-14-

II. lie T.';EHCKEN AIm THE Wl\ TCH ,'IlTD \'vlIRD SOCIETY OF BOSTON

BLAISE BISAILLON

Thc- po}['rizf'tion of Anwricf'n socifty in tlw 1920v8 V"r8 sym-·

bGliz,C'd b;r such \MC'll-kno\liTn (;'vE'ntr: or ph(;'nomf'n~ flS thE' ned SCE'r<?',

the: SCO})('f! TriF'l~ the Srcco-V",nzE'tti trip1 1 prohibition, ilm'1ig!'(1tioY:.

rCf~triction, pncJ the re:-rmergrnce of the: Ku Klux Klr'n. Anothrr

\'cve:nt;;, ,~,~ syrl1bolic rfi [lny othe:r of th<?' 1920v~,~ but never notro. in

the: gene rpl ;:, ccounts of Am(' ricrn history, WE'S th(' 1926 confront;:' tion

bctwC'E'n the ~nti-vicr WE'tch 2nd W~rd Soci('ty of Boston pnd H.L. ~rnck('n of Bpltimorc.

In tllC: United 3t~,t('~< in 1925, I'ruritc'ni~ml; V<?[-lS E' 1ivC? ('na V"0'II?

hut on the ocffl1.[;ive: ~ '(;:·inf1t E' Vf'rifty 0:;:- 1ibfr2ting forcrs. In

Boston? :l1"uritpnif~ml: vilrs rliv(' r'nd v·Jell, period, rne] thc: reprC'f~f:iv('

institution thrt PPPC'prru most SE'curC' the:rC' V'.7~'F: cE'l1f'orf!hip Cps

rJr<"U"l:iCCd by the: \'lc,tch pncJ Wrrcl fSocirty) 0 1.1:'hc mop-t conp.tpnt 0I.J iJU11E'l'lt

of ;:Puri tF1nism ll dV.I'in{,; thE' 8C ye:f'r8 V\lp s the irrE' prr E1 Si blc: Ho J...Jo I.kncl-::<?n

('~~r-lE'yi~·;t, journplir:'t? 80cipl critic, litcr(lry critic, philologist,

,lnc1 C'Oi tor of the intrlle:ctuplly pbrf'sivE' f\.]ilc::.:r:i.c.t'-~ .r'i~('_z<?~rx mf'CF'z:Lne. l

I'.'lcncl;:cn con~!iclcrrd ~'ll inhibitions Puritpnic("l r-nC:1 ('viI. HE' O;'J­

pOf!ee; filly gro'll;) orpcrson thpt E'ttcmptE'O to rcc;nl[ltc th\~ p1~iVt't('

b('hF'vior of othcrr~ or pttC'm~)tcd to f1UpprCs[1 the: non-viole:nt s('lf­

r:xpn:f~f-!ion of ['nyone. IIc:' ('xpr('sf!('Q his OJ)pof~ition~ vC'rb~'lly E'nu in

hi::' T!1E'{jE'zin(', v"ith [' ~~f'tiric9 bitter, oftc:n i11F:'llltinC? f'no Plv"C'Yf l

incisivC'9 \Nit. In (' letter to c' fricnd, Mencken V'TOtc thc't hE' bC'-

1iev('o in only 011f thine: liberty. But he would not hf'vC' ('ven ')

liberty f01"C(,o. u~) on E'nyonc.'- With such E' 1ibrrtE' ri<"1l pttituoC',

l:lcnclccl1 \;')ou10 ccrt2inly OP -)Of~(, E'ny efforts to Ycptrf'in or f~Up ;1:'0'[1(:''1

his OV-11 rtgl'l'[' of f-!C'lf-expn'f:r1ion. In Anril of IS26, tIl(' Wf'tch c'ne}

We'rd Society took f'ction thf't thrcptcncCJ the frce dir·,tribution E'ncl

continuro 1)ub1icf'tion of thr AIIl_C':...r:i.cJ'_n_ I4f;r:c_t!r:.V_o_ Crhis pction Vllf'S

chE'11enGE'cJ by I'lcncl-::en pnC thC' up.-C'!hot VJ~lG E' hiCShly jJub1icizcu ob­

f·!cC'l1.i L~y trif'l - E' lpndrJE'rk in the history of cenSOrf!jlip in the

United StE'tC:'s.

