IJMAP_2_3_19_juniperus_foetidissima SYRIAN JUNIPER

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Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, ISSN 2249 4340RESEARCH ARTICLE

Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 501-508, September 2012

*Corresponding author: (E-mail) ascientific aec.org.sy http://www.openaccessscience.com 2012 Copyright by the Authors, licensee Open Access Science Research Publisher. [email protected]

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0)

Chemical composition and efficacy of essential oil from Juniperus

foetidissima Willd againstthe Khapra Beetle

Ghaleb TAYOUB1*, Adnan ODEH

2, Iyad GHANEM

1

1Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, PO

Box 6091, Syria

2Department ofChemistry, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, PO Box 6091, Syria

*Corresponding Author, Tel.: 00963-11-2132580, Fax: 00963-11-6112289

Article History: Received 12th August 2012, Revised 28th August 2012, Accepted 29th August 2012.

Abstract: The objective of the current study was to determine the chemical constituents and fumigant toxicity of the es-

sential oil isolated by hydrodistillation form Juniperus foetidissima. The chemical composition of the essential oil wasdetermined by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil included large amounts of monoterpenes 51.4%, with citronellol beingthe major compound thereof, and sesquiterpines 42.4%. The fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was tested against lar-vae of the stored-product insect (Trogoderma granarium). Essential oil showed various levels of activities, Exposure tovapours of essential oil resulted in about 98 % mortality of the larvae at a concentration of 65 l/160 cm3 air, at 48h-exposure period. Essential oils ofJ. foetidissima showed a high killing activity with an LC50 value of 26, 9 l/l air. Theabove results showed that there is a potential for using essential oil from J. foetidissima for management of khapra beetlepopulations in stored-product.

Keywords:Juniperus foetidissima; Trogderma granarium; Fumigant toxicity; GC-MS.

Introduction

Insect infestation is a major contributor toquality deterioration of durables (cereals, pulses,roots and tubers) stored in warm and humid cli-mates. Apart from the detrimental economicimpact, these losses pose a major threat to foodsecurity (Chomchalow 2003). Khapra beetleTrogoderma granarium Everts. (Coleoptera:Dermestidae), is the most serious pest in storedproducts throughout the world. It is a majorthreat to stored wheat, and has been consideredas one of the 100 most invasive pests in the

world (Tayoub et al. 2012a)Fumigants, which must be toxic in the gase-

ous state, have been used for many years for thecontrol of these insects (Moffitt and Burditt1989; Taylor 1994). At least 16 chemicals havebeen registered as fumigants, but because ofconcern for human safety, methyl bromide andphosphine are the primary fumigants currentlybeing used commercially for stored products(Evans 1987; Taylor 1994). But the use of me-

thyl bromide is being restricted because of its

potential to damage the ozone layer (Butler andRodriguez 1996; MBTOC 1998; Hansen andJensen 2002). The future use of phosphine couldbe threatened by the further development of re-sistant strains (Bell and Wilson 1995; Daglishand Collins 1999).

Many alternatives have been tested to re-place methyl bromide fumigation for storedproduct and quarantine uses. There is an urgentneed to develop safe alternatives that have thepotential to replace the toxic fumigants, yet areeffective, economical and convenient to use

(Ayvaz et al. 2008). Use of plant products asinsecticide is one of the important approaches ofinsect pest management and it has many ad-vantages over synthetic insecticides (Weinzierland Henn, 1992). Plant materials with insecti-cidal properties are one of the most importantlocally available, biodegradable and inexpensivemethods for the biological control of pests(Zewde and Jembere, 2010).

Essential oils, are volatile natural complex

secondary metabolites characterized by a strong


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502Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants Chemical Composition and Efficacy of essential oilon Khapra Beetle

Tayoub et al.http://www.openaccessscience.com

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odor and have a generally lower density thanthat of water (Bruneton 1999; Bakkali et al.2008), have received a great deal of attention aspest control agents(Lamiri et al. 2001; Sim et al.2006; Yang and Ma 2005) . They are volatileand can function as fumigants, and may also be

applicable to the protection of stored products(tayoub et al. 2012a, b).

