m%jdo 352020

iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh

m%jdo 35 2020

ud¾..; ixialrKh

online edition

iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh

© iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh

gudrd m%kdkaÿ tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy chfoaj Whkaf.dv m%ikak o fidhsid mdjq,d urdá

ixialrKh( m%ùka ;s,lr;ak

msgljr ks¾udKh( kúkaøs rK;=x. m<uq uqo%Kh 2020 ud¾..; ixialrKh ISSN 1391-0949

m%ldYkh iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ix.uh 380$86" irK mdr" fld<U 07 ÿrl:kh ( 011 250 1339 Bfï,a ( info@ssalanka.org

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

mgqk

1. m¾ishdkq fndlaflys isg ,xldj fj; uq;= lsñfokakkaf.a ixl%uK" 1881-1925 gudrd m%kdkaÿ 1-28

2. Y%S ,xldfõ nqoaOd.u hkq tjlg mej;s mQ¾j fn!oaO wd.ï tlafldg ;ekqKq iïñY%s;hla o@ ^kej; uqøKhls& tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy 29-43

3. úoHd,xldr msßfjk iy YSS% ,xldfõ hg;aúð; isxy, iudcfhys úiïuq;sl nqoaê iïm%odh chfoaj Whkaf.dv 44-86

4. kQ;k isxy, iudcfha l=,h m%ikak o fidhsid 87-104

5. i;a…fhda" wj;dr iy yqi¾,shdkq Wreuh( i;a… Ôú;h ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a o¾Ykh mdjq,d urdá 105-125

msgljr is;=ju( zjxYdj,sZ - kúkaøs rK;=x. 2020" ñY% udOH

m¾ishdkq fndlaflys isg ,xldj fj; uq;= lsñfokakkaf.a ixl%uK" 1881-1925

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

mßj¾;kh( m%ùka ;s,lr;ak

ye¢kaùu( ixl%uK" Y%uh yd wkkH;dj

iEu jirlu Y%S ,dxlslfhda oyia .Kka .Dy fiajh" bÈlsÍï jev we;=¿ ks,a lrmá /lshd /ila i|yd furg isg ueo fmrÈ.g ixl%uKh fj;s' fuu udkj m%d.aOk yd Y%u m%jdyh 20 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.fha wdrïN jQjla nj ms<s.efka' tkuq;a Bg jir 50lg muK fmr" 20 jk ishjfiys wdrïNfha" Y%u m%jdyh mej;=fKa óg m%;súreoaO ÈYdfjka tkï ueo fmrÈ. isg ,xldjg& jk nj fndfyda fofkl= fkdokafka fndr f;,a fidhd .ekSug fmr ueo fmrÈ.ska msg;g ixl%uK tu l,dmh ;=<g jQ ixl%uK j,g jvd nyq, njg;a f;dr;=re wkdjrKh ù we;s uq;a h' fuu ,smsfha ueo fmrÈ. isg furgg ixl%uKh jQ Y%u ldKavhla jk zuq;= lsñfokakkaZ ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñ' m¾ishdkq fndlafla" tkï .,a*a m%foaYfha" uq;= lsñfokakka bkaÈhdkq fjf<kaoka yryd ukakdru fj; .uka .;a yqfol,d wjia:d lsysmhlska wdrïNj" jir 20la we;=<; l=fõÜ jeks ia:dkj,ska jirlg Y%ñlhka oyila jeks úYd, ixLHdjla l%udkql+,j n|jd .ekSfï l%shdj,shla olajd j¾Okh jQ wdldrh úia;r lsÍu i|yd ud fuys fhdod .kafka uq;= ëjr l¾udka;h wdY%s; ft;sydisl jd¾;d h'

fuu ,smsfha m<uq fldgi uq;= lsñfokakkaf.a ixl%uK isÿ jQ ft;sydisl ikao¾Nh ms<sn| igykls' fojk fldgfia fuu l¾udka;h wdY%s; Y%u in|;d ms<sn| úYaf,aIS m%fõYhla bÈßm;a

