoimpartparticularknowledgeorskillstostudentparticipantsandaudiences.“

Sincetheruling,courtshaveappliedtheHazelwoodstandardnotonlytoschool-sponsorednewspapers,butalsototheselectionofschoolbandsongs,schoolassignments,andevenstudentcampaignspeeches.13

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HazelwoodStandard

•  SCOTUSstillsaidthatifHazelwoodapplies,itdoesnotendtheinquiry.Areviewingcourtmuststillreviewwhethertheschoolofficials’actionswere"reasonablyrelatedtoalegitimatepedagogicalinterest.“

•  ANewJerseyAppealsCourtdeterminedthataschoolprincipalactedunreasonablywhenheorderedtheremovaloftworeviewsofR-ratedmoviesfromajuniorhighschoolnewspaper.14

•  Asthecourtwrote,"whencensorshipofaschool-sponsoredpublicationhasnovalideducationalpurpose,theFirstAmendmentisdirectlyimplicatedandrequiresjudicialintervention."

Questions

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JuvenileIncidentProcedures

SRO/JOProcess

•  SRO’swillnothandledisciplinaryissues.•  Intheeventtheywitnessanincidentinwhichthereisadisciplineinfraction,theyshouldinvolveaSchoolStaffmember.

•  TheSROwillnotinvolvethemselvesindisciplinaryissuesunlessrequestedbytheStaffAdministration(Principal/Assistant)

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SRO/JOProcess

•  Allinteractionswithstudentsatschoolinwhichinvestigatoryactionmaybetaken,willadheretoDistrict64policy.

•  AnSchoolAdministratorwillbeconsultedbeforeanyactionistaken.(i.e.–exigentcircumstances)

Incident

IntheeventyouastheSROneedtoinvestigateanincidentinvolvingastudentatschool:1.  ContactthePrincipalorAssistantPrincipal2.  Detailthenatureoftheincidentunder

investigation3.  ThePrincipal/Asst.Principalwillmakeevery

attempttocontactthestudentsparentspriortotheOfficerspeakingtothejuvenile.(i.e.–exigentcircumstances)

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•  TheinterviewofthestudentsKeyConsiderations:•  Natureoftheincident•  EmotionalStateoftheyouth•  Yourtoneanddemeanor•  Theirabilitytounderstand•  Theirlevelofempathy

Incident

Safety/FollowupConsiderations:•  Donotinterviewstudentsalone,haveanadministrator/teacher/socialworker/officerpresent

•  Whentheinterviewisconcludeddonotleavethestudentaloneinaroom.

•  Followupwithparents/socialworker– Providedetailsifwarranted– Provideclosureifpossible

Incident

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ARREST

Arrestsofjuvenilescanbeatraumaticevent.Considerations:•  Followyouragencyarrestprocedures•  Makeagoodfaithattempttominimizevisualexposureofthearresteetootherstudents

•  Makeparentsawareofwheretheyshouldgo•  Beawareoftheyouthsemotionalstateduringtheentirearrestprocess.

Arrest

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Arrest

Intheeventanincidentan“arrest”isnecessary.•  Casereport•  Areferraltoanon-criminalcourtisthepreferredmethod(balancedrestorativejusticeapproach).– AdjudicationCourt(citation)– PeerJury–  InformalStationAdjustment

JuvenileArrestFlowMatrix

Incident

Custody

ReleasedwithoutCharging

Arrest

Informal/FormalStation

Adjustment

InformalSupervision

JuvenileIntakeScreening

FormalArrestProcess

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QUESTIONS