Index 245

* Bold page numbers indicate illustrations; italic page numbers indicate tables.

Aaccess to boiler room, 205accounting, cost, in greenhouse office, 220–21accounts payable in greenhouse office, 227accounts receivable in greenhouse office, 226–27acrylic sheets, 32–33actuators, 148advertising, 230aerodynamic vents in natural ventilation, 107A-frame greenhouse, 6, 16

glazing options for, 6aging, light transmission and, 26agriculture

extensive, 1intensive, 1

air circulation, 65airflow, 55

capacities of unshrouded fans, 111, 111air infiltration, 198air lock, 190air pollution, 211algae, controlling growth of, 79, 113Allied Tube & Conduit, 10alternative energy, 134–38aluminum, 3, 15American Horticulture Society, 232Andy Mast Greenhouses (Grand Rapids, MI), 169anti-condensate film, 30–31aphids, 183

screening for, 188arch/gothic house, 5–6, 6arch-style roofline, 3

atrium-style house, 7automated transplanters, 146, 146–51, 148

advantages of, 149–50

design differences, 147–48disadvantages of, 150history of, 146–47impact of, 149machine design, 148–49movement of, 148, 148plug trays, 150purchase considerations, 150

automation. See also computers; mechanizationfor booms, 75, 76for hanging basket systems, 67, 67increased use of, 8of subirrigation systems, 80in watering, 70, 140

Bbackflow protection, 95Ball, Anna, 232Ball, Vic, 232Ball Seed Company, 214bar codes, 172

in tracking in modern plug facility, 175–79, 176, 177, 178

basket hooker, 154, 154batch methodology, doing work in, 163batch mixing, 140, 140bay, 5Baze, Gary, 10, 40beams, 20bedding plants

boom irrigation and, 74–75carbon dioxide (CO

2) and, 134

Index

246 Ball RedBook

Bell Nursery Network, 137–38belted conveyors, 169, 169benches, 55–63

benefits of, 55concrete, 56construction materials, 55–56container, 58–59, 59, 81ebb-and-flood, 56, 59–62, 60fixed, 80flood, 80as growing area, 171–72

layout of, 57metal, 55movable, 161, 171–73

cons, 173costs of, 173modern developments in, 172, 172–73pros, 173reasons for using, 171–72

pallet, 58peninsula, 57plastic, 56rolling, 57–58, 58, 80–81size of, 57stationary, 56–57styles of, 56–59, 57subirrigation, 56trough, 62–63wooden, 55–56

biofilms, 102, 102eliminating existing, 103

biofiltration, 104biofuel boilers, 198biogas, 124biomass

creating fuel from, 122–23defined, 122

biomass boilers, 123–24, 124, 136, 136–37biomass burner, 135–36, 136biomass gasification, 123biomass heating, 122–25biomass pellets, 125biomass systems, 120–21black cloth systems, 53, 53

blackout curtains on controlling photoperiod, 44Bluetooth technology, 177boiler(s), 120, 120

biomass, 123–24, 124, 136, 136–37cast-iron sectional, 120demand-type, 120fire-tube, 120fluidized bed, 124pellet, 124vertical underfeed, 136Vyncke biomass, 135–36, 136water-tube, 120wood chip-burning, 123

boiler room, 204, 204–8central document storage and maintenance

schedule, 207codes for, 205combustion air, 205, 205–6computer controls for, 206, 206construction and installation, 207–8cooling and, 206drains in, 206easy access to, 205emergency numbers and procedures, 207finishing of, 208fire safety, 206floor for, 206, 206heating and, 206lighting and, 206location of, 205penetrations for, 206professional design help, 207, 208spare parts and special tools, 207utilities and, 205venting for, 206–7

boom irrigation, 73, 73–77, 74, 169automatic, 75, 76bedding plants and, 74–75double-rail, 76environmentally sensitive, 76gantry, 76–77, 77ground runner, 77manual, 75–77with mist nozzles, 87

Index 247

options, 77propagators, 73–74single-rail, 76sophistication of, 72, 72

British Thermal Unit (BTU), 115British Thermal Units per Hour (BTUH), 115broadcast sowing, 143budgets, expansion, 216buffer, 180buffer conveyor, 154building codes, 20, 22

buoyancy, 107business, growing your, 212–18, 213business management, 219, 219–27

accounts payable in, 227accounts receivable in, 226–27advertising in, 230cost accounting in, 220–21general ledger, 227inventory control, 227need for partner, 227production in, 224–25sales in, 225–26

business planneed for, 217–18successful, 216

bypass pressure tank, 91

Ccable/drum drive system, 48cable-frame system, 17–18, 18cable tightening systems, 18Cabrio, 12Cactus & Tropicals (Draper, UT), 244Calabro, Nick, 38Calico (company), 239camera grading systems, 172capillary mat watering systems, 83, 83captured runoff, identifying nutrient values in, 105captured water, identifying use of, 98–99carbon dioxide (CO

2), 132–34

amount to add, 133bedding plants and, 134biomass source of, 122

cautions, 133–34costs of, 134defined, 132enrichment of, 133light, temperature, and fertility, 133photosynthesis and, 132sources of, 133timing in use of, 132–33trapping of heat by, 2

cart loader, 154carts, 167, 167–68, 168

tracking of, 168cascade filters, 79cast-iron sectional boilers, 120Cathey, Marc, 232certified engineering, 18chain-and-cable drive system, 48chemical storage facilities, 191, 191–94, 193

designing, 191–93, 192Cherry Creek Systems (Colorado Springs, CO), 170chlorine, 103, 104Claiborne, Eric, 179clear greenhouse film surfaces, 38climate control, 125–28

computer zone controllers, 127integrated computer systems, 127–28, 128misunderstandings, 128stage controllers, 126, 126thermostats, 125–26, 126

clip-type locks, 40closed hydroponic system, 87codes for boiler room, 205colored film, 31color light management, 26column eliminators, 20combustible thermoplastic, 33combustion air for boiler room, 205, 205–6combustion technology, 117commitment, 230commodity farming, 215common element marking, 150compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), 53computerized wagons, 175, 175computers. See also automation

248 Ball RedBook

in boiler room, 206, 206in controlling roof, 6, 14, 15in greenhouse office, 220for heating, ventilation, and cooling equipment, 2integrated system, 127–28, 128in tracking, 178

concrete, 56concrete benches, 56concrete flood floors, 78concrete greenhouse floors, 64, 64concrete wood floors, 78condensation of water vapor, 27conductive heat transfer, 115–16constructed wetlands, 104construction and installation of boiler room, 207–8contact pest control materials, 184container benches, 58–59, 59, 81. See also movable

benchescontainer capacity, 69, 70continuous mixing, 140–41, 141controlled environment, 1, 1–2convection, 116converted cement mixers in batch mixing, 140conveyors, 169–71, 170

belted, 169, 169portable modular, 170–71roller, 170, 170specialty, 170–71

cooling, 111–14, 112amount of, 113boiler room and, 206evaporative pad system, 112, 112

fan ventilation and, 108fan-and-pad, 111–12, 112fan maintenance, 113–14fog (mist), 114of headhouse, 21–22sample calculations, 113winter, 110, 110

copper ionization, 104corrugated fiberglass panels, 32cost accounting in greenhouse office, 220–21cost per square foot per week (CSFW), 221, 222

cost per used square foot per week (CUSFW), 221, 222–24

costsof ebb-and-flood bench system, 62entry, 215of headhouses, 22heating, 27, 121–22of movable benches, 173of open-roof greenhouses, 14, 16overhead, 221of poly-covered greenhouses, 36

reducing labor, 160retail facilities and, 238seed, 204variable, 221–24

in greenhouse office, 221–24seasonality as, 222–24, 223, 224, 225shrinkage as, 221–22space utilization as, 221

of Venlo-style greenhouse, 36covering hopper, 154, 154cover plant transplanter, 147cranes, 174, 175Cravo (Brantford, Ontario, Canada), 11, 15, 16crop health, 55crop-market match, 216crown rots, 183curtain systems, 43, 43–53

configurations, 46–48drive mechanisms, 47–48, 48exterior, 44, 51, 51gutter-to-gutter, 46, 47in heat retention, 45, 45–46history of, 44–45internal, 44maintenance, longevity, replacement, 51–52materials, 49, 49–50shade and cooling, 46sidewall, 50, 50–51support, 49truss-to-truss, 46, 47types of, 44

curved-glass houses, 36, 36

Index 249

customers. See also marketingdefining and targeting, 233–34demands of, 215ensuring success with product, 234existing or new, 215

cycle time, batch mixing and, 140cylinder/drum seeders, 145–46, 146

DDanziger, Michael, 232data validation in tracking, 178

Daughtrey, Margery, 232dead man bracing, 18debris removal, 101, 101decontamination facilities, 192, 193decontamination site, 195Defosche style of hinged roof greenhouses, 12, 12dehumidification, 110, 110

seed storage and, 202, 203Delta T, 115demand-type boilers, 120densification offers, 123design

boiler room, 207, 208finger/pusher pin, 147–48longitudinal, 57, 57in retail facilities, 236–37structure summary checklist, 241

dibbler conveyor, 152, 152diffused light, 32

importance of, 34–35diffuse radiation, 25, 25–26dilute tank systems, 94direct radiation, 25, 25–26dirt buildup, reducing, 38discipline in niche marketing, 234disinfection, 102–4dissolved oxygen, 104doors for headhouse, 20double curtain, 198double-layer air inflation installations, using outside

air source, 38double-layer glazing, 26, 27

double-poly greenhouses, 30, 40–41double-rail booms, 76drains in boiler room, 206Dramm, John, Sr., 72Dramm #400 Water Breaker, 72drenches, 184drenching equipment, 187drip-irrigation system, 72, 72–73

as cost-effective, 67drawbacks of, 84, 84ebb-and-flood benches and, 61–62

as least expensive system, 161drip tape, 72–73drive mechanisms, 47–48, 48drum filters, 79dry formulations, 184dual-level planting lines, 153durability of greenhouses, 15Dutch greenhouses, 9Dutch trays, 58, 59. See also movable benches

EEagle Creek Growers (Ohio), 136, 136–37ebb-and-flood bench system, 56, 59–62, 60, 172

costs of, 62reasons for using, 61, 61–62

ebb-and-flood floors, 65ECHO Hanging Basket System, 67, 67, 161, 169,

170Ecke, Paul, II, 232edge effects, 63Edstrom, Filip, 83electrical resistance systems, 119–20electrical service for headhouse, 21electricity, site selection and analysis and, 210electric pumps, 93–94Elkins, Russ, 135–36email, 230emergency assistance, 195emergency numbers and procedures, boiler room

and, 207Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-

Know Act (1986) (EPCRA), 193–94

250 Ball RedBook

emitter, 72Emsflower, 175, 175end sweep assembly, 77energy

alternative, 134–38sustainability and, 198

energy curtain, 43, 45heating costs with and without, 36

energy efficiency in greenhouses, 43, 43–44entrepreneurial spirit, 218entry costs, 215

environmentcontrolled, 1, 1–2seed storage and, 202, 202–3, 203site selection and analysis and, 211

environmentally sensitive booms, 76Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), worker

protection standards, 194–96, 195environmental sustainability, 197evaporative cooling pad system, 112, 112

fan ventilation and, 108evapotranspiration, 23even-span structure, 6exhaust fans, 188, 190exhaust steam, 207expansion budgets, 216experts, retail facilities and, 239extensive agriculture, 1exterior curtain systems, 44, 51, 51

FFacebook, 179face velocity, 190

fan-and-pad cooling, 111–12, 112fans, 108–10, 109

exhaust, 188, 190jet, in dehumidification, 110, 110recirculation, 110–11shrouding, 111squirrel-cage, 41unshrouded, 111, 111

far-red (FR) light, 24, 26Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

(1947) (FIFRA), 194

fertigation equipment, 89–95injector types, 91–94, 92liquid fertilizers, 89system design, 89–91, 90

fertigation room design, 94–95fertilizer, sustainability and, 199fiberglass panels, 31, 32field production, 1film bubble, 30filters, 95filtration, 102

of runoff water, 101finger/pusher pin design, 147–48finishing of boiler rooms, 208finned heating pipes, 118, 118fire prevention, 46fire safety, boiler room and, 206fire-tube boilers, 120Fisher, Paul, 104fixed benches, 80fixed-flow injection systems, 93fixed injectors, 77flame-resistant materials, 46flat dispensers, 151, 151flat fiberglass panels, 32flood benches, 80, 82flood floors, 65, 81, 81, 82flood irrigation, 84, 84floor heat, 64–65, 80floors

for boiler room, 206, 206concrete greenhouse, 64, 64flood, 82flow, 82moving, 123porous, 64

floriculture production, 2flower blights, 183flowers, vision for grading, 156flow floors, 82flow-through injectors, 92fluidized bed boilers, 124focus groups, 232fog (mist) cooling and humidifying, 114

Index 251

fogging, 186fog nozzles, 87foliar blights, 183forced air-ventilated greenhouse, screening, 188, 190Ford, Henry, 162Ford Motor Company, 162forklifts, 174, 175fossil fuels, 122

biomass as source of, 122freestanding greenhouses, 2, 2–5, 3, 5, 20

continuous refinement, 4

covering of, 39gutter-connected, 2, 5–9history of, 2, 2–4pros and cons, 4–5, 5retractable-roof house and, 11

fuel, creating, from biomass, 122–23fungus, 183fungus gnats, 184

Ggantry booms, 76–77, 77GAP (good agricultural practices), 197, 199–200Gapinski, Jim, 39, 40gases

greenhouse, 2natural, 210–11

GatorShield tubing, 10general ledgers, 227germination tests, vision for, 156, 156girts, 6glass greenhouses, heating of, 4glazing, 1, 23–41, 34, 35

additives, 26for A-frame, 6age, 26for arch house, 5condensation, 27construction and operation costs, 36, 36decision-making, 37direct versus diffuse light, 25, 25–26double-layer, 26, 27double poly, 5

energy coming in, 24–25energy going out, 27glass, 5, 34, 35, 35–38growing environment, 36–37heat loss from, 28insulating value, 27more information on, 27–28plastic, 2plastic versus glass, 24polycarbonate, 5polyethylene film, 28–32, 38–41

anti-condensate film, 30–31colored film, 31covering greenhouse, 30, 30future of, 32inflation, 40–41inspection, 39IR film, 31latching down, 40manufacture of, 30maximizing poly life, 41on with the new, 39–40, 40nursery film, 32off with the old, 39poly coverings, 38–39reasons for using, 28, 28–29value-added films, 30

purpose of, 23, 23–24rigid-plastic, 32–35

acrylic, 32–33fiberglass, 31, 32polycarbonate, 33, 33–34pros and cons, 34–35

selecting material, 24, 37structure beneath, 26, 26

global positioning system (GPS), 168global warming, 2gnats, 183

fungus, 184GO-1 system, 76Golden Pacific Structures, 10, 40Gooder, Mike, 219, 219–27Goyette, Mike, 16granules, 184

252 Ball RedBook

gravity filters, 79Green Circle Growers (Oberlin, Ohio), 122greenhouse coverings, comparison of, 29greenhouse curtains, warranties on, 52greenhouse effect, 2greenhouse gases, 2greenhouses, 1–22

construction costs of, 3controlled environment and, 1, 1–2defined, 1double-poly, 30, 40–41

Dutch, 9energy efficiency in, 43–44eradicating weeds around, 191freestanding, 2, 2–5, 3, 5gutter-connected, 5–9headhouse, 19–22, 20, 21heating costs for, 45height of, 9–11materials used in, 2, 2–3open-roof, 11, 11–16, 12, 13placement of, 211shadehouses, 16–19solar radiation use in, 1spaces of, 66

greenhouse sustainability, 197, 197–200concept of, 197–98energy and, 198fertilizer and, 199GAP, 199–200getting started, 200money savings and, 200net cost of, 198pesticides and, 198–99recycling and, 199resources on, 200water and, 199

Green Master Inc. (Apopka, FL), 83Green Roof at Briggs Garden & Home (North

Attleboro, MA), 244Green Village (Green Village, New Jersey), 243groundcloth, 63–64ground floors, best crops for, 65ground runner booms, 77

growing floors, 63–65accessories, 64–65pros and cons, 63types of, 63–64, 64

growing media, selection of, 88growth potential, 215gutter-connected greenhouses, 2, 5–9, 6, 11

advantages, 8construction costs of, 10disadvantages, 8–9height of, 8, 9–11

natural ventilation in, 107pros and cons, 8, 8styles of, 5–8, 6

gutters, 81height of, 8, 8, 9location and orientation of greenhouse in terms of

direction, 211gutter-to-gutter systems, 46, 47gutter/trough systems, 82gutter-vent greenhouses, 108

