Hypnotherapy Explanation

Hypnotherapywhat is it and how did it evolve?Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHSRegistered Clinical Hypnotherapist

[email protected]

What Is Hypnosis ?Altered state – not sleep

Motorway hypnosis

Books and TV

Exercise

Day dreaming

Hynpnogogic (Hypnagogic imagery is often auditory or has an auditory

component. Like the visuals, hypnagogic sounds vary in intensity from faint impressions

to loud noises)and

Hypnopompic (The hypnopompic state is the transition state of semi

consciousness between sleeping and waking. For some people, this is a time of visual and

auditory hallucination.)state

The Trance StateLight hypnosis – 90%+

Eye closureFluttering lidsStillnessBreathing slows – diaphragmaticFeatures flattenSwallowingSmilingBradycardia (resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute)

The Trance StateMedium hypnosis – 70%+

Head dropsEyelid catalepsyFlushing or pallorResponds to suggestionsFeeling of lethargy, heavinessSome analgesia – dentistry , dressingsIMR (ideo-motor-response (IMR) is an

exploratory method of uncovering repressed material that has been used extensively)

May feel as though in trance

The Trance StateDeep hypnosis 20% – somnambulism 5%

Amnesia

Anaesthesia

Direct logic ‘ can you tell me your name’

Out of body dissociation (floating sensation)

+ve /-ve hallucinations

Trance with eyes open

Hypnotic PhenomenonMotor

IMR (ideo-motor-response (IMR) is an exploratory method of uncovering repressed

material that has been used extensively

Catalepsy(indefinitely prolonged maintenance of a fixed body posture; suspension of

sensation, muscular rigidity, fixity of posture)

Automatic writing

Swallowing

REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

Hypnotic Phenomenon

SensoryAnalgesia

Anaesthesia

Positive and negative hallucination

MemoryAmnesia

Hypermnesia (Exceptionally exact or vivid memory)

Hypnotic PhenomenonTime

Distortion – compress – elongateRegressRevivifyAge progression

Post hypnotic suggestionEliminateInstallEgo Strengthening

Hypnotic PhenomenonMiscellaneous

Autonomic control

Blood, sweat, tears

Dissociation

Uses of Hypnotherapy

Behavioural problems

Irritable Bowel syndrome

Smoking

Weight loss

Eating disorders – bulimia, anorexia

Enuresis

Uses of HypnotherapyPsychological problems

Anxiety

Panic

Phobias

Insomnia

Premature ejaculation

Vaginismus

Uses of HypnotherapyPsychosomatic disorders

Migraine

Hyperventilation

Stammering

Irritable bowel or bladder

Eczema

Uses of HypnotherapyPain control

Chronic

Acute

Terminal care

Obstetric

Dental

Uses of HypnotherapyOther

Sports – motivational

Criminal investigation

Recovery of lost objects - memories

History Of HypnosisWho, when, where and why?Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHSRegistered Clinical Hypnotherapist

[email protected]

History of Hypnotherapy3000BC – ancient Egyptians

Ancient Greeks

Indian Sanskrits

Hindu fakirs

Celtic druids

African witch doctors

Jesus’s miracles?

History of Hypnotherapy1500 Paracelsus

Swiss doctor discovered mercury as cure for syphilis Passed magnets over patient to effect cure

1600 Valentine Greatrakes The ‘ great Irish Stroker’ – again stroked magnets to cure

History of Hypnotherapy

1725 Maximilian Hehl

Jesuit priest – using magnets to heal

Franz Anton Mesmer was his student


(1734-1815 )Franz Anton MesmerFather of hypnosis

Found he could stop bleeding with a stick and therefore postulated ‘ animal magnetism’

History of HypnotherapyFranz Anton Mesmer(cont.)

‘De Planatorium influxu’ – magnetic fields pervade nature

Cured patient of paralysis and temporary blindnessCured Maria Theresa Paradies – protégé of empress

of blindness. Angering parentsMoved from Vienna to ParisMozart was a fan

History of HypnotherapyFranz Anton Mesmer(cont.)

Developed the ‘baquet’

Asked Louis XVI for a board of enquiry in

1784

Benjamin Franklin, Guillotine, Lavoisier

Found all due to the imagination !

History of Hypnotherapy1727-1779 Father Gassner

Contemporary of Mesmer Suggestion as faith healing

1787 Marquis de PuysegurStudent of MesmerMagnetised elm treesSomnambulism

History of Hypnotherapy 1815 Abbe Jose Castodi de Faria

Fixed gaze method first to coin word

‘sleep’ Previously focus was on the

"concentration" of the subject In Faria's terminology the operator

became "the concentrator" and somnambulism was viewed as a lucid sleep

History of Hypnotherapy 1791 John Elliotson

Professor at University London Became interested via a student of Faria 1837 Surgery under hypnosis – angered

other doctors as pain ‘ needed for healing ’

Expelled from university hospital


1795 – 1860 James BraidScottish surgeon coined term ‘ hypnosi

s’Developed suggestions methodSaw Mesmer and was eventually

convincedChanged term to ‘ monoidiesm’ ‘Nervous sleep’ acting on subject whose

suggestibility is increased’

History of Hypnotherapy1808-1859 James Esdaile

Scottish doctor

Reports in 1846 That 300 major

operations conducted using hypnosis

Reduced post op mortality from

505%

due to shock reaction being reduced

History of Hypnotherapy 1864 Nancy school of Hypnosis

Ambrose-Auguste Liebeault – ‘ de la

suggestion’

Hippolyte Bernheim

Freud studied here Initially enthusiastic –

eventually discounted hypnosis

History of Hypnotherapy 1878 Jean Martin Charcot –

Started the school of Saltpierre

Pathological theory

Stages of hypnosis

Lethargy

Catalepsy

Somnambulism

History of Hypnotherapy Dave Elman 1950’s

Stage Hypnotist Studied Hypnosis for years Taught doctors exclusively

Quick inductions Deepening techniques

History of Hypnotherapy1929-1980 Milton Erickson

Indirect approach

Metaphor

Utilization

Theories of TranceSuggestion Theory

Bernheim 1886 – suggestions bypass concious mind

Modified SleepAbbe Faria – a type of sleep BUT thought would

always amnesia

Pathological TheoryCharcot – BUT 90% hypnotisable NOT equivalent to

hysteria

Theories of TranceDissociation

Janet ‘ splitting of consciousness into two’ BUT not always amnesia – can remove amnesia by suggestion

