IGCSE Geography 2016 Examination potential 7 mark questions

8/18/2019 IGCSE Geography 2016 Examination potential 7 mark questions

1/23

IGCSE Geography 2016 Examination potential 7-mark questions

Leel ! "7 marks#

3 or more developed statements + named example with at least one piece of place specific detail.

Section of

syllabus

Areas mentioned

in syllabus

Potential

questions

Named

example

Suggested 3 statements

to develop

Place specific detail

.

!verpopulation

"auses #xplain the

causes of

overpopulation

$angladesh ● % Nat pop growth

&$' and (')● % *ac of natural

resources and

impact of flooding● % *#(" , can-t

afford imports

● pop growth of / per year

high birth rate due lac of

nowledge regarding

contraceptives + high

death rate due to lac of

suitable medical facilities● suffers from annual

floods 0 insufficient

resources to provide for thegrowing population

● low 1(P per capita 0

unable to afford imports to

replace natural resources

"onsequences (escribe the

consequences

of over0

population

$angladesh ● 2alnourishment● % Slow rate of

development

● % *ac ofeducation &cycle

of poverty)

● low 1(P per capita unable

to afford sufficient food

supply

● . hectare of cultivableland per land 0 not enough

for the necessary quantity

of food● approximately 4

candidates for twenty seats

0 inefficient education due

to lac of teachers


2/23

.

5nderpopulation

"auses #xplain the

causes of

under0

population

Australia ● % *ow population● % 6ealth of

resources● % "limate limits

access to certainareas

● population of 3 million 0

not enough people to

utilise the available

resources● 3 head per m 0 not

possible to exploit all

resources4 therefore large

areas remain undeveloped

"onsequences (escribe the

consequences

of under0

population

Australia ● % 7nability to use

resources

efficiently● % 'ate of

development is

slower than could

be● % 2ay use

foreign investment

8 labour to exploit

resources

● high average temperature 0

maes farming difficult● 3 head per m 0 not

possible to exploit allresources4 rate of

development is slow● population of 3 million 0

shortage of worers led to

lower optimum productivity

..Natural

populationchange

9igh rate #xplain why

there is a highrate of natural

population

growth

#thiopia ● % (eath rates

decreased due toimproved

healthcare● % $irth rates

remain high● % *ife

expectancy higher

● health sector follows a :

0year rolling plan 0improved access to care

through the expansions● lac of education 0 leads to

lac of nowledge

regarding contraceptives● improved access to health

care 0 results in longer life


3/23

expectancy

*ow rate #xplain whythere is a low

rate of natural

population

growth or

decline

;apan ● % Ageingpopulation

● % *ow fertility

rate● % (eath rates

increase over birth

rates

● old dependents of 3/ 0 feexpectancy increases4

therefore4 the proportion of

old dependents increases● economically active women

0 delay the age at which

they start to have a family● high suicide rate 0 due to

financial pressure &nearly


4/23

international

migration on the

destination

"ultural diversity income revenue of America● illegal migration create

financial tension 0 costs

millions of dollars for

border patrols + prisons● America benefits from

cultural diversity 0 migrants

enriched border states with

food4 language music

(escribe the

impacts of an

internationalmigration on the

origin

2exico to

5SA

#conomically active leave

*ess tax paid

7ncreased money fromremittances

● % shortage of

economically active people

0 migrants are mostlyeconomically active

● less tax paid 0 government

revenue decreases● migrants send average of

BC billion bac to 2exico

.3 (ependant

population

'easons #xplain why

there is a highdependent

population

;apan

Ageing population

*ow fertility rate 'elatively few

economically active

● % old dependents of 3/

0 life expectancy increases4therefore4 the proportion of

old dependents increases● economically active women

0 delay the age at which

they start to have a family● high unemployment rate 0

nearly


5/23

=ob

7mplications #xplain theimplications of a

high dependent

population

;apan 7nvestment in healthcare 2ore money needed to

support elderly

7mpacts on economically

active4 e.g. retirement age

● % old dependents requiremedical and health care

● money is needed to

provide pension and

nursing homes● retirement age delays 0

economically active

individuals have to provide

for old dependents %

.< Populationdensity 7nfluential factors (escribe thefactors that

influence why

an area has a

high population

density

$angladesh

9igh $' 8 *ow (' Dertile land

"limate

●

high birth rate 0 due lac ofnowledge regarding

contraceptives● no adequate rainfall 0

unable to provide a reliable

source of water for people

and farming at certain

areas

(escribe the

factors that

influence why

an area has a

low population

density

Australia "entral , desert

6ealth in cities &mostly

#ast coast)

