Human Anatomy and Physiology

An Introduction

Mrs. S. McElwee

What is “anatomy”?

• The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another.

• Derived from Greek word to cut (tomy) apart (ana).

• Gross anatomy-when we study large, easily observable body structures such as the heart or bones.

• Microscopic anatomy-structures that are too small to see with the naked eye, such as cells and tissues.

What is “physiology”?

• The study of how the body and its parts work or function.

• physio=nature; ology=the study of

• Physiology has many subdivisions: neutrology, cardiac physiology, etc.

Anatomy and Physiology are always related

• Structure = Function

• The parts of your body form a well organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.

• Structure determines what function can take place.

Levels of Organization

• Atoms (Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) • Molecules (water, sugar, proteins) • Organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane) • Cells (the smallest unit of all living things) • Tissues – groups of cells with similar function

– 4 types: epithelial, connective, muscular, neural

• Organs – 2 or more tissues with a specific function (heart, lungs)

• Organ systems – group of organs with a common function (digestive system)

• Organism (the living body)

Major Organ Systems • Integumentary-

• Skeletal-

• Muscular-

• Nervous-

• Endocrine-

• Cardiovascular-

• Lymphatic-

• Respitory-

• Digestive-

• Urinary-

• Reproductive-

Integumentary

• Skin, hair , and nails…external covering

• Waterproofs, cushions, and protects the deeper tissues from injury.

• Excretes salts and urea in perspiration and regulates body temperature.

• Contains temperature, pressure, and pain receptors.

Skeletal System

• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

• Supports the body and provides a framework for muscles.

• Protection.

• Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) occurs in the bone marrow…inside bones.

• Hard substance of bones stores minerals.

Muscular

• The function of muscles is to contract, or shorten, causing movement.

• Muscles are the machines of the body.

• Skeletal muscles move the body.

• Other muscles of the heart and other hollow organs move fluids (blood, urine) or other substances (food) along pathways of the body.

• Produce heat.

Nervous System

• Control System

• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.

• Allows the body to respond to irritants or stimuli.

• The sensory receptors detect these changes (nerve impulses) and send messages to the CNS.

Endocrine System

• Controls body activities (slowly).

• Endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.

• Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes.

• There are many body functions regulated by hormones including growth, reproduction, and food use.

Cardiovascular

• Heart, blood, and blood vessels.

• Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made.

• White blood cells in blood fight bacteria, toxins, and tumor cells.

Lymphatic System

• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils.

• Return blood back to the blood vessels so it can continuously circulate through the body.

• Help cleanse the blood and house immune cells.

Respiratory

• Supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.

• Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Digestive

• Tube running from mouth to anus.

• Oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.

• Breaks down food and delivers it to the blood for distribution; reclaim water.

• The liver produces bile which breaks down fats.

• The pancreas delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine.

Urinary

• Removes nitrogen containing wastes from the blood with urine.

• Excretory System—kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

• Maintains the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance and regulates acid-base balance of blood.

Reproductive

• The produce offspring (continuation of species)

• Composed of:

• – Testes

• – Ovaries

• – Uterus

• --Tubes

• –– Etc…

Identify the major organ systems

• Download the app “Visanatomy Lite”.

• Click on Organ 3D.

• Practice identifying the organs.

What do all humans do?

• A. maintaining boundaries- inside distinct from outside. Cells surrounded by membrane that controls what comes in and out. Skin protects body. Internal organs protected from drying out, bacteria, sunlight…

• B. Movement—moving around and movement of blood, food, and urine.

• C. Responsiveness (irritability)—ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react to them.

• D. Digestion—break down food into molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and distributed to cells by CV system.

• E. Metabolism—all chemical reactions in the body. Produced energy • F. Excretion—Removal of waste • G. Reproduction—producing offspring • H. Growth—increase in size.

Survival Needs

• Food—nutrients contain chemicals used for energy and building cells. (carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals)

• Oxygen—required to release energy from food

• Water—60-80 % of body weight

• Appropriate temperature—98O; most body heat generated by skeletal muscles.

• Appropriate pressure required for breathing.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j19PLW9Ezk&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHb_1WTHV3VLxG_ofUioIrO&index=7

• Dorsal—back of body – Cranial-brain – Spinal-spine & spinal cord

» Contains vertebrae

• Ventral—front of body – Thoracic-heart and lungs

• Pericardial cavity-heart – (pericardium-lines cavity)

• Pleural cavity-lungs – (pleural membrane-lines lung)

-- Abdominal-stomach, gall Bladder, Intestines, liver, pancreas -- Pelvic—reproductive organs and urinary bladder --Separated by diaphragm

Membranes

• Thin, line cavities and cover organs

– Parietal – line wall of cavity

– Visceral – cover organs

Abdominopelvic Regions

http://www.mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/introduction-to-human-anatomy-and-physiology

4 abdominal quadrants

Homeostasis

• “Staying the same”; steady state

• Stability despite fluctuations

• Adjustments made by the body to maintain balance by regulatory mechanisms.

• Negative Feedback—moves body toward homeostasis; Ex. Temperature

• Positive Feedback—Moves body away from homeostasis; Ex. Blood clot, lactating

Can you think of some examples?

Blood Sugar Maintenance

Temperature Maintenance

Homeostasis Project

Anatomical Terminology The Language of Anatomy

• Anatomical Position Reference position for directions Standing posture, arms at sides, palms forward

Directional Terms

• Superior/inferior

• Anterior/posterior

• Ventral (belly side)/dorsal (back side)

• Medial/lateral

• Proximal/distal

• Superficial/deep

• Axial/appendicular

• Ipsilateral/contralateral

Body Planes and Sections

• A section is a cut.

• A cut is made along an imaginary line called a plane.

Sagittal

Plane

Divides body into right &

left halves.

Frontal

(Coronal)

Plane

Divides body into front &

back portions.

Transverse

Plane

Divides body into upper &

lower portions.

A cross section

Directional Terms and Planes Assignment

Create a presentation with pictures illustrating the following terms: Write a sentence for these:

Superior/inferior Anterior/posterior Ventral (belly side)/dorsal (back side) Medial/lateral Proximal/distal Superficial/deep

No sentence for these: Sagittal plane Coronal plane Transverse plane

15 slides plus cover slide

For Example…

• The revolving restaurant is superior to the parking garage.

The subway is inferior to the

street.

Sagittal Plane