The iJVi'tell E'ne: We'ru Society, 1 . .Ihich, by the 1920~s, hE'cJ cnjoyed

fifty YC'E'rs of nublic pcce~tpnce 2nd strC'tC'gic GUCCCG8 in c('nsoring

I:obr-ccnc:: books, y.·'f'8 not f ~ imply [' vllf'tch-C1ofS orgc'nizE'tion thf't might

lJref~f:uJ.:,(, the: stF'tC' govcrnucnt into enforcing or f!trC'nc;thC'ninc;

-15-("xi Cl tin{< ob8c("ni ty stE'tutc8. It V~f'8 f'n ('xtn1 -1I?gE'1? WlofficiE'l

orgE'niz1='tion \,111108(' pctivi tiE'8 V"l?r(' unchE'llcngeu by f'ny other group

or person in Mf'88E'chusetts. Th(' Wptch pno WE'rd \"If'S dirl?ct1y rl?­

~:ponf! i hlc for t11(:' supprc 8sion of boolG=1 by Wf' 1 t Whi tmf'n, A lcJouf!

~ :'1lxlI?Y, SinclE'ir Le~lir~, Theodorc Driesl?r, Erncst Hl?li1in[,;v17E'Y, Upton

; :~il1clp.ir, E.G. Wells, John Dos Pf'SSOS, /:I.nd Shl?rwood Anderson. From

" <:15 to 1926 PS lTIE'ny f'8 sixty books E' yf'E'r, ~~ld~ .C'JI:.€.Y'21.\_rl? t V',prC'

1 nE'vE'ilE'ble in ME's8E'chusctt8~ bookstorl?s bl?cpuse of Wptch 2nd Wf'rd

I rI?8sur('. This siturtion (,prncO Do~ton thp rcp~tE'tion E'8 the

Grec'tE"f't c2nter of li trrE'ry 8upprC'8sion in the Uni t('d ~j'bl'·-t('f\. 3

Tht" SociE'ty's dirC:'ctor, J. FrE'nklin Ch2S(',4 dE'scribC'C'J his f\mc'­

tion E'f4 r:prE'v('ntivC' criticism.\! This involv('d th(' rcpdinG pnc1 the

('v21m'tion of nE'\" novels ['n(l mC'g1"zines. If pn item V,IPS dcterm~ . 11E"0.

2cc('ptf'blE", it could bl? 80ld ~ithout fCf'r of prosC'cution. If not,

E'l..l L'If'f~flf'chuf~("tt8 bookstores ['l1e] nl?V'lsCle21l?rs y.l('rr 80 notifi("(1 pnc:1

f'nyonE' 81?11ing thc concJenmco book or mE'gpzine f'fter forty-eight

hour2 hE'd C'lE'psE'd \"IPfl 1ipble to prosccution ini tiE'trd by the WF'tch

pnd WE're] Socicty.

In M£1rch of 1926 Chpse· drcl1"rl?d th1"t the April issu(' of thc

Am('_;t:.tc.f'..l1}1l('}::,c_~:rX \I"('S tiobj('ctionpble. tI Chp 8 (, hf'o b("en V"f'i ting for

I;>n ("xC,\.lSC to E'tt2ck thF ~1~I_9..u.r..Y £1ne] choPE' fin E'rticlC' by Hcrbc rt

Asbury, nHptrE'ck, ,; E'n PCCoilllt of (I prostitute Vs f~orry lift=' in (I

flmE"ll torm in rurE"l l'fIip,souri, p~~ the:- pretext for hi[-: fIction. ThE'

£1£..:r..9.'LlriL hEld- ~'lr('E'uy printe:-d three:- £11"'ticle:-8 thE't V"ere directly- of­

fC:llSivf', if riot inpultinr;, to thE" rtkthodif~t re:-ligion, to the' W£1tch

E'no WE'ro Society, to ChE's(' himsFlf, pnd to thc C'ntirC' BOf.-~ton com ...

