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8/12/2019 Hubungan antara Perekonomian dan Perkotaan
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Ekonomi Perkotaan
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Rent
Transport
Cost
Location
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Kota adalah
pusat :
kegiatanperekonomian.
pelayananbarang dan jasa
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Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller
Barnacle shells on a beach rock
Average 5.3 sides per barnacle
WaspNest
NearlyPerfectHexagonalNests
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Quantity Demanded
DistanceZeroDistance
Range
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Threshold and Range Relationship
Threshold
Range
Range
Threshold
Situation:
Demand > CostsSituation:
Demand < Costs
Threshold is the minimum market (population or income) needed to bring about the selling of aparticular good or service.Range is the maximum distance consumers are prepared to travel to acquire goods - at some point the
cost or inconvenience will outweigh the need for the good.
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Competition for Customers
Unserved customers
Possibly maximum profit
Market area
The figure suggests that sellers press towards each
other, creating hexagonal market areas and possibly
eliminating excess profits
? How would producers like to set their price? At the level
that maximizes profit, which is at a scale of output where
marginal revenues and marginal costs are equal.
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Lschs Market Area
Development Sequence
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Alternative Spatial Market Areas
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Overlapping market areas for
three different industries
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Hierarchy of CentralPlaceHamlet
Village Town City
Regional Capital
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To develop the theory, Christaller made the
following simplifying assumptions:an unbounded isotropic (all f lat), homogeneous, limitless surface(abstract space)an evenly distributed populationall settlements are equidistant and exist in a triangular lattice patternevenly distributed resourcesdistance decay mechanismperfect competition and all sellers are economic people maximizingtheir profitsconsumers are of the same income level and same shopping behaviourall consumers have a similar purchasing power and demand for goodsand servicesConsumers visit the nearest central places that provide the functionwhich they demand. They minimize the distance to be travelledno provider of goods or services is able to earn excess profit(eachsupplier has a monopoly over a hinterland)
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In the functional hierarchies, generalizations
can be made regarding the spacing, size andfunction of settlements.The larger the settlements are in size, the fewer in number they willbe, i.e. there are many small villages, but few large cities.The larger the settlements grow in size, the greater the distancebetween them, i.e. villages are usually found close together, while citiesare spaced much further apart.As a settlement increases in size, the range and number of itsfunctions will increase .As a settlement increases in size, the number of higher-order services
will also increase, i.e. a greater degree of specialization occurs in theservices.
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Bid Rent Funcition
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Agglomeration Economies
Cluster Economies/External Economies
1. Localization Economies
2. Urbanization Economies
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Advantages of Agglomerations
1. Pools of Specialized Labor2. Specialized Resources3. Technological Spillovers
Disadvantage of Agglomerations
1. Congestion
2. Pollution3. Negative Externalities
Diseconomies of Agglomeration