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If you are a doctor
In the midnight, the pregnant women awakens to find that they have to sleep in a pool of blood
• How to diagnosis?
• How to management?
You
Antepartum Hemorrhage
Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University
Xu Huan
Rationale (why we care…)
• 4-5% of pregnancies complicated by 3rd trimester bleeding
• Immediate evaluation needed• Significant threat to mother & fetus
(consider physiologic increase in uterine blood flow)• Consider causes of maternal & fetal death• Priorities in management (triage!)
Objectives• We will be able to:
• Describe the approach to the patient with third-trimester bleeding
• Compare symptoms, physical findings, and diagnostic methods that differentiate bleeding etiologies
• Describe management and delivery options for 3rd trimester bleeding etiologies
• Describe potential maternal and fetal morbidity & mortality
• Describe management of postpartum hemorrhage• Apply knowledge in the discussion of clinical case
scenarios
Vaginal Bleeding: Differential diagnosis
• Common:• Abruption, previa, preterm labor, labor
• Less common: • Uterine rupture, fetal vessel rupture,
lacerations/lesions, cervical ectropion, polyps, vasa previa, bleeding disorders
• Unknown• NOT vaginal bleeding!!!
(happens more than you think!)
Other Etiologies
• Cervicitis• infection • Cervical erosion • Trauma • Cervical cancer • Foreign body • Bloody show/labor
Perinatal mortality and morbidity
• Previa• Decreased mortality from 30% to 1% over last 60 years• Now emergent cesarean delivery often possible• Risk of preterm delivery
• Abruption• Perinatal mortality rate 35%• Accounts for 15% of 3rd trimester stillbirths• Risk of preterm delivery• Most common cause of DIC in pregnancy
• Massive hemorrhage --> risk of acute renal failure, Sheehan’s, etc.
Placenta previa
Definition
• After 28 pregnant weeks placental implantation over the cervical os or in the lower uterine segment
• It constitutes an obstruction of descent of the presenting part
• Main cause of obstetrical hemorrhage(20%)• Incidence
0.24%-1.57% (our country).
Risk factors
• Prior cesarean delivery/myomectomy• Prior previa (4-8% recurrence risk) • Previous abortion • Increased parity • Multiple pregnancy• Advanced maternal age • Abnormal presentation • Smoking
Etiology
• Causes1. Endometrial abnormality1) Scared or poorly vascularized endometrium in the
corpus.2) Curettage, Delivery, CS and infection of
endometrium2. Placental abnormality Large placenta (multiple pregnancy), succenturiate
lobe3. Delayed development of trophoblast
Classification
Complete
placenta previa
Partrial
placenta previa
Marginal placenta previa
Classification
Symptoms(1)
• Painless vaginal bleeding (70%)• Spontaneous,After coitus• The most characteristic symptom• late pregnancy (after the 28th week) and delivery• Characteristics: sudden, painless and profuse
• Contractions• No symptoms
• Routine ultrasound finding
The mean gestational age of first bleed: 30 wks 1/3 before 30 weeks
Symptoms(2)
• Anemia or shock
repeated bleeding→ anemia
heavy bleeding→ shock• Abnormal fetal position
a high presenting part
breech presentation (often)
Physical Findings
• Bleeding on speculum exam• Cervical dilation• Abnormal position/lie• Non-reassuring fetal status • If significant bleeding:
• Tachycardia • Postural hypertension• Shock
Diagnosis(1)
• History
1. Painless hemorrhage
2. At late pregnancy or delivery
3. History of curettage or CS
Diagnosis(2)
• Signs
1. Abdominal findings
1) Uterus is soft, relaxed and nontender.
2) Contraction may be palpated.
3) A high presenting part can’t be pressed into the pelvic inlet. (Breech presentation)
4) Fetal heart tones maybe disappear (shock or abruption)
Diagnosis(3)
• Speculum examination
Rule out local causes of bleeding, such as cervical erosion or polyp or cancer.
• Limited vaginal examination (seldom used)
Palpation of the vaginal fornices to learn if there is an intervening bogginess between the fornix and presenting part.
• Rectal examination is useless and dangerous
Limited vaginal examination
Diagnosis(4)
• Ultrasound• abdominal 95% accurate to detect• transvaginal (TVUS) will detect almost all
• consider what placental location a TVUS may find that was missed on abdominal
• MRI• Check the placenta and membrane after delivery remember: no digital exams unless previa RULED
OUT!