nl' .. 'nity • . The first,· tIAr8(>l1pls of Hc"tr('d ir: [,ccuf~ E'd r<:ligious func1p-·

mentE'lism in genfrpl E'nd Uethodism in pprticu1E'r, of cncourpging

['nt:i-socipl pttitudes E"mong their follovl'crs. A fC'vII months lptc-r tht='

nlE'gc' zinc printe-d pn E"rrlirr Asbury f'rticl.t=', t:U) from I.kthooisn1, n p

j;lcmoir of £1 r.Iethoc'ist childhood, thpt ]1.po left him ttfull of contempt

for the church, f'ncl disgust for th<: form.s of religion. n6, ThC'P('

V.1Cl'(' fol10\,lcd by ..:\.L.S. Woodvs t'KC:'eping thc- Puritpnf." Pur(",tr F.'n ex­

pose of the Wptch f'no Wprd' s cE'nsorship mC'tb_ods. 7 The' finpl inf.·1 ult

Vllp8 Cht'rlC's Angof'f's vicioU8 .C:'SSf'Y, t'Bof-!ton T\'7ilic;ht.n f\.nc;off

ot='8crib("u Bop-c.on (If:1 onc(' the Athens of Ame ricF'~ nOVII ovc--rrUJ.'l by

"louts, ft'k('s, pncl roguE"f1,tt \~Iith p populpce too illitE'rptc to UIHJO:'-

8tE'nO or ppprcciptC:' the litC'rpture of E' Theodore Drirsl?r or E" JE'mrs

Bn'~1ch Cpbcll (E"'llthorf! of books DPni1 E' a in no~~ton)? fine v':i.th t: pn

-16-orgE"nizE"tion of smut hounds ••• Vllho 8r<? to it thF't Boston is kept in

the guttC'r. (i Angoff further E"ffronted th<? ci ty by cE'lling it th<?

rtgF'rbE"ge crn of Anl0'ric2n journplism 9 (; 2no dC'scribing its rE'ligious

E'-c.m0f11Jhcre ('s Clfoul V"ith the bp,Mling of FundF'mcntF'list:s, the-oGo,,;,

phists, metpjJl1yr!icpl hrE"lers F'l1d other such qUf-'Ckf4 .(; lk th(,l1 ripped

i_~i.tQ the Irif\h. \;r12ny rCF'f\OnS h1"vc bC'f'l1 given for the collE'spE' of

p,::"1tOll cuI tun?, (; f'ne], continued Angoff, Ilpn obvious r('p~~on is thC'

:i 1} w'sion of thc tovm by such inunigr2nt morons. c; The Iriph ('l('c-(.eo

Lugh 0 vBriel1 Hlf'yOT in lUC4 - (;Bof' ton cli('o thF't dE'y,;: wrote' Angoff,

F'ncl t:the R('nF'if'18E'nCe of Boston will not trkc p12cc until thrsE' bE'r-n

bE' ri E'llS [" re C' x t (' rminc' tea 0 ;; u

The gr.ncrf'l ['lcorn th2t l!i('nc1;:e11 2no hiG lTIF'gE' zinc continuously

dirC'ctE'o f't the VF'luC'f1 th2t most il.m('ricE'11G [1till chcrif:lhcd, l1l2ck him

p jJrim2:L'Y tprcet for t~1C nPuri tr'nr-: t1 of the' 1020 0 8, ['nd <?SPCCi811y

for tlw inGu·l-('C'd, but vr.ry f.'Tlf-N1sured "Purit[-'11s(i of BOF~tono They

thought of T:lcnckcn ['f\ E'S <'nt:L-Chri8t .. Someo11e' lUre JoFn'nklin Oh("fl(,

could believe' \r.,ith complet(' ccrt2inty thf,t [I bettl<? bC't\NC'Cll himseLf

On D,lprch 0, 1926, Ohc'8e notifirc1 thC' NC\17 EnC,,;-lr-'YH.l NevilS 00l11lJf'ny

thpt bC'Cf'U8C of the \;r'L'trE'clct; f'rticlC' ~ the f1f'lr of the April ir-:f11.H."

of thc h-}r~('..r.i.s,C')~ P[c.r:c.u):X v.lould COl1r"ti tU-Gc GTotmdr: for lCL~21 2c-r.iol1 q

Appf'rC'l1tly, f.Icnclrc11 \Nc'S ini ti1"11y content to di~·~mis8 011£'8('1s c' ction

with p v c;'rbE"l blE'f'!t, but f'Iter f!OmE' rrflc-c-tion he conr'!ultE'u \nith

hif! publif!her 7 AlfrC'o Knopf, pnd VIIi th his bUGil1cfls m(111c'e;Cr, S2n1u('1