Darmland &cattle) in centre

● % about


6/23

suitable for farming

.: Serviceprovision

&settlement)

7nfluence #xplain thefactors which

are influential in

the growth of

the settlement

9o "hi 2inh"ity

● flat land 0 suitable forbuilding shelters

● economic drive 0 where

large domestic + foreign

companies are set up4

therefore4 maximum

communications and trade

can be made● transport system 0 new

technologies with higher

speed and safer vehicleincrease peopleEs mobility

#xplain the

factors which

determine

where services

are located in

the area

9o "hi 2inh

"ity

2ain roads

(istance from "$(

(istance from high0

income areas &(8(F)

● % most services located

on the main roads 0 allow

easy access for customers● ma=ority of services located

near "$( 0 where

population is dense● less located in high0income

areas 0 far away from "$(

9ierarchy #xplain the

reasons for the

hierarchy of

9o "hi 2inh

"ity

@ransport lins &road4 rail4

air)

(istance to "$(

● constructions of road

increasing 0 public

transport lins improved4


7/23

settlements in

an area

Services in the area therefore business moved

to tae advantage● wide sphere of influence 0

facilities attract people from

wider area● wide range of services

available 0 provide both low

and high0order services

#xplain the

reasons for the

hierarchy of

services in an

area

9o "hi 2inh

"ity

Proximity to wealthy areas

Proximity to large

populations

Sphere of influence

● % low + high order goods

found in "$( 0 densely

populate so more products

are in demand

● high order goods in (F 0high income areas

● large sphere of influence 0

offers wide variety of goods

.C. 5rban area "hanging land

use

1ive reasons

for the changing

land use in an

urban area

9o "hi 2inh

"ity

5rbanisation &rural to

urban)

7ncreased wealth in the

city 7nfrastructure

development

● % increased urbanisation

0 people see to improve

standard of living●

better paid =obs available 0higher chance of increased

income● improved infrastructure 0

increase opportunities for

employment and overall

development %

5rban sprawl (escribe urban 9o "hi 2inh 1rowth of city ● % urban growth rate of


8/23

sprawl in your

area and

explain the

impacts of this

"ity *oss of natural vegetation

'iver pollution

/ 0 initially densely

populated + additional

migrants● less natural vegetation 0

ma=ority of land used forbuildings

● taes over river 0

development near the river

results in pollution

Problems #xplain the

problems

associated withyour urban area

9o "hi 2inh

"ity

Noise 8 visual and air

pollution from buildings

6ater pollution into theriver

7ncreased traffic

● % increased constructions

0 create noise8air8visual

pollution to local residents● increased production 0

chemical pollution from

industries into rivers● increased traffic 0 densely


migrants cause traffic

congestion

(escribe

attempts to

manage

problems in

your urban area

9o "hi 2inh

"ity

$uilding restrictions

@axation on cars

7nfrastructure investment

● % Goning regulations 0

specific requirements as to

the type of building allow● increased taxation on car 0

to reduce the purchase of

car ● increased investment in

infrastructure 0


9/23

improvements in

vegetation to improve

visual image

.F 5rbanisation (eveloping

country

#xplain why

urbanisation is

occurring in a

developing

country

Hietnam and

9o "hi 2inh

"ity

'ural to urban migration I

=obs

Doreign investment

1(P growth focused in

9"2"

