How to Interpret Your Lab Results

Presenting

CBC: Complete Blood Count

Serum Chemistries Liver Function

Tests Lipids/Glucose T cell subsets Viral load

Elements of the CBC

RBC’s: Red Blood Cells

WBC’s: White Blood Cells

Platelets

Serum Plasma

Stem Cells Stem cells are

young cells All blood cells

start as stem cells They get

“drafted” as RBCs, WBCs or platelets depending on the body’s needs

Not all blood cells are the same….

Red Blood Cell Tests Erythrocytes “cytes” = cells Shaped like a bagel with

hole covered Red Blood Cell count:

total number of red blood cells

Hemoglobin (HGB): protein in RBC’s that actually carries 02

Red Blood Cell Tests

Hematocrit (HCT): measures the % of blood volume taken up by RBC’s

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): average volume (size) of RBC’s

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): amt/concentration of hgb in average cell Platelets: help stop bleeding by forming

clots. Low plt count: thrombocytopenia

Normal RBC values RBC for males: 4.5-5.5 RBC for females: 4.0-4.9 Hgb (males): 13.5-16.5 Hgb (females): 12-15 Hct (males): 41-50 Hct (females): 36-44

Normal RBC Values MCV: 80-100 MCH: 26-34 Plt: 100,000- 450, 000

White Blood Cells

WBC’s are fighter cells Some make antibodies Some fight directly Divided into types by

how they look and what they do

WBC Differential (Different Types of WBC’s)

5 types of white blood cells neutrophils fight bacterial infections; low count=neutropenia

(HIV, some meds can cause neutropenia) lymphocytes: 2 types: T cells attack + Kill germs/regulate immune

system need to know lymphocyte count to calculate T cells

B cells make antibodies

More Types of WBC’s

Monocytes or Macrophages fight infections by eating germs;high count

usually signifies infection

Eosinophils involved with allergies and reaction to

parasites

Basophils Seem to be involved in long term allergic

response; not well understood

Normal WBC values WBC: 4,500- 10, 000 Neutrophils: 54-62% Lymphocytes: 24-44 Monocytes: 3-6 Eosinophils: 0-3 Basophils: 0-1

***Neutrophils Neutrophils make up majority of

WBCs. They are your “soldiers”. Neutrophils have “polys” and “bands.”

“Polys” are mature neutrophils “bands” are immature neutrophils

Blood Chemistry Tests

Electrolytes: related to fluid balance

Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium

Normal Electrolytes values Sodium: 135-145 Potassium: 3.5-5.2 Chloride: 95-107 Calcium: 8.8-10.3

Kidney Function Tests Blood Urea

Nitrogen (BUN) nitrogen in blood waste that is normally

removed by kidneys

Creatinine waste product; most

direct sign of kidney function

Kidney Normal Values BUN: 7-20 Creatinine: 0.5-1.4

Liver Function Tests

High enzymes can signal liver damage

(meds, hepatitis, alcohol, drugs) ALT (SGPT) AST (SGOT) Bilirubin yellow fluid produced when RBC’s break down

(liver disease; indinavir and atazanavir can elevate bili) Alkaline Phosphatase LDH

Liver Normal Values Bilirubin: 0.1-1.2 Alkaline phosphatase: 33-131 LDH: 56-194

Other Tests Albumin: major protein in blood

maintains balance in cells;carries nutrients;can affect other lab tests

Erythrocte Sedimentation Rate:

how quickly RBC’s settle in a tube of blood; high sed rate=inflammation

Normal Values Albumin: 3.2-5

Fat in Blood: Lipids

Fat is a source of energy Carries some vitamins Helps make hormones Helps make cell membranes Lubricates some body parts Fats are carried wrapped in

lipoproteins Triglycerides most common, then

cholesterol

So what’s the problem?

Small lipoproteins (LDL or VLDL) carry fat from liver to rest of body

Too much of these cause fat build-up on walls of arteries

Lipids

Cholesterol : <200

HDL (good cholesterol) : 30-70

LDL (bad cholesterol) : 65-180

Triglycerides : <160

Blood Sugar

Glucose provides energy High blood sugar could signal diabetes Insulin is produced in pancreas and

helps glucose move from blood to cells Some protease inhibitors can cause

elevation of blood sugar by inhibiting insulin

Types of glucose tests Random Blood sugar (not fasting) Fasting Blood sugar (nothing to eat or drink except H2O

for 8 hrs) Glucose Tolerance Test (Starts fasting, then given sweet

drink and measured over time) Hemoglobin A1c (Measures glucose control over 3

month)

Normal Glucose Glucose: up to 140 Glucose (Fasting): 60-110 Hemoglobin A1C: 6-8