Kno)i' (Alfredvfl fF'ther), PJ.1Cl to{;ctlwr they :;-:ought lel'!,F'l coul1s<?l

from l~rthur GfirfirlcJ Hf'Y[I. nencJcC'n hc, (J be('n in1 :)rcrQ:'1E'o by Hr'y[~ 9

perf o I'ii1c'llC 0' Pi' p cJefC'11f'c lE'v,'ycr f,t thc SCOl)C'8 tr:Lpl p fev" months

cE'rlicr. IL~:1Yfl urC;C'd f' direct confrontF'tion Viii th the \!"if'tch f'nu WE'rd

Society \'/hich pouL': involve the oE."libcr2tr: sE'lc, by TiIencken, of c'

COiJY of the outlc'v"C' d LlF'gr.zil1 C' diTcctly to ChF'f1 C. I',lencke11, frer of

fc'mily rCf~ponflibility ~~incc thE." recent CicF.'th of hi;.! J:tlothE'r, \"IP8

\MillinG -Go ri:::::k the . jf'il scnte11ce he could rccriv(' if found guilty.

lk Wf'll-G<?O publicity, flO he invitC'd Oh['8(' to L1pke tlw ]Jurchflf!(, on t]1('

]Joe:ton C01:01"10n, f't the Brimr·!tonE' OO:L'"'Ylfr, April 5, 1926, [It hlo p.m .•

r.1cnclccn expccted immediptc prrff!tq Hpy::=" plc'nnC'u to PPPcf'l the

C'r'Yc~~t, ['nticip,;tc'cJ lo::~inc in BO~"1ton, but hoped to 'i"in pn f'PP('c'l to

2 ]'c(lerE'l court. H2Yi' clcciueu to preuc th[lt OhF'[-1c 1ft E'ction pgf'in[4t

the' ELc:..r..c-'!-:t-_rx V'PS not l:Jf'f-!ccl on C'XiF!ti11G obclcC'ni ty f1tf'tutrr: ~ but WPF:

E' non-lcGf'l f'ttE'r.l '?t to (Selin p('rr::~om'l rC'vcngc. IknckE'n hc'u ex)rc8;.u::-d

-17-thir~ point ~\:v('rfll dflYS beforC' the trifl.l~ 1l0bvioUGly, n he \Mrote to A I <' . ' I d (I C h . .'.'. J. I.) • IV 00, E' P, C' ~ P, secking r~vrng(' for your operption on him'.G

Confidrntip11y v"r hope to [4hovl1 mF'licE' in hi~ F'ction. ti I!knckc=-n C'1[10

intended to mC'kf it cle"r thpt hc=- wC'nted to test thr 1f'~, not defy

it. 9

TIlE" prE'F18 hC'C] be(,11 informE'o of th<? JJcnckrn-Chf'sE' mE'etine; "no

liVfTe w['itin{': f't the COI1Ft1.0n f'long 1JI1ith f' crovld of over one' thouspnd

curious on-lookerF~. I t took C h['se ovC'r fi ftC'el1. minu tE'f4 to m1"ke his

wey through the E'xpE'ctrnt mob fInd givE' McnckC'n ~ ~ilver h"lf do11C'r

for the April iflf!UC' of the ~J.~lE .. r._~~~!l..JIE'_r_c.~lr'y_ ... HC'nckcn F'cccptE'd the

coin e.no v'li th his mf'rvC'lous ~'1E'nsf' of humor fInd of th(' ridiculous,

plpcc=-d it bC'tv"C'cn his te('th fino hi t oOFn hC'rd. ChpsC' thf'11. ordered

UrnckC'n "rrE'stf'd for violptinc Chrpter 272, 8E'ction 28, of the

Public G('nE'r,,1 Lf'V"8 9 ti P08 [:cp.p.ine; C'no ~C'llinc ob8cene litrrC'turf'.c;IO