Neo DissociationSome cognition continuous throughout

PsychoanlanalyticFreud – libidinal gratificationFerenczi – parent/child BUT mirrors metronomes may

hypnotise

Theories of TranceConditioned response

Pavlov to word ‘ sleep’ BUT not sleep, metronomes, quick awakening

Role PlayingR White – goal directed striving

Atavistic RegressionAinslie Meares to a primitive level – primitive man

accepted ideas by suggestion

Theories of TranceNeurophysiological

Barry Wyke – voice blocks other sensory input [like gate theory]

Hemispheric Specificity

L verbal/voluntary/language speech

R nonverbal/emotional/submissive/art music/imagination

Meszaros – induction L brain R brain

Suggestibility Tests

Magnetic fingers

Handclasp

Heavy and light hands

Postural sway

Chevreul’s pendulum

The Hypnotic Session

Introduction

Induction

Deepening

Posthypnotic suggestion

Awakening

The Hypnotic Session Introduction

Explanation of hypnosis

Remove fears

Control issues

Amnesia

Reassurance

Not trying

The Hypnotic Session Induction

Permissive

Progressive relaxation

Hand fixation

Eye closure

Candle flame

Thumbnail


Intermediate

Vogt’s fractionation- (is to discover the personal experience of the subject as they begin to enter trance and then to 'feed back' this information to take them deeper. Subjects are relaxed into the early stages of trance and then roused and questioned for their particular experience of hypnosis and this information is then used to help the subject to go deeper still. So in a very real sense the subject is describing the best way that they personally should be hypnotized! )

Hand levitation

Authoritative

Eye to eye

Mind body dissociation


Other

Tactile

Rhythmic eye movement

Hand rotation

Post hypnotic

The Hypnotic SessionDeepening

BalconyEarly learning set‘Now’CountdownLimb catalepsyHand levitationMinds eyeHand rotation

The Hypnotic SessionSuggestions

Establish rapportCreate expectancy

Will – not maybe never ‘try’Law of concentrated attention

Repetition of something resultLaw of reversed effect

Try and bend your armLaw of dominant effect

Strong emotions replace weaker


Positive – unconscious ignores negatives Positive reinforcement

Yes set Specific Multiple senses Implied – less directive Unambiguous


Utilization Of patients world – what are their :- interests , preferences,

preferred modality – visual, kinaesthetic Current experience – ‘ feel the chair’

The Hypnotic SessionTypes of suggestion

Implication When your hand begins to lift – NOT if Trance now or later

Truism Everybody knows how to…

Not knowing and not doing You don’t have to try to hard


Covering all response – failsafes Your hand will be lighter or heavier

Questions Can you, do you, does, will it See , sense, feel

Contingent suggestions As your hand lowers so you find yourself back in

time


Implied directive Time binding introduction Implied suggestion for internal response Behavioural response showing completed

As soon as your mind has identified when the problem developed your hand will float up


Apposition of opposites As your arm becomes more rigid your body

becomes more relaxed Wet/dry tense/heavy difficult/easy

Interspersal of metaphors Own experience Truisms Tailored


Symbolism and imagery Imagine what the pain looks like

Negatives - to discharge resistance You can - can you not You will - will you not

Double bind If you are ready to go into trance your R hand

will lift otherwise your L hand will lift

The Hypnotic SessionTechniques to facilitate trance

Focus attentionEnhance awareness of immediate experienceNote and accept new aspects of the experienceIntroducing immediate goalRepetition – reinforcing partial responseEncourage dissociations and involuntary responseBuild anticipation expectation

The Hypnotic SessionBelief +Imagination + Conviction + Expectation

= Hypnosis [ Roy Hunter]

Critical faculty is bypassed and selective thinking established[David Elman]

Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHSRegistered Clinical Hypnotherapist

[email protected]

History Of HypnosisTherapy for Psychological Disorders

Introduction• Psychotherapy: An interpersonal,

relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living.

• Goal: to increase individual sense of well-being and reduce subjective discomforting experience.

• Techniques: based on experiential relationship building, dialogue, communication and behavior change.

• Psychotherapists: psychologists, marriage and family therapists, licensed clinical social workers, licensed associate professional counselors (lapc), licensed professional counselors (lpc), psychiatric nurses, and psychiatrists.

• Only psychiatrists may administer medical treatments outside of the scope of psychotherapy such as psychosurgery, prescribe medications or give electroshock treatments.

theoretically-based psychotherapy was probably first developed in the Middle East during the 9th century by the Persian physician and psychological thinker, Rhazes.

• Treatment of mental illnesses can take various forms:Treatment of mental illnesses can take various forms:• medication, medication, • talk-therapy, talk-therapy, • a combination of both, and can last only one session or take a combination of both, and can last only one session or take

many years to complete. many years to complete.

The core components of psychotherapy remain the same. The core components of psychotherapy remain the same.

Psychotherapy consists of the following:Psychotherapy consists of the following:

1.1. A positive, healthy relationship between a client or patient and a A positive, healthy relationship between a client or patient and a trained psychotherapisttrained psychotherapist

2.2. Recognizable mental health issues, whether diagnosable or notRecognizable mental health issues, whether diagnosable or not

3.3. Agreement on the basic goals of treatmentAgreement on the basic goals of treatment

4.4. Working together as a team to achieve these goalsWorking together as a team to achieve these goals

The main broad systems of psychotherapy:

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis The first practice to be called a psychotherapy. It encourages the The first practice to be called a psychotherapy. It encourages the

verbalization of all the patient's thoughts, including free verbalization of all the patient's thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst formulates the nature of the unconscious conflicts which are formulates the nature of the unconscious conflicts which are causing the patient's symptoms and character problems.causing the patient's symptoms and character problems.