flf¾' uq;= l¾udka;h újrfKdamfhda.S (heuristic) yd ikao¾Ndkql+,

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

2

f,i wOHhk lsÍfuka úúO m%cdjka ìys jQ wdldrh" tlsfkld yd .kqfokq l< wdldrh" iyfhda.fhka jev l< wdldrh iy we;eï úg tlsfkld yd .egqKq wdldrh ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lsÍug wmg bv ie,fikq we;' fuys uQ,dY% f,i fhdodf.k we;af;a ì%;dkH mßmd,k jd¾;d jk w;r tajd ,dN Wmßu lr .ekSu yd uq;= l¾udka;fha wdhq ld,h Wmßu lr .ekSu hk wNs,dI u; mokï jQ ksiaidrl wd¾Ól oDIaáhlska ,shjqKq nj ms<s.; hq;= h' uqyqÿ lsñfokakka u;l igyka" Èk fmd;a" iïuqL idlÉPd lsisjla wm yd ;nd fkdf.dia we;s fyhska Tjqkaf.a Ñ;a; iajNdjh wmg úia;r l< fkdyels h' tkuq;a ks, jd¾;d újD; f,i lshùu ;=<ska fudjqkaf.a Ôú;j, hï fiahdjla" Y%u in|;d ms<sn| hï wjfndaOhla Wlyd .; yels nj uf.a úYajdih fõ'

,xldj yd m¾ishdkq fndlal( 19 jk ishjfia uq;= l¾udka;h ms<sn| ixikaod;aul lshùula

f,dalfha m%Odk;u uq;= ,nd.ekSfï uOHia:dk follg u ksjykla jQfha bkaÈhdkq id.rfha W;=re m%foaYfha jQ WKqiqï" fmdaIs;" fkd.eUqre .,amr h (Kunz and Stevenson 1908: 97)' ishjia .Kkdjla ;siafia f,dj úYd,;u uq;= iemhqï ia:dk jQfha m¾ishdkq fndlal wdY%s; l,dmfha jQ j¾;udkfha l=fõÜ" nyf¾ka iy wnqvdì hk flakaøia:dkhs (Carter 2012; Hightower 2013)' tkuq;a" fuu l,dmhg wu;rj" uq;= j.djg Tìk ;j;a m%foaYhla úh' ta ukakdrï fndlalhs (n,kak( Arunachalam 1952; Subrahmanyam 1996; Athiyaman and Rajan

2004; Ostroff 2016)' fuu ëjr ìï iïnkaOj §¾> b;sydi ;snqK o" tu flakaøia:dk fol tl ,ehsia;=jl wvx.= lr ,sùu úkd .eUqre f,i tajd w;r jQ in|;d yd wka;¾l%shdjka úia;r lsÍug úoHd¾Òka iu;a ù fkdue;' ud okakd whqßka" fï jk úg fuu ëjr ìï fol ms<sn| flreKq ;=,kd;aul fyda ixikaokd;aul wOHhk o fkdue;' ta flfia fj;;a" 19 jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha" ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ ikao¾Nh ;=<" fuu flakaøia:dk fol w;r jeo.;a in|;d lsysmhla

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

3

úh( fmdÿ fj<|fmd<" úoHd;aul oekqfuys m%pd,kh iy" fuu wOHhkhg b;d jeo.;a ldrKh jk Y%uh" ëjr ìï fol w;r jQ in|;dj i|yd iqúfYaI úh'

