Indonesia’s Second National Communication

and Non-Binding Emission Reduction Target

Dra. Masnellyarti Hilman, M.Sc.Deputy for Nature Conservation Enhencement and

Environmental Degradation Control

Ministry of Environment

Background 1992 Indonesia signed the UN

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

1994 Act of Ratification of UNFCCC (Number: 6/1994)

GoI prepared & submitted of National Communication report as a Party to the Convention

National Communication to the UNFCCC

UNFCCC Art. 12.1 In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 1, each Party shall communicate to the COP:

a. A national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases

b. A general description of steps taken or envisaged by the Party to implement the Convention

c. Any other information that the Party considers relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention and suitable for inclusion in its communication

UNFCCC Art. 4.3 The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in complying with their obligations under Article 12.1

The differences between Natcom from Annex I and Natcom from non-Annex I parties to the conventionNon-Annex I parties1. Art. 12.1 of the

Convention2. Depending on the

availability of financial resources

3. Not subject to “in-depth” review.

4. Aren’t required to submit separate annual GHG inventories to the secretariat

Annex I parties1. Art. 12. (1) and (2) of the

Convention2. Subject to “in-depth”

review by the expert team (stated in decisions)

3. Should submit separate annual GHG inventories to the secretariat

Indonesia’s First National Communication 1st NatCom report produced & submitted

in 1999. It covered: 1994s emission inventory of greenhouse gas

(GHG) in Indonesia Recommended strategies to limit emissions

by each sector1 Ongoing activities on climate change issues Constraints for financial support &

environmentally friendly technology transfer

Indonesia’s Second National

Communication (SNC)

1. National circumstances, other informations, and constraint/gaps related financial, technical and capacity needs focuses on National Circumstances

2. Greenhouse Gases Inventory focuses on GHG Inventory (3. Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation focuses on

developing a programme for Climate Change Adaptation4. Greenhouse Gases Abatement focuses on developing a

programme on Climate Change Mitigation

1. National circumstances, other informations, and constraint/gaps related financial, technical and capacity needs focuses on National Circumstances

2. Greenhouse Gases Inventory focuses on GHG Inventory (3. Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation focuses on

developing a programme for Climate Change Adaptation4. Greenhouse Gases Abatement focuses on developing a

programme on Climate Change Mitigation

Organization System of the SNC

1, 5 and 6 2 3 4OUTPUTS

Working GroupsWORKING GROUP

INSTITUTIONS

WORKING GROUP A(Others)

Ministry of Environment, National Planning and Development Agencies (BAPPENAS), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Home Affairs, APKASI (Asosiasi Pemerintahan Kabupaten Seluruh Indonesia), APKESI (Asosiasi Pemerintahan Kota Seluruh Indonesia), APPSI (Asosiasi Pemerintah Propinsi Seluruh Indonesia), and BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik).

WORKING GROUP B (Inventory)

Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Industry, and national experts

WORKING GROUP C(V&A)

Ministry of Environment, Research Agencies within the Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Research and Technology, Environmental Division of the State Electricity Company (PLN), BMG (Bureau of Meteorology and Geophysics), LAPAN (Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautic and Space), BPPT (Agency for Technology Assessment and Application) and scientists from universities and national experts

WORKING GROUP D(Mitigation)

Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Research and Technology, and national experts

Process for the Preparation of Indonesian SNC

Other Agencies: Univ, Res. Agencies, etc

Ministry of Transport.Ministry of Industry

Ministry of AgricultureMinistry of Forestry

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

Reviewed by external entities

Working GroupsFrom related

ministries

Documents on National Communication

V&A Division at the MOE

Development of SNC

GHG Mitigation Division at the MOE

National Workshop (Public Consultation)

After addressing Public Comments, the document submitted to UNFCCC Secretariat

Sectoral Consultation Process

GHG Inventory: Summary of 2000 GHG emission and removal (in Gg)

1Note: Emission from peat fire was taken from van der Werf et al (2008). Source: MoE (2009)

1Note: Emission from peat fire was taken from van der Werf et al (2008). Source: MoE (2009)

The National Greenhouse Gases Inventory (NGHGI) was estimated using Tier 1 and Tier 2 of the 2006 IPCC Reporting Guidelines. In 2000, total GHG emissions for the three main greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) without LULUCF (LUCF and peat fires) reached 546.499 Gg CO2e. With the inclusion of LULUCF, total net GHG emissions from Indonesia increase significantly to about 1,377,754 Gg CO2e.