Cognitive behavioralCognitive behavioral based on cognitions, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors, based on cognitions, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors,

with the aim of influencing negative emotions that with the aim of influencing negative emotions that relate to inaccurate appraisal of events.relate to inaccurate appraisal of events.

Psychodynamic Psychodynamic a form of depth psychology, the primary focus is to reveal the a form of depth psychology, the primary focus is to reveal the

unconscious content of a client's psyche in an effort to alleviate unconscious content of a client's psyche in an effort to alleviate psychic tension. Although it has its roots in psychoanalysis, psychic tension. Although it has its roots in psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy tends to be briefer and less intensive psychodynamic therapy tends to be briefer and less intensive than traditional psychoanalysis.than traditional psychoanalysis.

Albert Ellis, founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy


Existential Existential based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in

the world. This aloneness leads to feelings of the world. This aloneness leads to feelings of meaninglessness which can be overcome only by meaninglessness which can be overcome only by creating one's own values and meaningscreating one's own values and meanings. .

Humanistic Humanistic concerned with the human context of the development of the concerned with the human context of the development of the

individual with an emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection individual with an emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection of determinism, and a concern for positive growth rather than of determinism, and a concern for positive growth rather than pathology. pathology.

It posits an inherent human capacity to maximise potential, 'the self-It posits an inherent human capacity to maximise potential, 'the self-actualing tendency'. actualing tendency'.

The task: to create a relational environment where this tendency The task: to create a relational environment where this tendency might flourish. might flourish.

Starting in the 1950s Carl Rogers: Person-centered psychotherapy


Brief therapy Brief therapy an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to psychotherapy. an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to psychotherapy. differs from other types of therapy: it emphasizes a focus on a specific differs from other types of therapy: it emphasizes a focus on a specific

problem and direct intervention. solution-based rather than problem-problem and direct intervention. solution-based rather than problem-oriented. oriented.

Systemic TherapySystemic Therapy to address people not at an individual level, but as people in relationship, to address people not at an individual level, but as people in relationship,

dealing with the interactions of groups, their patterns and dynamics, dealing with the interactions of groups, their patterns and dynamics, including family therapy & marriage counseling. including family therapy & marriage counseling.

Somatic PsychotherapySomatic Psychotherapy also referred to as body psychotherapy, is a field in which the therapist also referred to as body psychotherapy, is a field in which the therapist

uses touch in some way as part of therapy process. uses touch in some way as part of therapy process.


Transpersonal PsychotherapyTranspersonal Psychotherapy a school that studies the transpersonal, the transcendent or spiritual a school that studies the transpersonal, the transcendent or spiritual

aspects of the human experience. aspects of the human experience.

Hypno-Psychotherapy Hypno-Psychotherapy

undertaken with a subject in hypnosis.undertaken with a subject in hypnosis.

Psychodrama / Dramatherapy Psychodrama / Dramatherapy explores, through dramatic action in groups , the problems, issues, explores, through dramatic action in groups , the problems, issues,

concerns, dreams and highest aspirations of people. concerns, dreams and highest aspirations of people.

Type of Psychotherapy

Treatment Approaches. Treatment Approaches.

When describing 'talk' therapy or psychotherapy:When describing 'talk' therapy or psychotherapy:

• First and foremost is empathy. It is a requirement for a successful First and foremost is empathy. It is a requirement for a successful practitioner to be able to understand his or her client's feelings, practitioner to be able to understand his or her client's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. thoughts, and behaviors.

• Second, being non-judgmental is vital if the relationship and treatment Second, being non-judgmental is vital if the relationship and treatment are going to work. Everybody makes mistakes, everybody does stuff are going to work. Everybody makes mistakes, everybody does stuff they aren't proud of. If the therapist judges the patient, the patient they aren't proud of. If the therapist judges the patient, the patient doesn't feel safe talking about similar issues again. doesn't feel safe talking about similar issues again.

• Finally, expertise. The therapist must have experience with issues Finally, expertise. The therapist must have experience with issues similar to yours, be abreast of the research, and be adequately trained.similar to yours, be abreast of the research, and be adequately trained.

Treatment Approaches Treatment Approaches the same ultimate goal: to help the client reduce negative symptoms, gain insight into the same ultimate goal: to help the client reduce negative symptoms, gain insight into

why these symptoms occurred and work through those issues, and reduce the why these symptoms occurred and work through those issues, and reduce the emergence of the symptoms in the future. emergence of the symptoms in the future.

The three main branches include The three main branches include CognitiveCognitive, , BehavioralBehavioral, and , and Dynamic.Dynamic.

• cognitive branch cognitive branch looks at dysfunctions and difficulties as arising from irrational or looks at dysfunctions and difficulties as arising from irrational or faulty thinking. faulty thinking.

• behavioural models behavioural models look at problems as arising from our behaviors which we look at problems as arising from our behaviors which we have learned to perform over years of reinforcement. have learned to perform over years of reinforcement.

• The dynamicThe dynamic or or psychodynamicpsychodynamic camp stem more from the teaching of Sigmund camp stem more from the teaching of Sigmund Freud and look more at issues beginning in early childhood which then motivate Freud and look more at issues beginning in early childhood which then motivate us as adults at an unconscious level.us as adults at an unconscious level.

• Most mental health professionals nowadays are more eclectic in that they study Most mental health professionals nowadays are more eclectic in that they study how to treat people using different approaches. These professionals are how to treat people using different approaches. These professionals are sometimes referred to as integrationists.sometimes referred to as integrationists.

Treatment ModalitiesTreatment Modalities

• Therapy is most often thought of as a one-on-one relationship Therapy is most often thought of as a one-on-one relationship (individual therapy) between a client or patient and a therapist. (individual therapy) between a client or patient and a therapist.

• can also take different forms: group therapy where individuals suffering can also take different forms: group therapy where individuals suffering from similar illnesses or having similar issues meet together with one or from similar illnesses or having similar issues meet together with one or two therapists. The power of group is due to the need in all of us to two therapists. The power of group is due to the need in all of us to belong, feel understood, and know that there is hope. It can be belong, feel understood, and know that there is hope. It can be overwhelming in a very positive way and continues to be the second overwhelming in a very positive way and continues to be the second most utilized treatment after individual therapy. most utilized treatment after individual therapy.