The genus Juniperus (Cupressaceae) iswidely distributed throughout the dry regions ofthe northern hemisphere. It is represented by 60species, (Sperry and Tyree 1990; Tunalier et al.2002). Several Juniperus species are used asremedies against common cold, urinary infec-tions, urticaria, dysentery, hemorrhage, to re-lieve menstrual pain in the traditional medicines

worldwide (PDR for Herbal Medicines, 2000;Seca and Silva, 2007). One of the tree forms ofJuniperus is Juniperus foetidissima Willd., Itgrows in Syria, Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia,Turkey, and Crimea (Tunalieret al. 2002). . Thedistinguishing features are as follows: cone-berries ofJ. foetidissima have 1 or 2 seeds (rare-ly 3), twigs ofJ. foetidissima are quadrangular(Davis 1982), wood ofJ. foetidissima is used tomake chests which are believed to be durableand resistant to attack by moths and other in-

sects (Tunalieret al. 2002). Previous studies onthis plant described the components of its essen-tial oil. (Tunalieret al. 2002;Uar and Balaban2002), and Several studies have reported thechemical composition of solvent extracts andessential oil obtained by hydrodistillation ofJ.oxycedrus (Adams 1999; Da Silva et al. 2000),

J. brevifolia (Seca et al. 2008; Seca and Da Sil-va 2008). Balaban et al. 2003 has elucidatedthe fungal growth inhibition by wood extractsfromJ. foetidissima andJ. oxycedrus.

The present study was conducted to deter-mine the efficacy of the essential oils from

Juniperus foetidissima Willd juvenile plantbranches as a fumigant in the management oflarvae of khapra beetle (Trogoderma granariumEverts).

Materials and methods

Insects

A culture ofT. granarium insects was rearedin the lab in 3 liter glass jars covered with a

piece of muslin and placed in an incubator incontinuous darkness at 371 C. Larvae wereisolated using a sieve that allowed their separa-tion from wheat grains.Second and third instarslarvae were used in the tests.

Plant materials

The juvenile plant branches of Juniperusfoetidissima Willdwere harvested at the flower-ing stage in May 2010, at Yafour (Damascus Syria). Collection was made from three individ-ual plants grown in Syria. For each individualleaves were collected. Voucher specimens havebeen deposited in the laboratory of the plant bio-technology department at the Atomic EnergyCommission of Syria (AECS).

Essential oil extraction

Samples were initially air-dried for 10 daysat room temperature until they were crisp, andthen powdered. Oil samples were obtained byhydro-distillation for 3h, using a Clevenger-typeapparatus (Clevenger 1928). Oil yields (1.4% w/w) were then estimated on the basis of the dryweight of the plant material. Hydro-distillatedmass was about 100 g dry weight (Tayoub et al.

2006).

Analysis of essential oils constituents

Gas chromatography

Essential oils were analyzed using an Ag-ilent (6890N) GC system. The capillary columnused was DB-5 (30m0.25mm i.d., 0.25 mfilm thickness) with helium as the carrier gas at1 ml/min. The initial temperature of the columnwas 45C (held 2 min) and then heated to 175Cat a rate of 3C/min (held 5 min), then heated to275C with at rate of 4C /min (held 10 min).Injector temperature 275 C and flame ioniza-tion detection temperature was at 300C.

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spec-

trometry

Constituents of the essential oils were identi-fied using GC-MS. GC-MS analysis was carriedout using an Agilent GC-MS model GC-6890,with an inert mass selective detector 5973. Thecapillary column was DB-35 (30x0.2mm, film


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thickness0.25 m). The operating conditionswere as follows; carrier gas, helium, with a flowrate of 1 ml /min; volume injected was 1 l ofthe essential oil and ionization mode: was elec-tron impact. The GC-MS system was operatedunder the following conditions: injection tem-

perature 250 C, source temperature 250C,fragment energy of 70eV mass spectra were ac-quired using an ionization voltage 70ev. Theinitial temperature of the column was 50C(held for 2 min), then heated to 170C at a rateof 2C/min (held for 7 min), then heated to250C at a rate 4C/min (held for 10 min). Thesame conditions of temperature programmingwere used for oil samples to calculate the reten-tion index (RI). Identification of components inthe oil was based on RI. Individual componentswere identified by comparison of both massspectra and their GC retention data; other Identi-fications were made by comparison of massspectra with those in the data system librariesand cited in the literature (Adams 2007). Quan-titative analysis of percentages was determinedaccording to reference materials and standardsobtained from Aldrich. Calculations were madewith the aid of gas chromatography chemstationsoftware.

