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Interactions between actors involved in
planning and design decision processes
Prof.dr.ir. B. de Vries
Actor roles
• Actors = Researcher + City
• Actors = Pedestrian + City
• Actors = Designer + City
Interactions between Researcher and City
B. de Vries
A. Tan
Research Project
• To assess the reliability and validity of interactive computer experiments, based on virtual reality systems, in the context of measuring activity-scheduling behavior
• Observed travel patterns are the result of underlying activity scheduling decision processes
….in other words
• Measure how accurate individuals are able to recall and retrieve every day memories, and in particular, data about the travel behavior
• In the new media: virtual reality
Research Design
• Compare the existing methods of data collection (diaries / questionnaires) against a benchmark (reality)
• Compare the new methods of data collection (virtual reality experiments) against a benchmark (reality)
• Compare accuracy levels between the above methods
The Process - 1
• The process consists of three parts.• The first part entails recording “reality”
benchmark• the Investigator “observes a Respondent
carry out his/her activities at a distance without detection”
• The second part requires the same Respondent to fill out a Questionnaire,
The Process - 2
• The third part involves travel in a virtual environment that mimics the Schedule of the Subject of the day and period that s/he was observed
Tasks in Virtual Travel
• A Respondent will be requested to recall and retrieve information about the schedule that was carried out during the period previously recorded by the Investigator
• The subject will be requested to provide information about the nature of each activity and in the sequence as carried out.
Choice of VR Technology
• Text based worlds
• 3D Model
• Panorama’s
Making of the Stereo Panorama’s
• Rotating double cameras fitted with fisheye lens
• Retouching
• Stitching
• Stereo correction
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Collection
Sampled Groups
Type I Type II(a) “Followed” (Benchmark)
(b) Questionnaire
(c) Virtual Travel
(d) “Followed” (Benchmark)
(e) Virtual Travel
(f) Questionnaire
Comparison
1 = (a) + (b)
2 = (a) + (c)
3 = (a) + (b) + (c)
Comparison
4 = (d) + (e)
5 = (d) + (f)
6 = (d) + (e) + (f)
Data Analysis
• Ongoing• Some preliminary observations of PAPI
versus Observed• >50% of respondents report less number
of activities than observed (benchmark)• 2% report conduct of activities different
from that of observed• 50% of activity duration are over reported• 50% of travel time is under reported
Interactions between Pedestrian and City
B. de Vries
J. Dijkstra
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
•Architects and urban planners are often faced with the problem to assess how their design or planning decisions will affect the behavior of individuals.
•One way of addressing this problem is the use of models simulating the navigation of users in buildings and urban environments.
A Multi-Agent System
based on Cellular Automata
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
• Develop a model how pedestrian moves in a built and/or urban environment.• Pedestrians are represented by agents (actors).• The cellular automata model is used to simulate
their behavior across the network.
• A simulation model would allow the designer to assess how design decisions influence pedestrian activity/movement and hence performance indicators.
• Multi agent technology based on cellular automata can be used to develop a model how actors move around in a 2D or 3D environment. The 3D environment is a virtual reality based environment design.
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
• Important issues• Actors navigate in a virtual built/urban
environment, each with their own behavior, beliefs and intentions
• They perceive their environment and show some behavior according certain rules
• Practical experience from visits in the past• Activity agenda
• The simulation model, as a decision support tool could be very useful to apply possible modifications to the design concept - AMANDA
The network is the three-dimensional cellular automata model representation of a state at a certain time.
v = 2 cells / t
Agent Model
Virtu a l E n v iro n m en t
U s e r A g e n ts
A c to ra g e n t 1
A c to ra g e n t n
--------------
S u b je c ta g e n t
To o l-k it c o m p o n e n ts
Inte
rfac
e &
Mon
itori
ng A
genc
y
Use r M o d e
Ana lysis M o d e
Sim ula tio n M o d e
C e llu la rA u to m a ta
c o m p o n e n t
C o n jo in tM e a s u re m e n t
c o m p o n e n t
D e c is io nS u p p o r t
c o m p o n e n t
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
User AgentUser Agent
Define an user-agent as: U = < R | S >, where:
• R is finite set of role identifiers: {actor, subject}• S represents the scenario each user-agent i
possesses and includes
• Personal characteristics
• Agenda
• Behavioral principles
• Cognitive map
• Time budget
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
Point of DeparturePoint of Departure
• Design of a simulation experiment of pedestrian movement
• Considering a (T-junction) walkway where pedestrians will be randomly created at one of the entrances.
network grid and decision pointsnetwork grid and decision points
main decision point
remaining walkway section decision point
section bound
E1 E2
E3
°
°
° ° °
°
° °
° S6
S7
S8S10 S9
°
°
°
S11
S12
S13
° ° ° S14S15S16
° ° ° ° ° S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
S18S17
S19 S20
Movement rulesRule3: check cell IF cell isn’t occupied by an actor and
celltype=’empty’ or celltype=’decision’ THEN Walk ELSE goto Rule4
Rule4: check adjacent cells IF the cell over to the left (right) isn’t occupied by an actor THEN Move to the left (right) cell ELSE Wait
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
IntroductionIntroduction
MotivationMotivation
Network modelNetwork model
Multi-agent Multi-agent modelmodel
Simulation Simulation model model
DiscussionDiscussion
For example:For example:
We will get more insight into the influence We will get more insight into the influence that store layouts have on consumer that store layouts have on consumer circulation patterns and shopping behavior circulation patterns and shopping behavior in retail environments.in retail environments.
Interactions between Designer and City
B. de Vries
V. Tabak
Mass Modeling on the Urban Scale
• Relevance
• The system• DDDoolz• VISTA
Traditional: Sketch + Scale Model
Strengths
Quick
No restrictions
Simple
Abstract
Weaknesses
Inaccurate
Error prone
Chaotic
Redundancy
Computers in the early design stage
Strength:
Visualisation and Communication
Weakness:
Too accurate and too complex
Programme
Requirements:
•Living – Labour
•Open spaces
Houses: approx. 250
Living(12x7x3)
Labour(6x7x3)
Building blocks
Urban plan 3D model
Scale
DDDoolz
Basic Principle
Drag and Copy
Edge Drag
Extrude
Intrude
VISTA
Block
Block Basic shape with a specific function.
Objects
Stroke
Stroke Repersentation of greens, roads, etc.
Group
Group Collection of objects
Roof shapes Shapes on top of blocks
Roofshape
Manipulations Move
Select object and transfer.
Rotate Select object and rotate around one axis
Stretch Select object and extend in one direction.
Delete Click on waste bastket of selected object.
Object handles
Three rotation axes.
Two grips per axis.
One waste basket.
X
Experiences
• Almost as intuitive as paper and pencil
• Increased control over planning requirements
Workshop
Agenda
• Introduction
• Discussion
• Instruction
• Assignment
• Discussion and Conclusion
Position
1. Are Pen and Paper unbeatable ?
2. What makes a creative tool ?
Discussion
Instruction
• DDDoolz
• VisTa
Assignment
• Choose one design tool• Determine design task• Determine performances
• Design• Tool
• Execute task• With traditional means (3/4 hour)• With computer tool (3/4 hour)
• Draw conclusions on performances
Discussionand
Conclusion