IMPERIALISM An introduction…. IMPERIALISM defn: a policy in which a strong nation seeks to...
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IMPERIALISM An introduction…
IMPERIALISM An introduction…. IMPERIALISM defn: a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries, politically, economically, or socially
defn: a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries, politically, economically, or socially
hnice
One of the main causes of Imperialism was Industrialization. They wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production. They competed for new markets for their goods. They looked to Africa and Asia as other sources of raw materials and markets for cloth, plows, guns, and other industrial products.
EUROPE’S GOAL: TO CONTROL OF ALL OF AFRICA. WHY??
Octopus- the King of the Sea
1. Why would
Great Britain be portrayed as an octopus?
Octopus- the King of the Sea
They had the strongest naval powerEconomic powerGoal was to control all of Africa
Europeans thought they had the RIGHT to control areas not previously colonized
2. Identify some major motivations that influenced European imperialism?
EUROPEAN MOTIVESNationalism
Desire of oversea coloniesEconomic competition
Search for raw materialRacism & Social Darwinism
Superior to othersMissionary Impulse
“civilize” non-westerners
Heather Nice
We've studied nationalism - how would this have an effect on European expansion?What about economic competition? Empire is a sign of national greatness. Competition for colonies was intense and most great nations wanted to plant their flag all over the world - quote by German historian Heinrich von Treischke, "All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desire to set their mark on barbarian lands, and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come."What is racism? Belief that one's race is superior to others. Because of their advanced technology, Europeans believed they were better than other races.What is Social Darwinism? They took Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" and applied them to humanity. Under Social Darwinism, those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others. According to the theory non-Europeans were considered to be on a lower scale of physical and cultural development because they did not have the technology the Europeans did.Missionaries pushed for expansion as they attempted to convert the peoples of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands. Many believed European rule was the only way to cure societal evils such as the slave trade.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJe1W_HIWmA
IMPERIALIST MANAGEMENT
INDIRECTlocal officialslimited self-ruledevelop leadersgov’t based on
Euro style w/ local rules
DIRECTforeign
officialsNo self-ruleassimilationgov’t based
only on Euro
Heather Nice
INDIRECT:1) local government officials were used to rule2) limited self-rule3) goal to develop future leaders ofor the country4) government institutions were based on European styles but may have local rulesEXP:British colonies India, Nigeria, and BurmaUS colonies in the Pacific IslandsDIRECT:1) foreign officials brought in to rule2) no self-rule3) goal: assimilation4) government institutions are based only on European styles, as are the rulesEXP: French colonies - Somaliland & VietnamGerman colony - TanganyikaPortuguese colony - AngolaIS THIS STILL PRACTICED TODAY? WHICH FORM AND WHERE?
IMPACTMilitary presence reduced local warfare
Example less warfare= increase tradeColonies started to value international trade
Humanitarian improvements Improved literacy and life expectancy
Lost control of land & traditional cultureDivision of the continent/ artificial
boundaries Famines, diseases, and stripped of
natural resources
Heather Nice
Impact of Colonial rule on Africa.1) as they were under the control of European powers, raids between rival tribes were reduced2) improved sanitation, brought hospitals and schools, life spans increased, literacy rates improved, african products valued on the international market, gained railroads, dams, telegraph and telephone lines3) lost control of their land and independence - many of them died of new diseases such as smallpox. lost thousands of people resisting the Europeans and to famine as a result of cash crops replacing their subsitence agriculture.4) traditional authority figures were replaced, homes and property were transferred with little regard to the people who lived there, men had to leave their traditional villages to support their families, identity problem between what was traditionally their role vs what Europeans wanted. Hunter versus work on the railroad, etc.5) long-term rivals chiefdoms were sometimes united, while at other times kinship groups were split between colonies. The artificial boundaries that combined or unnaturally divided groups created problems that plagued Africa then and continue to this day.
