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Anatomy & PhysiologyIntroduction
Anatomy:The study of the structure of an organism and the relationship to its parts
Anatomy is derived from the Greek word meaning “cutting up” which is still how we learn today through dissections.
Physiology:The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
Structural Levels
of Organization
1. Atoms/Molecules
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Systems
6. Body
Differing levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical level) to the most complex (organism).
Organization is one of the most important characteristics of body structure.
Cell are considered to be the smallest “living” units of structure and function.
COMPLEXITY
Say what?? En route to the ER, Scott
provides them with the following information: “She has an abrasion on the ventral surface of her right hand, and a 4 cm laceration just distal to her right elbow. The right patella is deformed medially, and there is some tenderness just proximal to the knee.
The doctor responds, “Thanks. We’ll be ready for her when you get here.”
EMTs Scott and Stacy were dispatched to a scene in which a young girl had fallen off her bike. Dispatch reported that her arm was bleeding and her mother thought her leg might be broken.
Anatomical Position The body is in a erect or
standing posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward.
The anatomical position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
“NOT”Anatomical Position
SUPINE
Laying face upward
PRONE
Laying face downward
http://www.yogastudy.org/images/Supine-yoga-Postures.gif
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
Anatomical DirectionsSuperior
“toward the head”
Upper or above
Inferior
“toward the feet”
Lower or below
Anatomical DirectionsAnterior
“front” or “in front of”
Ventral (toward the belly) can also be used instead of anterior
Posterior
“back” or “in back of”
Dorsal (toward the back) can also be used instead of poster
Anatomical DirectionsMedial
towards the midline of the body
Lateral
Toward the side of the body or away from midline
Anatomical DirectionsProximal
Toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin of one of it’s parts
Distal
Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part
Anatomical DirectionsSuperficial
Nearer the surface
Deep
Farther away from the body surface
Planes or Body
Sections1. Sagittal
• Length-wise plane running from front to back.
• Divides into left and right halves
2. Frontal (Coronal)• Length-wise plane running from
side to side
• Divides into anterior and posterior
3. Transverse • Horizontal or crosswise plane
• Divides into upper and lower portions
Body Cavities
Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity
Organ-containing space in the anterior trunk of the body that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity Includes the cranial and
spinal cavities
Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic cavity
Everything above the diaphragm
Mediastinum – Trachea, heart,
blood vessels Pleural cavities –
Lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity
Everything below the diaphragm
Abdominal cavity - Liver, gallbladder,
stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of the large intestine
Pelvic cavity – Lower sigmoid colon,
rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs.
Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral Body
Cavity
RH- right hypochondriac region
RL- right lumbar region
RI- right iliac (inguinal) region
ER- epigastric region
UR- umbilical region
HR- hypogastric region
LH- left hypochondriac region
LL- left lumbar region
LI- left iliac (inguinal) region
The Abdomen can be divided into 9 for abdominal regions.
This makes it easier to locate organs.
Ventral Body
CavityAn easier way to divide of the abdomen is to use the division of the abdomen into 4 quadrants.
Dorsal Body
CavityCranial cavity – Brain
Spinal cavity - Spinal cord
http://www.free-ed.net/sweethaven/Science/Biology/AnatomyPhysiol/Human01_LessonMain.asp?iNum=0106
Lab Time Poster Project
Lab book P9
Make sure to trace the outline of a person
Body RegionsSubdivisions
Body Regions Axial
Head Neck Torso or trunk
Appendicular – Upper and lower
extremities
Lab Time Poster project continued
“Mini-Me”
Look up medical terms and complete the medical root sheet.
Complete your poster by placing the words correctly on the outlined body.
Use of all 78 items= 40 pts
The Balance of Body Functions
Homeostasis
Balance of Body Functions
Homeostasis – The body maintaining relatively constant
conditions within the body or a relative constancy of the internal environment.
The body must constantly work to maintain or restore homeostasis.
Balance of Body Functions
Negative Feedback Loop – Oppose or negate a change in a controlled
condition. They change back toward a normal value – stabilize conditions.
Ex: Breathing heavier when exercising or producing more urine when there is more fluid in the body than usual.
Balance of Body Functions
Positive Feedback Loop – Instead of opposing a
change in the internal environment and causing a return to normal, these PFL’s temporarily amplify the change that is occurring.
Ex: Rapid increases in uterine contractions before the birth of a baby or rapid sticking together of platelets to form a blood clot.
Maintaining Homeostatis
Our physiological feedback systems have three key features: 1. A receptor that can evaluate the stimulus
(change in environment) and sends a message to…
2. An integrating center (Brain) that processes the information and sends a message to…
3. An effector that acts on the stimulus and causes a response (reaction) in the organism.
Lab Time Your group will be assigned a mechanisms for maintaining
stability/homeostasis
1. Read the example of the homeostatic mechanism.
2. Identify the following in the example you are given and list the structures they are associated with. Stimulus Receptor Integrating center Effector Response
3. Identify whether mechanism is positive or negative.
4. Create a flow chart similar using the structures that you have identified in your given mechanism.
