Integrated Safety Support Proudly presents…. Integrated Safety Support Dr Adam Fletcher & Len Pearson 22 nd March 2007 Fatigue Safety Management Seminar

Integrated Safety Support

Proudly presents…


Dr Adam Fletcher & Len PearsonDr Adam Fletcher & Len Pearson2222ndnd March 2007 March 2007

Fatigue Safety Fatigue Safety Management SeminarManagement Seminar

Hazard Analysis >> Systems Design >> Compliance


Seminar Overview

1. Defining fatigue in operational settings

2. Causes and consequences of fatigue

3. Risk-based fatigue management

4. FAID® fatigue assessment software

5. Additional diagnostic tools

6. Aviation Case Study

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What is fatigue?What is fatigue?• Fatigue is a Fatigue is a state of impairmentstate of impairment that that

can trigger undesirable safety can trigger undesirable safety outcomesoutcomes

• Fatigue can be experienced as having Fatigue can be experienced as having physical/muscular effects and/or physical/muscular effects and/or mental/psychological effectsmental/psychological effects

• Fatigue can be contributed to by both Fatigue can be contributed to by both work & non-work factors; particularly work & non-work factors; particularly those factors that reduce opportunity those factors that reduce opportunity for, or achievement of, recovery sleepfor, or achievement of, recovery sleep

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What is fatigue?What is fatigue?

• Fatigue can be Fatigue can be acuteacute and and accumulate after a short period on accumulate after a short period on a demanding taska demanding task

• Acute fatigue can be managed Acute fatigue can be managed operationally by using breaks operationally by using breaks within a shift (with appropriate within a shift (with appropriate regularity and length to also allow regularity and length to also allow personal needs to be met)personal needs to be met)

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What is fatigue?What is fatigue?• Fatigue can be Fatigue can be chronicchronic - not to be - not to be

confused with the medically-defined confused with the medically-defined Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - and accumulate over successive shiftsaccumulate over successive shifts

• Chronic fatigue can be managed Chronic fatigue can be managed operationally by ensuring that breaks operationally by ensuring that breaks between shifts allow adequate between shifts allow adequate opportunity for recovery sleep [note: opportunity for recovery sleep [note: employees have a complementary employees have a complementary responsibility to use time off to responsibility to use time off to ensure they achieve adequate ensure they achieve adequate recovery sleep]recovery sleep]

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Causes of fatigueCauses of fatigue• Work-related factors include:Work-related factors include:

– Inadequate sleep opportunity between shiftsInadequate sleep opportunity between shifts[note: especially critical for night and early [note: especially critical for night and early morning shifts, and blocks of them] morning shifts, and blocks of them]

– Inadequate rest opportunity within shiftsInadequate rest opportunity within shifts [note: the requirement for breaks is [note: the requirement for breaks is dependent on the specific task demands, dependent on the specific task demands, environmental conditions, experience of environmental conditions, experience of employee, etc.]employee, etc.][note: more breaks and longer breaks are not [note: more breaks and longer breaks are not necessarily the ideal for maintaining certain necessarily the ideal for maintaining certain tasks]tasks]

– Work-related stressorsWork-related stressors that might impact on that might impact on employees’ ability to otherwise maintain employees’ ability to otherwise maintain awareness of procedures, threats, etc.awareness of procedures, threats, etc.

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Causes of fatigueCauses of fatigue• Non-work factors include:Non-work factors include:

– Commute time/distance and conditionsCommute time/distance and conditions

– Sleep or other medical disordersSleep or other medical disorders (or (or medications) that impact on sleep or medications) that impact on sleep or alertnessalertness[note: this could include jet-lag symptoms, [note: this could include jet-lag symptoms, which could be work- or non-work-related]which could be work- or non-work-related]

– Nutrition, hydration, and general fitnessNutrition, hydration, and general fitness

– Non-work stressors Non-work stressors that might impact on that might impact on employees’ ability to otherwise maintain employees’ ability to otherwise maintain awareness of procedures, threats, etc.awareness of procedures, threats, etc.