ThE' trip1 V"C'['! sct for the next morninc;. The prN:icJing judgE' vllou1d

decicJr if t;}IC'tr("ck" violC'tro I\ll='f~Gf'chusetts ob8crnity stptutrfq

f!pecificf'lly, if it cont['inC'o metter (even onf' word) cplculE'ted to

t1corrupt the morf'ls of the' young. ttll r.kncken fInd Hpys exprct0'd to

10s0' the CflS0'. NE'ver hfld fl Uunicipp1 Court Judge founcl fl· W['tch f'lJ,O

WE\rd dC'f0'nac:'nt not guilty. ThC" di~!trict pttornC'y, ThoTl12s O'Brirn,

t:V'.I['[l rebid on th0' ccnr-lorship qUE'~tionr: f'n(l . hpd C'ctuf'lly thrrtened

to ppck the jury pgf'inst MenckC'n. Finplly, the judgC' scheduled to

prC'Pid0' WPfl conr:icJ.C'J:"('c1 C' v~lflrm fri0'11u of the WC'tch f'.no Wflro Soci('ty.l~

But, on th0' rnorning of th0' tripI, luclr f!t0' :~) I)('d into hi2toryo

The cpse h['d been moved to the cfllcndpr of the Honoreble JpmeA

PC'rmentcr, one of the fe'vil BOAton l'lpgip-tr~te:f" with fl "libcrplt' r0'p­

utC'tion. Th0' rhift occurrea, f' DPprently, bC'Cf'UAe Nenckeno~ lewyerA

~fre lC'tE' rCf'ching the courtroom.

During the tripl N0'nckcn prgued thpt he n ever publiGhed ob8ce:nr

Jnf'terif'l. Hi~" purpOGe in cOljlillg to BOf~ton WPA not to dC'fend th0'

morrl stpndC'rd of hiG IDf'GPzine, but to o0'fcnd hiG r0'putption flnd

propcrty pgr'inrt th0' ill0'(!,("l pctionr of J. Frf'nklin Cll1"G(,. H['.ys

preP-C'ntca C' pIce' for frC'0'dom of the preAF~ r'nd then 2f!1'~('d Judee

Pprmcnter to rc("c1 thc f1rticl0' IIHptr~'ck. t; ThE' judc;e ['nnotll1ced thEd;

he: Y.1oulc~ r0'[,u it tbpt evrning flno pronounce hip, cJe:cif:ion the next

mOITllnC~ t b.:·'[~C'l1 on v"hcthcr or not thr t'rticlc tcnde:d to corrupt the

more.ls of the youth of I'!IPGf11"chuficttr1 •

The Society c'ncJ CbPf:C heu never expected such fl. trif'l. For

-19-A...mQ.ic_E';n M.t.r..®ry find to obt~in $50,000 in deme.g<?'~. ThE' injW1ction

Wfl.~ 8ufltein<?'d on April 14th. ThC:' ecqui ttfl.1 find the?' injunction

conFttitutrd the?' firflt fletbpck thr Wptch E'nd WEI. rd. Society hE'd eVE'r

rrc('ivr:d find m~rkrd thE?' bc>ginning of itfl grfldu?l dE'clinE'. ThE'

BOflton BrE'-hminfl, thE' We.tch fI.nd WE'rd' fI trf'di tionfll pource?' of finE'ncifl.J

Rupport end flociE'·l rE'flpE'ctebili ty, 15 VVE'r(;' E'flpE'cie.lly irri te.tE'd by

thE' outCOrtlr.:' of thE' "HE'trE'ck" ceflE'. Thr.:'y consioerr.:'d ChE'8e thE' pE"r­

pr;trE'tor of E'. vulger flioE'flhovll end blflmed him for thE' E'ntirE' fiesco.

As ChE'.flf:' be?'cE'mE' fl· humiliE'te?'d figure?', ME'nckrn bfCE'mf fin intE'rnfltionp ;_

8ymbol of irE'E' speE'ch. 16 To chE'llE'ngE', E'XpOfle, E'nd defeE't thE' BOflton

CE'nSOrfl, required only H.L. VI('ncken'fI courflgr; (or p<:-rvE'rE'dty); f'nd,

e· bit of unforC'8e('n luck - thr flvvitch to Judgr Perm(:'ntc>r's cf'lendE'r. J

-20-

FOOTNo'rES

1. To undc:rf1t<"nd th(' 'L18e: of th(' trrm "Puri tf:'l'lismll v;rithin thE' conte:xt of the 19200s 7 s('(' FrC'drrick J. Ho ffmpl1. , nphilif'·til1.C' c'ncJ PuritE'n in the: 1920 9

