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Chapter 1
AnatomyThe study of the structure of an organismDescriptive anatomy relates the individual
parts of the body to functional systemsPathological anatomy refers to changes in
structure as they relate to diseaseGross /Microscopic Anatomy refers to levels
of visibility of structures under studyDevelopmental Anatomy studies the growth
and development of the organism
Related DisciplinesCytology/Histology study cells and tissues
Myology examines muscle form and function
Arthrology studies the joint system for bones
Osteology studies form and function of bones
Neurology studies the nervous system
PhysiologyThe study of the function of the living
organism and its parts as well as the chemical processes involved.
TeratogenCauses teratogenesisThe development of a severely malformed fetusIts effect must occur during prenatal
development
Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol syndrome, mental retardation, microcephaly
Tobacco- growth retardationHeroin and morphine-Neonatal convulsions,
tremors, death
Regions of the BodyTrunk-Torso
Thorax- Chest Abdomen-anterior abdominal wall
Dorsal trunk Back
Pelvis Hip bones
Head Cranial portion- houses the brain and its components Facial portion- houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal
cavity, and structures related to the upper airway and mastication
Regions of the BodyLower Extremity
Thigh, Leg, Ankle, and Foot
Upper Extremity Arm, forearm, Wrist and Hand
OrientationAnatomical Position
Body is erect Palms, arms and hands face forward
Axial Skeleton Head and Trunk Spinal column is the axis
Appendicular Skeleton Includes the lower and upper limbs
Planes of the BodyIllustration p.5Transverse Section
Divides body into upper and lower halves
Midsagittal SectionDivides body into right and left
Coronal SectionDivides body into front and back halves
Terms of Spatial OrientationAnterior=Ventral- Front of the BodyPosterior=Dorsal- Back of the BodyPeripheral-Away from the centerSuperficial-Near the surfaceDeep- Further from the surfaceExternal- outsideInternal- within the bodyProne-on the bellySupine- on the back
Terms of Spatial OrientationLateral- toward the sideRostral- toward the headProximal- toward the origin of a structure of the body (up)- in reference to limbsFlexion-bending at a jointExtension- extend out, stretchDorsiflexion-Bending that brings dorsal (back) surfaces
closer together e.g. Hyperextension (knee, back)Distal- away from midline (down)- in reference to limbsMedial- towards the midline
Types of TissuesEpithelial TissueConnective TissueMuscular TissueNervous Tissue
The organization of Tissue
Types of Tissues
Types of Tissues
Types of Tissues
Epithelial TissueSuperficial layer of mucous membranes and
the cells constituting the skinShortage of intercellular materialTightly packed sheet, a protective qualityMay be many layersLines nearly all of the cavities of the body as
well as the tubes that connect themMay have cilia or hair-like protrusions that
actively beat to remove contaminants from the epithelial surface
Epithelial Tissue
Connective TissueMost complex= specialized for the purposes
of support and protectionComposed predominantly of intercellular
material, known as the matrixMay be solid, liquid or gel-likeAreolar Tissue-loose connective tissueFibrous Tissue-binds structures togetherCartilage has unique properties of strength
and elasticity
Connective TissueBlood- fluid component is plasma and blood
cells are suspended in this matrixBone-hardest of all connective tissues-
compact and spongy.
Connective Tissue
Muscle TissueAre capable of being stimulated to contractStriated-skeletal muscle- it is used to move
skeletal structuresSmooth muscle- digestive tract and blood
vessels, generally sheetlike with spindle-shaped cells
Cardiac muscle- cells interconnect in a net like fashion
P. 15 for illustration
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous TissueHighly specialized communicative tissueConsists of neurons or nerve cells that take
on a variety of formsTransmits information from one neuron to
anotherTransmits information from neurons to
musclesTransmits information from sensory
receptors to other neural structures
Nervous Tissue
Tissue Aggregates
The basic body tissues are used to form larger structuresOrgansBonesMusclesJoints
Tissue AggregatesFascia- surrounds organs, being a sheet-like
membrane that may be either dense or filmy, thin, or thick.
Ligaments-binds organs together or hold structures in place
Tendons-provides a means of attaching muscle to bone or cartilage
Bones-Provide a rigid skeletal support and protect organs and soft tissues
Tissue AggregatesBones
All bone begins as a cartilaginous massPoints of articulation or joining between bones
are comprised of cartilageRigid skeletal supportProtect organs and soft tissuesCharacterized by length or shapeBlood cell production occurs within the cavities
of the spongy bone trabeculaeIllustration P. 19
Tissue Aggregates Joints
Union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage
Classified based on the degree of movement they permitSynarthrodial/ Fibrous joints- have little movement, i.e.
joints between bones in the skull (suture between the two parietal bones), a socket and tooth
Ampiarthrodial/ Cartilaginous joints-permit limited mobility, cartilage provides the union between two bones, i.e. between the disks of the vertebral column
Diarthrodial/ Synovial joints-Highly mobile , lubricating synovial fluid is contained within the articular capsule
Sutures- see p. 22 for illustration and description
Synarthrodial (Fibrous)
Ampiarthrodial (Cartilage)
Diarthrodial (Synovial)
Tissue AggregatesMuscle
Bound groups of muscle fibers with functional unityFascia covers themEndowed with a tendon to permit attachment to
skeletal structureHave a nerve supply to provide stimulation of the
contracting bundle of tissueHave a vascular supply to meet their nutrient needsCan contract to approximately one-half its original
length
Tissue AggregatesMuscle
Exert force only by shortening the distance between two points and can contract only in a straight line
Origin=Point of attachment of the least mobile element
Insertion=Point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction
Agonists= Muscles that move a structureAntagonists=Muscles that oppose a given movementSynergists=Muscles that stabilize structuresAre innervated or supplied by a single nerve
Body SystemsRespiratory Systems
Respiratory passageway, lungs, tracheaPhonatory System
Components of the respiratory system, laryngeal structures and the digestive system
Articulatory SystemParts of the anatomically defined digestive and
respiratory systems (tongue, lips, teeth, soft palate, etc.)
Resonatory SystemNasal cavity, soft palate and portions of the
respiratory and digestive systems