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• Focus of attention can be narrowed/tunneledFocus of attention can be narrowed/tunneled

• Integration of information - even if routine in Integration of information - even if routine in nature - can become degraded then stopped nature - can become degraded then stopped

• The ability to self-assess whether safety The ability to self-assess whether safety and/or productivity can be maintained is and/or productivity can be maintained is impairedimpaired

Fully rested

Highly fatigued

Mood↓ Communication↓ Speed↓ Accuracy↓ Micro-sleeps↑

Consequences of fatigueConsequences of fatigue

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Inadequate sleep causes deactivation of the Inadequate sleep causes deactivation of the brain; especially in regions that mediate brain; especially in regions that mediate

cognitive performance & alertnesscognitive performance & alertness

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• Fatigue can trigger undesirable safety Fatigue can trigger undesirable safety outcomesoutcomes

Consequences of fatigueConsequences of fatigue

• It is necessary to have the three key elements come It is necessary to have the three key elements come togethertogether

Image © of InterDynamics

Fatigue-related hazards

Hou

rs o

f wor

k

Inadequate sleepFatigue

RiskTriangle

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Risk-based Risk-based Fatigue ManagementFatigue Management

•The management of fatigue in a The management of fatigue in a way that is appropriate for: way that is appropriate for: – the level and pattern of risk exposure the level and pattern of risk exposure – the nature of the operationthe nature of the operation

in order to mitigate unacceptable in order to mitigate unacceptable effects of fatigue on the safety effects of fatigue on the safety and productivity of the operationand productivity of the operation

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Fatigue Risk Fatigue Risk Management System Management System

(FRMS)(FRMS)•As generally applied in GA in As generally applied in GA in

Australia: Australia: A scientifically-based, data-A scientifically-based, data-driven, flexible alternative to driven, flexible alternative to prescriptive flight and duty time prescriptive flight and duty time limitations that forms part of an limitations that forms part of an operator’s Safety Management operator’s Safety Management SystemSystem

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FRMS: As generally FRMS: As generally appliedapplied

•Modular, poor integration of Modular, poor integration of elements elements

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Risk-based integrated Risk-based integrated FRMSFRMS

•Each element informs / adds to Each element informs / adds to others others

Team workshop

s

Work environ-

ment

Compliance & audit

Hours of work

diagnostic

Contingency planning

Policies & procedures

Fatigue hazard

analysis

Training & education

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• The results of The results of ‘Hours of work diagnostic’‘Hours of work diagnostic’ can help inform, for example, can help inform, for example, ‘Compliance & audit’‘Compliance & audit’, , ‘Contingency ‘Contingency planning’planning’ and and ‘Training & education’‘Training & education’

• The results of The results of ‘Team workshops’‘Team workshops’ can help inform, for example, can help inform, for example, ‘Policies & procedures’‘Policies & procedures’, , ‘Contingency planning’‘Contingency planning’ and and ‘Training & education’‘Training & education’

FRMS elements that FRMS elements that inform inform

other elements: e.g.other elements: e.g.

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• Developed in alliance with Zurich Risk Engineering to exceed the Australian / New Zealand Risk Standard (4360) and meet Developed in alliance with Zurich Risk Engineering to exceed the Australian / New Zealand Risk Standard (4360) and meet global insurance industry standardsglobal insurance industry standards

• Developed in conjunction with industry and scientific partners to respect operational and best-practice realitiesDeveloped in conjunction with industry and scientific partners to respect operational and best-practice realities• The exact number, and relationship of, FRMS elements is tailored to each clientThe exact number, and relationship of, FRMS elements is tailored to each client

Faid®SafeFaid®Safe: An integrated : An integrated risk-based FRMS processrisk-based FRMS process

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• Hours of work diagnosticHours of work diagnostic using FAID®: to better understand the impact of hours of work on sleep opportunity, and using FAID®: to better understand the impact of hours of work on sleep opportunity, and also better understand the impacts on hours of work because of seasonality, staffing levels, overtime, etc.also better understand the impacts on hours of work because of seasonality, staffing levels, overtime, etc.

• Fatigue Hazard Analysis WorkshopsFatigue Hazard Analysis Workshops using selected employees to map out tasks, key exposures, current using selected employees to map out tasks, key exposures, current countermeasures, and other available countermeasures/solutionscountermeasures, and other available countermeasures/solutions

Faid®SafeFaid®Safe: Example : Example modulesmodules

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• Assessment of current and possible exposures and protections using Assessment of current and possible exposures and protections using GRAID®GRAID®: and insurance-standard tools: and insurance-standard tools• Development or updating of relevant policy and procedures related to fatigue, fitness for duty and/or safety managementDevelopment or updating of relevant policy and procedures related to fatigue, fitness for duty and/or safety management• Co-development and/or implementation of training and education programs for employees and managers/supervisors in Co-development and/or implementation of training and education programs for employees and managers/supervisors in

conjunction with Humantra RTOconjunction with Humantra RTO

Faid®SafeFaid®Safe: Example : Example modulesmodules

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Organisational Fatigue Risk Organisational Fatigue Risk GradingGrading

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The Integrator

Integration of Integration of Employee and EmployerEmployee and Employer

RISKEmployee Employer

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Risk Engineering PrinciplesRisk Engineering PrinciplesRisk Engineering Frameworks focus on:

• Hazards

• Triggers

• Effects

• Safeguards

• Residual Risks

• Assessment of Systems Integrity

Risk Engineering disciplines are based on a systematic and comprehensive identification of threats, the design of adequate safeguards and assessment of current and future risk profiles.