Fumigation bioassay

Fumigation bioassays were conducted byplacing insect instars inside glass Petri dishes (9cm diameter) with wheat provided as source offeed when needed. Petri dishes containing theinsects were placed inside other larger glass Pe-tri dishes (11 cm diameter). The essential oildroplets were deposited on the inner surface ofthe larger Petri dish. The whole system was

sealed by parafilm. The volume of the large Pe-tri dish was 160 cm3 air (Tayoub et al. 2012a).

Fumigation of larvae

T. granarium larvae were divided into 10groups, each group consisted of 10 larvae, tengroup treated with : 2.5, 5,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60and 65 l / 160 cm3, and one group as control.All treated and control larvae were incubated at37 1 C for 48h before the number of dead lar-

vae was counted. Each treatment was replicatedfive times. Mortality percentage was observedafter 24 and 48h. Mortality data were corrected

for natural mortality in controls and were sub-jected to probit analysis to estimate LC50, LC90and slopes were generated (Finney 1971).

Results

Chemical composition of essential oils

Chemical compositions of the essential oilofJuniperus foetidissima juvenile plant branch-es are given in Table 1. The constituents of theoil are ordered according to their retentiontimes. Twenty-two constituents were identifiedrepresenting 100% of the oil (Table 1).Citronellol (22.3%), Cadalene (19.1 %), Bornylacetate (14.3 %), Farnesol (9.8 %), -terpineol(9.2 %), -muurolene (5.6. %), Cadinol () (3.7 %), Manoyl oxide (3.4 %), Methylhexad (2.3 %), Elemol (1.9%), o-cymene (1.8%), -ylangene (1.5 %), and Terpin-4-ol (1.5%)were found as the major compounds.Terpenoids represented 93.8% of all identifiedconstituents, with monoterpenes being the pre-dominant components (51.4%) followed bysesquiterpenoids (42.4%) (Table1).

Table 1: Chemical composition of J.foetidissima essential oils.

Concentration (%)RI

a

Compound 0.5850Hexanol(E)0.2933- pinene0.6988-myrcene1.81048O-cymene0.81084Terpinolene0.11097Linalool0.21115Thujone (trans)9.21189-terpineol

22.31233Citronellol14.31289Bornyl acetate1.51324Terpin-4-ol0.61340Piperitol acetate

0.31454 -humulene 1.51474 -ylangene5.61497 -muurolene1.91549Elemol3.71641Cadinol()

19.11682Cadalene0.31740- bisobolol9.81900Farnesol2.31937Methyl hexad3.41998Manoyl oxide100Total identifies

51,4Monoterpenes42.4Sesquesterpenes

6.2Other composesa retention indices.


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Fumigant toxicity

The essential oil vapours of the dried juve-nile plant branches showed variable toxicity tolarvae of test insects, depending on concentra-tion and exposure time. Mortalities of T.

granarium larvae after exposure to the vapourof the essential oil at different concentrationsare shown in Figure 1. The highest effect of theessential oils was observed after 48h-exposureat 65 l/ 160cm3 air (equals to 406.25 l/ l air),on the other hand, no larval mortality was ob-served in the control (Figure 1). This indicatesthat higher dosage is more efficient in manage-ment of pests. The estimated lethal concentra-tions (LC50 and LC90) values obtained areshown in Table 2 as calculated by probit analy-

sis. LC50 was 38.1 l/l air and 26.9 l/l air after24h and 48h-exposure period, respectively. Onthe other hand, the LC50 value decreased with

the increased duration of exposure to the essen-tial oil concentrations (Table 2).

65

60

50

40

30

20

10

5

2.5

control

01234567

89

10

Mortalitiy(%)

Larvae

24h

48h

Dose (l /160 cm3 air )

Figure 1: Percent mortality in larvae of T.

granarium exposed to essential oils of J.foetidissima at different concentrations and ex-posure times.

Table 2: Fumigant Toxicity of essential oil of J. foetidissima against T. granarium Everts larvae.

Chi square

2

d.f.F 05FcalSlopeSELC90

L/l air

LC50

L/l air

Exposure timeEssential

oil14.175.626.22.2 0.4102.126.948hJ.

foetidissima 11.175.640.51.6 0.4120.438.124h

Units LC50 and LC90 =l/l air, applied for 24 and 48h at 37 C. d.f= Degrees of freedom.

