Day One Introduction to Housing Holistic View of Housing - Settlements vis-a-vis social and economic systems the nomadic economy The Nomadic Economy

The food gathering and hunting

Temporary abodes

Resource-based dwellings

Loose sense of territoriality

Perishable materials

Migration in Paleolithic Period

First known inhabitants called migrating mammals

Came through land bridges

Evidences Point to Two Streams

Eastern side of archipelago and farther north

Borneo and Palawan - Western side of Philippines including Luzon

Occupy one large territory

Use one place more or less a permanent home

Convenient sites (Rock shelters and ledges or mouth of caves)

Absences of caves, living areas are buttresses roots of large trees with large leaves for

roofing.

The Agricultural Economy

The Village System

Organization and hierarchy

Establishment and Communities

Migrants move in trickles, along the river banks and seacoasts.

Settlements along or near headwaters of major rivers and tributaries evolving to Riverine

and Coastal orientation

Kaingin or slash and burn

Cultivation then wet rice agriculture

The Feudal System

Strong sense of territoriality

Self-subsistent

Radial Settlements

Mobility rendered by horses

Highly organized

Basic Settlement Forms

Linear Hamlet

Group Hamlet

String Village

Cluster Village

Round Village

Skeleton Grid Plan

Walled Village

Rural Dispersed

Mercantilism

Relatively fragmented Social Organizations

Relatively loose physical boundaries

Mobility by sea vessels

Development of coastal areas

Growth of retail outlets

Development of Ports

Colonialism

Assimilation of culture

Expansion of Territories

Imposition of Urban Layouts

Industrialization

Assembly line, product standardization

Mass production

High density settlements

Blight inner cities

Development of suburbia

Development of a Railway System

Mobility thru Auto mobiles and Highways

The Age of Information Technology and Globalization

Cross-country transfer of standards

Localization of imported technology

Service Economy

Re-definition of workplace

Land Purification

Cross Country Transfer Land Purification

The Upton farm is a 246-acre property in Charlottetown, Pei.

The brown-colored field to the south of the highway is bordered by maypoint road, and it is

proposed to build 350 housing units consisting of houses, apartment buildings and town

houses here.

Is the housing the best implementation of the land?

Concept Housing

It refers not only to the provision of shelter but also to the provision of the basic amenities

that make up a human settlements as well as the improvement of the environmental

conditions in marginal areas.

Factors that influences Housing in a Political view

Every people have the right to have an adequate housing be its on his own or not or simply

availing the program of the government for land source system.

Social View:

Due to rural-urban migration there is a concentration and over growing of people in the city.

This poses a great problem in housing especially the urban poor who are homeless and

underprivileged.

Economic View

Development and Urbanization Business and manufacturing establishments as well as

labor force increased causing to have a higher demand in providing housing which is near to

their employments and economic opportunities.

Physical View

In our country especially in Manila there are various places that we see and termed as

blighted slums that needed rehabilitation and upgrading.

Cultural View:

Greece Treatment and use of the housing and in the quality environment care.

Arab Culture (Tunisia) form of housing is a communal area

Technological View:

Appropriate Design

Building materials, Resources and skills that are available

Prefabrication or modularization

Production process

Indigenous technology

Sweat equity

Problems affecting Housing:

1. Lack of access to land and security of tenure

2. Lack of sustainable source of funds

3. Lack of access to affordable housing materials

4. Poor policy framework

5. Enhancing local government capabilities

6. Engage effective participation of urban poor, non-governmental organization and private

sector

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES Pre-Colonial Philippines

The region of Southeast Asia had been penetrated by grand world tradition from China,

Arabia and India.

Overland migrations, caravans, and armies took the route south from China crossing the

intervening countries and down to the Malay Peninsula.

The Barangay Society

Settlements were located along inland rivers or mountain streams

Boat making and pottery technology developed; Burial jars for the dead become part of

Bangay culture

Panay everyone knew how to spin and weave for clothing

Overall, life in the barangay was local.

Spanish Conquest

Small Barangays were consolidated into new political Dominion

1589, regime began a sweeping reorganization of the natives

The viability of the Pueblo-Parish System depended on keeping the natives

The first sector of the new land systems was the Pueblo Lands

Lands awarded to the Church sector became basis of the hacienda agriculture

Pueblo parishes evolved in encomiendas

Post-Colonial Economy

Philippine Economy (1700 1770s) marked by the phasing out of private encomiendas

An aspect of modern Filipino Folk Culture evolved during this period.

Stability in Pueblos, money transactions and steady population growth gave play to socio-

economic forces.

Organic Development as a Factor of Social and Economic Systems

Organic Development a type of development that will ensue minimal planning and

intervention at the statutory level

Settlements are shaped by natural processes that arise out of day-to-day encounters among

the individuals and social organizations.

Market Forces, modes of subsistence and cultural factors determine the configuration of

physical settlements.

Planned Development on the other hand, is a product of a conscious effort to direct

growth and pre-determine the final pattern of settlements.