ixikaokd;aul j neÆ úg" uq;= l¾udka;h ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq yd ,xld wd¾Ólhkag jvd .,a*a m%foaYfha wd¾Ólhka i|yd jeo.;a úh¦ tu wd¾Ólhka ;=< úYd, N+ñldjla uq;= l¾udka;h bgq lf<a h' óg tl fya;=jla kï ukakdrï fndlafla uq;= ìï jßka jr muKla uq;= ksYamdokh i|yd ys;lr ùuhs' tkï" ukakdrfï uq;= ëjr lghq;= i|yd b;d iqn ld, mej;=K o" tjeks ld,hlg miqj uq;= b;du;a ysÕ jQ ld, o mej;Sfï m%jK;djla ;snqKs (Ridgeway 1904: 111)' tu ksid ukakdrï uq;= l¾udka;fhka Wmhkq ,enQ ,dN jd¾Islj wfmalaId fkdl< yels ;;a;ajhla mej;=Ks'1 ;jo" ukakdrfï jQ uq;= ìï m¾ishdkq fndlaflys uq;= ìïj,g jvd m%udKfhka l=vd úh' ,xldfõ uq;= l¾udka;fha jd¾;d ù we;s jeäu Y%u n|jd.ekSu uq;= lsñfokakka 5000la jQ w;r" Tjqka fhdod .;a fndaÜgq ixLHdj 200la úh' m¾ishdkq fndlaflys Y%u n|jd.ekSu óg jvd fndfyda fihska wêl jQ w;r" tys fndaÜgq 3000la muK fhdod .ksñka uq;= lsñfokafkda oi oyia .Kka Y%ufhys fhÿky (Lorimer 1915)'2 .,a*a uq;= lsñfokakkaf.a ck úldYkh neÆ l, fmkS hkafka lsñfokakkaf.ka jeä m%udKhla .,a*a m%foaYfhysu fjiQ zL,SðZ ck fldÜGdihg wh;a jQ njhs' tkuq;a" uE; ld,fha isÿ lrk ,o jeo.;a m¾fhaIK fmkajd § we;af;a 19 jk ishjfia m¾ishdkq fndlafla uq;= lsñfokakkaf.ka ;=fkka tll muK m%udKhla

1 1796 isg 1798 olajd jQ ld,h ;=< meje;ajQ ëjr jdr ;=fkka hg;a úð; wdKavqj £396"000l wdodhula Wmhd .;af;a h' b;sydi{hska fuu wdodhu fl;rï by< oe hs ;lafiare lsÍug th hg;a úð; md,kh i|yd jeh jQ uqo,;a iu. ^£12000la& ii|d n,d we; (De Silva 1973: 49). 2 WodyrKhla f,i" 1990 § nyf¾kfha muKla ñksiaiq 74"000la muK jev lr we;'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

4

fmrÈ. wm%sldkq jy¨kaf.ka iukaú; jQ njhs'3 fï w;r ukakdrfï uq;= lsñfokakkaf.ka fndfyda fofkla zmrj¾Z ck fldÜGdihg wh;a" ft;sydisl jYfhka uq;= l¾udka;h yd ne÷Kq mqoa.,fhda jQy' tkuq;a 1887 jk úg" fuu lKavdhï fol w;r" tkï ol=Kq wdishdkq yd .,a*a lsñfokakka w;r" in|;d o we;s ù ;snqKs'

,xldfõ m<uq ueo fmrÈ. ixl%uKsl uq;= lsñfokakka

19 jk ishjfia w. Nd.h jk úg" hg;a úð; wdKavqj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh i|yd Wmdhud¾. lsysmhla w;ayod ne,Sfuka miq" uq;= ìï iïmQ¾K taldêldÍ md,khlg hg;a lrf.k ;snqKs (Subrahmanyam 1996)' ta wkqj" wdKavqj uq;= ìï wOHlaIljrhl== yd uq;= ìï mÍlaIlhl= we;=¿ ks,OdÍ moaO;shla fhdod .ksñka uq;= l¾udka; l<ukdlrKfhys iEu wx.hla u mdfya md,kh lf<a h' tfyhska uq;= ëjr lghq;=j, fõ,dj" ia:dkh yd m%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu" uq;= fn,a,ka .Kka lsÍu" yd iajdëk ,xiqlrejkag yd fjf<kaokag rchg wh;a tu uq;= fn,a,kaf.ka jeä fldgila fjkafoais lsÍu hk ld¾hhka wdKavqjg mejßKs'