The National Greenhouse Gases Inventory (NGHGI) was estimated using Tier 1 and Tier 2 of the 2006 IPCC Reporting Guidelines. In 2000, total GHG emissions for the three main greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) without LULUCF (LUCF and peat fires) reached 546.499 Gg CO2e. With the inclusion of LULUCF, total net GHG emissions from Indonesia increase significantly to about 1,377,754 Gg CO2e.

GHG Inventory: Share of Sector to total national GHG emission in 2000

The main contributing sectors were Land Use Change and Forestry, followed by energy, peat fire related emissions waste, agricultural and industry

The main contributing sectors were Land Use Change and Forestry, followed by energy, peat fire related emissions waste, agricultural and industry

1Note: Emission from peat fire was taken from van der Werf et al (2008). Source: MoE (2009). * Estimated based from MoF (2009) and Bappenas (2009).

1Note: Emission from peat fire was taken from van der Werf et al (2008). Source: MoE (2009). * Estimated based from MoF (2009) and Bappenas (2009).

GHG Inventory: Contribution and trend of emission from 2000-2005 for all sectors

Emission Projection: Energy Sector The energy projection scenario used as baseline in the

SNC is the business as usual (BAU) level of Energy Outlook 2009

Assumptions used: Population growth 1.1%, Economic growth 5.5% (2005-2015) and 6% (2015 – 2030) Energy elasticity of 1.2 Oil price 80 US$/bbl (other energy prices follow international

prices), Energy supply sources (domestic resources: oil, coal, natural

gas, hydro, geothermal, CBM, and biofuel and import: oil product and LNG)

Power plant crash program I (10,000 MW coal power plant) Power plant crash program II (10,000 MW coal and other

renewable power plants) Kerosene to LPG substitution Biofuel mandatory

Emission Projection: Energy Sector Mitigation Scenarios:

Energy Outlook Additional effort in energy conservation

Presidential Regulation no. 5/2006 (Perpres) New and renewable energy development

Enhance geothermal program Micro-hydro Second generation biofuel Waste to energy Solar photovoltaic Wind energy Coal bed methane Coal liquefaction

Emission Projection: Energy Sector

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

BA

U

Ou

tlo

ok

Pe

rpre

s

BA

U

Ou

tlo

ok

Pe

rpre

s

BA

U

Ou

tlo

ok

Pe

rpre

s

BA

U

Ou

tlo

ok

Pe

rpre

s

2010 2015 2020 2025

Em

issi

on

(G

g C

O2

-eq

) Liquid CoalCBMCoalNatural GasOil

Emission Projection: Industry Sector Covers only emissions associated to industrial

processes mineral production processes (cement, lime, carbonate

products) chemical production processes (ammonia, nitric acid,

caprolactam) metal production processes (iron/ steel production and

aluminum smelter) Assumption used for BAU:

GDP growth of industry sector 6.4% per year Mitigation scenarios

Private through CDM (increasing the efficiency in production processes, introduction of new technology, or change of the raw materials)

CDM + dissemination program + other international funds

Emission Projection: Industry Sector

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Em

issi

on

(G

gra

m C

o2-eq

)

BAU

CDM

CDM++

Emission Projection: Forestry Sector Emission projection based on historical data Assumption used for BAU:

Emission from biomass removal due to deforestation was projected to be constant at a rate of about 0.898 Gt CO2 per year