● % urban growth rate of

/ 0 initially densely


migrants● increased foreign

investment 0 foreign

investors tae advantage

of undeveloped resources

or areas● development mostly in

1(P 0 centre of

businesses4 therefore4

allow easy access to trade%

. #arthquaes "auses (escribe the

causes of an

earthquae

;apan4 (irection of plate

movement and pressure

build up

#picentre Seismic waves

As =apan locate in the epicentre4

plate at the east edge of the

#urasian Plate

Plate margin is destructive I causefriction as plate stic

6hen plate move4 tension builds

up

As pressure increases4 it releases

cause a rapid shift in the plates

and lots of energy going to be

release


10/23

#ffects (escribe the

social and

environmental

effects of an

earthquae

;apan4 Short term social effects

*ong term social effects

Dlooding from tsunami

Power failure4 fires4

homelessness4 congestion

Poverty0 poor forced to live on

marginal land

the Jen fell rapidly4 stocs alsodecrease

damage cause in toyo

A tsunami warning was issued 3

minutes after the earthquae

7nnovations for responses with

disasters

'educe impact #xplain how the

impact of

earthquaescan be reduced

;apan4 $uildings designed to

sway

$ullet train automaticswitch off

Automatic emergency

warning

;apan government4 offered aids

and as ban of =apan set up

disaster control team 'escue teams have been

researched from other countries4

=oining to search for survivors

. Holcanoes "auses (escribe the

causes of a

volcanic

eruption

2t Pinatubo4

Phillippines

Plate boundary movement

$uild0up of magma and

increased earthquaes

Shape of volcano

changed

As plates move further apart4

constructive plate boundary

"ause a hole in earth-s surface4

magma4 gas and ashes escape

onto the #arth-s surface (ue to Phillips have a lot of plates

tectonics within the country4

tension occurs4 as movement

apart allows magma to escape

from the mantle below

As the movement varies4 the shape

of the volcano changes


11/23

#ffects (escribe the

social and

environmental

effects of a

volcaniceruption

2t Pinatubo4

Phillippines

#vacuation

9ealth impacts of dust

&short and long term)

Darmland destroyed

2any people will be in=ured in the

haGard4 as they will need to be

treated I which requires a lot of

money

7nfrastructure gets damage andelectricity4 water4 transport and

other communications will be

damaged hampering search

(iseases get started4 as an impact

of dirty living conditions

5nemployment is also the case of

many industries becoming decline

as people lose their =obs

Ash bloced rivers I destroy

population sites + cause flooding I

turn destroyed crops and livestoc

Dlooding destroyed

communications such as road and

railway bridges I sediment carry

downstream ruin water transport

'educe impact #xplain how the

impact of

volcaniceruptions can

be reduced

2t Pinatubo4

Phillippines

2onitoring

#vacuation

"learing farmland quiclyand using dust as

fertiliser

1overnment start systems to help

monitor when volcanoes are going

to erupt I therefore they can startpodcast to tell the population who

live near there so they can move

before volcanoes erupt

Doreign countries help the

evacuation easier by importing

transportation to help the

population from escorting


12/23

As podcasts are posted4 farmers

from the area help to clear

farmland faster + as they use

farmland as fertiliGers

. 'ivers !pportunities #xplain how

rivers can

provide

opportunities for

people

2eong

'iver4

Hietnam

Agriculture

@ransport

@ourism

7t allows tourism opportunities as

more tourists especially from

foreign countries are interested to

see the area

2ore fertile land for farming4

especially crops lie rice I as they

have more water for fishing and

other aquaculture &provide higher

economic income)

6ater is a good transport lin4which is easier for trade

People can build house and are

then transportable + not easy to

flood

9aGards #xplain how

rivers can

present haGards

for people

Saigon 'iver Dlooding &rain 8 storm

surge)

Dlooding &sea level rise)

Pollution

9arder to transport lins by road 0

cost of bridges

Areas are easy for flood especially

when sea levels rise

6ater pollution is high asmosquitos attract to dirty water

"osts of building defences I while

money can be spent on something

else

2anagement #xplain what Saigon 'iver (redging of vegetation #mergency water and good