,dN yd l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOfhka wdKavqjg iïmQ¾K md,khla yd wdêm;Hhla ;snqK o" Y%uh Tjqka úiska Rcqju md,kh fkdùh' uq;= lsñfokakka ffoksl fyda udisl jegqma ,;a lïlrejka fkdjQ w;r" tod w,a,d.;a uq;= fn,a,ka rch úiska mj;ajdf.k .sh fjkafoaishg fmr fj<|mf<a úlsKSug whs;shla Tjqkag mejÍ ;snqKs' tfukau fndaÜgq yd lsñÿïlrejka fidhd .ekSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh ksfhdað;hskaf.ka o l=, m%dOdkSkaf.ka o ^úfYaIfhka mrj¾ l=,fhys zcd;s ;,hsjkaZ kï jQ msßi& hg;a úð; ks,OdÍkaf.ka o ieÿï ,;a cd,hla l%shd;aul úh' Tjqyq uq;= ëjr l¾udka;h fjf<| oekaùï wdÈh fhdod .ksñka m%isoaêhg m;a lrñka" /lshd wjia:d yd

3 .,a*a uq;= ëjr b;sydij, wrdìlrKh úfõpkhg ,la lrñka tu l¾udka;h wm%sldkq Y%uh u; hemQ whqre Hopper (2015) wOHhkh u.ska úia;r flf¾.

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

5

n|jd.ekSï lghq;= o Ndrj isáhy'4 ukakdrï fndlaflys tyd bjqr jQ fldruekav,a fjr< ;Srfha jQ rdïkdoa" uÿfrhs iy ;srefk,afõ,s Èia;%slalj, jQ k.rj, fjiQ lsñÿïlrejka fuu fjf<| oekaùïj,g m%;spdr fkdoelajQfha kï" ëjr lghq;= isÿ lsÍug yelshdj fkdùh (Meyer 2006: 59)' 1881 § uq;= ëjr lghq;= Ndrj isá wOHlaIljrhl= tu jif¾ ;u Y%uh iemhQ iEu uq;= lsñfokafkl=f.a u Wmka .u jd¾;d lr we;s w;r" ta w;r bkaÈhdfõ fldfrduekav,a fjrf<a jQ ;+;a;=l=ä" lS,lalfrhs" ldh,amÜákï" iqkaormdKaämqrï" mqkaklaldh,a" lrhsld,a" fmßhmÜákï" wÈrdïmÜákï iy f;dKaä hk k.r o ,xldfõ hdmkh iy ukakdru hk k.r o jd¾;d fõ (Ceylon Sessional Papers

1881: 2)'5 ñka fmkakqï lrkafka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ isg ,xldj olajd jQ È.= ld,hl isg ia:dms; jQ ëjr ixl%uK rgdjls' fuh ì%;dkHh md,kh l< óg fmr ;snQ ëjr ìï 26l mej;s ;;a;ajhg o wkql+, fõ (Meyer 2006: 59)'

.,a*a m%foaYfhka ixl%uKh jQ lsñÿïlrejka ms<sn| m<uq jd¾;dj yuqjkafka 1887 § h' tys §" mßmd,lhska úiska i|yka lrkq ,enqfõ idudkHfhka yuqjk zbkaÈhdkqZ lsñÿïlrejkag wu;rj zm¾ishdkq fndlaflka meñKs wrdì lsñÿïlrejl=Z o z;+;a;=l=äfha jev l< m¾ishdkq fndlaflka meñKs lsñÿïlrejl=Z o isák njhs'6 tkuq;a fudjqka n|jdf.k we;af;a l%udkql+, f,i fkdfõ' Tjqka ,xldjg