HHamer Bloemzaden (Zwindrecht, the Netherlands),

175hand watering, 70, 70, 72hanging baskets, 20, 65

production of, 170Harts Nursery (Jefferson, Oregon), 5headhouse, 19–22, 20, 21

cooling and heating of, 21–22costs of, 22covering, 20–21doors in, 20electrical service for, 21frame, walls, and more, 20insulation options of, 21lighting for, 22placement of structure, 211plumbing and runoff of, 21selecting location for, 19–20space in, 20

Heartland Growers (Westfield, Indiana), 39, 40

Index 253

heating, 27, 114, 114–25boiler room and, 206British Thermal Unit (BTU), 115British Thermal Units per Hour (BTUH), 115choosing system, 116costs of, 27, 45, 121–22Delta T, 115energy comparison, 117floor, 80for headhouse, 21–22loss, 115

pros and cons of, 121site selection and analysis and fuel choice, 210–11steam, 119transfer of, 115–16types of, 116, 116–21, 118, 119under-bench, 80U value, 115

heat loss, 115heat pasteurization, 103heat retention, covering materials for, 49, 49heat-retention curtains, 2, 45, 45–46heat transfer, 115–16

conductive, 115–16high-intensity discharge (HID) lights, 130high-pressure, positive-displacement pumps, 92high-pressure sodium as light source, 130high-volume spraying, 185, 185hinged roof greenhouses, 12, 13

Defosche style of, 12, 12MX open-roof style, 12, 12, 16wind and, 14

holistic system approach, 106horizontal air flow (HAF), 12horizontal airflow systems, 110–11, 111

technology and, 128–29, 129horticulture, robotics in, 159, 159hot water systems, 117–19, 118, 121housekeeping pad, 206, 206How Safe is Your Pesticide Storage Facility, 194Hoz-On, 91humidistat, 87humidity

control of, 110

effects of, on seed, 201need for ventilation in control of, 14

Huntington, Henry, 135–36hybrid suspension systems, 49hydraulic spraying, 185, 185hydrogen peroxide, 51, 52hydroponics, 87–89, 88

growing media, 87–88reasons for using, 89types of systems, 87workings of, 88, 88–89

Iimage building, 229–32image marketing, value of, 229independent garden centers, trend in, 235, 236industrial genetics, 215infrared (IR) barrier, 27infrared (IR) film, 31infrared (IR) heat, 27, 119, 119infrared (IR) systems, 121, 122infrared (IR) waveband, 24injection systems, fixed-flow, 93inkjet labeler, 153, 153insect screens, 17, 187–91, 189

calculating surface area, 190care, maintenance, and good growing practices, 190crop, climate, and regulatory differences, 187–88keeping greenhouse tight, 190selecting and using, 188, 189

insider growth, challenging and nurturing, 214insulation

of glazing, 27options for headhouse, 21

integration of operation, 216–17intensive agriculture, 1internal curtain systems, 44internal transport and logistics, 167

bar code tracking in modern plug facility, 175–79, 176, 177, 178

carts, 167, 167–68, 168computerized wagons, 175, 175conveyors, 169–71, 170

254 Ball RedBook

belted, 169, 169roller, 170, 170specialty, 170–71

cranes, 174, 175forklifts, 174, 175installation, 171monorails, 168–69, 169movable benches, 171–73

cons, 173costs of, 173modern developments in, 172, 172–73

pros, 173reasons for using, 171–72

need for people, 175robots, 175tracking, 168

International Building Code (IBC), 238inventory control in greenhouse office, 227inverted nozzles, 85–86investment, 179iron, 98irrigation, 69, 69–106. See also subirrigation

boom, 73, 73–77, 74captured water for, 98–99drip, 67, 72, 72–73, 84, 84flood, 84, 84hand watering, 72importance of automation, 71movable benches and, 172, 173overhead, 72, 72, 73

irrigation runoff, 105capturing your, 98

JJaderloon (Irmo, South Carolina), 11–14, 13jet fans in dehumidification, 110, 110

KKlerks Hyplast Inc., 38Knox, Bruce, 179Knox, Monty, 179Knox Nursery (Winter Garden, Florida), 179–80,

180, 181

Koranski, Dave, 232Kreidermacher, Eric, 137Kreidermacher, Maria, 137Kube-Pak, 220, 226Kuipers, Bennie, 175Kuipers, Tom, 175Kuzniewski, Dan, 10

Llabor

availability of, 160

as reason for automation, 139ease of, 160education of, 193–94hiring, 214movable benches and, 173putting together dream team, 217reducing costs, 160saving on, 139training of, 191, 195

leaf miners, 183leaf spots, 183lean flow, 162, 162–65, 166LEED credits, 35light-emission prevention, curtain systems and, 50light-emitting diode (LED) lights, 53, 131, 132lighting

boiler room and, 206for headhouse, 22location of greenhouse and, 211supplemental, 129–31, 132

light levels, 13lightning protection, 127light pollution, 211Ling, Peter, 10Linvilla Orchards and Garden Center (Media, PA),

243liquid fertilizers, 89liquid formulations, 184Living in the Garden (Pullman, WA), 135, 135location of boiler room, 205Lohmeyer, Charles, 137–38Lohmeyer’s Farm (Maryland), 137–38

Index 255

longitudinal design, 57, 57long-range site and structure plan, 209, 211–12long-wave radiation, 2low-volume application, 185–86, 186Lucas, George, 16Lucas Nursery, 16

Mmachine vision in greenhouse, 155–59, 156, 157,

158, 159maintenance for greenhouses, 15

manganese, 98manifold seeders, 144, 144manual booms, 75manual filling, 142Mariani Gardens (Armonk, NY), 244market

building to match your, 214–15competition and direction of, 215viability of, 215

marketing, 161, 229–30. See also customers; niche marketing

formation of team, 230value of image, 229

mass-market garden centers, 167master plan, need for, 212material handler, 164Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 191mealybugs, 183mechanization, 139–65. See also automation

automated transplanters, 146, 146–51, 148advantages, 149–50design differences, 147–48disadvantages, 150history of, 146–47impact of, 149machine design, 148–49movement of, 148, 148plug trays, 150purchase considerations, 150

basket hooker, 154, 154cart loader, 154covering hopper, 154, 154

dibbler conveyor, 152, 152figuring payback, 160, 160–62inkjet labeler, 153, 153lean flow, 162, 162–65, 166machine vision, 155–59, 156, 157, 158, 159media mixing, 139

flat and pot filling, 142, 142–43, 143methods, 140, 140–41, 141

planting conveyor, 153, 154plug tray dispenser, 154pot and flat dispensers, 151, 151production counter, 155robotics in horticulture, 159, 159roller conveyors, 155, 155seeders, 143–46, 144, 145, 146

cylinder/drum, 145–46reciprocating, 145, 145support equipment, 146types of, 144, 144–45

tagger, 152–53, 153watering tunnel, 151–52, 152

media mixing, 139flat and pot filling, 142, 142–43, 143methods, 140, 140–41, 141

metal benches, 55Metrolina Greenhouses (Huntersville, NC), 10–11,

122, 174, 175microchip-control technology, 139microclimate, 63microencapsulated pest control materials, 185Mid-American Growers (Illinois), 15, 16mist systems for propagation, 84–87, 85, 100

attaching nozzles, 85booms and fog, 87controlling mist, 86, 87costs and options, 86inverted nozzles, 85–86nozzle spacing, 85

mobile plug popping unit, 156modification, product differentiation through,

232–33momentum in horizontal airflow technology, 129monorails, 168–69, 169moonlighters, developing, 214

256 Ball RedBook

movable benches, 161, 171–73cons, 173costs of, 173modern developments in, 172, 172–73pros, 173reasons for using, 171–72

moving floor system, 123MPS, 200, 200multiple sets of spray bars, 77MX open-roof style, of hinged roof greenhouses, 12,

12, 16

NNational Greenhouse Manufactures Association

(NGMA), 27–28, 38, 216, 217natural gas, 210–11natural soil, 63natural ventilation, 7, 107–8, 198needle-type seeder, 148neighbors, site selection and analysis and, 210Netherlands, greenhouse height in, 9networking, 231–32Nexus, 15

Dual Atrium of, 16niche marketing, 232–34

defining and targeting customers, 233–34discipline in, 234ensuring customer’s success with product, 234looking for opposites, 234price increases in, 233product differentiation through modification and

specialization, 232–33product superiority in, 234product valuation, 234supply and demand in, 233“250 rule” in, 233

nichescrops to fit, 216enhancing, 231

noise pollution, 211Norlake (Hudson, WI), 203nozzles

attaching, 85

booms with mist, 87fog, 87inverted, 85–86spacing, 85

nursery film, 32nutrients

managing concentration of, 80replenishment of, 105–6

Ooffice, 219, 219–27

accounts payable, 227accounts receivable, 226–27computers in, 220cost accounting in, 220–21general ledger, 227inventory control, 227need for partner, 227overhead costs in, 221production, 224–25sales, 225–26in setting direction, 219–20variable costs in, 221–24

onsite power sources, 198opal polycarbonate, 20open hydroponic system, 87open-roof greenhouses, 6, 11–16, 13

costs of, 14, 16durability of, 15hinged style of, 12, 13, 14, 16hybrid, 16light levels of, 13maintenance of, 15natural ventilation in, 107reasons for choosing, 12–13retractable roofs, 11, 11, 13retractable roof versus, 14–15roof covering, 13ventilation of, 14wind and, 14

opposites, looking for, 234orchids, grading systems for, 158, 159outside design team, 241

Index 257

outsider expertise, developing, 214Ovata, 11, 11overhead basket systems, 161overhead costs in greenhouse office, 221overhead irrigation systems, 71, 72, 72, 73, 100

combining subirrigation with, 82–83subirrigation versus, 78

overhead production, 65–66, 66advantages of, 65automated systems, 67, 67containers and crops, 66

drawbacks to, 65method of, 67

overinflation, guarding against, 40–41oversow, 180overwatering, 70oxidizers, 104oxygen, dissolved, 104ozone treatment system, 103, 103–4

Ppad mixing, 140pallet benches, 58partner, need for, 227pasteurization, 104

heat, 103payback, figuring, 160, 160–62Peace Tree Farms, 10peat moss bales, big bale system of compressed, 141,

141pellet boilers, 124pellets, making, 125, 137penetrations for boilers, 206peninsula benches, 57peracetic acid solutions, 51perched water (H

2O) table, 69

peristaltic pumps, 94personal protective equipment (PPE), 192, 195–96pest control

availability of products, 184, 184–85basics of, 183, 183–85, 184forms of, 183–84, 184methods of, 184

pesticide(s)avoiding contact with, 38sustainability and, 198–99

pesticide application equipment, 185–87chemical storage facilities, 191, 191–94, 192, 193drenching, 187Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA) worker

protection standards, 194–96, 195eradicating weeds around greenhouse, 191insect screens, 187–91, 189

calculating surface area, 190

care, maintenance, and good growing practices, 190

crop, climate, and regulatory differences, 187–88

forced air-ventilated greenhouse, 188, 190keeping greenhouse tight, 190selecting and using, 188, 189

Pesticide Handlers and the Worker Protection Standard, 195

Pesticide Storage and Handling Practices on the Farm, 194

pests, sources of, 183pH of irrigation water, managing, 80phosphorous, 199photoperiod, 52photoperiod control, 49–50, 52, 52–53

blackout curtains for, 44mechanics of, 52–53, 53

photoperiodic plants, critical day length in classi-fying, 52

photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO2) and, 132

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) light, 24, 131

factors affect transmission of, 25Phytophthora, 102, 184pitched roof, 6Plainview Growers, 125plantcentric engineering, 216planting conveyor, 153, 154Plantpeddler (Cresco, IA), 90, 213, 214, 216, 217,

229, 231business plan development at, 218

258 Ball RedBook

plantsrecycled water and health of, 100–101vision for grading young, 156–57

plastic benches, 56plastic glazing, 2

tricks to keeping clean, 38plastics, synthetic, 2plate seeders, 144, 144–45Pleasant View Gardens (New Hampshire), 16,

135–36, 136Plug Connection (Vista, California), 74plug facility, bar code tracking in modern, 175–79,

176, 177, 178plug growers, automatic patching systems and, 161plug patchers, 161plug patching, vision for, 156, 156plug tray dispenser, 154plug trays, 143, 150plumbing for headhouse, 21Plymouth Nursery (Plymouth, Michigan), 243pneumatic cylinders, 148, 152point source discharge issues, 98pollution

air, 211light, 211noise, 211

poly abrasion, preventing, 41polycarbonate, 33, 33–34polycarbonate sheets, cleaning, 38poly-covered greenhouses, costs of, 36poly coverings, 38–39polyethylene film, 28–32, 38–41, 50

anti-condensate film, 30–31colored film, 31covering greenhouse, 30, 30future of, 32inflation, 40–41inspection, 39IR film, 31latching down, 40manufacture of, 30maximizing poly life, 41on with the new, 39–40, 40nursery film, 32

off with the old, 39poly coverings, 38–39reasons for using, 28, 28–29value-added films, 30

polyethylene plastic sheeting, 3poly life, maximizing, 41poly locks, 30, 30, 40Pork & Plants LLC (Altura, Minnesota), 137porous floors, 64portable injectors, 77portable modular conveyor, 170–71

pot and flat dispensers, 151, 151potted plants, vision for grading, 157, 157, 158, 159powered shutters in dehumidification, 110, 110power take off (PTO) driven systems, 187precision drenching, 187pre-irrigation, 101pre-treatment, 102prices increases in niche marketing, 233product differentiation, through modification and

specialization, 232–33production

in greenhouse office, 224–25lean flow in area, 163–64

productivity, 160products of combustion, 206professional design for boiler room, 207, 208programmable logic controllers (PLCs), 141, 147, 148propagation, mist systems for, 84–87, 85, 100

attaching nozzles, 85booms and fog, 87controlling mist, 86, 87costs and options, 86inverted nozzles, 85–86nozzle spacing, 85

propagators, 73–74protectant pest control materials, 184Protecting Yourself from Pesticide Hazards in the

Workplace, 195psychometric chart, 114pumps

electric, 93–94peristaltic, 94water-powered, 93, 93

Index 259

purlins, 6push-pull drives, 14, 16, 48, 48Pythium, 102, 184

Qquality of life, 162quality of product, 161quaternary ammonium chloride salts, 38Quonset-type houses, 3, 8

Rradiant heat, 64–65radiation, 116

diffuse, 25, 25–26direct, 25, 25–26long-wave, 2solar, 1ultraviolet, 24, 30

radio frequency identification (RFID), 177, 179–80, 180

shipping and, 180–81, 181tags for, 172

Raker, C., & Sons Inc. (Litchfield, MI), 176, 176–79, 177, 178, 201–4, 203

Rearden, Jim, 216, 231–32reciprocating seeders, 145, 145recirculation fan, 110–11recycled water, treating, 100–102, 105recycling, 200

sustainability and, 199Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, 197–98reflective shade fabrics, 17refrigeration, seed storage in, 202, 202relative humidity, seed storage and, 201–2restricted entry intervals (REI), 195retail facilities, 235–40

challenges in, 239–40costs and, 238design considerations, 236–37experts and, 239fixtures, 237popularity of open-roof greenhouse for, 12shadehouses in, 17steel buildings, 238

theme areas in, 235trends in, 235, 236zoning, 238

retractable-roof greenhouses, 6, 11, 11, 12–13, 13, 18–19, 19, 108

natural ventilation in, 107open-roof greenhouse versus, 14–15wind and, 14

ribbon blenders in batch mixing, 140ridge-vent greenhouses, 108rigid-frame system, 18

rigid-plastic glazing, 32–35acrylic, 32–33fiberglass, 31, 32polycarbonate, 33, 33–34pros and cons, 34–35

roads, site selection and analysis and, 210robotic cars, 172robotics in horticulture, 159, 159robots, 175Rollerbahn, 172roller conveyors, 155, 155, 170, 170rolling benches, 57–58, 58, 80–81rolling-roof greenhouses, 11, 11roll-media filters, 79roof glazing, 6

for sawtooth design, 7See also open-roof greenhouses; retractable-roof

greenhouses; rolling-roof greenhouseshinged, 12, 13, 14pitched, 6retractable, 11, 11, 13

roof skylights, 22root medium, pores at container capacity, 69Rough Brothers, 10, 15, 16Rovero rolling-roof greenhouse, 14Rovero Systems, 11Runkle, Erik, 131runoff water

capturing, 99–100constituents of, 98filtration of, 101for headhouse, 21

260 Ball RedBook

Ruof, Skip, 214R-values for headhouse, 21

SSt. Pierre, Suzanne, 135sales in greenhouse office, 225–26sand and gravel floors, 63sand filtration, 104sawtooth greenhouses, 7, 7

roof glazing for, 7Schaefer’s Greenhouses, 84, 84Schmidt, Ron, 39, 40Seacliff Greenhouses (Leamington, Ontario,

