Human Anatomy and Physiology

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

1) Define the following terms: Anatomy, Body system, Cell,Homeostasis, Organ, Physiology, Tissue

2) Identify various anatomical terms commonly used to refer to body

3) Identify 4 Body Positions

4) Identify 5 Body Cavities

5) Describe fundamentals of 11 Bodily Systems

6) Homeostasis. Why is it important?

Anatomy: Study of the Human Body’s Structure

Physiology: Study of Human Mechanical, Physical, Biological Function

Cells: basic unit of life--smallest structural and functional unity within a living thing

Tissues: distinct materials in the body made up of specialized cells (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue: lining of organs)

Organs: made up of tissues, fully differentiated (no two organs perform the exact same action)

Body system: Group of organs that work with one another to perform a function (breathing, circulating blood, reproduction)

Homeostasis: relatively stable equilibrium in all bodily systems: “the scientific definition of ‘healthy’” --John Mayer

Anatomical Positions

Prone: lying face down

Supine: lying face up…..“supine, spine”

Fowler’s position: sitting up with knees bent

Trendelenburg’s position: body supine with the head lower than feet

Shock position: head and feet supine, legs are elevated, helps blood flow to brain

Recovery position: unresponsive patient, no spine injury. Lying on side, opposite knee flexed, head cushioned on hand

Directional TermsSuperior

Inferior

Proximal

Distal

Medial Lateral

Proximal

Distal

More Directional Terms

Superficial / Deep: toward skin surface / farther inside body

Ventral / Dorsal: anterior / posterior surface of body

Palmar: palm of hand

Plantar: bottom of the foot

Terms for Movements◦Flexion: bending ◦Extension: straightening◦Hyper: beyond normal range of motion (injury)◦Abduction: move extremity away from the body◦Adduction: move extremity toward the body

Body Cavities

Cavity: Hollow space in the body that houses vital organsand organ systems

-Cranial Cavity-Spinal Cavity-Thoracic (Chest) Cavity-Abdominal Cavity -Pelvic Cavity

Cranial and Spinal Cavity: The Nervous System!!!

……………………………………………Are you nervous?

Nervous System-controls all activities of the body via sensory input

voluntary: somatic nervous systeminvoluntary: autonomic nervous system

-Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cordcerebrum: rational thought, sensory perceptioncerebellum: coordinates movementbrain stem: controls basic body functions (circulatory, respiratory, digestive function)

-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cable of nerve fibers thatconnect the spinal cord to bodily organs (Brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus)

Nervous System 2

cerebrum

cerebellumBrain stem

Brachial plexus

Lumbrosacral plexus

Sensory nerves: carry info from the body to the CNS

Motor nerves: carry info from the CNS to muscles

Connecting nerves: connect sensory and motor

Spinal Column-33 vertebrae total, central supporting structure of the body, protects spinal cord (carries nerve messages from brain to the rest of the body)

Cervical spine: VERY IMPORTANT “3,4,5 stay alive” C7 is most prominent

Thoracic Spine: next 12 vertebrae, one pair of ribs attached to each vertebrae

Lumbar spine: next 5 vertebrae

Sacrum: 5 sacral vertebrae fused together, joined to illiac bones of the pelvis

Coccyx: last 4 vertebrae, tailbone, commonly bruised / chipped

GI and Endocrine Systems: Abs Baby

Liver, gallbladder

Appendix

Stomach, spleen

Colon

-small and large intestines in all quadrants

Gastrointestinal System◦ Anatomy

• Mouth• Esophagus• Stomach• Small and large intestine

◦ Physiology: help process food and water, extract necessary nutrients / energy • Saliva• Hydrochloric acid• Bile

Thorax: Chest Cavity-Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels (aorta and two venae cava)

-formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae and the rib cage

Xiphoid process

Costal arch

Angle of Louis

Floating ribs (11, 12)

Retroperitoneal Region

-“behind the chest wall” know: pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, urinary bladder

-Pelvis: closed bony ring consists of 1) sacrum, 2) ilium, 3) ischium

The Endocrine System: glands in the body that secrete hormones (regulate blood sugar levels, control reproductive process)• Hypothalamus--secretes hormones that act on pituitary• Pituitary--”master” gland• Thyroid--metabolism, growth, development• Adrenals--epinephrine (“fight or flight” response) sympathetic nervous system (part of autonomous nervous system)