1) African peoples were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups. Most continued to follow tradtional beliefs, some others converted to Christianity and Islam. These groups spoke more than 1,000 different language. Politically, they ranged from large empires that united many peoples to small independent villages. Largest empire in W.Africa had a peak population of about 10 million people.2) Although Europeans had been in contact with Africa since the 1450s, they controlled very little land as powerful African armies were able to keep them out for almost 400 years.3) Large-scale interior travel was virtually impossible - they could not navigate African rivers as there were too many cataracts or drastically changing flows. 4) between Africans. These networks kept Europeans from controlling the sources of trade items such as gold and ivory - were specialized - certain tribes traded certain things.
THE CONGODavid LivingstoneHenry M. Stanley Leopold II
harsh demandsHumanitarian demands improve literacy, working, and living
conditions somewhat Schools and hospitals were built as well
as the construction of railways, ports, roads, and mine
Heather Nice
Livingstone - minister from Scotland traveled with a group of Africans deep into central Africa looking for the source of the Nile. Several years passed with no word from him and many feared him dead. Henry Stanley, an American reporter, was hired by a newspaper to go find him - he did in 1871 on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, history tells it that he said, "Dr. Livingstone I presume?" Stanley left Africa, wrote the account and became famous. In 1879, he returned and signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River Valley for Leopold II of Belgium.Leopold claimed his primary goal in establishing the colony was to abolish the slave trade, however, he licensed companies to brutally exploit the Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants. The forced labor, excessive taxation, and abuses of the native Congolese were so severe that humanitarians from around the world demaded changes. In 1908, the Belgian government took over running the colony which was 80 times LARGER than their country.When Leopold seized the Congo the French, British, Germans, Italians, Portuguese, and SPanish became worried and began to claim other parts of Africa.
Talk
3. With a partner name a few lasting effects that European colonization had on Africa.
life expectancy improve literacy, working, and living conditions Schools and hospitals were built construction of railways, ports, roads, and
mine
Case Study
China, Japan, & the United States
ChinaForeignersSelf-sufficientTea & OpiumOpen Door PolicyBoxer Rebellion
Heather Nice
Foreigners - out of pride in their ancient culture, the Chinese looked down on all foreigners, however 1753, the Qing Emperor agreed to receive an ambassador from England who brought all kinds of gifts of the West's most advanced technology (clocks, globes, musical instruments, even the hot air balloon). The emperor was not impressed and in a letter to King George III, he stated that the Chinese already had everything they needed and were not interested in the strange objects of the West.Chine is self sufficient - produce enough rice there is waste, extensive mining and manufacturing industries (silk, cottons, and porcelain) - they didn't NEED trade with the West. Because they didn't need the trade they weren't interested in it - only one colony in the South had traded with the West and the balance was in their favor - they exported much more than they imported.The British imported millions of pounds of tea every year and exported goods worth much less - they compensated for the difference in silver, but the imbalance begins to drain their silver supply. They were determined to find a product that China would buy in mass quantities - they found it in Opium, a habit forming narcotic made from the poppy plant. Although it had been used as a medicinal remedy in the past, British merchants smuggled it into China for "recreational" use. It took a few decades for smoking Opium to catch on, but by 1835, about 12 million Chinese were addicted to the drug.The growing supply of Opium caused huge social, moral, and monetary problems for the country. Chinese advisors plead with the British to not sell the drug, "that is not permitted to harm your own country" to their citizens. Britain refused and there was an open clash between the British and China - the Opium War of 1839. The battles took place mostly at sea and the Chinese ships were no match for the superior Brit vessels - they suffered a humiliating defeat and signed a peace treaty - the Treaty of Nanjing - which gave Britain Hong Kong and allowed them to keep selling Opium in the country. It also allowed missionaries permission to come in and convert.After signing another treaty in 1844, US and other foreign citizens gained ER - which provided an exemption from Chinese law at five Chinese ports - allowing westerners to act as they pleased. The Chinese deeply resented these privilieges and the foreigners among them and a bustling trade in Opium continued.