Canada), 174seasonality as variable cost, 222–24, 223, 224, 225seed cost, 204seeders, 143–46, 144, 145, 146

cylinder/drum, 145–46effects of humidity on, 201manifold, 144, 144needle-type, 148plate, 144, 144–45reciprocating, 145, 145support equipment, 146types of, 144, 144–45

seed-germination chambers, 1seed storage, 201–4

environmental equipment, 202, 202–3, 203factors affecting, 201testing and tracking, 203–4

servo-controlled movements, 147shade, covering materials for, 49, 49shadecloth, traditional, 46shade fabrics, 17

density of, 17reflective, 17

shadehouses, 16–19applications, 17limitations of, 19primary function of, 17structural designs, 17–19

cable-frame system, 17–18, 18retractable systems, 18–19, 19rigid-frame system, 18

shippingradio frequency identification (RFID) and,

180–81, 181vision for, 157–58

shipping and packing area, lean flow in, 164–65, 165

shore flies, 183, 184shrinkage as variable cost, 221–22sidelights, 22sidewall curtain systems, 50, 50–51single-rail booms, 76

single-story engineering, 20site selection and analysis, 209, 209–12

electricity, 210environment, 211heating fuel, 210–11long-range site and structure planning, 211neighbors, 210roads, 210terrain, 211water, 210zoning, 210

skid mixing, 140skylights, roof, 22slat film, 3smart tags, 179Smith, X. S. (company), 9, 16social media, 230sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate algaecides, 38solar energy, effects of, 23–24solar photovoltaic system, 135solar radiation, greenhouse use of, 1solid formulations, 184sorting, vision for, 157–58space, 161

optimal utilization of, 173utilization as variable cost, 221

spare parts, boiler room and, 207specialization, product differentiation through,

232–33specialized facilities, 201

boiler room, 204, 204–8central document storage and maintenance

schedule, 207

Index 261

codes for, 205combustion air, 205, 205–6computer controls for, 206, 206construction and installation, 207–8cooling and, 206drains in, 206easy access to, 205emergency numbers and procedures, 207finishing of, 208fire safety, 206floor for, 206, 206heating and, 206lighting and, 206location of, 205penetrations for, 206professional design help, 207, 208spare parts and special tools, 207utilities and, 205venting for, 206–7

seed storage, 201–4environmental equipment, 202, 202–3, 203factors affecting, 201testing and tracking, 203–4

special tools, boiler room and, 207specialty conveyors, 170–71spider mites, 183sprays, 184squirrel-cage fans, 41static pressure, 190stationary automatic aerosol generators, 186, 187stationary benches, 56–57Stauffers of Kissel Hill (Lancaster, PA), 243steam heating system, 119steel retail buildings, 238step controllers, 128stock tanks, 95stomach poison pest control material, 184Stuppy, Matt, 9Stuppy Greenhouse Manufacturing, 9subirrigation, 60, 78–83, 79. See also irrigation

appropriateness, 82automation, 80benches in, 56combining, with overhead irrigation, 82–83

container benches, 81fixed benches in, 80flood benches in, 80flood floors in, 81, 81flow floors in, 82future of, 83growing on, 82–83heat, 80overhead irrigation versus, 78recycling water, 79–80replenishing water, 80

rolling benches, 80–81styles of, 78–79trough or gutter systems, 81water storage, 79, 79

substrate (growing media), 199superiority of product, 234supplemental lighting, 129–31, 132

light-emitting diode (LED) lights in, 131, 132lights and layout, 130–31

supply and demand in niche marketing, 233surface area, calculating, 190surfactant in anti-condensate film, 30–31surveys, 232sustainability, 197–200

cost of, 198–199GAP, 199–200

syngas, 125synthetic plastics, 2systemic pest control materials, 184

Ttagger, 152–53, 153Tanasacres Nursery Inc. (Hillsboro, Oregon), 39target markets, identifying, 210Tedlar film, 32terrain, site selection and analysis and, 211testing, seed storage and, 203–4theme areas in retail facilities, 235thermostats, 125–26, 126

drawbacks to, 125–26Thompson, Scott, 9, 16thrips, 183

screening for, 188

262 Ball RedBook

time, 160–61tissue-culture chambers, 1total soluble salts, water recycling and, 98tracking

bar code, in modern plug facility, 175–79, 176, 177, 178

of carts, 168seed storage and, 203–4

translaminar pest control materials, 184Traven, Lloyd, 10trends in retail facilities, 235, 236trough benches, 62–63trough systems, 81TrueLeaf Technologies, 216, 232truss-to-truss systems, 46, 47

push-pull drive in, 48, 48tumbling devices in batch mixing, 140turndown ratio, 93twin-wall polycarbonate, 27twin wall structure, 33Twitter, 179“250 rule,” using, in qualifying products, 233

Uultra-low-volume application, 186–87, 187ultraviolet (UV) inhibitors, 3ultraviolet (UV) light treatment, 103ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 24, 30under-bench heat, 80unit heaters, 116, 116–17, 121unshrouded fans, 111, 111utilities, boiler room and, 205U value, 115

Vvaluation of product, 234value-added films, 30Van Egmond, Gord, 9, 10Van Wingerden, Art, 10–11, 16Van Wingerden Greenhouse Company, 10, 12, 15variable costs

in greenhouse office, 221–24seasonality as, 222–24, 223, 224, 225

shrinkage as, 221–22space utilization as, 221

variable frequency drive (VFD) logic, 141velocity in horizontal airflow technology, 129Venlo house (Netherlands), 7, 12

glass glazing for, 35, 35Venlo-style greenhouse, 6, 7, 7–8

costs of, 36ventilation, 4, 107–11

in boiler room, 206–7fan, 108–10, 109horizontal airflow systems, 110–11, 111natural, 7, 107–8, 198need for, in humidity control, 14winter cooling and dehumidification, 110, 110

venturi proportioner, 91Vericell Vision software (The Corymb Group,

Batavia, IL), 176vertical underfeed boiler, 136Vietas, Bill, 10, 15, 16Virtual Tour of Pesticide Storage, An Online Learning

Module, 194viruses, 183vision-grading systems, 161Vister International Trade & Engineering

(Gravendeel, the Netherlands), 174, 174Vollebregt, Richard, 15volumetric flow-through injectors, 92, 92Vyncke biomass boiler, 135–36, 136

Wwarm-floor slab heating system, 118–19Water Breakers, 72Water Education Alliance for Horticulture, 104water hammer, 95watering, 55. See also Irrigation

art of, 69–70automated, 6, 70, 140

importance of, 71conservation in, 96hand, 72mist systems in, 84–87, 85recycling, 79–80

Index 263

reducing use of, 97–98science of, 69site selection and analysis and, 210sustainability and, 199

watering tunnel, 151–52, 152water-powered pumps, 92, 93, 93water quality, 96

controlling, 79water recycling, 95–106, 96, 97, 97

decision-making on, 97–99water runoff, 97water sanitation, 79, 95–106, 96, 97water-soluble packets, 185water storage facility, 100, 100water-tube boilers, 120water vapor, 23–24

condensation of, 27water waste, 97weeds, 55

eradicating, around greenhouse, 191Westbrook Greenhouse Systems, 9wetlands, constructed, 104wet spraying, 185, 185wheelbarrows, 167White, Norm, 16, 232whiteflies, 183

screening for, 188whitewash, 16Whitman, Bob, 214widespan houses, 35Wiesbrock, Dave, 16Willoway Nurseries (Avon, OH), 122

Wilson’s Garden Center (Newark, OH), 244wind

as concern in constructing greenhouse, 211creation of vacuum pressure and, 107roof style and, 14

wind loading, 18wind turbine, 136, 136–37winter cooling, 110, 110wireless, 177wire locks, 40Woodburn Nursery & Azaleas Inc. (Woodburn,

OR), 39, 40, 41wood chip-burning boilers, 123wooden benches, 55–56Worker Protection Standard (WPS), 193The Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural

Pesticides - How to Comply: What Employees Need to Know, 196

working conditions, movable benches and, 173Worley, Rick, 15, 16

Yyellowing index, 34Yoder Brothers, 214

Zzoning

analysis and, 210retail facilities and, 238site selection and, 210

Subject Index 751

Aabscisic acid (ABA), 98acaricides (miticides), 139acclimatization of tissue-cultured plantlets, 162acid. See also pH

in neutralizing alkalinity, 12–13acid drenches, 48acidic fertilizers, 45acidification, 15acid injection

in eliminating carbonates and bicarbonates, 14in neutralizing alkalinity, 12

Actinovate, 123, 153Adept, 154ADT. See average daily temperature (ADT)agrochemicals, 131air porosity, container size effect on, 25air temperature, 67

sensors for, 67–68algae, 30

control of, 14–16, 154Aliette, 123alkalinity. See also pH

acid injection in neutralizing, 12–13in high-quality water, 9in irrigation water, 11–12, 12in media, 28pH and, 49–50water quality and, 9, 148

Alternaria leaf spot, 126–27environmental influences on, 126management of, 127symptoms of, 126

alternative technologies, search for, 193–94Altierri, Miguel, 136Alude, 123aluminum sulfate in dropping pH, 48ammonium, 45

toxicity of, 39ancymidol, 97, 101, 102annual renewal, 175aphids, 113–14applications

spray, 101–2

timingto plant growth regulators, 99, 101in targeting most vulnerable life stage, 142

AquaGrow L, 189A-Rest, 152artificial lighting, 90–91, 94Atheta beetles, 154automated irrigation systems, 9average daily temperature (ADT), 69–70

crop maturation and, 73flower development rates and, 71

Azatin, 154azoxystrobin (Heritage), 125, 126, 129

Bbacteria, 121bacterial diseases

caused by Xanthomonas, 127–28environmental influences on, 127management of, 127–28symptoms of, 127

suspicion of, 586bacterial leaf spots, 153bacterial pathogens, indexing for, 173bafter shipping, 190bagged mix, adding moisture to, 26Ball Field Guide to Diseases of Greenhouse

Ornamentals, 122Banrot, 153bark

pine, 23plant growth regulators and, 103

bark mixes, disease suppression and, 29base temperature, 70–72, 71battery acid in alkalinity control, 13Behe, Bridget, 194benching system, vegetative propagation and, 161benzimidazoles, 129, 137benzyladenine (BA), 98–99, 99benzyladenine + gibberellin combinations, 99bicarbonates, acid injection in eliminating, 14bindweed, 107biofilm, control of, 14–16biofumigation, 135, 135

Subject IndexPage numbers in italics indicate tables; page numbers in bold indicate figures.

752 Ball RedBook

biological control, 123in pest management, 111–12, 113in plant growth regulation, 95

biological indicator plants in virus detection, 174blending in neutralizing alkalinity, 12B-Nine, 152Bonzi, 152, 153boron, 10, 14

deficiency of, 37, 40–41toxicity of, 41

botrytisbracts susceptibility to, 180disease management and, 128–29environmental influences on, 129management of, 129in plug production, 153symptoms of, 129

Botrytis cinerea, 128–29, 137Botrytis elliptica, 129bract drop, 178brown rust (Puccinia chrysanthemi), 129Brundtland Commission, 193buffering capacity, 28–29Burbank, Luther, 169Burnett, Stephanie, 24

Ccalcium

as antagonistic to other nutrients, 10deficiency of, 39–40effect on postproduction life, 179in hard water, 14

calcium carbonate (CaCO3), 46calcium carbonate equivalency (CCE), 45calcium hypochlorite, 15calcium sprays in quality, 180calibrachoa mottle virus (CbMV), 174callusing, 165–66Camelot, 153Campbell, Benjamin, 194Canadian sphagnum peat moss, 24cankers, 122canopy closure, 90carbonates, acid injection in eliminating, 14Cease, 123certifications in sustainability, 195charts, 56

chemical growth regulators, 96, 154in plug production, 152–53

chickweed, 107chilling injury, 75Chipco 26019, 153chloride, water electrical conductivity and, 10–11chlorine

checking concentration of, 19as hazardous to worker safety, 19

chlorine dioxideinjecting, 15in removing biofilm, 15

chlormequat chloride, 96–97, 99, 100chloropicrin, 134chlorosis, 33, 39, 40chlorothalonil (Daconil and PathGuard), 126,

127, 130Citation, 154citric acid in controlling alkalinity, 13clean-stock production, 175–76coir, 23, 34cold growing, 378commercial labs in testing water, 11, 11community in sustainability, 198compact fluorescent lamps, 94Companion, 123Compass, 153Compendium of Flowering Potted Plant Diseases,

122condensation, 185conductivity meter, 33Conserve, 154constant liquid feed, 28consumer care, 191container media, managing pH for, 43, 43–48

correcting problems, 46–48prevention of, 48recognizing problem, 43–44regular testing, 46

containers, prefilling, 30container size

effect on air porosity, 25as growth regulator, 95

convection, 68conventional and alternative pesticides, 109–11,

110copper

Subject Index 753

checking concentration of, 19deficiency of, 40

copper (Camelot and Phyton 27), 127copper ionization, used by plug and liner growers,

15Cornell mix, 24, 24Cornell Mix A, 28crop culture in sustainability, 197crop development stage, effect on electrical

conductivity (EC), 34crop factors, effect on electrical conductivity (EC),

34crop maturation, effects of average daily

temperature (ADT) on, 73cropping time, temperature and, 73–74crop timing, 69crown rot, 153cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), 174culture indexing, 173cuttings

advantages of buying unrooted, 155–56rooting, 158–67toning rooted, 166–67

cyazofamid (Segway), 123Cycocel, 152

DDaconil, 153daily light integral (DLI), 69, 84, 84, 85

effect of, zinnias, 86plant growth responses to, 84, 86–87for various greenhouse crops, 87–89

daminozide, 96, 99, 101damping-off, 153day-neutral plants, 89, 90Decathlon, 154Decree, 153dehydration, shipping and, 187deionization in treating water with high ion

control, 13Dennis, Jennifer, 194dibblers, 144dibromochloropropane, 131dicarboximides (Chipco 26019), 129, 1371,3-dichloropropene, 134differential temperatures (DIF), 77–80, 384

in controlling height in production, 179

effect of, on stem elongation, 78–79influence on plant growth and quality, 96, 180–81

dikegulac sodium, 98dilution levels, electrical conductivity (EC) values

for, for manufacturers’ fertilizers, 60–64dimethomorph (Stature SC), 124DIP. See temperature drop (DIP)disease(s). See also specific by name

bacterial, caused by Xanthomonas, 127–28environmental influences on, 127management of, 127–28symptoms of, 127

foliar, 39, 121, 125–27water management in, 121

fungal, 39, 153isolating and separating crops sensitive to, 175phytoplasma, 122in plug production, 153–54in roots, 121in seed crop propagation, 153–54for stock plants, 157vascular, 122

disease indexing, 173–76disease management, 121–30

bacterial diseases caused by Xanthomonas in, 127–28

bark mixes and, 29botrytis in, 128–29foliar diseases in, 121, 125–27pesticides in, 121root diseases in, 121, 122–25rust in, 129–30scouting and symptoms in, 121–22tospoviruses in, 128vegetative propagation in, 161water management in, 121

disinfectants, vegetative propagation and, 161Distance, 154distillation in treating water with high ion control,

13DLI. See daily light integral (DLI)DNA analysis techniques, 19dormancy, breaking, in germination, 146downy mildews, 122drainage, effect of, on texture, 24drenches, applying, 102drought stress, 9, 87

754 Ball RedBook

EEcke. See Paul Ecke Ranch Ecke Poinsettia Bract Meter, 378Edison, Thomas A., 169electrical conductivity (EC), 33

calibrating meters, 51, 53collecting leachate for, 51conversion factors among units, 59effects of, 9electrode calibration and use, 58measuring injector accuracy via, 58–59steps to increase or lower, 55, 55in testing, interpreting, and managing

medium, 54–56testing samples for, 51units for expressing, 57values for dilution levels

for fertilizers, 65for manufacturers’ fertilizers, 60–64

water quality and, 9electrodialysis in treating water with high ion control, 13ELISA technique in virus indexing, 173–74employees and sustainability, 198energy curtains, 196energy-efficient production, 80–81energy in sustainability, 196environmental conditions

effect on plant responses to light, 87impact on efficacy of plant growth regulators