Rate of sequestration is assumed to increased from 0.505 Gt CO2 per year in 2005 to 0.753 Gt CO2 in 2020

As results of regeneration of secondary forests, land rehabilitation (afforestation and reforestation), and regrowth of woody vegetation

Emission Projection: Forestry Sector Mitigation Scenarios

Scenario 1 increase the rate of planting from 196 thousand hectare per yer to 500 thousand ha per year

Scenario 2 progressive target with rate of planting of between 1.6 and 2.2 Mha per year

Based on this scenario this sector will become net sinker after 2015

Potential funding support for this target: REDD fund CDM Private investment Grants through ODA Grants thorugh mulitilateral channels DNS Adaptation fund under Kyoto Mechanism Global Forest Fund (GFF)

Emission Projection: Forestry Sector

-2000000

-1500000

-1000000

-500000

0

500000

1000000

1500000

BAU

Miti

-1M

iti-2

BAU

Miti

-1M

iti-2

BAU

Miti

-1M

iti-2

BAU

Miti

-1M

iti-2

BAU

Miti

-1M

iti-2

BAU

Miti

-1M

iti-2

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Em

issi

on/R

emov

al (G

t CO

2)

.

C-Sequestration Biomass loss

Emission Projection: Agriculture Sector Main sources of CH4 are rice fields and livestock Assumption used for BAU from rice paddy:

BAU 1: All irrigated rice fields are continuously flooded Applied inorganic fertilizers with Cisadane variety No change on irrigated rice paddy area in Java Increasing 50,000 ha/year of rice paddy area outside Java

BAU 2: Similar to BAU1 but the rice paddy area in Java is assumed

to be converted with a rate 50,000 ha/year and outside Java it will increase at a rate 150,000 ha/year

Assumption used for BAU from livestock: Projection emission followed the projection of population

growth Population growth: beef cattle and dairy cattle 5%, broiler

and layer 3%, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and local chicken 2%, horse and duck 1%

Emission Projection: Agriculture Sector Mitigation scenarios for rice paddy

Rice variety used was changed from Cisadane to IR64 In 2030, total rice paddy area that applied the mitigation

technologies are all less than 30%--namely 21% for S1, 5% for S2, 15% for S3, 14% for S4, 6% for S5 and 1.6% for S6

Mitigation scenarios for livestock Suplementation applied on beef cattle 1% and Dairy Cattle

3% of population per year Improvement feeding practices beef cattle 2% and Dairy

Cattle 5% of population per year Manure management/Biogas beef cattle 1% and Dairy

Cattle 1% of population per year Long term breeding program dairy Cattle 1% of population

per year Tree legume introduction Dairy Cattle 1% of population per

year

Emission Projection: Agriculture Sector Emission projection from rice paddy fields

The most effective mitigation scenario would be the adoption of less methane-emission varieties would drop the rate of methane emission from BAU by about 20%.

Emission Projection: Agriculture Sector Emission projection from livestock

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Met

han

Em

issi

on (

Ton

/Yea

r)

BASE LINE

Supplemetation

Improvement feeding practices

Manure management

Breeding program

Tree legumes introduction

Improvement feeding practices of beef and dairy cattle will reduce up to 20% of methane emission coefficient

Emission Projection: Waste Sector Municipal solid waste is the most significant

emission source in this sector National generation is about 47.8 million tons in 2000

and increased to 48.7 million tons in 2005 Assumption used for BAU:

Emissions growth will follow historical trend, without any efforts or programs related to climate change mitigation

Mitigation scenario: Implementation of Municipal Solid Management Law

No18/2008 Implementation of Municipal Solid Management Law

No18/2008 combined with International funding

Emission Projection: Waste Sector

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

2010 2020 2025

Year

To

tal

Em

issi

on

(G

gra

m C

O2-

eq)

BAU

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Indonesia’s Non-binding Emission Reduction

Target 26% and 41%

Mitigation Strategies Non-binding emission reduction target of 26% will be equal to 0.767

Gt. Reduce further to 41%, an additional emission reduction of about

0.422 Gt. Key source categories are peat emission, forestry, energy and waste

0.28 0.37

1.000.04

0.05

0.06

0.050.05

0.43 0.29

0.13

0.16 0.17

0.250.39

0.83

1.44

0.06

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Em

issio

n (

Gt C

O2

e)

.