• Therapy can also take place in smaller groups consisting of a couple or Therapy can also take place in smaller groups consisting of a couple or a family, with the issues centered around the relationship, with often an a family, with the issues centered around the relationship, with often an educational component, e.g. to encourage the couple to work together educational component, e.g. to encourage the couple to work together as a team rather than against each other.as a team rather than against each other.

Treatment ModalitiesTreatment Modalities • Sometimes therapy can include more than one treatment modality. For Sometimes therapy can include more than one treatment modality. For

example: for a person with depression, social anxiety, and low self-example: for a person with depression, social anxiety, and low self-esteem, individual therapy may be used to reduce depressive esteem, individual therapy may be used to reduce depressive symptoms, work some on self-esteem and therefore reduce fears symptoms, work some on self-esteem and therefore reduce fears about social situations. Once successfully completed, this person may about social situations. Once successfully completed, this person may be transferred to a group therapy setting where he or she can practice be transferred to a group therapy setting where he or she can practice social skills, feel a part of a supportive group, therefore improving self-social skills, feel a part of a supportive group, therefore improving self-esteem and further reducing depression.esteem and further reducing depression.

The treatment approach and modality are always considered, along with The treatment approach and modality are always considered, along with many other factors, in order to provide the best possible treatment for many other factors, in order to provide the best possible treatment for any particular person. any particular person.

Therapy Providers

There are many different types of physicians and there are many non-There are many different types of physicians and there are many non-physicians who treat medical illnesses, the same holds true for physicians who treat medical illnesses, the same holds true for mental illness. mental illness.

Although medication for mental illness is prescribed by a medical doctor, Although medication for mental illness is prescribed by a medical doctor, typically a psychiatrist, the vast majority of psychotherapy is typically a psychiatrist, the vast majority of psychotherapy is performed by non-physician professionals. performed by non-physician professionals.

These mental health professionals typically have a minimum of a These mental health professionals typically have a minimum of a Master's Degree and complete internships, residencies, and state Master's Degree and complete internships, residencies, and state and federal testing just like all direct-care providers. and federal testing just like all direct-care providers.

Therapy Providers

There are four most common mental health providers, including required There are four most common mental health providers, including required education and training, and the populations with whom they education and training, and the populations with whom they typically work. typically work.

PsychologistPsychologist

• A doctoral degree which means a minimum of four years of A doctoral degree which means a minimum of four years of graduate training beyond the bachelors degree is required in most graduate training beyond the bachelors degree is required in most states, as well as one year of internship and at least one year of states, as well as one year of internship and at least one year of post-graduate residency. post-graduate residency.

• Typically psychologists complete core coursework in therapy, Typically psychologists complete core coursework in therapy, assessment, and research and are required to pass competency assessment, and research and are required to pass competency exams and complete a dissertation prior to receiving their degree.exams and complete a dissertation prior to receiving their degree.To be licensed, psychologists must pass a national and state To be licensed, psychologists must pass a national and state examination. examination.

• School psychologists usually work in Social Worker School psychologists usually work in Social Worker

Therapy Providers

Social workers Social workers

• must hold a bachelors degree in social work although many complete must hold a bachelors degree in social work although many complete a Master's program.a Master's program.

• often referred to as the liaison between the patient or client and the often referred to as the liaison between the patient or client and the community.community.

• The Occupational Outlook Handbook (1998-1999), "Social work is a The Occupational Outlook Handbook (1998-1999), "Social work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help people. Social profession for those with a strong desire to help people. Social workers help people deal with their relationships with others; solve workers help people deal with their relationships with others; solve their personal, family, and community problems; and grow and their personal, family, and community problems; and grow and develop as they learn to cope with or shape the social and develop as they learn to cope with or shape the social and environmental forces affecting daily life. Social workers often environmental forces affecting daily life. Social workers often encounter clients facing a life-threatening disease or a social problem encounter clients facing a life-threatening disease or a social problem requiring a quick solution. These situations may include inadequate requiring a quick solution. These situations may include inadequate housing, unemployment, lack of job skills, financial distress, serious housing, unemployment, lack of job skills, financial distress, serious illness or disability, substance abuse, unwanted pregnancy, or illness or disability, substance abuse, unwanted pregnancy, or antisocial behavior. They also assist families that have serious antisocial behavior. They also assist families that have serious conflicts, including those involving child or spousal abuse."conflicts, including those involving child or spousal abuse."

Therapy Providers

Mental Health Counselor Mental Health Counselor

• typically have a Masters degree in psychology, social work, counseling, typically have a Masters degree in psychology, social work, counseling, mental health counseling or related field and pass a state exam in order mental health counseling or related field and pass a state exam in order to be licensed. to be licensed.

• can practice independently in some states, although most are employed can practice independently in some states, although most are employed in clinics and hospitals. in clinics and hospitals.

• They perform individual, couples/family, and group therapy, and may They perform individual, couples/family, and group therapy, and may assist psychologists with testing and other forms of treatment.assist psychologists with testing and other forms of treatment.

Marriage and Family Therapist Marriage and Family Therapist

• a Master's degree is typically the minimal requirement.a Master's degree is typically the minimal requirement.

• They receive special training in the dynamics of families and They receive special training in the dynamics of families and relationships and often treat couples who are having marital or relationships and often treat couples who are having marital or relationship difficulties and families struggling with dysfunctional relationship difficulties and families struggling with dysfunctional interactions. interactions.

• Many are provided more general training, allowing them to perform Many are provided more general training, allowing them to perform individual and group therapy as well for a variety of mental health related individual and group therapy as well for a variety of mental health related issues.issues.

Some specific approaches

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

• developed in the late 1800s by Sigmund Freud.developed in the late 1800s by Sigmund Freud.

• explores the dynamic workings of a mind understood to consist of explores the dynamic workings of a mind understood to consist of three parts: the hedonistic id, the rational ego, and the moral three parts: the hedonistic id, the rational ego, and the moral superego.superego.