8,1( ~1'}lL_AlT!c::}.:i.D?~!l._Q.1).:.E'.::c::t..E'.r:lY.., 1 (Fr-'11, 1949), ' pp. 247-2630 For fI gcncrE'l 1-'ccount of l.Ic:nckC'n ('nd hifl IDE'gP zinr, seC' Douglpf1 C. Stenl1erson, li'!.k •. }1e:.n£1~rnJ .. .I.c_op.o_c_l.F'.r:t~ )=:r.oJ1l ]3pl.timore (Chicpgo, Univ('rsity of Chicl"go :Pref<s, 1971), PP. 3-33~ p ch['ptC'r rntitlC'd ItLicnckcn ['ncJ Thr Amc:ricF'n r!Irrcury, 1924··1926,1; thrt OO('S no t cJ i 8 eus s the 1\ I~I[' trE' ck!; C' P iGO dE' •

2. H.L. r,'ic-nclcC'n to Ernest Boyd, .tl.ugust 30, 1925, in 1ettf:'rs ' ... qf_B ... .1.A._u1C.tl.Qili':.nf ..• sclre tf d F.'na r'lU'10 te tE' d by Guy J. Fo rguC' ,--eN iv.7'·Yo J.' k, Knopf, 1961), p. 281.

3. pp ul S . Boyr r, pu:;::LJ1Y.. J:q, .I:rilltL .~hc~ _V.~.C?_e .. -:-_S.o.c:.i.~ tv. I':lo_Y(-'JI~.n.;.t. P!l9 Bo.o~ CS.n~ox~~.p .• ..tP. .A.I1!~.r:i.2£.. ( N('~'I York, Scribners, 196m, p. 171, find ,A . L. SO Wood p IIK(,l?ping . 'bhE' Puri tE'n l)urC' , It :.r.4c_Al'r!.('xi.~.~:.l1; }'.lC'.r:cy:l~YJ .. 6 (S c Jtcmbrr 1 1925 ), p. 25 , from ~n intcrvicw ~ith thr Director of the WE'tcn find Wprd Society in thc If1ttc:'rv~~ Boston officr.

'1-. J p son Frf'nklin C h~' 8 c:' (1 G72-19 2 6). Bo rn in Bo ~'! ton, C? ChlCC:' t E' c .... et WCGlypl1 end Boston University. A prpcticinc; mini8tfr from 1900-1907, then, (' full-timE' C'xC?cutivE' mf@bcr of thE' Wptch pnd Wf'rd Society. Appointed P8 uclcC;E'tC:' to thr Ini.:0'rl1etiol1c:'l Purity Fc:der-­c'tion 'by Woodrov·1 \I\7ilson in 1913. Activ(' ('C;('il1.f~t r1cJop<?' trf'ffic ii f'nd

r'v"llite sl('vrry movell1ent,,:\ Author of TIl<?' DopE' Evi l ( 1912 ) en(] The' KtJ?r~1~ (,C_ o.rJ).f1. '<2.f. .r·ilo.r?J .. ~J~G.~.n)_e_c.r~8. (1917 f.·---1vho~v:f'~ ) [lio:)}'L 4.l1leJi_qf~ ; j)~2.:.G.:~:. 1927 rilc'rc:uis &, Co. 19c:6,)o 444. __ .. __ .... 1 1 .,

( 5. Duncpn Al)' ken 1 riArf~cn('ls of IIc,trcd, [, ~J~(:_ J\IY!f.r:i.c.C".l1; }IJ~f.:r:.c,u.rY.l.

3 OctobC?r 1 1924 , pp. 129-136.

G. lkrbcrt Af!bury, "Up from t'icthO(:lif!m;rr .T:~e __ A.n}E"r.i.cf~~'1.)\lc:)~c.t~.:r:.y..;:. 4- (FC:'brur-'ry, 1925), iJp. 1?9-1.35o

7. A. L. S. Woou 1 0]). cit., 74-70.

c. Ch[' rIC' 8 lmgo ff, t:Bo ~~ ton Tlni 1igh t 1;: .~~JlE'.;l\.n~(".r:i_c_p.n. .r,~f}'.C.t~l~y 9 6 (Dc:cfnbcr y 1925), Pi). 439-IJ-f.-4. .l\n::;off \W:'f! c' cloflE' fri ('n (! pn 'j busi·­nC:S8 r'fl 80CiE'tc of TvIl"nc]cc'n 9 s. Thif! f'rtic1c: reflects thE' ("litip-G philoso;)hy culled by LicnckcYl from the v·'riting8 of FriC'drich H:Lctz8chc:.