Peat Emission

Waste

Forestry

Agriculture

Industry

Energy

1.35

1.76

2.95

2000 2005 2006

0.28 0.37

1.000.04

0.05

0.06

0.050.05

0.43 0.29

0.13

0.16 0.17

0.250.39

0.83

1.44

0.06

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Em

issio

n (

Gt C

O2

e)

.

Peat Emission

Waste

Forestry

Agriculture

Industry

Energy

1.35

1.76

2.95

0.28 0.37

1.000.04

0.05

0.06

0.050.05

0.43 0.29

0.13

0.16 0.17

0.250.39

0.83

1.44

0.06

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Em

issio

n (

Gt C

O2

e)

.

Peat Emission

Waste

Forestry

Agriculture

Industry

Energy

1.35

1.76

2.95

2000 2005 20062020

SectorTarget 26 % (Giga ton)

Cost (Trilyun IDR)

Target 41 %(additional

reduction 15%) (Giga ton)

Additional Cost (Trilyun IDR)

Energy 0.030 0.1 0.010 75

Transportation 0.008 10 0.008 10

Industry Processes 0.001

0.6Gov : 0.1

Private : 0.5 0.004 2.32

Agriculture 0.008 3.6 0.003 4

Forestry 0.392

46.4 Gov : 16

Private : 30.4 0.310 36,93

Waste 0.048 6.1 0.030 5

Peat Emission 0.280 16.5 0.057 35

Total 0.767 83.3 0.422 168.25

Program Activity of each Sector for 26% reduction scenario

SECTOR/ACTIVITY ER Target (Gt CO2e)

REMARK

ENERGY SECTOR 0.030 Equivalent to 40 TWh or 4,651 MW capacity

Energy Conservation Program in DSM:-Development of standards-Development of regulation/policy -Labeling program, -energy manager training, -energy audit (pilot), -R&D,-Dissemination activities in all sectors

All the energy conservation program will be implemented by GOI together with private sector and households sector to achieve energy conservation through housekeeping, routine maintenance & repair and small investment

TRANSPORT SECTOR 0.008 Equivalent to 24 MMBOE

₋Standardization to achieve more energy efficient vehicles (higher fuels economy), i.e. passenger and freight transportation ₋Enhance public transport infrastructure such as Bus Rapid Transit or city train system, pedestrian and bicycle road₋Improvement of transport management and planning₋Improvement traffic demand management ₋Integration of transport and land use plan

All the programs will be implemented by GOI together with private sector and community. Key actors: -Dep. of Transportation, -Ministry of Energy -City Planning-Public transport operators -Private sector, -Community-City planning by local government-Public work

SECTOR/ACTIVITY ER Target (Gt CO2e)

REMARK

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR 0.001 -

₋ Process improvement₋ Operation system improvement₋ Technology change₋ Raw material substitution₋ Dissemination/Promotion Program

All the programs will be implemented by GOI together with private sector and community. Key actors:

- Department of Transportation, - Ministry of Energy - City PlanningCommunity

AGRICULTURE SECTOR 0.008

- Improvement of water management (increasing water use efficiency such as SRI, PTT)

- Introduction of new rice varieties with less methane emissions

- Feeding quality improvement and food supplement for ruminants

- Biogas energy

All program will be implemented by the government and private sector (CSR)

SECTOR/ACTIVITY ER Target (Gt CO2e)

REMARK

FORESTRY SECTOR 0.392

- Rehabilitation of land and forests in watershed - Development of community forest and village

forest- Establishment of timber plantation and private

forest- Restoration of production forest ecosystem - Development of partnership forest - Fire management and combating illegal

logging- Avoid deforestation - Community empowerment

The programs will be implemented by government, private and community. Private sectors will dominate the efforts for establishing timber plantation, community and CSR dominate the effort for establishing partnership forests, while government dominates land and forest rehabilitation programs.