Examples of Organic and Spontaneous Development

Squatters in Intramuros

Railways squatters in Sampaloc

Raon Street, Manila

Medieval Cities The Tell, Iraq

Examples of Planned Development

Intramuros, Manila

Docklands, London

Day Two Philippine Perspective on Housing (Current Housing Demand, Needs and Supply) Indicators of Housing Problems

The problem of housing illegal occupancy of land or of housing space and subsequent

formation of squatter communities

1. Squatting

Described as the illegal occupancy of land owned by others, became a preferred solution to

the housing problem by those with little or no resources.

Professional Squatters and squatter syndicates - refer to those occupying a vacant land

owned by others in order to sell rights for its use to others.

Makeshift housing refers to the use of salvaged or improvised construction materials for

the roof or walls used with other construction materials.

Makeshift dwellers:

Dont have access to a potable water system (26%)

Most shared community system (51%)

Dont have toilets (38%)

Burned garbage (13%) (Endriga et all 1996:35)

PCUP Presidential Commission on the Urban Poor

No. of squatter urban poor families 717,328

16% - lived in dangerous areas

22% - in sites for infrastructure projects

35% - government-owned areas for priority development

27% - privately-owned land

Local Government

No. of squatter urban poor families 432,450 Households

23% - occupied government lands

15% - danger zones

40% - infrastructure sites

22% - privately-owned land

National Housing Authority

No. of slums and squatters dwellers 406,000 Households

Covered major thoroughfares, esteros, creek, waterways, previously cleared squatter areas.

A slum area describes:

Lack of provisions for electricity, water, roads, waste disposals and drainage, a situation as

dangerous to health as to environment

Government Solution:

Clear the areas

Resettle the people in far-flung vacant lands

On-site slum upgrading, providing services and implementing zonal improvement program

2. Housing Demand

New households / new stock

Old, dilapidated stock need to be upgraded

Available stock but not responsive to needs

Housing Backlog households with sub standards units including those in places with sites

and services programs which were being upgraded.

Future Needs additional and new houses required by new households

Housing needs housing backlog + future needs

Number of dwelling units required for household who were currently occupying structures

not untended or suitable for human habitations, plus the number of dwellings needed to

meet the one household-one dwelling requirement.

Double-up-households more than one household in one dwelling unit.

Future housing needs projected increase in households plus housing required to replace

losses due to obsolescence.

NEDA National Economic Development Authority

Projected housing need as: housing backlog and future needs.

Private Sector Economic Housing

Government Socialized Housing

Solution to housing need government assistance in the production of housing units

(private sector) and government loans to acquire house and land.

HOUSING FOR WHOM? Who are in need? Who are the poor?

Income

Expenses

Size of Households

Dwelling type

Educational attainment of household head

Membership in Urban Poor Organizations

Source of livelihood

Ability to meet basic needs

Who are the poor?

Squatters, slum dwellers, makeshift dwellers, landless poor reflect several dimensions of

poverty

Squatter legal term referring to those occupy land without the consent of the owner.

Slum dweller emphasize blighted physical conditions of urban poor communities.

Makeshift dweller refers to those staying in dwelling units that are made of scrap materials

and are usually in state disrepair.

Urban Poor individuals or families residing in urban and urbanizable areas whose income

or combined household income falls within the poverty household.

Homeless

No designated shelter

Moves from one place to another

Found everywhere; seeks shelter in streets, parks, under bridges, etc.

Illegal occupant

Has designated shelter

Creates a temporary or permanent structure to which they can return

Abounds in areas close to major urban centers, along river banks and close to municipal

garbage dump

Measures of Poverty Poverty measures used in the Philippines are:

1. Food threshold or subsistence household

2. Poverty threshold or Poverty Line

Food threshold is measured in terms of a food basket which satisfies all (100%) of the

Recommended Dietary Allowance or RDA for energy, all (100%) of the RDA for protein and

80% of the RDA for vitamins and other nutrients

Computation:

FT (Food Cost) x 30.4 approximate no. of days per month to get monthly food threshold

Or 365 days (30.4 days/month x 12 months) to get annual FT

Poverty threshold or Poverty Line

Poverty Threshold monthly income requirement to satisfy 100% of nutritional requirement

and other needs of a family of 6

Poverty Threshold (PT) = FT Food Threshold; ER Expenditure Ratio

ER Ratio of food expenditure to the total basic expenditure

Total Basic Expenditures of the family income and expenditures survey (FIES) sample

families falling within 5

3. Lack of Access to Housing Finance Reasons that the poor cannot have access to such housing schemes:

Gap between the income of the poor

Costs of land and house construction

Terms of housing finance

Provisions for the poor resettlement, slum upgrading and zonal improvement But no housing finance for the, 4. Insecurity of Land Tenure

Housing problems as lack of security of the land tenure

Community Mortgage Program (CMP) making poor-pioneering effort of government at

socialized housing.

Subsidies and effective bureaucracies were needed.

5. Lack of Comprehensive Policy and Institutional Framework

Continued increase of squatters

Among the poor, incomes have become differentiated.

Security of land tenure as a solution requires that land be available for socialized housing

The Causes: Urbanization, Migration, Poverty

Squatting migration of poor rural people to urban areas

Migration attributed to urbanization

Data on income show the incidence of poverty (proportion of families below poverty

threshold to total number of families) in many areas of Metro Manila.