• the majority of these dynamics are said to occur outside people's the majority of these dynamics are said to occur outside people's awareness, Freudian psychoanalysis seeks to probe the unconscious awareness, Freudian psychoanalysis seeks to probe the unconscious by way of various techniques, including dream interpretation and free by way of various techniques, including dream interpretation and free association. association.

• Freud maintained that the condition of the unconscious mind is Freud maintained that the condition of the unconscious mind is profoundly influenced by childhood experiences. So, in addition to profoundly influenced by childhood experiences. So, in addition to dealing with the defense mechanisms employed by an overburdened dealing with the defense mechanisms employed by an overburdened ego, his therapy addresses fixations and other issues by probing ego, his therapy addresses fixations and other issues by probing deeply into clients' youth.deeply into clients' youth.

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

• free association: free association: patients are asked to continually relate anything which patients are asked to continually relate anything which comes into their minds, regardless of how superficially unimportant or comes into their minds, regardless of how superficially unimportant or potentially embarrassing the memory threatens to be. This technique potentially embarrassing the memory threatens to be. This technique assumes that all memories are arranged in a single associative assumes that all memories are arranged in a single associative network, and that sooner or later the subject will stumble across the network, and that sooner or later the subject will stumble across the crucial memory.crucial memory.

• Defence mechanism:Defence mechanism: psychological strategies brought into play by psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.

• Fixation: Fixation: a state in which an individual becomes obsessed with an a state in which an individual becomes obsessed with an attachment to another person, being or object. Freud theorized that attachment to another person, being or object. Freud theorized that humans may develop psychological fixation due to: A lack of proper humans may develop psychological fixation due to: A lack of proper gratification during one of the psychosexual stages of development, or gratification during one of the psychosexual stages of development, or Receiving too strong of an impression from one of these stages, in Receiving too strong of an impression from one of these stages, in which case the person's personality would reflect that stage throughout which case the person's personality would reflect that stage throughout adult life. adult life.

Psychoanalysis---Variations in techniquePsychoanalysis---Variations in technique

‘‘Classical technique’ best summarized by Allan Compton, MD:Classical technique’ best summarized by Allan Compton, MD:

• instructionsinstructions (telling the patient to try to say what's on their mind, including interferences) (telling the patient to try to say what's on their mind, including interferences)

• exploration exploration (asking questions) (asking questions)

• clarificationclarification (rephrasing and summarizing what the patient has been describing) (rephrasing and summarizing what the patient has been describing)

• confrontationconfrontation (bringing an aspect of functioning, usually a defense, to the patient's attention) (bringing an aspect of functioning, usually a defense, to the patient's attention)

• dynamic interpretation dynamic interpretation (explaining how being too nice guards against guilt, e.g. - defense vs. affect) (explaining how being too nice guards against guilt, e.g. - defense vs. affect)

• genetic interpretation genetic interpretation (explaining how a past event is influencing the present) (explaining how a past event is influencing the present)

• resistance interpretation resistance interpretation (showing the patient how they are avoiding their problems) (showing the patient how they are avoiding their problems)

• transference interpretation transference interpretation (showing the patient ways old conflicts arise in current relationships, (showing the patient ways old conflicts arise in current relationships, including that with the analyst) including that with the analyst)

• dream interpretation dream interpretation (obtaining the patient's thoughts about their dreams and connecting this with their (obtaining the patient's thoughts about their dreams and connecting this with their current problems) current problems)

• reconstructionreconstruction (estimating what may have happened in the past that created some current day (estimating what may have happened in the past that created some current day difficulty) difficulty)


As object relations theory evolved, techniques with patients who had more As object relations theory evolved, techniques with patients who had more severe problems with basic trust and a history of maternal deprivation severe problems with basic trust and a history of maternal deprivation led to new techniques with adults, sometimes called led to new techniques with adults, sometimes called ‘‘interpersonal, interpersonal, relational, or corrective object relations techniquesrelational, or corrective object relations techniques’’::

• expressing an experienced empathic attunement to the patient expressing an experienced empathic attunement to the patient

• expressing a certain dosage of warmth expressing a certain dosage of warmth

• exposing a bit of the analyst's personal life or attitudes to the patient exposing a bit of the analyst's personal life or attitudes to the patient

• allowing the patient autonomy in the form of disagreement with the allowing the patient autonomy in the form of disagreement with the analyst analyst

• explanations of the motivations of others which the patient misperceives explanations of the motivations of others which the patient misperceives


ego psychological concepts of deficit in functioning led to refinements in ego psychological concepts of deficit in functioning led to refinements in supportive therapy. These techniques are particularly applicable to supportive therapy. These techniques are particularly applicable to psychotic and near-psychotic patients:psychotic and near-psychotic patients:

• discussions of reality discussions of reality

• encouragement to stay alive (including hospitalization) encouragement to stay alive (including hospitalization)

• psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming depressive affect psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming depressive affect

• psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming fantasies psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming fantasies (hallucinations and delusions) (hallucinations and delusions)

• advice about the meanings of things (to counter abstraction advice about the meanings of things (to counter abstraction failures) failures)


Behavior therapyBehavior therapy

• used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, etc.used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, etc.

• philosophical roots: the school of behaviorism, which states that philosophical roots: the school of behaviorism, which states that psychological matters can be studied scientifically by observing overt psychological matters can be studied scientifically by observing overt behavior, without discussing internal mental states. behavior, without discussing internal mental states.

• Without holding inner states as causal, Skinner's radical behaviorism Without holding inner states as causal, Skinner's radical behaviorism accepted internal states as part of a causal chain of behavior, but accepted internal states as part of a causal chain of behavior, but continued to hold that the only way to improve the internal state was continued to hold that the only way to improve the internal state was through environmental manipulation.through environmental manipulation.

• Scientific basis: the principles of classical conditioning developed by Scientific basis: the principles of classical conditioning developed by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner. Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner. (confusions remain here) (confusions remain here)

Behavior therapy---Behavior therapy---Systematic desensitizationSystematic desensitization

• used to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders. used to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders.

• a type of Pavlovian therapy / classical conditioning therapy.a type of Pavlovian therapy / classical conditioning therapy.

• one must first be taught relaxation skills in order to control fear and one must first be taught relaxation skills in order to control fear and anxiety responses to specific phobias.anxiety responses to specific phobias.

