Turbo TAKS

Week 2

Lesson 1- CellsLesson 2- TaxonomyLesson 3- DNALesson 4- Protein Synthesis

Lesson 1: Cells

2 Types of Cells

Prokaryotes- “pro”= no; “kary”- nucleus– DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE

BOUND ORGANELLES– Example: Bacteria

Eukaryotes- “eu”= true; “kary”- nucleus - CONTAINS A NUCLEUS - CONTAINS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES - Examples: Plant and Animal

MAJOR ORGANELLES

Cell Processes• Permeability

– Diffusion vs. Osmosis

• Cell Reproduction– Mitosis vs. Meiosis

• Photosynthesis– Carbon dioxide + water + sun glucose + oxygen

• Cell Respiration– Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + ATP

• Storage and Transport

Lesson 2: Taxonomy

ClassificationThe largest and least specific category is a Kingdom

Organisms are then placed into more specific groups in a particular order

Animals are called by there genus and species name

Ex] Panthera pardus or Homo sapiens

ClassificationAnimals most closely related will be in the

same levels of classification

Test tip: Most closely related organisms will have the same genus!!!

Group Domestic Cat Leopard Deer

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia

Order Carnivora Carnivora Artiodactyla

Family Felidae Felidae Cervidae

Genus Felis Panthera Odocoileus

Species Felis cattus Panthera pardus Odocoileus virginianus

Which 2 are most closely related? How do you know?

Kingdoms of Life2 Prokaryotic Kingdoms:

• Archaebacteria

• Lives in harsh conditions (without oxygen, extreme temperatures, in different chemical environments)

• Eubacteria

• Bacteria found on and around us

• Remember: makes you sick!

Kingdoms

• Fungi– Decomposers/

heterotrophic– Mushrooms

• Protista– Is mush pot kingdom

(has characteristics of other 3 eukaryotic kingdoms)

– Live in water– Amoebas, paramecium,

euglenas– Has pseudopodia, cilia

and/or flagella for movement

• Plantae– Multicellular– Autotrophic– True roots, stems, and

leaves

• Animalia– Multicellular– Motile (able to move)

4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms:

Lesson 3: DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid structureC

P

D

C

P

D

C

P

D

P

DG

P

D GP

D T

P

DA

P

DT

P

D A

P

DG

Nucleotide

Nucleotides-

the building blocks of DNA

NitrogenBase

Phosphate group

Deoxy-ribose

There are four kinds of nitrogen bases, so there are four kinds of nucleotides...

Adenine,Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

Cytosine pairs with Guanine...

C

P

D

P

DG

Adenine pairs with Thymine.

P

D T

P

DA

Because of its chemical properties, DNA is shaped like a Double Helix (twisted ladder)

NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE The order of the nucleotides forms the unique genetic code for the organism.The more closely related two organisms are, the more alike the order of their nucleotides will be.

DNA replication– DNA makes a copy of its self

Mutation– A change in the sequence of

nucleotides– Can happen in any cell, but

only can be passed on to offspring if occurs in gamete cells

Lesson 4: Protein Synthesis

DNA Replication

Copying a DNA molecule is called REPLICATION (A = T; C = G)

This is needed for mitosis and meiosis

TranscriptionDNA codes for proteins. The Order of the nucleotides

is the code for which protein will be made.

Making a copy of RNA from DNA is TRANSCRIPTION (A = U; C=G)

Occurs in the nucleus

Translation

The message on the RNA is read by ribosomes that translate that message into a protein

Occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes

Genetic Code• Based on

mRNA sequence

• Every three letters (codons) is an amino acid

• Ex] CCC codes for Proline