JapanIsolationTreaty of Kanagawa
allowed 2 open ports and embassy Japanese Imperialism- attacked Korea
Taiwan & Pescdores Islands Russo-Japanese War- over Korea &
Manchester ( early 1900’s)
Heather Nice
In the early 17th century, Japan had shut itself off from almost all contact with other nations - under the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns society was tightly ordered in a feudal system that kept Japan free from civil war, so peace and relative prosperity reigned for several years. As they had almost no contact with the Industrialized world, they wanted little to do with the Westerners who occassionaly anchored off their coasts in an attempt to bring about trade.But, in 1853, when US Commodore Matthew Perry took four ships to Tokyo harbor, they were amazed by the massive black wooden ships that were powered by steam defended by huge cannons and rifles, knowing these weapons could have wiped out hundreds of the fiercest Samurai in seconds. The Tokugawa shogun realized he had no choice but to accept the letter from president Millard Filmore which was polite but contained a veiled threat - allow us to trade or we may use the weapons. Japans response was the Treaty of Kanagawa.TOK - signed in 1854. Under the terms of the treaty, Japan opened two ports at which American ships could take on supplies. Also allowed the US to set up an embassy in Japan. Once the US had a foot in, other western powers soon followed. By 1860, Japan, like China, had granted extraterritorial rights to many foreign nations and had granted other foreigners permission to use their forts.ME - Japans young emperor ended the military dictatorships that had ruled Japan from the 12th centry and began a new form of governing called Meiji, which means "enlightened rule". Although only 15 when he took over, his 45 year rule is called the Meiji era. He realized the best way to oppose Western imperialism was to adopt new ways. Reforms: 1) feudal lords gave their land to the emperor, 2) sent statesmen to Europe and NA to study foreign ways, 3) took the best of the West and adopted it to their culture, 4) modernized their military mimicking European powers, 5) adopted American system of public schooling, and 6) began the western path of Industrialization - rails, coal, companies, factories, etc.JI - By 1890, Japan had almost turned around and was Westernized. As it had gained military, political, and economic strength and began to feel more a counterpart to the West, they began to join in on Imperialism. First they attacked Korea and China stepped in to help the Koreans, thus we see the Sino-Japanese War - within a few months, the Japanese had driven the Chinese out of Korea, destroyed the Chinese navy, and had begun taking over Manchuria. They signed a treaty in 1895, which gave Japan its first colonies - Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands.RJW - Mist Western nations had expected China to beat Japan, so the victory surprised them and changed the world's balance of power. Japan and Russia emerged as the major power - and enemies - in East Asia, and soon went to war over Manchuria. In 1903, Japan offered to recognize Russia's rights in Manchuria if Russia would agree to stay out of Korea. The Russians refused and in Feb 1904 Japan lost a surprise attack on the Russian navy anchored off the coast of Manchuria. In the resulting RJ War, Japan drove Russian troops out of Korea, won the brutal land battles, captured most of Russia's Pacific fleet, destroyed their Baltic fleet, and won the war. 1905 in the Treaty of Portsmouth negotations (which Theodore Roosevelt helped to draft), Japan took the captured territories and forced Russia to stay out of Korea and withdraw from Manchuria.
Heather Nice
negotiating the treaty of portsmouth
U.S. in Latin AmericaColonial legacyPolitical instability,
caudillosOld products, new marketsMonroe Doctrine
Heather Nice
CL in LA - most LAs worked for huge landowners who paid their workers with vouchers that could only be used at their stores - wages were low, prices were high and workers went into debt. Their debt accumulated and passed on to the next generation making the "free" workers little better than slaves. As the new governments that were created after the struggle from colonial independence took over, they removed the land from the indebted people and sold it off to large landowners who bought it and became even more wealthy. The unequal distribution of land and its poor use combined to prevent social and economic development in LA.Widespread problem in LA. Many LA army leaders gained fame and power in the struggle for independece and often to continued to exert their power controlling the new nations as dictators, or caudillos. By 1830, nearly all the countries in LA were ruled by caudillos. They found little opposition as the upper classes, opposing power being given to the lower classes, supported them. Also as the natives had gained little experience with democracy, the rule fo the caudillo did not seem unusual to them. LA economies depended on exports and most countries focused on one or two products. However, with advances in technology (particularly the railroad and steamship), their exports are going to grow. Also toward the end of the century, with the development of refrigeration, the sale of beef, fruits and vegetables, and other perishable items soared. However, it is foreign nations and not LA that is going to benefit from this huge increase in trade. As LA imported European and American manufactured goods, they had little rason to develop their own manufacturing industries and would remain unindustrialized which prevented them from playing a role on the world stage. They also did not fund programs to make them self-sufficient, instead often borrowing money - at high rates - to develop facilites for their exports. Britain, France, Germany, and the US proved willing lenders, however, as the LA countries were not able to pay back their loans, foreign leaders began to threaten to colect the debt by force or by taking over the facility they had funded. MD - Although most LA countries had gained independence by the 1800s, they feared that European countries would try to reconquer the new republics. The US, a young nation itself, feared this as well. In 1823, President Monroe issued the MD which stated "that American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." Brtain agreed to back the MD with its powerful navy. Until 1898, the US did little to enforce the MD and Cuba was going to prove to be its testing ground.