• Then use the skills to react towards and overcome situations in an Then use the skills to react towards and overcome situations in an established hierarchy of fears. The goal: an individual will learn to cope established hierarchy of fears. The goal: an individual will learn to cope and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy, which will lead to and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy, which will lead to overcoming the last step of the fear in the hierarchy. overcoming the last step of the fear in the hierarchy.

• Systematic desensitization is sometimes called graduated exposure Systematic desensitization is sometimes called graduated exposure therapy. therapy.

Behavior therapy/ Behavior modificationBehavior therapy/ Behavior modification ------Aversion therapyAversion therapy

• in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. being subjected to some form of discomfort.

• Principle: punishment of operant conditioning, intend to cause the Principle: punishment of operant conditioning, intend to cause the patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to stop the specific behavior. stop the specific behavior.

• The major use: currently for the treatment of addiction to alcohol and The major use: currently for the treatment of addiction to alcohol and other drugs other drugs

• For example: pairing the use of an emetic with the experience of For example: pairing the use of an emetic with the experience of alcohol; or pairing behavior with electric shocks of various intensities. alcohol; or pairing behavior with electric shocks of various intensities. placing unpleasant-tasting substances on the fingernails to discourage placing unpleasant-tasting substances on the fingernails to discourage nail-chewing nail-chewing

• Key points: the stimulus is always available to the specific behavior; Key points: the stimulus is always available to the specific behavior; the stimulus indeed causes definite aversion; the therapy continues the stimulus indeed causes definite aversion; the therapy continues until the specific behavior disappears completely; reinforcementuntil the specific behavior disappears completely; reinforcement

Behavior therapy/ behavior modificationBehavior therapy/ behavior modification ------operant conditioning, Positive operant conditioning, Positive reinforcement reinforcement

• Set up new social behavior via e.g. reward, a stimulus immediately following a Set up new social behavior via e.g. reward, a stimulus immediately following a response. response.

• Method, e.g. token economy, the original proposal for such a system emphasized Method, e.g. token economy, the original proposal for such a system emphasized reinforcing positive behavior by awarding "tokens" for meeting positive behavioral reinforcing positive behavior by awarding "tokens" for meeting positive behavioral goals. goals.

• "Patients earn tokens, which they can exchange for privileges, such as time "Patients earn tokens, which they can exchange for privileges, such as time watching television or walks on the hospital grounds, by completing assigned watching television or walks on the hospital grounds, by completing assigned duties (such as making their beds) or even just by engaging in appropriate duties (such as making their beds) or even just by engaging in appropriate conversations with others" conversations with others"

• Early during the program, a participant would be required to spend all of his or Early during the program, a participant would be required to spend all of his or her tokens daily to emphasize the reinforcement activity early, and as time her tokens daily to emphasize the reinforcement activity early, and as time passed and success was made, participants would be allowed (or required) to passed and success was made, participants would be allowed (or required) to accumulate their tokens over the course of longer time periods. This, as a accumulate their tokens over the course of longer time periods. This, as a variable-rate scheduling system, helped prevent extinction of the behavior after variable-rate scheduling system, helped prevent extinction of the behavior after the program's termination.the program's termination.

Behavior therapy/ behavior modificationBehavior therapy/ behavior modification ---Modeling (observational learning) ---Modeling (observational learning)

Albert Bandura (social learning modeling): people can learn new Albert Bandura (social learning modeling): people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.information and behaviors by watching other people.

ThreeThree basic models of observational learning: basic models of observational learning:

1)1) A live modelA live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior. , which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior.

2)2) A verbal instructional modelA verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior. , which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior.

3)3) A symbolic modelA symbolic model, , which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media.books, films, television programs, or online media.

FourFour conditions required for a person to successfully model the behavior of conditions required for a person to successfully model the behavior of someone else:someone else:

1)1) Attention to the modelAttention to the model: : a person must first pay attention to a person engaging in a certain a person must first pay attention to a person engaging in a certain behavior (the model)behavior (the model)

2)2) Retention of details:Retention of details: Once attending to the observed behavior, the observer must be able Once attending to the observed behavior, the observer must be able to effectively remember what the model has doneto effectively remember what the model has done

3)3) Motor reproductionMotor reproduction: : the observer must be able to replicate the behavior being observed.the observer must be able to replicate the behavior being observed.

4)4) Motivation and OpportunityMotivation and Opportunity: : the observer must be motivated to carry out the action they the observer must be motivated to carry out the action they have observed and remembered, and must have the opportunity to do so. have observed and remembered, and must have the opportunity to do so.

Some specific approachesCognitive therapy Cognitive therapy

• developed by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, developed by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, seeks to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic" seeks to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic" ways of thinking, and to influence emotion and behavior. ways of thinking, and to influence emotion and behavior.

• the way in which the clients perceived and interpreted and the way in which the clients perceived and interpreted and attributed meaning—a process known scientifically as attributed meaning—a process known scientifically as cognition—in their daily lives was a key to therapy. cognition—in their daily lives was a key to therapy.

• Schema-Focused Therapy,Schema-Focused Therapy, clinical depression is typically clinical depression is typically associated with negatively biased thinking and irrational associated with negatively biased thinking and irrational thoughts---a patient acquire a negative schema of the world thoughts---a patient acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence through negative events. in childhood and adolescence through negative events. When encounters a situation that resembles the conditions When encounters a situation that resembles the conditions in which the original schema was learned, the negative in which the original schema was learned, the negative schemas of the person are activated. schemas of the person are activated.

• a negative triad: A negative schema helps give rise to the a negative triad: A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema.negative schema.

• depressed people also often have the following cognitive depressed people also often have the following cognitive biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization. overgeneralization, magnification and minimization.

• Schema-Focused Therapy,Schema-Focused Therapy, clinical depression is typically clinical depression is typically associated with negatively biased thinking and irrational associated with negatively biased thinking and irrational thoughts---a patient acquire a negative schema of the thoughts---a patient acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence through negative world in childhood and adolescence through negative events. When encounters a situation that resembles the events. When encounters a situation that resembles the conditions in which the original schema was learned, the conditions in which the original schema was learned, the negative schemas of the person are activated. negative schemas of the person are activated.