(PGRs), 103–4environment in plug production, 151, 151–52, 152environment monitoring systems, vegetative

propagation and, 161EPA-registered products, 15–16epinasty, 178, 180equipment failure as cause of nutritional

problems, 38Escherichia coli, 15ethephon phosphonic acid, 98, 101, 167EthylBloc, 188–89ethylene

reducing plant exposure to, 187–88sensitivity to, 183–84

ethylene dibromide, 131ethylene protection, 188–89etridiazole (Truban, Terrazole, and Banrot), 123evaporative cooling pads, 92

FFederal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

(FIFRA), 135fenamidone (Fenstop), 123fenhexamid (Decree), 129fertility in pest management, 107fertilizers, 179

acidic, 45acidic versus basic, 34–35common commercial, 150in controlling growth, 150, 150–51effect on electrical conductivity (EC), 33electrical conductivity values for dilution levels

for manufacturers, 60–65formulations for, 66high-ammonium, 47modifications of, in neutralizing alkalinity, 12neutral, 45nitrate-based, 157selecting, 34–35for stock plants, 157in sustainability, 196terminating, 179–80for toning rooted cuttings, 166–67type of, 45, 46urea, 45

fertilizer salts, electrical conductivity (EC) values for dilution levels of, 65

fertilizer solution testing, 50filtration, 16, 18, 19flat filling, 144Florel, 157, 167, 581floriculture crops, 72flower automation, future of, 421flowering, effect of photoperiod on, 89–90flower longevity, 178fludioxonil (Medallion and Hurricane), 124, 125,

129fluopicolide (Adorn), 123fluoride, 14flurprimidol, 97, 101, 102foliar analysis, 49foliar diseases, 39, 121, 125–27

water management in, 121foliar sprays, 48

mixing rates for plant growth regulators (PGRs) used as, 105

Subject Index 755

Fonteno, William, 21Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), 135Fosphite, 123FRAC Codes, 139Frantz, Jonathan, 80freezing injury, 75fumigant pesticides, 134–35fungal diseases, 39, 153fungal pathogens, indexing for, 173Fungicide Resistance Action Committee, 139fungicides, 130, 135, 139

chemical class and mode of action of, for greenhouse use, 140

fungus, 122fungus gnats, 30, 117–18, 154Fusarium wilt, 124–25

environmental influences on, 125management of, 125positive presence of, 20symptoms of, 125testing for, 19

GGeneral Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Uruguay Round, 170germination

breaking dormancy in, 146facilities for, 148light in, 146, 148moisture in, 146, 147optimal temperature for, 145–46of seed, 144, 148

gibberellins (GA), 99, 99influence on plant growth, 96

Gnatrol, 154graphical tracking, 78greenhouses

daily light integral for various crops, 87–89filtration options for, 18insects in, 112–19location of, for stock program, 156managing light in, 91–94media testing in, 49, 50

by saturated media extraction (SME) method, 50retractable-roof, 92tissue nutrient levels of high-quality plants in,

52–53

green marketing, 193greenwashing, 194ground wood, 23–24growth regulators, 95–105

alternative methods of applying plant growth regulators of, 102–4

liner dips, 103media surface application, 103sprenches, 103

application timing, 99, 101applying drenches, 102biological control, 95chemical growth control, 96commonly used, 96–98

abscisic acid (ABA), 98ancymidol, 97benzyladenine, 98–99, 99benzyladenine + gibberellin combinations,

99chlormequat chloride, 96–97daminozide, 96dikegulac-sodium, 98ethephon phosphonic acid, 98flurprimidol, 97gibberellins, 99, 99paclobutrazol, 97–98uniconazole, 98

physical control, 95–96spray applications/equipment, 101–2for stock plants, 157

HHall, Charles, 194hand washing, 176hand watering, 9hanging baskets, 93, 93–94hard water, 10

calcium in, 14magnesium in, 14

harvesting of stock plants, 157–58haustoria, 126Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1920), 169heat

in controlling soilborne pests, 131, 131–34disadvantages of, 134natural, 133, 133–34

heat delay, 74

756 Ball RedBook

heating system, 196root-zone, 68

heptachlor, 131herbaceous perennials requiring vernalization, 76herbicides, 135Heritage, 153HID. See high intensity discharge (HID) lightinghigh-ammonium fertilizers in correcting high pH, 47high intensity discharge (HID) lighting, 181

for stock plants, 156high-quality irrigation water, characteristics of, 10high soluble salts, 13–14high temperature, 74Holland Bulb Forcers Guide (A.A. De Hertogh), 182home water softening, 14horizontal airflow (HAF) fans, 68, 111Hurricane, 123hydrogen dioxide, 15

checking concentration of, 19hydrogen dioxide/activated peroxygen chemistry, 15hydrogen peroxide, 15hydroponic production of Alstromeria, 223Hypoaspis mites, 154hypochlorite, 15hypochlorous acid, 16

Iimpatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)

detection of, 174disease management and, 128eliminating insect populations to protect stock

plants from, 161sanitation and, 107western flower thrips causing damage by

vectoring, 112incandescent lamps, 94infrared thermometer, 69in-house testing, 51

calibrating meters, 56–58calibration, 57–58calibration solutions, 56–57electrode care, 57measuring injector accuracy via electrical

conductivity (EC), 58–59pH and electrical conductivity (EC) meter

principles, 56power source, 57

temperature, 57crop factors, 51frequency, 51in managing medium electrical conductivity,

54–56PourThru method, 51, 53–54sampling for, 51of water, 11

injector accuracy, measuring via electrical conductivity (EC), 58–59

Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), 139

insecticides, 139chemical class and mode of action of, for

greenhouse use, 141–42using minimum label rates of, 139

insects. See pest managementintegrated pest management (IPM), 197

for soilborne pests, 134–35interveinal chlorosis, 33, 40ions, water treatments for, 13–14IPM. See integrated pest management (IPM)iprodione (Chipco 26019, 26 GT, and Sextant),

124, 127iron

as antagonistic to other nutrients, 10deficiency of, 39, 40in subsurface water, 14toxicity of, 40

iron sulfate, applying, 48irrigation

automated, 9effect on electrical conductivity, 34

irrigation expert, obtaining advice from, before installing filtration system, 16

irrigation wateralkalinity of, 11–12classification of quality, based on alkalinity, 12effect on electrical conductivity, 33–34recycling, 14testing of, 49–50

isolation, 175

Kkalanchoe, 40Kieft Seeds, 306K-Phite, 123

Subject Index 757

Llaboratory testing

fertilizer solution testing, 50greenhouse media testing, 49, 50irrigation water testing, 49–50plant tissue testing, 50–51

lambsquarters, 107Lansbergen, Hein, 421Lansbergen Gerberas Moving Flowers system (the

Netherlands), 421leaching, 181

effect on electrical conductivity (EC), 34leaf drop, 178, 180leafhoppers, 122leaf interveinal chlorosis, 33leaf spots, 122leaf yellowing, 178LED lighting, 94Len Busch Roses (Plymouth, Minnesota),

hydroponic cut Alstroemeria at, 223license agreements, 156life cycle, 197life stage, timing applications to target most

vulnerable, 142light intensity, 83, 83–84light/lighting, 83–94

artificial, 90–91, 94canopy closure, 90crops that benefit from supplemental, in plug

trays, 151distribution patterns of, 92in germination, 146, 148hanging baskets, 93, 93–94influence on plant growth and quality, 180–81LED, 94managing, in greenhouses, 91–94in media, 28natural, 91night interruption, 94outdoor levels, 91photoperiod, 89–90, 94plant growth responses to daily integrals, 84,

86–87plant responses to, 83, 83–84, 84shading, 92–93, 93spectral quality, 90for stock plants, 156

supplemental, 94supplemental high intensity discharge (HID),

152transmission, 91–92

light qualityand quantity as growth regulator, 96spectral, 90

light transmission, 91–92lime in raising pH, 44liner dips, 103living mulches, 135–36long-day plants, 89Lopez, Roberto, 194low temperature, 75–77

Mmagnesium

deficiency of, 33, 40in hard water, 14

maintenance of stock plants, 157mancozeb (Protect T/O and Dithane), 127, 130manganese, 10

deficiency of, 40in subsurface water, 14toxicity of, 40

marginal leaf burn, 9marginal necrosis, 33market identity, 170–71marketing

green, 193in sustainability, 194–95

market trends in stock plants, 155Mattson, Neil, 24mechanical conditioning as growth regulator, 96mechanical heat, 132–33Medallion, 153media, 21–31

alkalinity in, 28biology, 21, 29chemical properties, 21, 28–29

alkalinity, 28buffering capacity, 28–29light level, 28mix temperature, 28pH, 28starter charge, 28

compacting, 27, 27

758 Ball RedBook

components in, 23, 25composition of growing, 22, 25general, 21–24ground wood in, 23–24handling issues, 21, 29–30light level in, 28managing pH for container, 43, 43–48

correcting problems, 46–48prevention of, 48recognizing problem, 43–44regular testing, 46

mineral soil in growing, 22–23mix temperature in, 28pH in, 28physical properties, 21

moisture level, 26texture, 24

porosity and, 27–28postproduction, 21, 31quality of, in plug production, 149, 149–50for stock plants, 156–57total pore space and solid percentages for

various, 22, 22vegetative propagation and, 161–62

media biology, 29media mix

adding wetting agents to, 26–27choosing, 21–22storage of, 29–30

media surface application, 103media testing, greenhouse, 49, 50medium temperature, 68medium type, effect on electrical conductivity

(EC), 34metalaxyl/mefenoxam, 123metamsodium, 134methyl bromide, 1311-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), 188microbes, testing for, 19–20microbial analysis, sampling water for, 20micronutrients, 38

correcting deficiencies, 47–48microorganisms, water treatment for, 14mineral antagonisms as nutritional problems, 39mineral soil in growing media, 22–23misting during propagation, 68mites, 116–17. See also pest management

spot spray for, 142miticides

chemical class and mode of action of, for greenhouse use, 141–42

using minimum label rates of, 139mix temperature in media, 28moisture

adding, to bagged mix, 26effect of, on porosity, 26effect on shrinkage, 27in germination, 146, 147testing for, 26

mold growth, 29molydenum deficiency, 41MPS certification, 195mulches, living, 135–36mutations, ownership of, 170myclobutanil (Hoist and Eagle), 130

NNational Greenhouse Manufacturers Association

(NGMA), 108natural heat, 133, 133–34natural light, 91necrotic leaf tips, 33necrotic spots, 180Nemashield, 154Nemasys, 154neutral fertilizer, 45night interruption lighting, 94nightshade, 107nitrate, 45nitrate-based fertilizers, 157nitric acid in controlling alkalinity, 13nitrogen deficiency, 39

in promoting plant growth, 95nitrogen-potassium ratio, 179nitrogen tie up, 23non-fumigant pesticides, 135nurseries, filtration options for, 18nutrient demands, effect on electrical conductivity

(EC), 34nutrient disorders, typical symptoms of, 39–41nutrient ratios in fertilizer, 179nutrient stress as growth regulator, 95nutritional problems, reasons for, 38

Subject Index 759

OOasis foam, 28Oasis Soax, 189octanoic acid, 15–16offices in sustainability, 197OHP 6672, 153On Target (web-based program), 384oomycete, 122optimum temperature, 72–73Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI), 195organic mix, 24, 24Orzanin, 154osmocote, 180Ostracoderma slime mold, 29outdoor light levels, 91overwatering. See water stress (overwatering)oxalis, 107Oxcide, 16oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), 15, 16

checking concentration of, 19ozone systems, 16

Ppaclobutrazol, 97–98, 101, 102Pageant, 153parasitic wasps (parasitoids), 111patents

infringement of, 171length of, 169–70rights granted by, 170

pathogens, 121Paul Ecke Ranch (Encinitas, CA), 372, 378PCNB (Terraclor), 124peat-based medium, nutrient availability changes

with pH in, 149peat moss, 23Pelargonium, 127perlite, 23, 24peroxyacetic acid (PAA), 15pesticide break, 142pesticides, 134–35

in disease management, 121fumigant, 134–35minimizing use of mixtures, 139non-fumigant, 135rotating, 138–39in sustainability, 196–97

using, with nonspecific modes of action, 139pest management, 107–19

biological control, 111–12, 113conventional and alternative pesticides,

109–11, 110cultural, 107

fertility, 107sanitation, 107watering, 107

major greenhouse, 112–19aphids, 113–14fungus gnats and shore flies, 117–18mites, 116–17snails and slugs, 118–19thrips, 112–13whiteflies, 114–15

physical/mechanical, 107–11scouting, 108–9screening, 107–8

in plug production, 153–54rotating materials for, 138–39spot spray for, 142varying strategies, 138vegetative propagation and, 161

pests for stock plants, 157Pests of the Garden and Small Farm: A Growers

Guide to Using Less Pesticide (Flint), 136PGRs. See plant growth regulators (PGRs)pH, 9

collecting leachate for, 51correcting problems with, 46–48ideal water, 9lime in raising, 44managing, for container media, 43, 43–48

correcting problems, 46–48prevention of, 48recognizing problem, 43–44regular testing, 46

in media, 28as nutritional problems, 38reasons for problems with, 44–46testing samples for, 51

pH electrode calibration and use, 58pH meters, calibrating, 51, 53phosphonates, 123phosphoric acid in alkalinity control, 13phosphorus (P)

760 Ball RedBook

amount of, to apply, 35, 37deficiency of, 33, 39in promoting plant growth, 95

photoperiod, 89–90photoperiodic lighting, 94photosynthesis

impact of water stress on, 9light as driving force for, 83

physical control in regulating plant growth, 95–96Phyton 27, 153Phytophthora, 14–15, 124, 174

environmental influences on, 123–24management of, 124positive presence of, 20symptoms of, 123testing for, 19

phytoplasmas, 122phytotoxicity, 48, 97

minimizing, 46, 48pigweed, 107pinching as growth regulator, 96pine bark, 23Plantation, The, 582–84plant breeding, 170plant growth, responses to daily light integrals, 84,

86–87plant growth regulators (PGRs), 95. See also

growth regulatorsalternative methods of applying, 102–4bark and, 103commonly used, 96–98comparing attributes of, 100environmental conditions impact on efficacy

of, 103–4in greenhouse production, 98–99mixing rates for, used as foliar sprays, 105preparing solutions, 104recordkeeping on treatment, 104for vegetatively propagated crops, 168

plant growth retardants, 96plant nutrition, 33–41

amount of phosphorus to apply, 35, 37electrical conductivity (EC), 33

factors affecting, 33–34nutritional problems, 38–40selecting fertilizer, 34–35

Plant Patent Act (1930), 169

plant pathogens, testing for, 19–20plant pathology laboratories, 19Plant Protection Act (1930), 170plants

day-neutral, 89, 90improving postharvest handling of, 31long-day, 89responses to light, 83, 83–84, 84, 85short-day, 89, 90

plant temperature, 68–69plant tissue analysis, 49, 50–51Plant Variety Protection Act (1970), 171plug crops, classification of, by optimum rate

range for Bonzi and Sumagic, 153plug growth, stages of, 143, 143plug production, 143–54

chemical growth regulators in, 152–53environment in, 151, 151–52, 152fertilization in, 150, 150–51germination substrate temperatures for Stage 1

of, 145media quality in, 149, 149–50pests and diseases in, 153–54selecting fertilizer to control growth, 150–51Stage 0, equipment and techniques, 143–44Stages 1 and 2, germination, 144–48stages of growth, 143, 143transplanting in, 154water quality in, 148–49

plug trays, 143–44crops that benefit most from supplemental

lighting in, 151polyacrylamide gels (PAM), 189polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in virus

indexing, 174polystyrene, 23polystyrene beads, 23porosity, 27–28

effect of moisture level on, 26postharvest care and handling of potted plants,

177–92consumer care, 191factors that affect quality, 177–81importance of quality, 177nutrient ratios in fertilizer, 179retail handling and display, 189–90, 190shipping and transportation, 182–88

Subject Index 761

specialized treatments, 188–89postproduction, 31potassium

deficiency of, 33, 39in water softening, 14

potassium-calcium-magnesium ratio, 38potato sticks, 109potato virus Y (PVY), 174potato wedges, 109PourThru method, 51, 53–54powdery mildews

disease management and, 125–26environmental influences on, 126showing up after shipping, 190symptoms of, 125–26visibility of, 122

processed bark fines, 24propagation, misting during, 68propamocarb hydrochloride (Banol), 123PsiMatric Technology, 189Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis, 129pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pageant), 129pyrethrum, 154Pythium root rot, 14–15, 27, 33, 39, 121,

122–23, 127environmental influences on, 123management of, 123positive presence of, 20symptoms of, 123testing for, 19

Qquality. See also water quality

factors that affect postharvest, 177–81quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), 161