4 n,kak( ‘Letter from the AGA Mannar to the Superintendent of Immigration at

Daveypatnam and Paumben.’ f,aLkd.drj,ska iy f.dkqj,ska fidhd .kakd ,o uQ,dY% Wmqgd oelaùfï myiqj i|yd mdigyka Ndú;d lr we;' 5 ‘Report on the Pearl Fishery of 1881.’ – Twynam 6 Twynam, Diary of the Pearl Fishery Superintendent, ^1887 wfma%,a 2 ;nk ,o igyk&' hg;a úð; md,lhka úiska fhdod .kq ,enQ úúO jpk ^WodyrKhla jYfhka zbkaÈhdkqZ& wúpdrd;aulj ndr.; fkdyel' zwrdì lsñfokakkaZ f,i kï lrk ,o wh nÆlsia:dkh" we*a.ksia:dkh" fhuka fyda brdkfha wNHka;r m%foaYj,ska mej; tk wh jQy' ;jo zwrdìZ hk yeÕjqïldrlh lsis÷ ckjd¾.sl mokulska f;drj hg;a úð; wdKavqjg b;d myiqfjka md,kh lsÍug wmyiq jQ ixl%uKsl lsñÿïlrejka yeÕùug o fhdod .ekqKs'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

6

ixl%uKh ùu u r|d mej;=fKa uqyqo yryd fjf<|dï l< bkaÈhdkq fjf<kaoka u; h' tla lsñÿïlrejl= hg;aúð; ks,OdÍka yuqjg f.dia ish meñKSu jd¾;d lr we;af;a zfudyuÿ yÍia kï uqïndhs uq;= fjf<kafolaZ iu. h' mßmd,k jd¾;dj,g wkqj fuu lsñÿïlrejd .,a*a uq;= lsñfokakka ms<sn|j lshQ fndfyda foaj,a yÍia keue;a;d ikd: lr we;' ;jo" ,xldfõ uq;= ëjr lghq;= i|yd ixl%uKh ùug lsñÿïlrejka ish .Kkla leue;a;la olajk nj;a" ;ud ^tkï yÍia& yg wod< úia;r ,shd tjqjfyd;a uqïndhs isg wjYH flfrk lsñÿïlrejka TEkE m%udKhla tjkakg yels nj;a Tyq tys § mjid we; (Ceylon Sessional Papers 1887)'7

fuu ld,fha yÍia jeks m¾ishdkq fndlal iy ,xldj hk ia:dk foflysu uq;= ñ, § .kq ,enQ fjf<kafoda fndfyda fofkla jQy' ta jk úg ,xldfõ uq;= fj<|dfuys jeä jYfhka fh§ isáfha zfyÜáZ yd zurlal,Z fjf<kaoka h'8 yÍia jekakjqkag zwjYH flfrk lsñÿïlrejka ´kEu m%udKhlaZ m¾ishdkq fndlaflka ,xldjg tùug yelshdj w;a ù ;snqfKa f.da,Sh uq;= fjf<|dfuys iemhqï flakaøia:dkh uqïndhs k.rh njg m;aj ;snQ ksid h' uqïndhs fjf<kaoka óg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg jQ ixl%uKj,g o" tkï ,xldfõ isá uq;= lsñfokakka yg m¾ishdkq fndlafla jev lsÍu i|yd ixl%uKh ùu i|yd o" u. mdod § we;s nj fmfka' WodyrKhla f,i" uqïndhs jeishl= jQ wíÿ,a jydí 1912 jif¾ m¾ishdkq fndlafla uq;= ëjrlï lsÍug m%h;akhla oerE wjia:dfõ" Tyqf.a fndaÜgqfõ jQ lsñÿïlrejka y;a fokd z,xldfjka ^isf,daka& meñKs m%ùK lsñÿïlrejkaZ9 nj m%p,s; ù we;' ì%;dkH foaYmd,k ksfhdað;hska fudjqka y÷kajd we;af;a zwdkhkh lrk ,o lsñÿïlrejkaZ f,i;a

7 ‘Report on the Pearl Fishery of 1887.’ – Twynam ^1887 wfma%,a 13 ;nk ,o igyk&. 8 n,kak( Y%S ,xld cd;sl f,aLkdrlaIl fomd¾;fïka;=j" 31$395 iy 31$431 9 ‘Letter from the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department,

Simla to the Secretary to the Government of Bombay, Political Department,

Bombay.’