• a negative triad: A negative schema helps give rise to the a negative triad: A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema.negative schema.

• depressed people also often have the following cognitive depressed people also often have the following cognitive biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization. overgeneralization, magnification and minimization.

Cognitive therapy /The ABCs of Irrational BeliefsCognitive therapy /The ABCs of Irrational Beliefs A major aid in cognitive therapy is what Albert Ellis called the ABC A major aid in cognitive therapy is what Albert Ellis called the ABC

Technique of Irrational Beliefs.Technique of Irrational Beliefs.

The first three steps analyze the process by which a person has developed The first three steps analyze the process by which a person has developed irrational beliefs: irrational beliefs:

• A - Activating Event or objective situation.A - Activating Event or objective situation. The first column records the The first column records the objective situation, that is, an event that ultimately leads to some type objective situation, that is, an event that ultimately leads to some type of high emotional response or negative dysfunctional thinking. of high emotional response or negative dysfunctional thinking.

• B - Beliefs.B - Beliefs. In the second column, the client writes down the negative In the second column, the client writes down the negative thoughts that occurred to him or her.thoughts that occurred to him or her.

• C - Consequence.C - Consequence. The third column is for the negative disturbed The third column is for the negative disturbed feelings and dysfunctional behaviors that ensued. The negative feelings and dysfunctional behaviors that ensued. The negative thoughts of the second column are seen as a connecting bridge thoughts of the second column are seen as a connecting bridge between the situation and the distressing feelings. The third column C between the situation and the distressing feelings. The third column C is next explained by describing emotions or negative thoughts that the is next explained by describing emotions or negative thoughts that the client believes are caused by A.client believes are caused by A.

Cognitive therapy /THE A-B-C-D-E THERAPEUTIC APPROACHCognitive therapy /THE A-B-C-D-E THERAPEUTIC APPROACH The therapeutic interventions referred to by The therapeutic interventions referred to by DD areare three parts of disputation.three parts of disputation. When When

irrational beliefs are disputed, the client will experience irrational beliefs are disputed, the client will experience E,E, a new a new effect.effect. In In essences, the client will have a logical philosophy that allows her to challenge essences, the client will have a logical philosophy that allows her to challenge her own irrational beliefs.her own irrational beliefs.

DisputingDisputing irrational beliefs is the major therapeutic technique, often done in three irrational beliefs is the major therapeutic technique, often done in three parts: parts:

1) Detecting –1) Detecting – the client and therapist detect the irrational beliefs that the client and therapist detect the irrational beliefs that underlie activating events. underlie activating events.

2) Discriminating –2) Discriminating – the therapist and client discriminate irrational from the therapist and client discriminate irrational from rational beliefs. rational beliefs.

3) Accepting 1 and 2, knowing that insight does not automatically change 3) Accepting 1 and 2, knowing that insight does not automatically change people, and working hard to effect change.people, and working hard to effect change.

• E (Effect):E (Effect): Developing an effective philosophy in which Developing an effective philosophy in which irrational beliefs have been replaced by rational beliefsirrational beliefs have been replaced by rational beliefs..

Some specific approachesClient-centered therapy Client-centered therapy • developed by the humanist psychologist Carl Rogers in the developed by the humanist psychologist Carl Rogers in the

1940s and 1950s.1940s and 1950s.

• The basic elements:The basic elements: to have a more personal relationship with to have a more personal relationship with the patient to help the patient reach a state of realization that the patient to help the patient reach a state of realization that they can help themselves.they can help themselves.

• is used to help a person achieve personal growth and/or come to is used to help a person achieve personal growth and/or come to terms with a specific event or problem they are having.terms with a specific event or problem they are having.

• based on the principle of talking therapy and is a non-directive based on the principle of talking therapy and is a non-directive approach. The therapist encourages the patient to express their approach. The therapist encourages the patient to express their feelings and does not suggest how the person might wish to feelings and does not suggest how the person might wish to change, but by listening and then mirroring back what the patient change, but by listening and then mirroring back what the patient reveals to them, helps them to explore and understand their reveals to them, helps them to explore and understand their feelings for themselves. The patient is then able to decide what feelings for themselves. The patient is then able to decide what kind of changes they would like to make and can achieve kind of changes they would like to make and can achieve personal growth. personal growth.

Carl Ransom Carl Ransom Rogers(1902 -1987)Rogers(1902 -1987)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/36/Carlrogers.jpg

Some specific approachesMorita therapyMorita therapy (Japanese psychiatrist Shoma Morita)(Japanese psychiatrist Shoma Morita)• People from different times and cultures actually do think differently. People from different times and cultures actually do think differently.

• Shinkeishitsu (an anxiety-based disorder), a world of which most of us Shinkeishitsu (an anxiety-based disorder), a world of which most of us at one time or another are living in, where we become lost in a stress, at one time or another are living in, where we become lost in a stress, pain and the aftermath of trauma. Morita Therapy Methods (MTM) is pain and the aftermath of trauma. Morita Therapy Methods (MTM) is structured for the person who needs a guide for self-rescue. It helps structured for the person who needs a guide for self-rescue. It helps patients find, and use, a well of inner strength deep within themselves patients find, and use, a well of inner strength deep within themselves that enables them to make powerful changes in their life.that enables them to make powerful changes in their life.

• Simple acceptance of what is, allows for active responding to what Simple acceptance of what is, allows for active responding to what needs doing.needs doing.

• aims at building character to enable one to take action responsively in aims at building character to enable one to take action responsively in

life regardless of symptoms, natural fears, life regardless of symptoms, natural fears, and wishes. and wishes.

Morita therapy: Morita therapy: The Four Areas of TreatmentThe Four Areas of Treatment • Phase one:Phase one: the the ““rest phaserest phase””, a period of learning to separate ourselves from the , a period of learning to separate ourselves from the

constant assault on our senses and thought processes by a loud and intrusive constant assault on our senses and thought processes by a loud and intrusive world. world.