Rradiation, shortwave, 68radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology

in tracking, 186Ralstonia solanacearum, 15, 127, 173, 174recordkeeping on plant growth regulators (PGRs)

treatment, 104residual control, 15resistance mitigation, 137–42

avoiding problems associated with, 138–39basics in, 137–38

resistant temperature detectors (RTD), 67restricted entry interval (REI), 103retail handling and display, 189–90, 190retractable-roof greenhouses, light provided by, 92retractable shade curtains, 92, 93reverse osmosis, 9, 13, 15, 16Rhizoctonia solani, 123, 124

environmental influences on, 124management of, 124positive presence of, 20symptoms of, 124testing for, 19

ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV), 174rooted cuttings, toning, 166–67rooting hormone, 164root rots, 122, 153roots

development of, 166watering and, 181

environmental and cultural factors promoting growth of, 152

management of disease in, 121RootShield, 123, 153root-tip dieback, 33root-zone heating system, 68rust, 122, 129–30

environmental influences on, 129management of, 129–30symptoms of, 129

Ssalts, high soluble, 13–14sanitation

in pest management, 107water technology options in, 15–16

sanitizing agents, testing for, 19–20saturated media extraction (SME) method,

greenhouse media testing by, 50scouting, 157

in disease management, 121–22in pest management, 108–9

screening in pest management, 107–8SCS Certified, 195seed, 144

optimal temperature for germination of, 145–46

seed covering, 145

762 Ball RedBook

seed crop propagation, 143–54. See also plug production

chemical growth regulators in, 152–53flat filling, 144media quality in, 149, 149–50pests and diseases in, 153–54plug trays, 143–44seeders, 144selecting fertilizer to control growth, 150–51stage 0, equipment and techniques, 143–44stages 1 and 2, germination, 144–48stages of growth, 143, 143transplanting in, 154water quality in, 148–49

seeders, 144shadecloth, 92shade curtains, retractable, 93shade systems, retractable, 92shading, 92–93, 93shepherds purse, 107shipping and transportation, 182–88shipping duration, 187shoot growth, environmental and cultural factors

promoting, 152shore flies, 30, 117–18, 154short-day plants, 89, 90shortwave radiation, 68shrinkage, effect of moisture level on, 27slugs, 118–19SME. See saturated media extraction (SME)

methodsnails, 118–19sodium, water electrical conductivity and, 10–11sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), 148–49soft rots, 122soilborne pest control, 131–36

biofumigation, 135, 135heating in, 131, 131–34integrated approach, 134–35living mulches, 135–36

SoilGard, 123soilless media

poor buffering of, 44suggested media PourThru electrical

conductivity (EC) ranges for floricultural crops grown in, 36

solarization, 133, 133–34

comparison of steam pasteurization and, 133pests managed by, 134

soluble salts levels as nutritional problems, 38–39specialized treatments, 188–89spectral light quality, 90sphagnum peat moss, 29sports, ownership of, 170spray applications, 101–2sprenches, 103starter charge, 28steam pasteurization, 132

comparison of solarization and, 133stem elongation, effect of DIF and DIP on, 78–79stick order, 159–60stock plants

dealing with, 155–58harvesting of, 157–58light and temperature requirements for, 156location of greenhouse and, 156maintenance of, 157media for, 156–57source of, 156

stomatal closure, 98storage cooler, 160strobilurin fungicides (Compass O, Cygnus,

Disarm, Heritage, Insignia, and Pageant), 124, 130

Subdue, 123, 124Subdue MAXX, 123, 124, 153substrates

drenches in controlling growth, 96–97wood in, 23

sudden oak death, 15sulfur deficiency, 40sulfuric acid in controlling alkalinity, 13Sumagic, 152, 153supplemental high intensity discharge (HID)

lighting, 152supplemental lighting, 94sustainability, 193–98

achieving, 195–96certifications in, 195crop culture in, 197employees and community in, 198energy in, 196marketing in, 194–95offices and transportation in, 197

Subject Index 763

pesticides in, 196–97water and fertilizer in, 196

Sustainable Agriculture Service, 193sustainable floriculture, 193

TTalstar, 154Tame, 154temperature, 67–81

air, 67–68average daily, 69–70base, 70–72, 71chilling and freezing injury, 75cropping time and, 73–74differential temperatures, 77–80energy-efficient production, 80–81as growth regulator, 96high, 74influence on plant growth and quality, 180–81low, 75–77

as nutritional problems, 39medium, 68optimal, 72–73

for germination, 145plant, 68–69for stock plants, 156temperature drop (DIP), 77–80during transit, 186–87vernalization, 75–77

temperature drop (DIP), 79–80effect of, on stem elongation, 78–79

Terrazole + Clearys 3336, 153testing. See in-house testing; laboratory testingtexture, effect of drainage on, 24thermistors, 67thermocouples, 67thermometers, 67

infrared, 69Thielaviopsis basicola, 122thiophanate-methyl (3336, 6672, Fungo, Alban,

26/36, and Banrot), 124, 125thrips, 112–13timing as growth regulator, 95tissue-cultured plantlets, acclimatizing, 162tissue nutrient levels of high-quality greenhouse

plants, 52–53tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), 174

tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), 107, 112, 128, 174

top coaters, 144tospoviruses, 107

environmental influences on, 128management of, 128symptoms of, 128

transit, temperature during, 186transpiration, 69transplanting in plug production, 154transportation in sustainability, 197transport systems, 185–86triadimefon (Strike), 130triazoles, 101

as plant growth regulator, 97trifloxystrobin (CompassO), 129triflumizole (Terraguard), 124, 125Truban, 153

Uultraviolet (UV) light, 15

as water treatment, 16underwatering, 181uniconazole, 98, 101, 102

as plant growth regulator, 97unidirectional flow, 175unrooted cuttings, advantages of buying, 155–56urea fertilizers, 45United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 3 Floriculture Crops Summary, 3–7, 7 organic, 195US Plant Patents, 171

application for, 169legal issues and, 167–69

Vvariety selection in enhancing postharvest

performance, 177–79vascular wilt disease, 122vegetative crops propagation, 155–71

dealing with stock plants, 155–58market trends in, 155plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168stages of, 158–67

VeriFlora certification, 195vermiculite, 23, 24vernalization, 75–77

764 Ball RedBook

herbaceous perennials that require, 76Verticillium wilt, 125viroids, 122Virtual Grower software program, 80, 81viruses, 122

eliminating, 174virus indexing, 173–74

Wwash stations, 176water

hard, 10, 14irrigation, 11–12, 12, 14, 33–34, 49–50sampling, for microbial analysis, 20in sustainability, 196

water alkalinity, 45–46, 47waterborne pathogens

control of, 14–16water quality and, 9

wateringhand, 9in pest management, 107practice of, 9root development and, 181

watering tunnels, 144water management

in foliar diseases, 121for toning rooted cuttings, 166

water quality, 9–20acid, 12–13alkalinity, 11–12, 12control of waterborne pathogens, algae, and

biofilm, 14–16defining, 9–11, 10filtration, 16, 18, 19in plug production, 148–49testing

in commercial labs, 11, 11in-house, 11for plant pathogens and sanitizing agents in,

19microbes and pathogens, 19–20onsite tests of active ingredients, 19sampling water for microbial analysis, 20

treatments for ions, 13–14water softening, 14

home, 14water-soluble fertilizers, acidity or basicity of, 46water stress (overwatering), 9, 181

as growth regulator, 95as nutritional problems, 38

water technology, sanitizing options in, 15–16water testing, irrigation, 49–50water-testing labs, 11, 11water treatments

comparison of installation and operating cost and residual activity of several technologies, 17

for ions, 13–14western flower thrips (WFT), 128, 137wetting agents

adding to media mix, 26–27drenching media with, 31

whiteflies, 114–15white rust (Puccinia horiana), 129whole trees (WT), 23Williams, Jack, 372wilting, delaying, 189wood in substrates, 23wood sawdust, 23

XX3, 154Xanthomonas, bacterial diseases caused by, 127–28

environmental influences on, 127management of, 127–28symptoms of, 127

Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii, 127, 173, 174

YYue, Chengyan, 194

ZZeroTol, 29, 154zinc deficiency, 40

Plant Index 765

AAbelmoschus esculentus (okra; gumbo; lady’s

fingers), 201Abutilon × hybridum (flowering maple; Chinese

lantern), 201–203, 202solarization and, 134

Achillea sp. (yarrow), 203, 203–205A. clypeoplata, 205A. filipendulina, 205A. hybrid, 205A. millefolium, 205A. ptarmica, 205A. taygetea, 205A. × ‘Coronation Gold,’ 205

Achimenes sp. (Star of India; monkey-faced pansy; orchid pansy; hot-water plant), 206–207

ethylene sensitivity and, 183Achmella oleracea (eyeball plant; toothache plant),

207, 207–208, 208Aconitum spp., 35Adiantum spp., 52

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87Aechmea spp., 52African daisy. See Osteospermum hybridsAfrican marigold. See Tagetes erectaAfrican violet. See Saintpaulia ionantha Agastache spp.

A. foeniculum (anise hyssop; giant hyssop; blue giant hyssop), 209, 209

A. rugosa, 209Ageratum houstonianum (floss flower), 80, 210,

210–211base temperature and, 72clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 88ethylene sensitivity and, 183germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151

Aglaonema spp. (Chinese evergreen), 52, 212, 212–213

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87ethylene sensitivity and, 184low temperature and, 75

Ajuga reptans (bugle weed), 213, 213vernalization and, 76

Alcea rosea (hollyhock), 214, 214–215Alchemilla mollis (lady’s mantle), 215, 215–216

A. erythropoda, 216vernalization and, 76

Allium spp., 35, 216–218, 217, 218A. ampeloprasum var. porrum (leeks), 216–217A. cepa (onion), 216A. giganteum, 217–218A. schoenoprasum (chive), 217ethylene sensitivity and, 184

alpine wallflower. See Erysimum linifoliumAlstroemeria hybrids (Inca lily; princess lily), 219,

219–223relative nutrient requirements of, 35tissue nutrient levels of, 52watering solution developed by Aalsmeer

Research Station, 223Alternanthera spp. (Joseph’s coat), 224, 224–225

A. dentata, 224–225A. ficoidea, 224–225

alumroot. See Heuchera hybrids (alumroot; coral bells)alyssum. See Lobularia maritimeAlyssum montanum (madwort; yellow tuft;

mountain gold), 225Alyssum saxatilis. See Aurinia saxatilisamaryllis. See Hippeastrum spp.American marigold. See Tagetes erectaAmmi majus, 617Amsonia (bluestar), vernalization and, 76Anemone coronaria (windflower), 35, 226,

226–228ethylene sensitivity and, 183

Anethum graveolens (dill), 229, 229Angelonia angustifolia (summer snapdragon,

summer orchid), 70, 230, 230–233, 232average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73base temperature and, 70, 72chilling and freezing injury and, 75daily light integral (DLI) for, 89plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

Plant IndexPage numbers in italics indicate tables; page numbers in bold indicate figures.

766 Ball RedBook

Anigozanthos spp., 35anise. See Pimpinella anisumanise hyssop. See Agastache foeniculumannual phlox. See Phlox drummondii; Phlox maculataAnthurium spp., 233–236, 234

A. andreanum, 234–235A. scherzerianum, 234

ethylene sensitivity and, 184Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), 236, 236–244

average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73base temperature and, 71, 71stem elongation and, 78clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 88ethylene sensitivity and, 184flowering response for varieties of, 243–244light for germination for, 148media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151nutritional needs of, 44plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168relative nutrient requirements of, 35rust disease in, 129scheduling of sowing and harvest dates of, 242sticking priorities for, 160tissue nutrient levels of, 52variety groupings of, 241vegetative propagation of, 158

Aphelandra squarrosaethylene exposure in, 188ethylene sensitivity and, 184

Aquilegia × hybrida (columbine), 245, 245–247, 246, 247

A. canadensis (red)base temperature and, 71

A. flabellata (fan), 247base temperature and, 72

A. vulgaris, 247base temperature and, 71chilling and freezing injury and, 75forcing crops, 246vernalization and, 76

Arabis caucasica (rock cress; wall cress), 247, 247–248, 248

A. blepharophylla, 248Argyranthemum spp. (also A. frutescens)

(marguerite daisy), 249, 249–250

plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

Armeria maritima (thrift; sea pinks), 250, 250–252, 251

A. latifolia, 251A. pseudoarmeria, 251vernalization and, 76

Asclepias tuberosa (butterfly weed; butterfly flower), 35, 252, 252–253

Asiatic lily. See Lilium × hybridaasparagus fern. See Asparagus spp.Asparagus densiflorus var. ‘Sprengeri’ (asparagus

fern; Sprengeri fern), 52, 253, 253–254A. falcatus, 254A. meyeri, 254A. pseudoscaber, 254A. pyramidalis, 254A. setaceus, 254

Asplenium nidas (Japanese bird’s nest fern), 559ethylene sensitivity and, 184

aster, China. See Callistephus chinesis Aster spp. (aster), 35, 52, 255, 256

A. novae-angliae (New England aster), 254–258

A. novi-belgii (New York aster), 254–258stem elongation and, 78

daily light integral (DLI) for, 89ethylene sensitivity and, 183media moisture level for, 147rust disease in, 129seed for, 145

Astilbe spp. (false spirea), 35, 259, 259–260A. chinensis, 260

base temperature and, 71A. japonica, 260A. simplicifolia, 260A. × arendsii, 260A. × hybrida, vernalization and, 76ethylene sensitivity and, 184

Athyrium spp.A. filix-femina (Miss Vernon’s crested lady

fern), 560A. nipponicum (Japanese painted fern), 560

Aurinia saxatilis (basket of gold; gold dust), 227, 261, 261

Plant Index 767

autumn fern. See Dryopteris erythrosoraavens. See Geum spp.azalea. See Rhododendron spp.

Bbaby’s breath. See Gypsophila paniculatababy snapdragon. See Linaria hybridabachelor’s button. See Centaurea cyanusbacopa. See Sutera spp. balcony geranium. See Pelargonium peltatumballoon flower. See Platycodon grandiflorusBaptisia australis (false indigo), vernalization and,

76basil. See Ocimum spp.basket of gold. See Aurinia saxatilisbearded iris. See Iris hybridsBegonia spp., 263–272

B. rex hybrids (Rex begonia; painted begonia), 267–268

B. semperflorens, need for supplemental lighting, 151

B. × hiemalis (Rieger begonia; Elatior begonia; hiemalis begonia), 52, 263, 263–267, 266

base temperature and, 72fertilizer termination in, 180daily light integral (DLI) for, 88shipping, 182, 185stem elongation and, 78

B. × hybrida, 269–270B. × semperflorens-cultorum (wax leaf begonia;

fibrous begonia), 52, 268–269base temperature and, 72daily light integral (DLI) for, 88

B. × tuberhybrida (‘Non-Stop’ begonia; tuberous begonia), 264, 270–272

stem elongation and, 78ethylene sensitivity and, 183germination of, 145light for germination of, 148media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151nitrogen deficiency in, 39plant management in, 119powdery mildew in, 125relative nutrient requirements of, 35sales, 4, 7

shipping, 182, 185, 186tissue nutrient levels of, 52

Bellis perennis (English daisy), 272Beta vulgaris (Cicla group) (Swiss chard), 273Bidens hybrids, 273–274, 587

plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

bigleaf goldenray. See Ligularia dentata bigleaf ligularia. See Ligularia dentata black-eyed Susan. See Rudbeckia spp. black-eyed Susan vine. See Thunbergia alata blanket flower. See Gaillardia spp. blazing star. See Liatris spicata bleeding heart. See Dicentra spectabilis blue arrows. See Juncus inflexus blue festuca. See Festuca glauca blue giant hyssop. See Agastache foeniculum blue hair grass. See Koeleriabluestar. See Amsonia Boltonia asteroides (boltonia; false chamomile),

274–275var. latisquama, 275

borage. See Borago officinalis Borago officinalis (borage), 275Boston fern. See Nephrolepsis exaltata Bougainvillea spp., 35

B. glabra, 275–277, 276ethylene sensitivity and, 183shipping, 186

Bracteantha bracteata (strawflower), 277, 277–279iron toxicity in, 40manganese deficiency in, 40plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

Brassica spp.B. oleracea var. acephala (kale; collards;

flowering or ornamental kale and cabbage), 279, 279–281

B. oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower), 279, 279–281

B. oleracea var. capitata (cabbage), 279, 279–281B. oleracea var. gemmifera (Brussels sprouts),

279, 279–281B. oleracea var. gongylodes (kohlrabi), 279,

279–281

768 Ball RedBook

B. oleracea var. italica (broccoli), 35, 279, 279–281

media moisture level for, 147seed for, 145solarization and, 134

broccoli. See Brassica oleracea var. italicaBromeliaceae (bromeliads), 281–283

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87bromeliads. See Bromeliaceae (bromeliads)browallia. See Browallia speciosa (browallia)Browallia speciosa, 283, 283–284

base temperature and, 70, 72germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147