Discussion

Over 120 plants and plant products wereshown to have insecticidal or deterrent activityagainst stored product pests (Dale 1996). Es-sential oils are volatile natural complex second-ary metabolites characterized by a strong odorand have a generally lower density than that ofwater (Bruneton 1999; Bakkali et al. 2008).Various publications have documented toxicity

of essential oils extracted from aromatic plantsagainst insects (Obeng-Ofori and Reichmuth1997; Tun and Sahinkaya 1998; Isman et al.2001; Tapondjou et al. 2002; Gllce et al.2003, Tayoub et al. 2012). Also, several re-searchers reported mono- and sesquiterpenoidsas the major components of essential oils(Bajpai et al. 2009).

In the present study, the essential oil ofJ.foetidissima demonstrated fumigant toxicityagainst T. granarium larvae. The insecticidalactivity varied with oil concentrations, and ex-posure time. On the basis of LC50 values and the

same experimental conditions, as compared withthe results reported by Tayoub et al. (2012a,b),

J. foetidissima has a substantially higher toxicitythan the essential oils ofM. communis. So LC50forJ. foetidissima was 10 times lower, i.e. moretoxic, than that ofM. communis at 48h-exposureperiod (LC50 =26.9. and 221 /l air. For J.

foetidissima and M. communis, respectively)and has an almost similar toxicity to O.syriacum L. (Tayoub et al. 2012a, b). Indeed,the leve of toxicity exhibited by J. foetidissimaas reported in the present study was much high-er than toxicities of essential oils extracted fromseveral plants belonging to Myrtaceae family onother stored prodect insects (Lee et al. 2004).For example, LD50 values for Angophora flori-bunda, Eucalyptus cinerea and Melaleucalanceolata on Sitophilus oryzae were 55.7, 42.4and 43.6 ml/l air, respectively after 24h-expousre. No previous studies have been con-

ducted regarding the activity ofJ. foetidissima(Cupressaceae) as a fumigant for the control ofinsect pests. However, there is wide range of


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biological activities reported for other species ofthis genus as well as for their constituents (Secaand Silva 2006).

The toxic effect is almost certainly due toone or more of the components of the essential

oil distilled from this plant particularlymonoterpenes which are found in the oil at con-centration 51.4% of the total compounds com-prising the essential oil (Table 1). And in partic-ular Citronellol (22.3%) Which is used in per-fumes and insect repellents (Taylor and Schreck1985), and biopesticides according to a docu-ment registered in the United States (PC Code167004). Lee et al. (2003) reported thatCitronellol showed 100% mortality tosawtoothed grain beetle after 14h-exposure, and

Bornyl acetate (14.3 %) against stored-productinsects Such as Sitophiles oryzae andCallosobruchus chinensis L. (Park et al., 2003),In addition, it has been demonstrated that -terpeneol and terpinene- 4-ol had a possible fu-migant toxicity to S. oryzae (Lee et al. 2001). Itis possible that the essential oils and their con-stituent monoterpenoids act against insects asneurotoxins (Grundy and Still 1985). Severalreports indicated that monoterpenoids cause in-sect mortality by inhibiting acetyl-cholinesterase

enzyme activity (Houghton et al. 2006). How-ever, Lee et al. (2001) reported that terpenoidtoxicity was not necessarily correlated with theability to inhibit AChE activity. Enan (2001)suggested that toxicity of constituents of essen-tial oil is related to the octopaminergic nervoussystem of insects. There is another suggestionthat some monoterpenes may inhibit cyto-chrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (De-Oliveira et al. 1997). The above citations sug-gest that the target sites of mode of action ofmonoterpenes may be various. It can be con-cluded that essential oil products are generallybroad-spectrum, due to the presence of severalactive ingredients that operate via several modesof action.

Our results mentioned that the J.foetidissima essential oil had fumigant toxicitiesagainst T. granarium. However, further studiesneed to be conducted to evaluate the cost andalso to isolate the active ingredients and evalu-

ate the efficacy of these essential oils on widerange of pests.

Acknowledgement: The authors would like toexpress their thanks and gratitude to ProfessorIbrahim Othman, Director General of AtomicEnergy Commission of Syria and ProfessorNizar Mir Ali for support and encouragement.The authors are thankful to Mr Amer Abu

Alnaser for his assistance.

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