SECTOR/ACTIVITY ER Target

(Gt CO2e

)

REMARK

WASTE SECTOR 0.048 -

₋ Implementation of MSW management law ₋ government program for the improvement

of ₋ existing solid waste landfill ₋ domestic liquid waste management₋ industrial liquid waste management₋ Capacity building for waste collection and

transportation₋ Program to enhance 3R activities (reuse,

recycle, recovery)₋ Encourage private sector involvement in

MSW treatment

All the programs will be implemented by GOI together with private sector and community. Key actors:

- Ministry of Environment, - Ministry Public Works, - Local Government, and - Private sector- Community

PEAT EMISSIONS 0.280

₋ Development of fire early warning system₋ Strengthening community based fire fighting

team ₋ Improvement of peatland management₋ Mapping of peat characteristics₋ Community empowerment₋ Law enforcement for policy compliance ₋ Generation of more economic activities of

communities such fishery management in peat water

Most of program will be implemented by governments national and international NGOs and private (CSR).

Program Activity of each Sector for the additional 15% emission reduction target

SECTOR/ACTIVITY Additional ER Target

(Gt CO2e)

REMARK

ENERGY SECTOR 0.010 Equivalent to 13 TWh or 1550 MW capacity

1. Energy Conservation Program in demand side

- Energy conservation for minor investment - Overhaul for maintenance and repair

EE will be achieved through minor investment in industry, building/ commercial sector, etc

2. Deployment of clean coal technology Supercritical or Fluidized Bed coal Power plant (350 MW)

3. Accelerated Geothermal (1000 MW) Additional 1000 MW to the existing government plan

4. Biofuel Additional to achieve the government target (mandatory)

TRANSPORT SECTOR 0.008 Equivalent to 24 MMBOE

Further Improvement in Transportation Sector- Enhance public transport infrastructure

such as Bus Rapid Transit or city train system, pedestrian and bicycle road

- Integration of transport and land use plan

The program will further improve more efficient public transport infrastructure (road, pedestrian, public transport vehicle, information system for public transport management -City planning by local government-Public work

SECTOR/ACTIVITY Additional ER

Target (Gt

CO2e)

REMARK

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR 0.004 -

Further improvement of industrial processes More investment to reduce GHG emission fro the processes

AGRICULTURE SECTOR 0.003

Up-scaling and expanding the improved water management programs (SRI, PTT), introduction of new rice varieties with less methane emissions, feeding quality improvement and food supplement, and biogas energy.

More investment for conducting long-term breeding program for livestock and introduction of other technologies for reducing methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice cultivation

FORESTRY SECTOR 0.031

Up-scaling and expanding the land and forest rehabilitation, timber plantation, and community empowerment

REDD+ implementation, establishment of MRV system

WASTE SECTOR 0.030 -

Wider coverage of the waste management improvement

More investment for new land fill and other waste management infrastructure

PEAT EMISSIONS 0.057

Further improvement of peat land management and enhancement of institutional and community capacity in managing peat fire

International support required to improve peat land management and monitoring system

Rencana Aksi Nasional Penuruanan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (RAN GRK)

2010-2020

KLH bersama Bappenas dan DNPI mengkoordinasikan penyusunan secara rinci RAN GRK 2010-2020 dari seluruh instansi terkait dan pemerintah daerah

Uraian secara detail dari masing-masing kegiatan seluruh instansi terkait dan pemerintah daerah dalam pencapaian penurunan emisi GRK 26% sebagai berikut:

A Building, 6th Floor, Jl. D.I.Panjaitan Kav 24Kebon Nanas – Jakarta 13210

Indonesia