Joints contribute to homeostasis by holding bones together in
ways that allow movement & flexibility
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aka: articulation or arthrosis a point of contact between 2
bones, a bone & cartilage, or between a bone & tooth
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1. structural classification based on anatomical
characteristics Fibrous joints Cartilagenous joints Synovial joints
2. functional classification based on type of movement they permit
Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis
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Articulating bones held very closely together by fibrous CT 3
types: 1. Sutures skull bones 2. Syndesmoses interosseous membrane
3. Gomphoses dentoalveolar joint
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allows little or no movement bones are tightly connected by
either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage 2 types: 1. Synchondoses
hyaline cartilage connects bones epiphyseal plate 2. Symphyses
fibrocartilage connects bone pubic symphysis
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distinguishing characteristics: synovial joint cavity filled
with synovial fluid bones covered by articular cartilage reduces
friction
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secreted by synovial membrane viscous, clear, pale yellow fluid
forms film over surfaces w/in articular capsule functions: 1.
reduce friction 2. absorbing shocks 3. supporting chondrocytes in
w/in articular cartilage
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cracking sounds heard as joints move or popping sounds people
make when the crack their knuckles explanation: When synovial
cavity expands creates partial vacuum suction from that draws CO 2
& O 2 out of blood vessels in synovial membrane form bubbles in
synovial fluid bubbles pop
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a forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or
tears ligaments but does not dislocate the bones occurs when
ligaments are stressed beyond their capacity may have associated
damage to surrounding blood vessels, muscles, tendons, or
nerves
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stretched or partially torn muscle often due to muscle
contracting suddenly & powerfully
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saclike structures situated to alleviate friction in some
joints filled with fluid similar to synovial fluid located between:
skin & bones tendons & bones muscles & bones ligaments
& bones
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inflammation of a bursa usually caused by irritation from
repeated, excessive exertion of a joint or by: trauma, infection
(syphilis or TB), RA symptoms: pain, swelling, tenderness, limited
movement
2. flexion/extension/ hyperextension: opposite movements
flexion: decrease in angle between articulating bones extension:
increase in angle between articulating bones hyperextension:
continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
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3. abduction/adduction/ circumduction abduction: movement of
bone away from midline adduction: movement of bone toward midline
circumduction: movement of distal end of a body part in a
circle
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4. elevation/depression: elevation: upward movement of part of
body (closing mouth, shrugging shoulders) depression: downward
movement of part of body (opening mouth, returning elevated
shrugged shoulders to anatomical position)
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5. protraction/retraction protraction: movement of part of body
anteriorly in transverse plane retraction: returning a protracted
part of body to anatomical position
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6. inversion/ eversion inversion: movement of soles medially @
intertarsal joints (soles face each other) eversion: movement of
soles laterally @ intertarsal joints
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7. dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion dorsiflexion: bending foot @
ankle in direction of dorsum (superior surface) plantar flexion:
bending foot @ ankle in direction of plantar surface
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8. supination/pronation supination: movement of forearm in
which palm is turned anteriorly pronation: movement of forearm in
which distal end of radius crosses over distal end ulna & palm
is turned posteriorly
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9. opposition movement of thumb in which thumb moves across
palm to touch tips of the fingers on same hand
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ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of
another bone permits movement around 3 axis + all directions in
between flexion extension abduction adduction circumduction
rotation
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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) autoimmune disease: immune system
attacks joint linings characterized by: inflammation of joint
swelling, pain, loss of function usually bilateral joints involved
but may not be to same degree
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arthralgia: pain in a joint subluxation: partial or incomplete
dislocation of a joint