U.S. in Latin America
Cuba & José MartíPanama CanalRoosevelt Corollary
Heather Nice
Cuba, one of Spain's last colonies in the Americas, declared its independence in 1868 and fought a ten year war against Spain. In 1878, with their island in ruins, the Cubans gave up the fight. However, some Cubans still wanted to seek independence. In 1895, Jose Marti, a writer who had been exiled returned to fight for Cuban independence and helped raise an army - although he was killed in the war, the Cubans battled on. By this time the US had developed substantial business holdings in Cuba, so to protect our economic interests, we stepped in on the side of the Cubans saying we objected to the brutal treatment of the natives by the Spanish.In 1898, we joined their war for independence which came to be known as the Spanish-American War. After years of fighting, the exhausted Spanish soldiers gave up easily. In 1901, Cuba was declared independent at least in name. But the Cubans resented US intervention and the military government we had installed as it prevented them from being truly independent. After its defeat in the SA war, Spain turned over the last of its colonies and we received Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phillipines as our territories. As we were now the dominant political power in LA, we then set our sights on Panama.PC - We were regarded by the LAs as the "Colossus of the North". Geographically, we were a huge country by this point - however, land travel proved long and difficult and a sea trip involved travel around the tip of South America, a journey of about 13,000 miles. We had wanted a canal to cut the journey for some time. In the 1880s, a French company tried, but failed to build a canal across Panama. However we remained enthusiastic about it, especially President Roosevelt. In 1903, Roosevelt offered Columbia (Panama's "owner") $10 million plus a yearly payment for the right to build a canal. The Columbian government demanded more money, so we responded by encouraging the Panamanians to revolt as they had been trying to break away anyways for the last 100 years. In 1903, with help from the US navy, they won independence and in gratitude gave the US a ten mile wide zone in which to build a canal. For the next 10 years American engineers battled floods, head, and disease carrying bugs and animals, to build the massive waterway. Although the US started a campaign to get rid of the disease carrying insects and rats, thousands of workers died during construction. The canal opened in 1914 and ships from both hemispheres began to use it - LA had become a crossroads for world trade and the US controlled the toll booth.RC - To protect US economic interests in LA, Roosevelt wrote an extension to the Monroe Doctrine called the Roosevelt Corollary which gave the US the right to be "the international police power" in the Western Hemisphere. The US used the RC many times in the following years to justify American intervention in LA. US troops occupied some countries for decades and many LAs protested this occupation but were powerless to stop the giant neighbor to the north as we turned a deaf ear to their protests.
Heather Nice
At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Theodore Roosevelt formed a group of volunteers that became the First Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. Roosevelt dubbed them the Rough Riders. In July 1898 Roosevelt led his men on a charge up Kettle Hill, which flanked a Spanish fortification on San Juan Hill. The charge made the Rough Riders famous, and years later, Roosevelt called the battle “the great day of my life.”
U.S. IMPERIALISMColonies on Pacific Islands
The Philippines, GuamHawaiiLatin America
N. Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Panama, and more…
Panama Canal Suez Canal
Suez Canal
Panama Canal
With a partner explain the how the location of the Panama and Suez canals impacted historical events?
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