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

7

zì%;dkH hg;ajeishkaZ f,i;a h' tkuq;a wjidkfha Tjqkag lsñ§ug we;s whs;sh m%;slafIam lrñka Tjqka wdmiq yrjd hjd we;' flfia fj;;a" ñka fmkS hkafka yÍia iy wíÿ,a jydí jeks fjf<kaoka m%d.aOk cd, yryd jQ Y%u m%jdyhg ;=vq ÿka nj;a" tu m%jdyhg rcfhka lrk ,o ueÈy;aùu b;d wju jQ nj;a h'

zm¾ishdkq fndlaflka wd uq;= lsñfokakkaZ" 1925 fj,alï ^Wellcome& tl;=j

fmr i|yka jd¾;djg wkqj wfkla m¾ishdkq lsñÿïlrejd ;j ÿrg;a mjid we;af;a Tyq jir foll ld,hla ;+;a;=l=äfha isg ;+;a;=l=ä lsñÿïlrejka iu. jev lr we;s njhs' Tyq zlS,lalfrhs yd ;+;a;=l=ä lsñÿïlrejka iu. jvd;a iqyo jQfha Tjqka o Tyq fuka

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

8

u bia,dï Nla;slhska jQ neúkaZ hehs Tyq mjid ;sfí'10 fldfrduekav,a fjr< m%foaYfha ixl%uKsl Y%ñlhka yg iudc ix>gkh" /lshd fidhd .ekSu yd jir lsysmhlg tys mÈxÑ j Ôj;a ùu i|yd bia,dï wd.u fnfyúka WmldÍ úh (Miran 2009)' fuu ixl%uKsl uq;= lsñfokafkda kej;;a m¾ishdkq fndlal fj; hdug wlue;a;la o oelajQy' Bg wd¾Ól fya;= o ;sìh yel' m¾ishdkq fndlafla zw,a-.jqia w,a-lî¾Z ke;fyd;a zuyd lsñÿuZ hk kñka ye¢kajQ uq;= jdrh uehs udifha isg iema;eïn¾ udih olajd mej;=Ks' uq;= lsñfokakka yg fndfyda wjia:dj, nkaê; Y%u l%uhlg jy,a ùug isÿ jqKs' ta wkqj" ;u iajdñhkag wêl f,i Kh ùu ksid Tjqkg ;u /lshdj oud hdug yelshdjla fkdjQ w;r" tfia l<fyd;a Bg ovhla f,i Tjqkaf.a orejka lsñÿïlrejka f,i n|jd .kq ,eìKs'11 ta wkqj" fudjqka yg Kh fkdfjñka yd wêl f,i jy,a fkdfjñka Y%uh iemhSug we;s wjldYhla f,i ,xldj fmfkkakg we;'

1887 isg 1891 olajd ,xldfõ ëjr l¾udka;h( kuH foaY iSudjla yryd wúêu;a ixl%uKh

1887 uq;= ëjr jdrfhka miqj 1888" 1889" 1890 iy 1891 hk j¾Ij, jQ ëjr lghq;= o b;d id¾:lj isÿ jqKs' fï iEu jirlu m¾ishdkq fndlaflka meñKs lsñÿïlrefjda o isáhy' yÍia keue;s uq;= fjf<kaod uqïndhs kqjr isg ,xldfõ hg;aúð; ks,Odßhl= jQ ví,sõ' iS' Üúkï yg ,smshlska m¾ishdkq fndlaflka zlsñfokakka 300la fyda 400laZ ,xldjg túh hq;= oehs úuid neÆ l," Üúkï yÍiaf.a fhdackdj fkd;ld yeßfha zwrdì cd;slhkaf.a pß; iajNdjhZ

10 Twynam, Diary ^1887 wfma%,a 2 ;nk ,o igyk&' 11 20jk ishji jk úg n%s;dkH ks,OdÍyq lsñfokakkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j jv jvd;a is;kakg mgka .;ay' n,kak( ‘Condition of Divers in Kuwait’

iy Hopper 2006.