Brussels sprouts. See Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera

bugbane. See Cimicifuga racemosabugleweed. See Ajuga reptansbulb fennel. See Foeniculum vulgare dulcebuttercup. See Ranunculus asiaticusbutterfly flower. See Asclepias tuberosa; Schizanthus

× wisetonensisbutterfly weed. See Asclepias tuberosabutton fern. See Pellaea rotundifolia

Ccabbage. See Brassica oleracea var. capitatacactus

Christmas; holiday; Thanksgiving. See Schlumbergera spp.

ethylene sensitivity and, 183Caladium spp. (caladium), 35, 52

C. bicolor, 285, 285–287, 286base temperature and, 72

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87ethylene sensitivity and, 184

Calceolaria spp. (pocketbook plant), 35C. × herbeohybrida, 287, 287–288

stem elongation and, 78ethylene sensitivity and, 183

calendiva, ethylene sensitivity and, 183Calendula spp., 35

C. officinalis (pot marigold), 289, 289–290base temperature and, 71

ethylene sensitivity and, 183media moisture level for, 147seed for, 145

Calibrachoa (million bells), 44, 608cropping time and, 73, 74C. × hybrida, 290, 290–292

base temperature and, 72plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

calla lily. See Zantedeschia spp.Callistephus chinesis (aster; China aster), 292,

292–293Campanula spp., 35, 294–298

C. carpatica (Carpathian harebell; Carpathian bellflower), 294–295

base temperature and, 71stem elongation and, 78

C. isophylla (Italian bellflower; Star of Bethlehem), 295–296

stem elongation and, 78C. longistyla, 296C. medium (Canterbury bells), 297–298ethylene sensitivity and, 183high temperature and, 74

candytuft. See Iberis sempervirens (candytuft; hardy candytuft)

Canna × generalis (canna; canna lily; Indian shot), 298, 298–299

Canterbury bells. See Campanula longistylacape jasmine. See Gardenia spp. (cape jasmine,

gardenia)Capsicum (pepper), 35

base temperature and, 72C. annum (pepper; ornamental pepper), 299,

299–302, 301C. frutescens (tabasco pepper), 301ethylene sensitivity and, 184germination of, 145iron toxicity in, 40media moisture level for, 147seed for, 145stem elongation and, 78

cardinal flower. See Lobelia cardinalisCarex spp., 302–303

C. comans (leatherleaf sedge), 302C. flagellifera (carex), 303C. morrowii, 302

carnation. See Dianthus caryophyllusCarpathian bellflower. See Campanula carpatica

Plant Index 769

Carpathian harebell. See Campanula carpaticaCatharanthus roseus (vinca; Madagascar

periwinkle), 303, 303–305, 722–723base temperature and, 72clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 89effect on temperature on, 70ethylene exposure in, 188ethylene sensitivity and, 183germination of, 145, 146light for germination of, 148media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151nutritional needs of, 44pests and diseases in, 153pH of medium, 150plant temperature and, 68seed for, 145stem elongation and, 78tissue nutrient levels of, 52

catnip. See Nepeta cataria cauliflower. See Brassica oleracea var. botrytisCelosia spp., 35

C. argentea (cockscomb; plumed cockscomb; feathery amaranth), 305, 305–307, 306

base temperature and, 72stem elongation and, 78

clinical growth regulators for, 153C. spicata (wheat celosia), 307daily light integral (DLI) for, 89germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151pests and diseases in, 153

Centaurea spp. (bachelor’s button; cornflower), 35C. cyanus, 307, 307–309

Chamaedorea elegans, ethylene sensitivity and, 184China aster. See Callistephus spp.Chinese evergreen. See Aglaonema spp.Chinese lantern. See Abutilon × hybridumchive. See Allium schoenoprasumChloris gayana (Rhodes grass) as groundcover, 136Chlorophytum comosum, ethylene sensitivity and,

184Christmas cactus. See Schlumbergera spp. Christmas cherry. See Solanum pseudocapsicum

Chrysanthemum spp., 35, 52, 174C. frutescens. See Argyranthemem spp.C. parthenium. See Tanacetum partheniumC. ptarmiciflorum, 682C. superbum. See Leucanthemum × superbumC. × grandiflorum, stem elongation and, 78C. × morifolium (chrysanthemum; mum;

dendranthema; daisy), 309, 309–319, 313

daily light integral (DLI) for, 89ethylene sensitivity and, 183fertilizer termination in, 179–180pest management in, 114plant management in, 119potted, 178

daily light integral (DLI) for, 88starter charge for, 28

premature leaf yellowing in, 178rust disease in, 129shipping, 182, 185, 186symptoms of disease in, 129

cigar plant. See Cuphea igneacilantro. See Coriandrum sativumCimicifuga racemosa (bugbane), vernalization and,

76Cineraria maritime. See Senecio cinerariacinnamon fern. See Osmunda cinnamonea

(cinnamon fern)Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), 320

stem elongation and, 78clarkia. See Godetia whitney Clematis spp. (clematis; virgin’s bower), 320, 320–322Cleome hassleriana (spider flower), 35, 322,

322–323base temperature and, 72

Clerodendrum spp., 35clubawn grass. See Corynephorus canescensCodiaeum variegatum pictum (garden croton)

ethylene sensitivity and, 184coleus. See Solenostemon spp.Coleus hybridus, 35, 155

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87, 89germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 153, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

770 Ball RedBook

collards. See Brassica oleracea var. acephalaColocasia spp. (elephant ears), base temperature

and, 72columbine. See Aquilegia spp.coneflower. See Echinacea purpureaConsolida ambigua (larkspur), 35, 324, 324–325coral bells. See Heuchera hybridsCordyline indivisa (dracaena spike; spikes), 325,

325Coreopsis spp., 326–329

C. grandiflora (tickseed), 326, 326–328base temperature and, 71

C. rosea (pink coreopsis; pink threadleaf coreopsis), 329

C. verticillata (threadleaf coreopsis; tickseed), 328–329

base temperature and, 71ethylene sensitivity and, 183liner dips for, 103, 103media moisture level for, 147

coriander. See Coriandrum sativumCoriandrum sativum (cilantro; coriander), 329cornflower. See Centaurea cyanusCorsican mint. See Mentha requieniiCortaderia selloana (pampas grass), 330Corynephorus canescens (clubawn grass; grey hair

grass), 330Cosmos spp.

base temperature and, 72C. bipinnatus (cosmos), 330–331C. sulphureus, 35daily light integral (DLI) for, 89iron toxicity in, 40media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151seed for, 145stem elongation and, 78

cranesbill. See Geranium sanguineumcreeping phlox. See Phlox subulatacreeping myrtle. See Vinca minorcreeping thyme. See Thymus praecoxcreeping wirevine. See Muehlenbeckia axillarisCrocus spp., 35

ethylene sensitivity and, 184Crossandra spp., 35

C. infundibuliformis, 331–332ethylene sensitivity and, 183

croton, daily light integral (DLI) for, 89cucumber. See Cucumis sativasCucumis spp., 332–333

Cucumis melo (melon; cantaloupe; rockmelon), 332–333

Cucumis sativas (cucumber), 333Cucurbita spp. (cucumber; melon; squash), stem

elongation and, 78Cuphea spp.

C. hyssopifola (Mexican heather), 333–334, 334C. ignea (cigar plant), 334sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

curcubits, DIF and, 78cuttings (during rooting), 35cyathia, shipping, 185Cyclamen spp., 35, 52

C. persicum, 334, 334–337base temperature and, 72stem elongation and, 78

daily light integral (DLI) for, 88ethylene sensitivity and, 183fertilizer termination in, 179–180germination of, 146light for germination of, 148shipping, 185

Cylindrocladium spathiphylli, 692Cymbidium

ethylene sensitivity and, 183shipping, 186

Cyperus spp.C. alternifolia (umbrella plant), 337–338C. papyrus, 338

Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern), 560

DDahlia × hybrida, 35, 339, 339–342

base temperature and, 72clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 89ethylene sensitivity and, 184iron toxicity in, 40media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168seed for, 144, 145stem elongation and, 78

Plant Index 771

sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

Daucus carota, 617Davallia trichomanoides (rabbit’s foot fern), 559daylily. See Hemerocallis hybridsdead nettle. See Lamium maculatumDelphinium spp., 343, 343–345

D. elatum, 344D. grandiflorum (Siberian larkspur), 344

base temperature and, 71Dendranthema × grandiflora. See Chrysanthemum ×

morifoliumDendrobium hybrids, 345, 345–347

D. bigibbum, 346D. phalaenopsis, 346

Dianthus spp., 35, 52, 174daily light integral (DLI) for, 88D. barbatus (pinks, sweet william), 347–348D. barbatus interspecific, 347D. carthusianorum (Carthusian pink)

stem elongation and, 78D. caryophyllus (carnation), 350, 350–354D. chinensis (garden dianthus; dianthus), 349,

349–350average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73base temperature and, 71stem elongation and, 78

D. deltoides (garden pinks; maiden pinks), 354–355

vernalization and, 76D. hybrida, 349, 349D. gratianopolitanus (cheddar pink),

vernalization and, 76media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151potted, fertilizer terminated in, 180seed for, 145values for nutrients for, 351

Diascia spp. (twinspur), 44base temperature and, 71D. barberae, 356, 356–357plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

Dicentra spp.D. eximia (fringed bleeding heart), 358

vernalization and, 76

D. spectabilis (bleeding heart), 357–358Dichondra argentea, 358, 358–359, 359Dieffenbachia spp. (dumb cane), 52, 360,

360–361daily light integral (DLI) for, 87D. amoena, 361D. maculata, 361ethylene sensitivity and, 184low temperature and, 75

Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), 361, 361–363dill. See Anethum graveolensDoronicum orientale (leopard’s bane), 363dracaena spike. See Cordyline indivisaDracaena spp., 364, 364–365

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87D. deremensis, 52, 364–365D. fragrans, 52, 364–365D. marginata, 364–365ethylene sensitivity and, 184

Dryopteris spp.D. erythrosora (autumn fern), 560D. × complexa (robust male fern), 560

dumb cane. See Dieffenbachia spp.Dusty miller. See SenecioDutch iris. See Iris spp.

EEaster cactus, ethylene sensitivity and, 183Easter lily. See Lilium longiflorumEchinacea purpurea (coneflower; purple

coneflower), 367, 367–369eggplant. See Solanum melongena Egyptian starflower. See Pentas lanceolata Elatior begonia. See Begonia × hiemaliselephant ears. See Colocasia spp.Eleusine spp., solarization and, 134English daisy. See Bellis perennisEnglish ivy. See Hedera helix English lavender. See Lavandula angustifoliaEpipremnum aureum (pothos), 611

calcium deficiency in, 40ethylene sensitivity and, 184

Eragrostis elliotii (love grass), 369, 369Erysimum linifolium (wallflower; alpine

wallflower), 369, 369–370esperanza. See Tecoma stansEuphorbia spp., 370–391

772 Ball RedBook

E. amygdaloides (wood spurge), vernalization and, 76

E. hypericifolia, 370–372E. polychroma (cushion spurge), vernalization

and, 76E. pulcherrima (poinsettia), 372, 372–391

base temperature and, 70, 72color trends of, 389daily light integral (DLI) for, 88DIF in, 180disease in, 123ethylene sensitivity and, 183fertilizer termination in, 179–180graphical tracking of, 385growth regulator for, 96leaf drop in, 178nutritional needs of, 44pest management in, 115plant management in, 119plant temperature and, 68postproduction life of, 179powdery mildew in, 125prolonged sleeving of, 190relative nutrient requirements of, 35sales, 5schedule samples, 379–382shipping, 185, 186starter charge for, 28stem elongation and, 78sticking priorities for, 160stock, in, 156tissue nutrient levels of, 52varieties of, 178–179 by breeder, 390

E. splendens, ethylene sensitivity and, 184Eustoma grandiflorum (lisianthus), 44, 391, 391–395

ethylene sensitivity and, 183light for germination of, 148media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151pH of medium, 149

evergreen candytuft. See Iberis sempervirensEvolvulus nuttallianus, 395–396

sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

Exacum affine, 35, 52, 396, 396–397daily light integral (DLI) for, 88

ethylene sensitivity and, 183shipping, 186

exotic impatiens. See Impatiens hybridaeyeball plant. See Achmella oleracea

Ffalse chamomile. See Boltonia asteroidesfalse indigo. See Baptisia australisfalse spirea. See Astilbe spp. fan flower. See Scaevola aemula fennel. See Foeniculum spp.fern leaf peony. See Paeonia tenuifolia ferns. See also specific species

marginal leaf burn in, 9Festuca spp.

F. cinerea, 399F. glauca (blue fescue; glaucus fescue), 399,

399F. ovina var. glauca, 399

fiber-optic grass. See Isolepsis cernua Ficus spp. (ficus)

ethylene sensitivity and, 184F. benjamina (weeping fig), 52, 400,

400–401daily light integral (DLI) for, 89

F. elastica, 401F. lyrata, 401F. maclellandii, 401F. pumila, 401F. retusa nitida, 401high temperature and, 74leaf drop in, 181

Filipendula purpurea (meadowsweet), vernalization and, 76

finocchio. See F. vulgare dulcefishtail fern. See Nephrolepsis biserratafleur-de-lis. See Iris hybridsFlorida pansy. See Torenia fournieri floss flower. See Ageratum houstonianum flowering kale and cabbage. See Brassica oleracea

var. acephalaflowering maple. See Abutilon × hybridum flowering tobacco. See Nicotiana alataFoeniculum spp.

F. vulgare (fennel; leaf fennel), 401F. vulgare dulce (sweet fennel; bulb fennel;

finocchio) 401–402

Plant Index 773

foliage plants, 52sales, 5

forget-me-not. See Myositis sylvatica fountain grass. See Pennisetum setaceumfoxglove. See Digitalis purpureaFragaria × hybrida (strawberry), 402, 402–403Freesia hybrids, 35, 52, 403, 403–405

ethylene sensitivity and, 184French lavender. See Lavandula dentataFrench marigold. See Tagetes patulafringed bleeding heart. See Dicentra eximiaFuchsia × hybrida (fuchsia), 155, 405, 405–408

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87, 88disease in, 123ethylene sensitivity and, 183rust disease in, 129stem elongation and, 78tissue nutirent levels of, 52

GGaillardia spp.

G. aristata, 98G. pulchella, 411G. × grandiflora (blanket flower), 409, 409–411

base temperature and, 71Gardenia jasminoides (cape jasmine; gardenia), 412–413

ethylene sensitivity and, 183garden phlox. See Phlox paniculata garden pinks. See Dianthus deltoidesGaura lindheimeri (whirling butterflies;

wandflower), 99, 413, 413–414base temperature and, 71sticking priorities for, 160

gay feather. See Liatris spicataGazania rigens (gazania), 415, 415–416

base temperature and, 72daily light integral (DLI) for, 88media moisture level for, 147Seed for, 145

geranium. See Pelargonium (geranium)Geranium spp.