9. II. L. rJrnckrn to /1. 10 S. Wooc11.!\.·iJril 2, 1926, in .J-:rJ:.:t.('.r.F~ .<?.£.}r,,_.~ •. J:!t:'.D:c)c.CJ:h OPe c:Lt. ~ }i. c~90; ['nO Lrthur GE'rfirld HflYs, .L_f:-'..~t .JJ:..:r:cf.c~o.n~ )lAru~ (NcvJ York? LivC'ric;ht1 1937) 9 p. 16C.

10. i'!i 11i~m b("nchcf<tc:r, ~o_ .. . Ij_~_ r~('.n_c)c.0'.~~. )J.i.f:.:t:~l~b.c.r: .. of :th(=,.XC'.F'.c:,.c. (NOli York9 Collifr~ 1950) 1 .p. 223~ .~f_'i:_YgJ:h~.~i.n~e£, J\pril G, 1926 r p. 319 .Iir' ~t:(o_r_~ .C.o.~~~t.'p._t.? ,t\.~)ril 6, 1926 9 ;). 1;. 1"no 0 the r mE' j or ne V1Sl)I" PE' rf:4.

11. P.o_~~-tO.l'1; P.v.C'.;li}1J~-:~:rT.:~~!.c.r:i..:2J:.J_ jI,~)ril 5, 1926, po 1~ .D..t~iJ.Y, Hc'mpshire GI"z,ttC' CTorth~lllJ~ton, ~.1t'f~P..) ~ J\pril 6 9 19;~G, po l~ .1If.Y;~ Y2~r:l~).:i~1~C~~·;· Ap·l:{[ 7, 1926, jJ. 25~ ('llll IIE'ys7 )::f.t~Xl:('y.U.o}n}l_i.1~,. op. e it. ~ .l) • 16 9 •

-21-

120 Boyer, .t~r:i.:tY~_t:q .. Y.I:.t2lt~,_ .. Tl1f'_YJ_c..~'.::.9.0_cJ.f.ty )~ov('.r'~("E.:1:; ~211S1 ~ook gfg_f''..o}:f:bj..J2.._i}l.AnlfJ'J_..c!~ 0;.). cit., jJo 175 ~ HpYG, LrJ:. Fr_C',.L(toJ~inK.t.. OPe ci t., po 169~ E'no Edgr'r Kc:mlC'r, T:QC'~ I~E'v('_r:C'_n-L}~r..!-l:l~~llclf.('n._ (Bo::-:ton, LittlC', BroviIll <,'nd Compf'ny, 1950), p. 194.

13. CE'rl Bod0', !~J.el1c){C'l1 (Cf'rbond21C', Ill., Southfrn Il1inoj.f1 UnivC'rr1ity PrC'88, 1969), p. 274; c'no ~1f'nchef1tE'r, 1i._.)~~_}i.';.C'_CJ~('}l.~_ .. Di.fj":-t}~~('.r:._oX,_~}~~ .. _:)?C'_r'-c..G.. op. cit. ~ op. 235-236.

14. Until the' 1S33 :r.n"Yli8U: OC'cif~ion rC'je'ctC'o it, Unitrd StE'tf8 courtp. continued to U8(, th(' Hicklin rule in obGccnity Cc'G('f1 -nv,hether th(' trn0('ncy of tlw mc,tter chf'rgcd P8 obGcrni ty i8 to u('­pr2ve [-'nC! corrupt th080' Ph08C' minds pr\? oj)rn to 8uch inf1u('llCr8, pnO i.nto wh08e hF.'1108 c' .pub1icE'tion of tl1i~~ f10rt Ii1PY f['ll. Ii (Lord Chiff JUf1ticc Sir A1rxc'ndcr J<"l11(,8 Edmund Cocll:burn in .TI~(' __ Q..l:l-.~:}"E..Y.'.':. •. H:i.:.~J;:liE., L.R. 3 Q. D. 360, 186e). Reprintp.d in Q.~r.p~oJ'j~l0-..P..~.::1!.f'llcl.lllf-rkX:L e0i t('o by Edwpro De Grpzip, (Nrvil York, BOV'ikcr COlilp2ny, 19(9), pp. 5-11. Judg(' PF'rm('ntcr poulo hE'vc nref~E'11ted rli8 oeci8ion \'11i th this rulr in mind. .-