13/23

can be done to

manage the

impacts of

flooding

Storm drains

9ouse construction

supplies for surviving animals

$oats for rescuing victims stranded

on buildings and scratches of dry

land

Aid accepted from foreigncountries

"reate flood water storage areas

(eveloping flood warning scheme

@ents and blanets are provided to

the people who don-t have shelters

.3 "oasts !pportunities #xplain how the

coastline can

provide

opportunities for people

Hung @au 8 9o

@ram Strip

(irect tourism &day trips4

hotels)

7ndirect tourism

&restaurants4 localeconomy)

Dishing

2any uses for tourism

2any resorts along coasts and

tourists en=oy using the coast for

swimming and sunbathing 'esorts usually have activities for

tourists lie fishing and other

sports lie golf

People also maing living with

fishing from aquaculture taes

place along the coast

!ther accommodations are also

built on resorts4 which provide

higher income

9aGards #xplain how the

coastline can

present haGards

for people

9olderness

"oast4 5K

"oastal erosion I loss of

farmland

"oastal erosion I loss of

buildings

@ourism reliant industry

@ropical storms are usual near

coastline4 which is dangerous for

the people live near there4

increase cause of flooding etc.

#rosion as many coastlines are

being eroded by stronger storms


14/23

and also rising sea levels

as many people are dependent on

the tourism as a way of maing a

living4 if tropical storms and

erosion occur as resorts aredamaged4 people there will find it

hard to mae livings by other way

2anagement #xplain what

can be done to

manage the

impacts of

coastal erosion

9olderness

"oast4 5K

9ard engineering

&groynes4 sea walls)

Soft engineering

&managed retreat)

'elocation 8 rebuilding

$uildings are being re 0 built to help

continue the wor

#ngineering are being managed

for retreats

1roynes and sea walls are being

built

.: @ropical

rainforest

"haracteristics of

climate

(escribe and

explain the

characteristics

of a tropical

rainforest

climate

$orneo @emperature

Precipitation type

Hariations in the year

"onstant : I 3 degrees "elsius

'ainfall all year around

#xperience convectional rainfall

&close to equator)

(ays start of warm and

temperature and humidity build up

Air saturated and tropical rainforest

experience rainstorms

@his temperatureL rainfall and

precipitation varies throughout theyear

"haracteristics of

ecosystems

(escribe and

explain the

characteristics

of tropical

$orneo 'ainforest layers

Soil and nutrient cycle

Animal adaptations

6ell developed canopy and

understory vegetation thic4 with

short trees

Annual rainfall around I :


15/23

rainforest

ecosystems

evenly distributed throughout the

year

@emperature and humidity are high

and has a very rich floristic and

faunistic composition

(eforestation

causes

(escribe the

causes of

tropical

rainforest

deforestation

$orneo Palm oil

@imber

5nsustainable methods

2ining I rainforests have many

resources including metals and

fossils fuels beneath their soils

&gold mining)

"attle ranching I increase tracts

of rainforest4 being cleared to

mae pastures for graGing

'oad building I trans amaGonhighway from $raGil to $olivia

cause deforestation I opens up to

mining and farming cause further

deforestation

(eforestation

effects

(escribe the

impacts of

tropical

rainforest

deforestation

$orneo 7ndigenous people lose

homes

6ildlife habitats lost

&!rangutan)

Smog from fires

*oss of habitats

"hanges in the hydrological cycle

'emoval of organic matter4

increase water erosion and

removal of producers Dlooding I less interception I less

root I uptae transpiration I

rainwater reaches ground quic

*andslides I trees removal I mae

soil less stable I floods increase

*ess photosynthesis I less "!


16/23

.: 9ot deserts "haracteristics of

climate

(escribe and

explain the

characteristics

of a hot desert

climate

Sahara (ay 8 night temperature

differences

*ac of moisture in

atmosphere

Hariations in the year

Presence high pressure I create

cloud free conditions

(esserts have less than :mm of

rainfall per year

2ost deserts found between Mand 3:M north and south of equator

(ay temperature reach around

:M4 night fall below :M

9igh evaporation rates from soil

surfaces

"haracteristics of

ecosystems

(escribe and

explain the

characteristics

of hot desertecosystems

Sahara *ac of moisture in soil 8

air

Plant adaptations &e.g.