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Suggested Code of Suggested Code of ConductConduct

………….... is based on commercially is based on commercially viable workplace fatigue solutions viable workplace fatigue solutions which meet health and safety, which meet health and safety, quality of life and personal quality of life and personal remuneration objectives through a remuneration objectives through a more disciplined approach to more disciplined approach to planning and utilising the capacity of planning and utilising the capacity of the human resource……the human resource……

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THE CODETHE CODE Effective management of fatigue is a Effective management of fatigue is a

responsibility shared by both responsibility shared by both employers and employeesemployers and employees

Safe work schedules permit individuals Safe work schedules permit individuals adequate time to sleep, rest and recover adequate time to sleep, rest and recover as well as fulfil reasonable social and as well as fulfil reasonable social and domestic responsibilitiesdomestic responsibilities

Effective management of fatigue is a Effective management of fatigue is a Safety issue, Safety issue, NOTNOT an Industrial Relations an Industrial Relations issueissue

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THE CODETHE CODEAwareness programs are used to promote in Awareness programs are used to promote in

depth understanding of this significant safety depth understanding of this significant safety initiativeinitiative

Training programs are used to develop shared Training programs are used to develop shared understanding of the safety aspects of a understanding of the safety aspects of a shiftwork environment, the causes of fatigue shiftwork environment, the causes of fatigue risks and the solutions that are likely to be risks and the solutions that are likely to be exploredexplored

Time away from work is used in a safe and Time away from work is used in a safe and responsible manner which achieves sufficient responsible manner which achieves sufficient sleep and recovery to ensure that work duties sleep and recovery to ensure that work duties can be completed in a safe and responsible can be completed in a safe and responsible mannermanner

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THE CODETHE CODEConsultative processes are used to invite Consultative processes are used to invite

stakeholders to participate in finding practical, stakeholders to participate in finding practical, sustainable solutionssustainable solutions

Communication strategies are implemented Communication strategies are implemented to convey the context and reasons for to convey the context and reasons for effective fatigue management to stakeholderseffective fatigue management to stakeholders

The objective of effective fatigue The objective of effective fatigue management is management is NOTNOT to reduce staffing to reduce staffing numbers or to reduce employee remunerationnumbers or to reduce employee remuneration

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Productivity + Quality of LifeProductivity + Quality of Life

Prescriptive RulesBlack & white

for peoplenot willing or not able

to implement a self - managed system

SAFE WORKPLACE

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

• Th

rou

gh

pu

t• R

eso

urc

es d

eplo

yed

Quality of Life• Take - home pay• Predictability• Personal growth• Values & beliefs alignment

Fatigue Risk Self - managementDisciplined people

Disciplined thoughts Disciplined actions

=> Greater Flexibility & Responsibility

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Fatigue ModellingFatigue Modelling

• Numerous models exist that assess Numerous models exist that assess sleepiness/performance/etc.sleepiness/performance/etc.

• Most require inputs such as sleep, Most require inputs such as sleep, light and/or other data available from light and/or other data available from research and/or military operationsresearch and/or military operations

• Thus, different models have Thus, different models have different purposesdifferent purposes

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FAIDFAID®®• Estimates of work-related fatigue are based on Estimates of work-related fatigue are based on

statistical modelling of the amount of sleep statistical modelling of the amount of sleep likely to be obtained by individuals based on likely to be obtained by individuals based on the time of day and duration of work and non-the time of day and duration of work and non-work periods over a 7 day period. work periods over a 7 day period.

• Indicative fatigue is inferred from estimated Indicative fatigue is inferred from estimated sleep obtained. sleep obtained.

• These estimates are based on formulae These estimates are based on formulae developed by the Centre For Sleep Research developed by the Centre For Sleep Research at the University of South Australia and at the University of South Australia and published in international peer review published in international peer review journals.journals.