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

9

ms<sn| zfkdi;=gqodhl wdrxÑZ Tyqg ,eî we;s nj;a" m¾ishdkq lsñfokakka ksid wfkl=;a lsñfokakka zwffO¾hu;aZ jk nj;a lshd isáñka h (Ceylon Sessional Papers 1899: 64-65)'12 fuu isoaêh u.ska fy<sorõ jkafka mßmd,lhska úiska uq;= lsñ§u hk ld¾hh m%cdjla fyda ck j¾.hla uq,a lr.;a /lshdjla f,i mßl,amkh lrkq ,enQ nj h (Subrahmanyam 1996: 170)' ta wkqj" Tjqkg Y%u n,ldfha ;ks idudðlhska f;areï .; yels jQfha Tjqka mq¿,a" iduQysl lKavdhï iu. iïnkaO jQ wdldrhg wkqj muKs' fuh hg;aúð; hq.fha ks, uQ,dY% Ndú; lsÍfï tla ÿ¾j,;djla fõ' ta ukao h;a" tajd u.ska mqoa., wkkH;dj fndfyda úg iduQysl wkkH;djg hgm;a jk ksid h' jir ishhlg muK miqj;a lafIa;%hg m%fõY jk j;auka b;sydi{hdg yuq jkafka o m%cdj yd ck j¾.h uQ,sl lr.;a fujka hQfrda-flakaøSh WmiaÓ;Ska cd,hls'

Üúkï m¾ishdkq fndlaflys isg uqïndhs yryd ,xldjg uq;= lsñfokakka f.kajd.ekSug l< fhdackdj m%;slafIam l< o ukakdrug uqyqfoka tyd jQ fldruekav,a ëjr ìfuys fiajh l< ks,OdÍka óg m%;súreoaO ia:djrhla .;ay' ta wkqj" 1888 jif¾ ;+;a;=l=äys ëjr lghq;= wOHlaIljrhd wrdì lsñfokakka n|jd.ekSu i|yd fnfyúka wkqn, ÿkafka uq;= ëjr lghq;= id¾:lj lrf.k hdu i|yd ;j;a ëjrhka wjYH nj lshd isáñks' ukakdrï fndlalg uqyqK ,d msysá tla fjr<la ixl%uKsl lsñfokakka yg fufia újD; ùu ksid ,xldfõ bjqrg o fuu ëjrhska m%fõY ùula olakg ,enqKs' ta wkqj" 1888 jif¾ wrdì lsñfokakka z16 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; tla fndaÜgqjlaZ ;snQ w;r" 1889 jif¾ fuu lsñfokakka 16 fokdf.ka fofofkl= iu. zwrdì lsñfokakka msß kj fndaÜgqjlaZ o úh' 1890 jk úg" lsñÿïlrejka w;r fg,s.%d*a ud¾.fhka wúêu;a f;dr;=re fnod .ekSfï cd,hla mej;=Kq w;r" lsñÿïlrejka yg tu.ska furg isg ;+;a;=l=äys Tjqkaf.a ñ;=rka weu;Sug yelshdj ,eìKs' fuh ixl%uKh i|yd