"actus) Animal adaptations &e.g.

"amel)

3. (evelopment 7nequalities #xplain why

there are

inequalities

between

different

countries

Hietnam 8

South Korea

1(P per capita from

development

5rban population

difference

"ultural differences

korea gdp= 25,976.95

● vietnam gpd= 1,910.5● korea urban pop= 82● vietnam urban pop= 33● in 1968 koreans decided to

improve their pupis

education. borro!ed "apanese

te#tbooks and then transate

into korean. $his shortens their

time to deveop a !hoe ne!

educationa s%stem there&ore

abe to &ocus on other

!e&ares.● "apanese hard!orking cuture

in'uenced (oreans via the

transated t#tbooks.

● a&ter on% 20 %ears

deveopment, 1988 hed their


17/23

)rst *%mpic +eou. gobaised

7nequalities #xplain why

inequalities

exist within

countries

Hietnam 'ural 8 urban differences

Access to wealth

"ultural reasons

vietnam rura pp cant identi&%

ine-uait% gap, on% urban, %oung pp

are abe to due to access to tvs or

internet and edu● highands o& northen /

chidren ma% &ai to per&orm

!e in schoo due to

inade-uate nuitrition, can not

aord to sta% in schoo

athough ietnam has one o&

the highest enroment rate in

the !ord, kids drop out a&ter

primar%. teachers &ai to

ecourage interactive stud%ing,

good teachers are at cit% and

can not trave &ar to teach rurakids●

@rans0National

"orporation

7dentify a @N"

and explain its

global lins

Nie 9O and research , 2#("

2anufacturing , N7"-s

&e.g. Hietnam)

Sales 8 advertising

worldwide

reseach and deveopment

head-uarters in beaverton, ore.

● 20vnd per hour cheap and

avaiabe !ork&orce● bene)cia as a pro)ts goes to

origin countr%● !orkers ma% get verba%

abused b% bosses● peope in origin countr% have

no ob as there are no

&actories● price can go over thousands

&or one pair o& nike●


18/23

3. Dood

production

Agricultural

system

#xplain the

main features of an agricultural

system

'ice farming4

Hietnam

7nputs

Processes !utputs

human inputs t%pes o& rice seeds are

seected care&u%. prep in sat !ater to

remove dirt and outer she. soak in

norma !ater &or a da%. dr% the seeds

then &erment &or 36 hours, this is !hen

the seeds germinate. then the pan is

po!ed care&u%

● ph%sica inputs sun and rain

hep pant gro!s. 'ood !ater

eaves auvium, natura

&ertiiser, good &or gro!th.● process poughing, &ertiisig,

!eeding, harvesting● outputs rice. !aste is 'o!er.

'o!er coud be grinded andused as &ertiisers.

Dood shortages I

causes

(escribe the

causes of a

food shortage

#thiopia Precipitation levels

#l Nino &C)

!verpopulation

● 4ountr% ocated near e-uator

there&ore hot cimate● never above 200cm rain&a.● most% dessert● heav% rain&a on% during une,

u%, aug,

● $here&ore ,o&ten e#periencedroughts, unabe to gro!

crops, eading to &ood shortage

● e nino temporar% cimate

change o& the aci)c *cean, in

the regions around the e-uator.● ess rain, crop &aiures● &armers !ant to &ocus on

preventing &uture droughts


19/23

instead o& keep gro!ing● animas that re% on pastures

and !ater survive ess. s aresut, rare, increase demands,increase price, peope cantaord.

● popuation 9.1 mi, gro!th

rate 3.02 per %ear● s a resut, government unabe

to support a o& popuation on% ha& o& pop is supportedb% government, the rest b%aids

● there&ore government acksincentives to support &oodproduction, unabe to hep&armers !ith : /ino, poorirrigation s%stem, ess crops

Dood shortages I

effects

(escribe the

effects of a food

shortage

#thiopia 2alnourishment 8

starvation

'eliant on Aid

(evelopment stops 8

reverses

because overpopuation, &ood shortage,

35 chidren need treatment &or

manuitrition.