15. The vvc,tch pna Wf'rd h['o f'l\Mf'Ys hE'd E't lef'st tf'ci t pUl1port froEl t,,·'o im~)ortpnt r1cHwnt:=: of th0' Boston conllnunity~ the u.-';Jcr-clC'88 Brphmi118 ( the SocictyVs 1ett('r-hcpd 1iGted the npmcs of such v,lorthi0's ('s Chp1"1('s '.'/. Eliot, thc former prec1iLlcnt of Hf'rvc'rcl~ thc Rrverrnd Endicott PcC'boOy, hcpdmpstcr of the Groton School; God­frey J~ov\1c11 Cf-'bot, mi11iol1f,ir(' li1f-'nufc:'cturcr f'l1cJ phi1fll1thropif:t9 ,"nd others nuch Pf~ i\~1c8, BO~';cJitch, Lo\"e11, 9uincy,Vi'iC;G1cGvl1orth, Long­f('110',"', fino Coo11.ugT of the DO:"1ton Coo11dg(8) t'ne] the 10vlier-clN'·f~ Il~if1h V,'J.lO V\1('rc orGi:1nizeo for morf'l 8upport by thr pre-clomin[lnt1y Iri~'h, Boston clergy. Scc /\ .• L. 3. Wood, trKccning the I>tlrit(~ns Purc,1r OPe cit., p. 76). pnC Boc1c:, l'!C'}:l.cJs..E.:l.'!, OPe cit., p. 270.

16. In NOvclLlber 0:[ the P[,Il10' ycc'r, Ch['sc (:ird frorll pn('uE10JJi1:1 find pu1mol1E'ry complic;:, ti0118. EE' rlie r in thr 81"111e yc =, r [-'not11 C' r rc 11YC:-

8entrtivr if thc old order, WilliE'm J('nninG8 Dryp11, hpd dicd 2ftrr [' 8imilF'r f"ymb01ic confro11tE'tion V'·;ith Pl1otlu."r rrprr.f'orbc='tivc o:f thr librrE'ting forcr8, Clf'rcncc D;:'rrow (Vi1ith Ikncli:cn n08t~)rolllirlcnt in the: j('r1"inl~ gF'11cry). When l'lk11ckcn V'['S [181ccd i'bout C11[,8C v8 uCf'th, hE" r( 1)licd trWe killed him.;; In rctrof'1JCct LIt'nckcn '.Tote ;:I-lif{ C:c[,th did not grC'C'tly 8urprif~e li1eo ••• onc of ' my 8U~)er8titio11f1 is to the efft'ct thc,t 111('n v'ho [let out to (lo mc evil not infr('quC"nt1y c1i(' 8UG c.l en1) y.;; (Quo 1:(' cJ in KellJlET 9 .CC)y . .r}.:r.r.v:.e:'JCt~ t ).}:._ }LC"}1_C)~.C.n..1. 0,.). cit., p. 214 •

17. _T)lC'_. _~_q.f'~ t:O]~ _E.v:('.l~iAlI-~r.ri'}1f''..c_::t::iJ')j.J. II~) r~ 1 6, 1 S 2 6, j). 1, rc po r-~ cd tlu"t the P.Vill"c:ch to JuLlC;C' ,l?;:'rLJcnterVp, cE'lcncl ;:'r occurrC"d tlbc:cPu8C" OJ: E'n (,f4pccif'11y long 1i~~t of orunl;:8 on th(' cplencJl"r of the 8chrQulE'd judge.:; N'o othe'r fiource giVCf~ thif~ rrE'80n for the' chE'ngro If the:' DOf1ton pr'lJCr i~'i corrC'ct, it if~ most proper thpt the demon rum, \"hich never hpJ ~ bcttpr friend durinG prohibition th211 H. L. Uenckcn, f~houlC] he've COlTle' to thc rcJitor V8 rC:8CUC'.