G. dalmaticum (Damaltian cranesbill), vernalization and, 76

G. psilostemon, 416G. sanguineum (hardy geranium; cranesbill),

416–417vernalization and, 76

G. sanguineum striatum, 416G. × cantabrigiense, 416G. × ‘Johnson’s Blue,’ 416–417G. × oxonianum, 416

Gerbera jamesonii (gerbera), 417, 417–422base temperature and, 71daily light integral (DLI) for, 88ethylene sensitivity and, 183fertilizer termination in, 180flower automation and, 421light for germination for, 148need for supplemental lighting, 151plant management in, 119pot life in, 178powdery mildew in, 125relative nutrient requirements of, 35shipping, 185stem elongation and, 78tissue nutrient levels of, 52

German iris. See Iris hybridsGeum spp. (avens), 423–424

G. chiloense (Grecian rose), vernalization and, 76

Giant hyssop. See Agastache foeniculumginger mint. See Mentha × gracilisGladiolus spp. (gladiolus; glads), 424, 424–425 cut flower sales, 5glads. See Gladiolus spp.glaucus fescue. See Festuca glaucaglobe amaranth. See Gomphrena globosagloriosa daisy. See Rudbeckia hirtagloxinia. See Sinningia speciosaGodetia whitney (Clarkia amoena) (satin flower),

425, 425–428gold dust. See Aurinia saxatilisgoldenrod. See Solidago × hybridaGomphrena spp.

base temperature and, 72daily light integral (DLI) for, 89germination of, 145G. globosa (globe amaranth), 428, 428–429G. haageana, 429high temperature and, 74media moisture level for, 147

Goniolimon tataricum. See Limonium tataricumGreek oregano. See Origanum vulgare hirtumgrey hair grass. See Corynephorus canescens

774 Ball RedBook

ground phlox. See Phlox subulataGypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath; gyp), 429,

429–432, 430G. muralis, 432G. repens, 432

Hhardy candytuft. See Iberis sempervirenshardy geranium. See Geranium sanguineumhardy hibiscus. See Hibiscus moscheutosheart-leafed philodendron. See Philodendron

scandens oxycardiumHedera helix (English ivy), 433, 433

daily light integral (DLI) for, 88ethylene sensitivity and, 184

Helenium spp.H. amarum (tick weed), 434, 434–435, 435H. autumnale (sneezeweed), 432

Helianthus annuus (sunflower), 35, 52, 436, 436–437

Helichrysum spp.H. bracteantha. See Bracteantha bracteataH. petiolare, 438, 438–439H. thianschanicum, 439sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

Heliopsis helianthoides (false sunflower; hardy sunflower; sunflower heliopsis), 439, 439–440

Heliotropium arborescens (heliotrope), 440, 440–442

base temperature and, 72sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

Hemerocallis hybrids (daylily), 442, 442–444base temperature and, 71

herbs, daily light integral (DLI) for, 88Heuchera hybrids (coral bells; alumroot), 444,

444–447daily light integral (DLI) for, 88H. micrantha, 446H. sanguinea, 444, 446H. villosa, 444vernalization and, 76

Hibiscus spp. (hibiscus), 35, 52, 96base temperature and, 72ethylene sensitivity and, 183

H. moscheutos (swamp rose; rose mallow; hardy hibiscus), 448–450

H. rosa-sinensis (tropical hibiscus), 447, 447–450, 449

daily light integral (DLI) for, 88optimum temperature and, 73shipping, 182, 186

hiemalis begonia. See Begonia × hiemalisHippeastrum hybrids (amaryllis), 35, 450,

450–452ethylene sensitivity and, 184

Hosta spp. (hosta; plantain lily; funkia), 452, 452–454

base temperature and, 71daily light integral (DLI) for, 87H. fortunei, 454H. montana, 454H. undulata, 454H. ventricosa, 453pest management in, 119plant management in, 119

Hyacinth orientalis (hyacinth), 35, 52, 454–456, 455daily light integral (DLI) for, 88ethylene sensitivity and, 183, 184fertilizer termination in, 180pot life in, 178powdery mildew in, 125shipping, 185

Hydrangea macrophylla, 456, 456–462blooms and pot sizes, 458characteristics of, 461picking hydrangeas, 459

Hypericum spp., 463, 463–464Hypoestes phyllostachya (polka dot plant), 464,

464–465germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147

IIberis sempervirens (candytuft; hardy candytuft;

evergreen candytuft), 467, 467–468vernalization and, 76

Iceland poppy. See Papaver nudicauleImpatiens spp., 468, 468–477, 472, 475

clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 88ethylene sensitivity and, 183

Plant Index 775

germination of, 145I. hawkeri (New Guinea impatiens), 44, 52,

155, 156, 468, 468–472base temperature and, 70, 72daily light integral (DLI) for, 88delaying wilting in, 189disease in, 123marginal leaf burn in, 9plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168plant temperature and, 69powdery mildew in, 125sales, 4, 5, 7shipping and, 187starter charge for, 28sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

I. hybrida (exotic impatiens), 477I. walleriana (seed impatiens; bedding plant

impatiens; double-flowering impatiens), 472, 472–475, 475, 475–477

base temperature and, 72medium temperature for, 68plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sales, 4, 5, 7stem elongation and, 78sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

light for germination of, 148media moisture level for, 147mini

sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

need for supplemental lighting, 151pH of medium, 149plant management in, 119relative nutrient requirements of, 35storage of, 160trailing

plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

Inca lily. See Alstroemeria hybridsinch plant. See Zebrina pendulaIndian shot. See Canna × generalisIndia pink. See Lobelia cardinalisIpomoea spp., 35, 477, 477–479, 478

I. batatas (sweet potato vine), 477, 477–478I. tricolor (morning glory), 478, 478–479pest management in, 114storage of, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

Iresine herbstii (iresine), 479, 479–481Iris spp., 479, 481–484

dwarf, ethylene sensitivity and, 184I. ensata, 484Iris hybrids (German iris; bearded iris; fleur-

de-lis), 482–484I. pallida, 484I. sibirica, 484I. × hollandica (Dutch iris), 88, 481–482

Isolepsis cernua (fiber-optic grass), 484, 484–485, 485

Italian bellflower. See Carpanula isophyllaivy geranium. See Pelargonium peltatum

Jjade plant, disease in, 126Jamesbrittenia, sticking priorities for, 160Japanese bird’s nest fern. See Asplenium nidasJapanese holly fern. See Cyrtomium falcatumJapanese painted fern. See Athyrium nipponicumJerusalem cherry. See Solanum pseudocapsicumJewels of Opar. See Talinum paniculatumJoseph’s coat. See Alternanthera spp.Juncus spp., 487, 487–488

J. effuses (twisted juncus; spiraled juncus), 488J. inflexus (juncus; blue arrows), 487, 487, 488J. pallidus (juncus), 487–488

KKalanachoe blossfeldiana (kalanchoe), 489, 489–493

crop schedule of, 492daily light integral (DLI) for, 88DIF and, 78disease in, 126ethylene sensitivity and, 183fertilizer termination in, 180pot life in, 178relative nutrient requirements of, 35shipping, 182, 185spacing of, 491stem elongation and, 79tissue nutrient levels of, 52

776 Ball RedBook

kale. See Brassica oleracea var. acephalaKniphofia uvaria (red hot poker; torchlily),

494–495Koeleria (blue hair grass), 495, 495Kohlrabi. See Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes

Llady’s mantle. See Alchemilla mollislamb’s ear. See Stachys byzantina Lamium spp.

L. galeobdolon, 498L. maculatum (dead nettle; spotted dead

nettle), 497, 497–498sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

Lantana spp.daily light integral (DLI) for, 89ethylene sensitivity and, 183L. camara, 498, 498–500L. montevidensis, 500sticking priorities for, 160storage of, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

larkspur. See Consolida ambiguaLathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), 500–502, 501Lavandula spp. (lavender), 502, 502–504

L. angustifolia (English lavender), 502, 503, 504L. dentata (French lavender), 504L. intermedia, 504L. latifolia, 504L. pinnata, 504L. stoechas, 504

lavender. See Lavandula spp.lavender cotton. See Santolina chamaecyparissusleadwort. See Plumbago auriculataleaf fennel. See Foeniculum vulgareleatherleaf fern, cut cultivated greens sales, 5leatherleaf sedge. See Carex comansleeks. See Allium ampeloprasum var. porrumlemon mint. See Mentha × piperitalemon thyme. See Thymus × citriodorusleopard’s bane. See Doronicum orientalelesser periwinkle. See Vinca minorLeucanthemum × superbum (Shasta daisy), 504,

504–506base temperature and, 71plant management in, 119

Liatris spicata (gay feather; blazing star), 53, 506, 506–508

Ligularia spp.L. dentata (bigleaf goldenray; bigleaf ligularia),

508–509L. przewalskii, 509L. stenocephala, 509

Lilium × hybrida (Asiatic and Oriental lily), 509, 509–513, 509–525

base temperature and, 71bulb size and flower number, 517controlled pot-cooling schedule, 516controlled temperature forcing schedule, 523cooling and flowering of, 515daily light integral (DLI) for, 88development schedule, 519ethylene sensitivity and, 184L. candidum (Madonna lily), 513L. longiflorum (Easter lily), 513, 513–525

base temperature and, 71ethylene sensitivity and, 184fertilizer termination in, 180medium temperature for, 68pest management in, 109relative nutrient requirements of, 35shipping, 182

L. maroccanna, 529packing standards of, 514plant management in, 119relative nutrient requirements of, 35shipping, 182, 186stem elongation and, 79tissue nutrient levels of, 53

Limonium spp., 525–528L. altaica, 528L. gmelinii (Siberian statice), 528L. latifolium (sea lavender; wideleaf sea

lavender), 527–528L. peregrinum, 526L. perezii, 526L. sinuatum (statice; common statice; garden

statice), 525–527L. suworowii (Russian statice; rat-tail statice),

526L. tataricum (Goniolimon tataricum), 528

Linaria hybrida (linaria; baby snapdragon; spurred snapdragon), 528–529, 529

Plant Index 777

Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), 566Lippia palmeri, 566Lisianthus. See Eustoma grandiflorumLobelia spp., 530, 530–533, 532

daily light integral (DLI) for, 88full sunlight and, 87germination of, 145L. amoena, 532L. cardinalis (cardinal flower; red lobelia;

scarlet lobelia; India pink), 532L. cardinalis atrosanguinea, 532L. erinus, 530, 530–531

base temperature and, 72L. siphilitica (blue cardinal flower; great

lobelia; great blue lobelia), 532, 533L. splendens (L. fulgens) (Mexican lobelia), 532media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168plant management in, 119relative nutrient requirements of, 35result of cross species, 531sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

loblolly pine. See Pinus taedaLobularia maritima (alyssum; sweet alyssum), 35,

534, 534base temperature and, 71daily light integral (DLI) for, 88germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147optimum temperature and, 73

love grass. See Eragrostis elliotiilucky shamrock. See Oxalis tetraphyllaLupinus polyphyllus (lupine), 535, 535–536

ethylene sensitivity and, 183Lychnis coronaria (rose campion), vernalization

and, 76Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), 35, 536–538

base temperature and, 72chilling and freezing injury and, 75effect of low temperature, 39iron toxicity in, 40low temperature and, 75media moisture level for, 147powdery mildew in, 125seed for, 144, 145

stem elongation and, 79Lysimachia spp.

L. clethroides, 539L. congestiflora, 538–539L. nummularia, 539, 539L. procubens, 538–539L. punctata, 539sticking priorities for, 160

MMadagascar periwinkle. See Catharanthus roseusMadonna lily. See Lilium candidummadwort. See Alyssum montanum Maranta, daily light integral (DLI) for, 87marguerite daisy. See Argyranthemum spp.marigold. See Tagetes spp.marjoram. See Origanum spp.Martha Washington geranium. See Pelargonium ×

domesticummatricaria. See Tanacetum parthenium Matthiola incana (stock), 541, 541–544

base temperature and, 71media moisture level for, 147

mealycup sage. See Salvia farinacea Mentha spp. (mint), 544–545

M. aquatica (orange mint), 545M. requienii (Corsican mint), 545M. spicata (spearmint), 545M. suaveolens (pineapple mint), 545M. × gracilis (ginger mint), 545M. × piperita (lemon mint), 545

Mexican heather. See Cuphea hyssopifola Mexican lobelia. See Lobelia splendensMexican oregano. See Lippia graveolensMimulus × hybridus, 546, 546–547

vegetative propagation of, 159miniature rose, daily light integral (DLI) for, 88mint. See Mentha spp.Missouri evening primrose. See Oenothera

macrocarpa Monopsis

sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

morning glory. See Ipomoea tricolormoss pink phlox. See Phlox subulata moss rose. See Portulaca grandifloramother of thyme. See Thymus serphyllum

778 Ball RedBook

moth orchid. See Phalaenopsis hybridsmountain gold. See Alyssum montanum Muehlenbeckia axillaris (creeping wirevine), 547–548mule marigold. See Tagetes erecta × patulaMusa ornata (banana), base temperature and, 72Myositis sylvatica (forget-me-not), 548, 548–549myrtle. See Vinca major

NNarcissus spp., 35, 551–554, 552, 553

ethylene sensitivity and, 184N. hybrids (daffodils), 551–552N. tazetta (paperwhites), 552–554, 553plant management in, 119shipping, 182stem elongation and, 79

nasturtium, iron toxicity in, 40Nemesia spp., 44

N. foetans, 554–556, 555N. fruticans, 555–556N. strumosa

base temperature and, 71medium tem, 68

plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

Nepeta cataria (catnip), 556–557Nephrolepsis spp. (fern)

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87N. biserrata (fishtail fern), 559N. exaltata (Boston fern; sword fern), 557,

557–560, 558ethylene sensitivity and, 184

nephthytis. See Syngonium podophyllumNew England aster. See Aster novae-angliaeNew Guinea impatiens. See Impatiens hawkeriNicotiana spp.

germination of, 145light for germination of, 148media moisture level for, 147N. alata (flowering tobacco), 560, 560–561N. × sanderae, base temperature and, 72

Nierembergia, need for supplemental lighting, 151Nolana, vegetative propagation of, 159

OOcimum spp. (basil), 40, 563, 563–565

iron toxicity in, 40O. basilicum (sweet basil), 564O. basilicum citriodorum, 564O. basilicum purpurescens, 564

Oenothera spp.O. fruticosa (sundrops), base temperature and, 72O. macrocarpa (formerly Oenothera

missouriensis) (Ozark sundrop; Missouri evening primrose), 565

onion. See Allium cepaorchids, 35

sales, 5shipping, 186

oregano. See Origanum vulgareOriental lilies. See Lilium × hybridaOriental poppy. See Papaver orientaleOriganum spp. (marjoram; sweet marjoram), 566

O. syriacum, 566O. vulgare (oregano), 566O. vulgare hirtum (Greek oregano), 566

ornamental kale and cabbage. See Brassica oleracea var. acephala

ornamental millet. See Pennisetum glaucum ornamental pepper. See Capsicum annumOsmunda cinnamonea (cinnamon fern), 560Osteospermum hybrids, 97

base temperature and, 71ethylene sensitivity and, 183growth regulator for, 96O. ecklonis (African daisy), 567, 567–570plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

Oxalis sp. (oxalis; shamrock; wood sorrel), 570, 570–572, 571

O. adenophylla (silver shamrock), 570, 571O. regnellii (shamrock plant), 570, 571, 571, 572O. tetraphylla (lucky shamrock), 570, 571, 572O. triangularis (purple shamrock), 570, 571,

571, 572O. versicolor, 571, 572O. vulcanicola, 571, 572relative nutrient requirements of, 35storage, forcing temperatures, weeks to force,

and flower color, 571Ozark sundrop. See Oenothera macrocarpa

Plant Index 779

PPaeonia spp. (peony), 573, 573–574

P. lactiflora, 574P. officinalis, 574P. suffruticosa (tree peony), 574P. tenuifolia (fern leaf peony), 574

pampas grass. See Cortaderia selloananpansy. See Viola spp. Papaver spp. (poppy), 574–576

media moisture level for, 147P. nudicaule (Iceland poppy), 574–575P. orientale (Oriental poppy), 575–576

paperwhites. See Narcissus tazettaparsley. See Petroselinum crispumpeace lily. See Spathiphyllum spp.Pelargonium spp. (geranium), 576–590, 578, 587

clinical growth regulators for, 153DIF and, 78effect of low temperature, 39eliminating viruses in, 174ethylene sensitivity and, 183fertilizer for, 157growing mix for, 22growth regulator for, 96iron toxicity in, 40leaf spot disease in, 127low temperature and, 75media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151nutritional needs of, 44pest management in, 112pH of medium, 149, 150P. peltatum (ivy geranium; balcony geranium),

53, 578, 587, 587–590daily light integral (DLI) for, 88growing mix for, 22nutritional needs of, 44plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

P. × domesticum (Martha Washington geranium; regal geranium), 53, 182, 576–578

P. × hortorum (geranium; zonal geranium), 53, 578, 578–587

average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73base temperature and, 72

daily light integral (DLI) for, 88plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

relative nutrient requirements of, 35response to light and temperature, 156rust disease in, 129sales, 4, 5, 7seed for, 53, 145self-propagation of, 155stem elongation and, 79in stock program, 156symptoms of disease in, 129

Pellaea rotundifolia (button fern), 559Pennisetum spp., 590, 590–593, 591, 593

base temperature and, 72P. glaucum (ornamental millet), 590, 590–592,

591P. setaceum (fountain grass; pink fountain

grass; purple fountain grass), 592–593, 593

Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starflower), 155, 593, 593–595

average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73base temperature and, 72clinical growth regulators for, 153ethylene sensitivity and, 183marginal leaf burn in, 9need for supplemental lighting, 151

peony. See Paeonia spp.pepper. See Capsicum perennial phlox. See Phlox paniculataperennials (full sun), daily light integral (DLI) for,

89perennial sage. See Salvia nemorosa perennial salvia. See Salvia nemorosaPericallis cruenta (cineraria), 35, 596–597. See also

Senecio cruentusethylene sensitivity and, 183P. × hybrida, base temperature and, 71

Perilla frutescens (perilla), 597, 597–598, 598periwinkle. See Vinca majorPerovskia atriplicifolia (Russian sage), 599,