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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.01

2:0

0 P

M

3:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

9:0

0 P

M

12

:00

AM

3:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

9:0

0 A

M

12

:00

PM

3:0

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

9:0

0 P

M

12

:00

AM

3:0

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

9:0

0 A

M

Time of Day

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f D

riv

ers work

leisure

sleep

48 hours

8.5h break = 1.0h sleep 8.5h break = 5.8h sleep

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FAIDFAID®® Scores are Scores are Indicators OnlyIndicators Only

• FAIDFAID®® scores are indicators only of the scores are indicators only of the impact of sleep deprivationimpact of sleep deprivation

• As they are based on a statistical As they are based on a statistical analysis of research performed into analysis of research performed into fatigue levels over a broad sample of fatigue levels over a broad sample of our population, they only provide our population, they only provide guidanceguidance on the fatigue of an individual on the fatigue of an individual

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• Standard fatigue represents fatigue scores Standard fatigue represents fatigue scores up to the maximum fatigue scores up to the maximum fatigue scores produced for a Monday to Friday 0900 to produced for a Monday to Friday 0900 to 1700hr standard work week; that is, a 1700hr standard work week; that is, a score of 40.score of 40.

• Moderate fatigue scores would be for the Moderate fatigue scores would be for the same work week, only work hours are from same work week, only work hours are from 2300 to 0700hr. Result is a score of ~ 80.2300 to 0700hr. Result is a score of ~ 80.

Levels of Work-Related Fatigue Scores

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40

60

80

100

120

140

Indicative FAID® scores

Airline pilots

5, 12h day shifts in a row

7, 8h night shifts in a row

Truck Drivers (worst-case)

2, 12h night shifts in a row

Monday – Friday Work Week

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FAIDFAID®®

• FAID® is being used as one tool FAID® is being used as one tool within the Integrated Fatigue Risk within the Integrated Fatigue Risk Management ProgramManagement Program

• Used by itself, FAID® is not a Fatigue Used by itself, FAID® is not a Fatigue Risk Management SystemRisk Management System

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• easyJet AirlineeasyJet Airline (Based in the UK) (Based in the UK)

• >110 aircraft >60 destinations >16 Bases>110 aircraft >60 destinations >16 Bases

• Substantial commitment to Fatigue SafetySubstantial commitment to Fatigue Safety

• Have undertaken their own research on the Have undertaken their own research on the safety, performance, communication, safety, performance, communication, behavioural & leave impact of different work/rest behavioural & leave impact of different work/rest cyclescycles

Case StudyCase Study

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• Experimental change of line pilot’s Experimental change of line pilot’s work/rest cycle from 3 early, 3 late, 3 off work/rest cycle from 3 early, 3 late, 3 off to 5 early, 2 off, 5 late, 4 offto 5 early, 2 off, 5 late, 4 off

• Measures included: Expert observation Measures included: Expert observation using validated threat/error using validated threat/error management method (LOSA), activity management method (LOSA), activity monitors (sleep), predictive fatigue monitors (sleep), predictive fatigue monitoring (FAIDmonitoring (FAID®®), simple reaction ), simple reaction time task & surveystime task & surveys

From Stewart & Abboud From Stewart & Abboud (2005)(2005)

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• Changed to 5/2/5/4 work/rest cycle Changed to 5/2/5/4 work/rest cycle based on results including: based on results including:

1.1. Correlation of 0.95 between failure-Correlation of 0.95 between failure-to-respond errors & FAID prediction, to-respond errors & FAID prediction,

2.2. Increase in successful threat Increase in successful threat management from 78% to 100% on management from 78% to 100% on final day of work cycle, & final day of work cycle, &

3.3. Survey result showing that 91% of Survey result showing that 91% of pilots felt less fatiguedpilots felt less fatigued

From Stewart & Abboud From Stewart & Abboud (2005)(2005)

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Balpa Survey Results: 70% Membership return

Overall, which roster would you prefer to work?

6/3: 7% 5/2/5/4: 93%

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System Integrated Risk Assessment (SIRASystem Integrated Risk Assessment (SIRA©©))

Event, System Threats

HFMP©, Dynamic Auditing Process (DAP©)Faid®Safe System, Risk based audit schedule

AQD, FDM (FOQA)

Risk classification/Event- Behavioural /System error source

Causal Analysis

MODE©Mgt Decision Process

System Sensory Net

Output

AnalysisDesign Intervention

Monitor system

AUDITIntervention Performance

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Faid®Safe

12 modules focused on the development of primary,

secondary and tertiary fatigue protection

Based on the rigorous processes of Risk Engineering

4141


Primary ProtectionPrimary Protection

4242


Secondary ProtectionSecondary Protection

4343


Tertiary ProtectionTertiary Protection

4444


Contact Details:

[email protected]

www.faidsafe.com

Documents

Integrated Safety Support Proudly presents…. Integrated Safety Support Dr Adam Fletcher & Len Pearson 22 nd March 2007 Fatigue Safety Management Seminar