● no rain &or 2 seasons● 10.2 mi need &ood aid● 2 miion chidren on the verge

o& dropping out o& schoo, 3000

schoos risks cosure● government &ocuses on )nding

aid and probem )#ing, no

e#ports o& goods, no import, no

trade, poor economic gro!th

Dood shortages I

solutions

(escribe

possible

solutions to a

food shortage

#thiopia Dood storage

Aid &charity and

governmental)

2ore efficient farming

:thiopian +ecurit% ;ood


20/23

methods nuitriona support, access tosa&e !ater and economic and

se& su>cienc%● government pans sma scae

&arming on statehed and

3.3 7ndustrial

Gone

*ocation #xplain the

locational

factors for the

site of an

industrial Gone

or factory

@oyota4 ;apan Dlat land

"lose to marets

@ransport lins

government poic% (oromos oca

government provided cheap and &or

&actor%

● ;actor% near /ago%a =

metropoitan area = idea &or

au#iar% corporate services ?

port &or e#porting cars to @+

and other countries in +A●

3.< @ourism 7mportance #xplain why

tourism is

important

Hung @au 8 9o

@ram Strip

*ocal economy improves

;obs for local people &

sill development)

Attracts further investment

Ba


21/23

$enefits (escribe the

benefits tourism

brings

Hung @au 8 9o

@ram Strip

*ocal economy improves

;obs for local people &

sill development)

Attracts further investment

market opens near !here cheap oca

hotes ocate in o $ram. $his meets

tourists demands o& eno%ment o&

cheap ietnamese cuisine and services

and aso provides obs &or oca peope

● skis deveopment, ma% earn&oreign anguage to

communicate !ith tourists● ma% use &oreign anguage

skis and app% &or ob to $he

Crand ote, !here pa% is

higher. improve income.

government coects ta# o&

&oreign business and

empo%ees

(isadvantages (escribe the

disadvantages

tourism brings

Hung @au 8 9o

@ram Strip

Doreign companies tae

profits overseas

7ncreased noise 8 air 8

water 8 visual pollution

'eliant on tourism and

local culture 8 sills

disappear

sharehoders o& the Crand ote are

most% &oreigners, take most o& pro)ts

overseas, eaving government !ith

itte e&t.

● ma% even cause damages

!orth more than pro)ted. oca

market ma% produce itter,

poution. itter ma% get carried

to cose b% sea shore, ocean

poution● ess peope continue obs ike

)sherman due to ess bene)ts,

E ose cuture image, skis

disappear.

2anagement #xplain how Hung @au 8 9o #mploy locals and ski&u biingua receptionists and


22/23

tourism can be

sustainably

managed

@ram Strip encourage training

'e0invest some of the

profits in local charities

#nforce stricter pollution

rules 8 street 8 beach

empo%ees

● ethica image raisedF● no ittering in o $ram $he

Crand private beach

3.: #nergy Supply (escribe and

explain the

energy supply

in a country or

area

Hietnam 9ydroelectricity

Petroleum

"oal

/ po!er stations ocations re% on

nearb% oca area resources

● north!est areas ike +on Da,

Ga Dat, uses h%droeectric as

aot o& avaiabe and strong

!ater sources.● southern areas ike $hu Guc,

Ba


23/23

agricultural

water supply

(elta

Aquaculture

3.F #nvironment #conomic

development Ilocal

(escribe the

localenvironmental

effects of

economic

development

9o "hi 2inh

"ity

6ater pollution I Saigon

'iver @raffic and air pollution

7ncreased plastic

disposable waste

unabe to meet nationa -uait%

standard o& river !ater 2013

● probems trade commerce as it

is the main !ater supp% o& the

cit% and hosts man% important

&aciities ike +aigon port, and

$hu $hiem tunne

#conomic

development 0

global

(escribe the

global

environmental

effects of

economic

development

"hina "oal power stations I

"! &climate change etc)

Smog and air quality

"heap cost of coal

Documents

IGCSE Geography 2016 Examination potential 7 mark questions