599–600Petroselinum crispum (parsley), 600, 600Petunia × hybrida (petunia), 70, 601, 601–608, 605

average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73

780 Ball RedBook

base temperature and, 71, 72clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 89ethylene sensitivity and, 183germination of, 145light for germination for, 148media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151nutritional needs of, 44plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168plant management in, 119plant size control of, 604powdery mildew in, 125relative nutrient requirements of, 35sales, 4, 5, 7stem elongation and, 79sticking priorities for, 160tissue nutrient levels of, 53vegetative propagation of, 35, 159

Phalaenopsis hybrids (moth orchid), 609, 609–610base temperature and, 72daily light integral (DLI) for, 87ethylene sensitivity and, 183

Phaseolus sp. (bean), stem elongation and, 79Philodendron spp. (philodendron), 53, 610,

610–611high temperature and, 74low temperature and, 75P. scandens, ethylene sensitivity and, 184P. scandens oxycardium (heart-leafed

philodendron), 610, 611calcium deficiency in, 40

P. selloum, 610, 610Phlox spp., 35, 611–616, 614

light for germination of, 148media moisture level for, 147P. divaricata (woodland phlox), vernalization

and, 76P. drummondii (annual phlox), 611–612P. maculate (annual phlox), 612–613P. paniculata (perennial phlox; garden phlox),

614, 614–615base temperature and, 72

P. subulata (moss pink phlox; creeping phlox; ground phlox), 616

base temperature and, 71vernalization and, 76

seed for, 145Piectranthus, sticking priorities for, 160Pimpinella anisum (anise), 617pincushion flower. See Scabiosa caucasiapineapple mint. See Mentha suaveolenspink calla lily. See Zantedeschia rehmanniipink coreopsis. See Coreopsis roseapink fountain grass. See Pennisetum setaceumpinks. See Dianthus barbatuspink threadleaf coreopsis. See Coreopsis roseaPinus taeda (loblolly pine), 23Pisum sativum (pea)

base temperature and, 71stem elongation and, 79

Platycerium bifurcatum (staghorn fern), 559Platycodon grandiflorus (balloon flower), 35, 617,

617–618base temperature and, 71

Plectranthus spp. (Swedish ivy), 619, 619–620, 620P. amboinicus, 619–620P. coleoides, 619, 620vegetative propagation of, 159

Plumbago auriculata (plumbago; leadwort), 620–621

pocketbook plant. See Calceolaria spp. poinsettia. See Euphorbia pulcherrimapolka dot plant. See Hypoestes phyllostachyaPolyscias fruticosa, ethylene sensitivity and, 184Polystichum polyblepharum (tassel fern), 560poor man’s orchid. See Schizanthus × wisetonensisPorphyrocoma pohliana (Brazilian fireworks),

621–622, 622Portulaca spp., 623, 623–626, 624

crop times for, 625ethylene sensitivity and, 183germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147pests and diseases in, 153P. grandiflora (moss rose), 623, 623–624

base temperature and, 72P. oleracea (purslane), 624, 624–626, 625relative nutrient requirements of, 35sticking priorities for, 160

Potentilla atrosanguinea (cinquefoil), vernalization and, 76

pothos. See Epipremnum aureumpot marigold. See Calendula officinalis

Plant Index 781

primrose. See Primula acaulisPrimula spp., 626, 626–630, 629

daily light integral (DLI) for, 88light for germination for, 148media moisture level for, 147P. acaulis (primrose), 626, 626–629

plant management in, 119P. auricula, 628P. denticulata, 628P. japonica, 628P. malacoides, 629P. obconica, 629, 629–630P. vialii, 628P. vulgaris, 629P. × polyantha, 628relative nutrient requirements of, 35seed for, 145tissue nutrient levels of, 53

princess lily. See Alstroemeria hybridsPsylliostachys suworowii. See Limonium suworowiiPteris (fern), daily light integral (DLI) for, 87Pulmonaria saccharata (lungwort), vernalization

and, 76purple coneflower. See Echinacea purpurea purple fountain grass. See Pennisetum setaceumpurple heart. See Setcreasea purpurea purple shamrock. See Oxalis triangularispurple wandering Jew. See Setcreasea purpureapurslane. See Portulaca oleracea

Rrabbit’s foot fern. See Davallia trichomanoidesRadermachera sinica, ethylene sensitivity and, 184Ranunculus asiaticus (buttercup), 35, 631, 631–633

media moisture level for, 147seed for, 145

rat-tail statice. See Limonium suworowii red hot poker. See Kniphofia uvaria red lobelia. See Lobelia cardinalis regal geranium. See Pelargonium × domesticumRhododendron spp. (azalea), 35, 53

dikegulac sodium as pinching agent for, 98disease in, 123ethylene sensitivity and, 183R. simsii, 633–636R. × obtusum, 633–636shipping, 186

robust male fern. See Dryopteris × complexa rock cress. See Arabis caucasica Rosa hybrids (rose), 636, 636–656, 640

base temperature and, 72ethylene sensitivity and, 184guide to finishing pot roses, 639pot rose

color mixes, 640pot life in, 178production greenhouse in Denmark, 638

powdery mildew in, 125production of, at Zuurbier, Heerhugowaard,

the Netherlands, 642R. canina, 640, 648relative nutrient requirements of, 35R. indica, 640, 641R. laxa, 648, 649R. multiflora, 648, 649shipping, 186stem elongation and, 79tissue nutrient levels of, 53water and fertilizers are recycled in new system

in Europe, 654rose. See Rosa hybridsrose mallow. See Hibiscus moscheutosRosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), 656, 656–657

powdery mildew in, 125rudbeckia. See Rudbeckia fulgidaRudbeckia spp. (coneflower)

R. fulgida (black-eyed Susan; rudbeckia), 657, 657–659

base temperature and, 71R. hirta (black-eyed Susan; gloriosa daisy),

659, 659–660base temperature and, 72high temperature and, 74

Russian sage. See Perovskia atriplicifoliaRussian statice. See Limonium suworowii

Ssage. See Salvia spp.Saintpaulia ionantha (African violet), 35, 53, 661,

661–663base temperature and, 72daily light integral (DLI) for, 87ethylene sensitivity and, 183home care for, 191

782 Ball RedBook

low temperature and, 75powdery mildew in, 125shipping, 186stem elongation and, 79

Salvia spp. (sage), 35, 53, 90, 97, 663, 663–669, 666

clinical growth regulators for, 153ethylene sensitivity and, 184germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147seed for, 145S. farinacea (mealycup sage), 663, 663–664

base temperature and, 72daily light integral (DLI) for, 89need for supplemental lighting, 151

S. nemorosa (formerly S. superba) (perennial salvia; perennial sage), 664–666

S. officinalis (sage; garden sage; common sage), 666, 666–667

S. splendens (scarlet sage), 668–669base temperature and, 72daily light inegral (DLI) for, 88need for supplemental lighting, 151stem elongation and, 79

sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

Santolina spp.S. chamaecyparissus (lavender cotton), 669–670S. rosmarinifolia, 670S. virens, 670

Sanvitalia speciosa (sanvitalia), 670–671plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

satin flower. See Godetia whitneySaxifragaI (London pride), vernalization and, 76Scabiosa spp.

S. caucasia (pincushion flower), 671–672base temperature and, 71

S. columbaria (pincushion flower), 672Scaevola aemula (fan flower), 587, 608, 673,

673–674daily light integral (DLI) for, 89sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

scarlet lobelia. See Lobelia cardinalisscarlet sage. See Salvia splendens

Schefflera spp.Brassaia, 53daily light integral (DLI) for, 88Dizygotheca, 53S. arboricola

ethylene sensitivity and, 184S. elegantissima

ethylene sensitivity and, 184shipping, 186

Schizanthus × wisetonensis (poor man’s orchid; butterfly flower), 675–676

Schlumbergera spp. (Christmas cactus; holiday cactus; Thanksgiving cactus), 676, 676–678

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87ethylene sensitivity and, 183promoting flower set in, 99, 99relative nutrient requirements of, 35shipping, 182S. russeliana, 678S. truncata (Thanksgiving cactus), 676–678

base temperature and, 71S. × buckleyi, 676, 676–678tissue nutrient levels of, 53

Scutellaria javanica (skullcap), 679, 679sea lavender. See Limonium latifoliumsea pinks. See Armeria maritimaSedum spp. (stonecrop), 680–681

base temperature and, 71disease in, 126S. acre, 680–681S. spectabile, 681S. spurium, 680–681

Senecio cineraria (dusty miller), 35, 681, 681–682daily light integral (DLI) for, 88stem elongation and, 79

Senecio cruentus. See Pericallis cruentaSetcreasea purpurea (purple heart; purple

wandering Jew), 682shamrock plant. See Oxalis regnellii Shasta daisy. See Leucanthemum × superbumSiberian statice. See Limonium gmelinii silver shamrock. See Oxalis adenophylla Sinningia speciosa (gloxinia), 35, 53, 683,

683–684chilling and freezing injury and, 75daily light integral (DLI) for, 88

Plant Index 783

disease in, 123ethylene sensitivity and, 183shipping, 186

skullcap. See Scutellaria javanicasnapdragon. See Antirrhinum spp.sneezeweed. See HeleniumSolanum lycopersicum. See Lycopersicon esculentumSolanum spp.

S. (potato), 174S. melongena (eggplant), 685S. pseudocapsicum (Jerusalem cherry; Christmas

cherry), 302S. tuberosum, stem elongation and, 79

Solenostemon scutellarioides (coleus), 35, 155, 685, 685–687

chilling and freezing injury and, 75Solidago × hybrida (goldenrod), 687, 687–690southern wood fern. See Thelypteris kunthiiSpathiphyllum spp. (peace lily), 690, 690–692

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87ethylene sensitivity and, 184

spearmint. See Mentha spicataspeedwell. See Veronica longifoliaspider flower. See Cleome hasslerianaspikes. See Cordyline indivisaSpilanthes. See Achmella oleraceaspotted dead nettle. See Lamium maculatum Sprengeri fern. See Asparagus densiflorus var.

‘Sprengeri’spurred snapdragon. See Linaria hybridasquash. See Cucurbita spp.Stachys byzantina (lamb’s ear; woolly betony),

692–693staghorn fern. See Platycerium bifurcatum statice. See Limonium spp.Stevia rebaudiana (sweet leaf; sugar leaf), 693stock. See Matthiola incanastonecrop. See Sedum spp.strawberry. See Fragaria × hybridastrawflower. See Bracteantha bracteata Streptocarpus nobilis (streptocarpus), 35, 53

daily light integral (DLI) for, 87ethylene sensitivity and, 184stem elongation and, 79

Strobilanthes, sticking priorities for, 160sugar leaf. See Stevia rebaudianasummer orchid. See Angelonia spp.

summer snapdragon. See Angelonia spp.sunflower. See HelianthusSutera cordata (bacopa), 608, 694, 694–695

sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 158

swamp rose mallow. See Hibiscus moscheutosSwedish ivy. See Plectranthus spp.sweet alyssum. See Lobularia maritimasweet basil. See Ocimum basilicum sweet fennel. See Foeniculum vulgare dulcesweet leaf. See Stevia rebaudianasweet marjoram. See Origanum spp. sweet pea. See Lathyrus odoratus sweet potato vine. See Ipomea spp.sweet william. See Dianthus barbatussword fern. See Nephrolepsis exaltataSyngonium podophyllum (syngonium; nephthytis),

53, 696, 696ethylene sensitivity and, 184

Ttabasco pepper. See Capsicum frutescensTagetes spp. (marigold), 35, 44, 697, 697–699

clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 89DIF and, 78ethylene sensitivity and, 183iron toxicity in, 40media moisture level for, 147nitrogen deficiency in, 39pH of medium, 149plant management in, 119sales, 4, 7seed for, 144, 145T. erecta (African marigold; American

marigold), 697, 697–699base temperature and, 71, 72clinical growth regulators for, 153iron toxicity in, 40need for supplemental lighting, 151

T. erecta × patula (triploid marigold; mule marigold), 697, 697–699

T. patula (French marigold), 70, 697, 697–699average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73base temperature and, 71, 71clinical growth regulators for, 153stem elongation and, 79

784 Ball RedBook

T. tenuifolia, 699Talinum paniculatum (jewels of Opar), 700, 700,

700–701Tanacetum parthenium (matricaria), 701tassel fern. See Polystichum polyblepharumTecoma stans (esperanza; yellow trumpet bush),

702, 702–703Thalictrum aquilegifolium (meadow rue),

vernalization and, 76Thelypteris kunthii (southern wood fern), 560threadleaf coreopsis. See Coreopsis verticillatathrift. See Armeria maritimathroatwart. See Trachelium caeruleumThunbergia alata (black-eyed Susan vine), 703,

703–704sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159

Thymus spp. (thyme), 705–706T. praecox (creeping or wild thyme), 706T. praecox var. pseudolanuginosus, 706T. pseudolanuginosus (woolly thyme), 706T. serpyllum (mother of thyme), 706T. vulgaris (garden thyme; common thyme),

705, 705–706T. × citriodorus (lemon thyme), 706

tickseed. See Coreopsis grandifloratick weed. See Helenium amarum tomato. See Lycopersicontoothache plant. See Achmella oleracea torchlily. See Kniphofia uvariaTorenia fournieri (wishbone flower), 706, 706–708

base temperature and, 72Trachelium caeruleum (throatwart; trachelium),

708–709Tradescantia pallida. See Setcreasa purpureatree peony. See Paeonia suffruticosatriploid marigold. See Tagetes erecta × patulatropical hibiscus. See Hibiscus rosa-sinensistulip. See Tulipa hybridaTulipa hybrida (tulip), 710, 710–713, 711

ethylene sensitivity and, 184hydroponic forcing, 711shipping, 182stem elongation and, 79

twinspur. See Diascia spp.

Uumbrella plant. See Cyperus alternifolia

VVerbascum × hybrida (mullein), 715, 715–716

V. bombyciferum, 716V. chaixii, 716

Verbena × hybrida (verbena), 35, 155, 716–719, 717

average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 89germination of, 145media moisture level for, 147need for supplemental lighting, 151plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 168powdery mildew in, 125seed for, 145stem elongation and, 79sticking priorities for, 160vegetative propagation of, 159V. bonariensis (tall), 719

stem elongation and, 79V. canadensis, 719V. rigida, 719V. speciosa, 719

Veronica spp., 720, 720–721V. longifolia (speedwell), 720, 720–721V. spicata, 721

vinca. See Catharanthus roseus Vinca spp.

V. major (vinca vine; periwinkle; myrtle), 722–723

V. minor (lesser periwinkle; creeping myrtle), 723

vinca vine. See Vinca majorViola spp. (pansy), 35, 37, 44

clinical growth regulators for, 153daily light integral (DLI) for, 89disease in, 123ethylene sensitivity and, 183media moisture level for, 147nitrogen deficiency in, 39plant growth regulators (PGRs) for, 101sales, 4, 5, 7seed for, 144, 145V. cornuta, 728

Plant Index 785

V. × wittrockiana, 53, 723, 723–728, 726base temperature and, 71, 71stem elongation and, 79

virgin’s bower. See Clematis spp.

Wwall cress. See Arabis caucasica wallflower. See Erysimum linifolium Wandering Jew. See Zebrina pendula wandflower. See Gaura lindheimeri watermelon. See Citrullus lanatus weeping fig. See Ficus benjamina wheat celosia. See Celosia spicata whirling butterflies. See Gaura lindheimeriwideleaf sea lavender. See Limonium latifolium wild thyme. See Thymus praecox windflower. See Anemone coronaria wishbone flower. See Torenia fournieri woolly betony. See Stachys byzantina woolly thyme. See Thymus pseudolanuginosus

Yyarrow. See Achillea spp. yellow trumpet bush. See Tecoma stansyellow tuft. See Alyssum montanum

ZZantedeschia spp. (calla lily), 35, 98, 729,

729–732Z. aethiopica (white), 729, 732Z. elliotiana (yellow), 729, 732Z. hybrids, 729, 729–732Z. rehmannii (pink), 729, 730, 732Z. rehmannii violacea, 732

Zebrina pendula (wandering Jew; inch plant), 732–733

Zinnia spp., (zinnia) 35, 733, 733–735, 735daily light integral (DLI) for, 89

effect of, 86ethylene sensitivity and, 184iron toxicity in, 40media moisture level for, 147seed for, 144, 145Z. angustifolia, 733, 735Z. elegans, 733, 735

average daily temperature (ADT) and, 73base temperature and, 70, 72high temperature and, 74stem elongation and, 79

Z. marylandica, 733, 735zonal geranium. See Pelargonium × hortorum