• Phase two: Phase two: ““light and monotonous work that is conducted in silencelight and monotonous work that is conducted in silence””. One of the . One of the keystones of this stage of self-treatment is keystones of this stage of self-treatment is journal writing.journal writing. Our thoughts and Our thoughts and feelings come to us in indistinguishable waves and flood our minds. Writing in our feelings come to us in indistinguishable waves and flood our minds. Writing in our personal journals helps us learn to separate our thoughts from our feelings and personal journals helps us learn to separate our thoughts from our feelings and define their different effects on our lives. In this phase we also go outside.define their different effects on our lives. In this phase we also go outside.

• Phase threePhase three is one of more strenuous work. is one of more strenuous work. Dr. MoritaDr. Morita had his patients engage in had his patients engage in hard physical work outdoors. This is what we call the hard physical work outdoors. This is what we call the ““chopping woodchopping wood”” phase. phase.

• Phase fourPhase four is when Morita would send patients outside the hospital setting. They is when Morita would send patients outside the hospital setting. They would apply what they had learned in the first three phases and use it to help the would apply what they had learned in the first three phases and use it to help the with the challenge of reintegration into the non-treatment world. with the challenge of reintegration into the non-treatment world.

Some specific approachesHypnotherapy Hypnotherapy

• therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis (means "sleep of the nervous system(means "sleep of the nervous system““), a wakeful ), a wakeful state of focused attention and heightened state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility, with diminished peripheral awareness.suggestibility, with diminished peripheral awareness.

• According to the American Psychological According to the American Psychological Association's Division 30, hypnosis may bring about Association's Division 30, hypnosis may bring about "...changes in subjective experience, alterations in "...changes in subjective experience, alterations in perception, sensation, emotion, thought or behavior.“perception, sensation, emotion, thought or behavior.“

• The hypnotic state may also facilitate change in the The hypnotic state may also facilitate change in the body: it has been successfully used as a treatment forbody: it has been successfully used as a treatment for irritable bowel syndromeirritable bowel syndrome..

Asklepios, Greek god of medicine, healing, and hypnosis, was said to oversee the treatment of sick people in "dream healing temples."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asklepios

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Asklepios.3.jpg

Some Specific schools and approachesHypnotherapy Hypnotherapy

• Skeptics point out the difficulty distinguishing Skeptics point out the difficulty distinguishing between hypnosis and the placebo effect, between hypnosis and the placebo effect, proposing that the state called hypnosis is proposing that the state called hypnosis is "so heavily reliant upon the effects of "so heavily reliant upon the effects of suggestion and belief that it would be hard suggestion and belief that it would be hard to imagine how a credible placebo control to imagine how a credible placebo control could ever be devised for a hypnotism could ever be devised for a hypnotism study.“study.“

• Self-hypnosis is popularly used by people Self-hypnosis is popularly used by people who want to quit smoking and reduce stress, who want to quit smoking and reduce stress, while stage hypnosis can be used to while stage hypnosis can be used to persuade people to perform unusual public persuade people to perform unusual public feats.feats.

Professor Charcot (left) of Paris' Salpêtrière demonstrates hypnosis on a "hysterical" patient, "Blanche" (Marie) Wittman, who is supported by Dr. Joseph Babinski.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pr_Charcot_DSC09405.jpg

Relaxation and Hypnosis

Many internal and external factors affect how we think, feel, and behave.

The internal factors influencing state of mind: relaxation and hypnosis.

Relaxation

a focusing on the mind and a relaxing of the body's muscles.

being too tense and/or living with too much stress has significant negative impacts on lives: physical illnesses and many psychological issues.

different forms of relaxation: breathing exercises, deep muscle relaxation, imagery, meditation, yoga, etc. with the main goal to relax the body's muscles and focus the mind.

Since the body and the mind cannot be separated, both of the components must be present for any relaxation technique to work.

similar to relaxation: the same two components of physical and mental must be addressed together.

a very deep state of relaxation where your mind is more focused and the connection between your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are more clear.

a hypnotherapist is typically a licensed professional who uses hypnosis as part of a treatment regimen for certain psychological disorders.

most beneficial when used with relaxation and talk-therapy for a more rounded therapeutic approach.

many factors affect individual susceptibility: belief in hypnosis, trust for the therapist, etc. and the absence of external factors such as noise, uncomfortable temperature, and physical comfort.

the key to successful hypnosis: the ability to focus on your body and mind and to trust and believe in your therapist.

Hypnosis


• providing the user access to physiological information about which he or providing the user access to physiological information about which he or she is generally unaware, allows users to gain control of physical she is generally unaware, allows users to gain control of physical processes previously considered an automatic response of the processes previously considered an automatic response of the autonomous nervous system. autonomous nervous system.

• measuring a subject's quantifiable bodily functions (blood pressure, measuring a subject's quantifiable bodily functions (blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, muscle tension) conveying the information heart rate, skin temperature, muscle tension) conveying the information to the patient in real-time, which raises the patient's awareness and to the patient in real-time, which raises the patient's awareness and conscious control of their unconscious physiological activities.conscious control of their unconscious physiological activities.

Biofeedback therapyBiofeedback therapy

Some specific approachesDeep brain stimulation (DBS)Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

• a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a medical device called a brain pacemaker, which medical device called a brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain.sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain.

• remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders such as chronic pain, PD, tremor and dystonia.such as chronic pain, PD, tremor and dystonia.

• Despite the long history of DBS, its underlying Despite the long history of DBS, its underlying principles and mechanisms are still unclear. principles and mechanisms are still unclear.

• directly changes brain activity in a controlled manner, directly changes brain activity in a controlled manner, its effects are reversible (unlike those of lesioning its effects are reversible (unlike those of lesioning techniques) and is one of only a few neurosurgical techniques) and is one of only a few neurosurgical methods that allows blinded studies.methods that allows blinded studies.

• has been used to treat various affective disorders, has been used to treat various affective disorders, including major depression. including major depression.

• there is potential for serious complications and side there is potential for serious complications and side effects.effects.

HypnotherapyWho, when, where and why?What is it and how did it evolve?Therapy for Psychological Disorders

Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHSRegistered Clinical Hypnotherapist

[email protected]

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