» -eye: promotes dilation» -heart: increases rate and force of contraction» -lungs: dilates bronchioles» -penis: promotes ejaculation» - Pancreas: endocrine NOT gastrointestinal

Respiratory SystemBronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli (where CO2 - O2 exchange takes place)

Pleura: glossy tissue lining of lungs (outside) and chest cavity (inside) space in between--->pleural space

Diaphragm: both a voluntary and involuntary muscle (striated, voluntary on deep breath, involuntary when we’re not consciously breathing)

-inhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles (muscles between ribs) contract, ribs are raised up and out, thoracic cavity expands, low pressure allows air to rush in create vacuum

-exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, ribs relax back in, pressure rises in lungs, air rushes out

More on the Lungs

Circulatory System-collection of tubes that circulate blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) and the heart

-heart: muscular organ made of cardiac muscle (myocardium) each side is divided into upper and lower chambers (atrium and ventricle)

-arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart

-aorta: principal artery

-veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart

-vena cava: principal vein (superior-above heart, inferior-below heart)

-capillaries: fine end of circulatory tubes, intersect with cells in bodily tissues, feeds O2 and removes CO2, metabolic waste

- Oxygen is carried primarily by the red blood cell's hemoglobin with a small amount dissolved in the blood.

-Carbon dioxide is dissolved primarily in the plasma with a small amount carried by the red blood cells. Plasma also carries nutrients to tissues, also removes waste

-White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system and help the body defend against infection.

Along with specialized proteins, platelets are the component of blood used to form blood clots when bleeding.

Circulatory Path

http://asweknowit.net/MIDDLE_SCH/DWA%205%20organ%20systems.htm

The Skeletal System◦ Anatomy

• Long and flat bones• Skull and spinal column• Thorax• Pelvis• Upper and lower extremities

◦ Physiology• Structure to the body• Bone marrow makes blood cells

***PAGE 196 and 198: KNOW THESE BONES***

Extra skeletal stuffShoulder girdle: the clavicle, the scapula, the humerus

Sternum---Clavicle---Acromioclavicular joint (A/C joint)---Acromion process---Humerus

Foot: calcaneus (heel) metatarsal (middle foot) phalanges (toes)

Hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Muscles

Types of MusclesSkeletal Muscle: attached to bone, also called striated

-voluntary muscle: under direct voluntary control

paralyzed muscle: muscle lacking nerve impulse because of broken connection / damaged nerves (voluntary control is lost)

Smooth muscle: involuntary muscle

-found in gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, bronchi of the lungs (propels flow of blood, fluids) under same nervous system

Cardiac muscle: own blood supply and it’s own electrical (stimulus) system; heart sets its own rhythm and rate without brain’s influence

Blood Pressure / HeartbeatNormal Heart Rates:

Adult - 60-100 bpm, Child - 70-140 bpm, Newborns - 120-160 bpm

Blood pressure: pressure that blood exerts against arterial walls (systole: muscular contraction phase / diastole: muscular relaxation phase)

Major / important arteries: carotid (neck) radial (wrist) brachial (under bicep) femoral (inner thigh…yeahhhh) posterior tibial (inner heal…good for distal csms!)

Perfusion: circulation of blood within a specific tissue or organ in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs.

INADEQUATE PERFUSION = SHOCK!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Skin You’re In: Integumentary System

-Skin: the largest organ on the human body-3 major functions

-Protect body from environment-Regulate body temperature-Receive nerve signals (sensory)

-Regulates temp by vasoconstriction / vasodialation

-Epidermis and Dermis: 2 major layers

-Epidermis: sebacious glands secrete sebum, also pores

-Dermis: sweat glands, nerves

The Other Bodily SystemsUrinary System (kidney, urethra, bladder) filters and removes liquid waste, controls pH of blood, manages electrolyte balance

Reproductive System: penis, testicles, prostate, urethra / vagina, ovaries, uterus. determines sex characteristics, Reproduction

Lymphatic System: lymphnodes, white blood cells, spleen.,

removes excess interstitial fluid around cells into blood, removes foreign molecules / bacteria from tissues, from bloodstream, absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins from the intestines, and produces lymphocytes, a white blood cell

The 11 Bodily SystemsSkeletalMuscularCardiovascularRespiratoryDigestive / GastrointestinalReproductiveIntegumentary (skin)NervousLymphaticEndocrineUrinary