Diagnosis(5)
• Before 20 weeks’ gestation,4-6% have some degree of placenta previa on ultrasonic examination
• 90% of these resolving by the third trimester
• Only 10% of complete placenta
Differential Diagnosis
• Placental abruption
vagina bleeding with pain, tenderness of uterus. • vasa previa
In cases of velamentous cord insertion fetal vessels cover cervical os
• Abnormality of cervix
cervical erosion or polyp or cancer
vasa previa
Velamentous placenta
vasa previa
Effects
• obstetrical hemorrhage• Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta • Anemia and infection• Premature labor or fetal death or fetal distress
Abnormally adherent placentation. A. Placenta accreta. B. Placenta increta. C. Placenta percreta
A
B
C
Management(1)
• Less than 36 wks gestation - expectant management if stable, reassuring• Rest: keep the bed • No vaginal exams (not negotiable) • Steroids for lung maturation (<32 wks) • Controlling the contraction: MgSO4
• Treatment of anemia • Preventing infection
70% will have recurrent vaginal bleeding before 36 completed weeks requiring emergent cesarean
Management(2)
• Initial evaluation/diagnosis• Observe/admit to Labor & Delivery• Intravenous access, routine (maybe serial) labs • Continuous electronic fetal monitoring
• Continuous at least initally• May re-evaluate later if stable, no further bleeding
• Delivery???
Management
• Termination of pregnancy1. CS1) total placenta previa (36th week), Partial placenta
previa (37th week) and heavy bleeding with shock2) Preventing postpartum hemorrhage: pitocin and PG3) Hysterectomy: Placenta accreta or uncontroled
bleeding
Cesarean hysterectomy specimens with placenta percreta.
Cesarean hysterectomy specimens with placenta percreta. (Lateral fundal percreta caused hemoperitoneum in late pregnancy )
Management
• 36+ weeks gestation• Cesarean delivery if positive fetal lung maturity by
amniocentesis• Delivery vs expectant management if fetal lung immaturity• Schedule cesarean delivery at 37 weeks• Discussion/counseling regarding cesarean hysterectomy
Note: given stable maternal and reassuring fetal status, none of these management guidelines are absolute (this is why Obstetrics is so much fun!)
Other Considerations
• Placenta accreta, increta, percreta• Cesarean delivery may be necessary• History of uterine surgery increases risk• Must consider these diagnoses if previa present• Could require further evaluation, imaging (MRI
considered now)
NOT the delivery you want to do at 2 am
Management
2. Vaginal delivery
Marginal placenta previa ( > 2cm)
Vaginal bleeding is limited
Placental abruption
Definition
• abruptio placentae or placental abruption: placental separation from its implantation site before delivery (the normally implanted placenta )
• Incidence • complicates 0.5-1.5% of all pregnancies • recurrence risk
• 10% after 1st episode • 25% after 2nd episode
Risk factors & Associations
• Cocaine
• maternal hypertension
• abdominal trauma
• smoking
• prior abruption
• preeclampsia
• multiple gestation
• prolonged PROM
• uterine decompression
• short umbilical cord
• chorioamnionitis
• multiparity
Pathology
• Placental separation is initiated by hemorrhage into the decidua basalis with formation of a decidual hematoma– Concealed hemorrhage
– Revealed hemorrhage
revealed hemorrhage concealed hemorrhage mixed hemorrhage
Total placental abruption with concealed hemorrhage and fetal death
Maternal-fetal risk
• perinatal mortality: 35%
• DIC
• hypovolemic shock
• acute renal failure
• Sheehan’s syndrome
Symptoms
• Vaginal bleeding • Abdominal or back pain• Uterine contractions • Uterine tenderness
Physical Findings
• Vaginal bleeding• Uterine contractions • Hypertonus • Tetanic contractions • Non-reassuring fetal status or demise• Can be concealed hemorrhage
Laboratory Findings
• Anemia• may be out of proportion to observed blood loss
• DIC• Can occur in up to 10% (30% if “severe”)• First, increase in fibrin split products • Followed by decrease in fibrinogen
Diagnosis
• Clinical scenario• Physical exam
• Not digital pelvic exams until rule out previa• Careful speculum exam
• Ultrasound• Can evaluate previa• Not accurate to diagnose abruption
Management
• Physical exam• Continuous electronic fetal monitoring • Ultrasound
• Assess viability, gestational age, previa, fetal position/lie
• Expectant management• vaginal vs cesarean delivery
• Available anesthesia, OR team for cesarean delivery
Partial placental abruption with adhered clot
Couvelaire Uterus
腹壁子宫按摩法 腹部 -阴道双手压迫子宫法
A bimanual compression
Packing the uterine cavityPacking the uterine cavity
正面观
背面观
正面观Flash
B-lynch/Bind suture
Cho/patch suture
Ligation of the utering arteries
Management
• Careful maternal hemodynamic monitoring• Fetal monitoring • Serial evaluation of the hematocrit,
coagulation profile,delivery• Blood products for replacement• A large-bore intravenous line