12 ‘Report on the Ceylon Pearl Fishery of 1899.’ – Twynam,

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

10

;=vq ÿka idOlhla úh'13 fï ld,h jk úg" m¾ishdkq fndlal m%foaYfhka ixl%uKh jQ lsñfokakka m%udKj;a msßila ,xldj ;=< isá ksid Tjqkag iajdëk tallhla f,i lsñ§ug yelshdj Wodù ;snqKs' ta wkqj fuu ixl%uKsl lsñfokakka yg Tjqkag u lshd fndaÜgq ;snQ w;r tajd talSh wd¾Ól tall njg m;a j ;snqKs' ñka Tjqka yg jdis folla úh( tla w;lska" fjf<kaoka yg uq;= úlsKSfï § Tjqkaf.a fj<|du Tjqkag u md,kh lr .ekSfï yelshdj ysñ úh¦ ;j;a w;lska" ;ukaf.a u hehs yefÕk m%cdjla iu. lsñ§ug Tjqkag u. mEÈKs ^tkuq;a" fï jk úg ñY% fndaÜgq o" tkï úúO m%cdjkag wh;a lsñfokakkaf.ka iukaú; fndaÜgq o úh&'

ueo fmrÈ. uq;= ëjr lghq;=j, fhÿKq msßia w;r úúO;ajh b;d by< jQ fia u" ueo fmrÈf.ka furgg ixl%uKh jQ msßi o tfia úh' WodyrKhla jYfhka" wm%sldkq msßókaf.a Y%uh o ta w;r úh' 1888 jif¾ Üúkï m¾ishdkq fndlal isg meñKs lsñÿïlrejka úia;r lf<a zfmdl=gq fldKav w;s ikaisnd¾ yd nqfidard ñksiqkaZ yd zfldKav fl,ska jQ" yfuka iqÿ jQ m¾ishdkq fndlaflka mejf;k wrdì ñksiqkaZ ‘some woolly-haired Zanzibar and Bussorah [Basra] men’

and ‘straight-haired, light-coloured Arabs from the Persian Gulf’& f,i h' uq;= lsñÿu yd rg b¢ j.dj hk l¾udka; folu jy¨ka f,i f.kajd.;a wm%sldkq Y%ñlhska nyq, f,i fhdod .;af;a h'14 zfldKav fmdl=gq ikaisnd¾ yd nqfidard ñksiqkaZ f,i Üúkï l< úia;rfhka ;yjqre jkafka o m¾ishdkq fndlaflys uq;= lsñ§u i|yd wm%sldkq Y%uh fhdod.;a nj;a" tu Y%ñlhska uq;= lsñÿu i|yd furgg meñK isá nj;a h' ;jo" 1904 jif¾ mßmd,k jd¾;djla i|yka lf<a

13 ‘Report from the Superintendent of the Pearl Fishery to the Hon. Colonial

Secretary.’ 14 1905 jif¾ ;lafiarejlg wkqj ´udkh iy l=fõgh w;r fjr< ;Srfha ck.ykfhka ishhg 17la wm%sldkqjka jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' n,kak( Lorimer 1915:

238-241, 489-490, 1058-1077.

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

11

znyf¾ka uq;= ìïj, mqyqKqj ,enQ ñksiqka lsysm fofklaZ ,xldfõ jev l< o" Tjqka zwrdì ñksiqka fkdjkZ njhs' tu jd¾;dfjys ;j ÿrg;a i|yka jQfha zwrdìfha fmdfydi;a YSlajreka fuu wrdì fkdjk —fudka.%,a ^tkï" ;;a;ajfhka my;a yd ñY%& wh ,xldfõ wrdì f,i ;ukaf.a wkkH;dj ;yjqre lr .kakjd hehs oek.;fyd;a th Tjqkaf.a buy;a wi;=gg fya;= jkq we;eZ hs hkakhs' ,xldfõ uq;= ëjr l¾udka;h wOHhkh lsÍfuka fy<sorõ jkafka tu ld,fha ueo fmrÈ. o b;d talSh yd iucd;Sh l,dmhla fkdjQ nj;a" uE; ld,fha tys isÿ j we;s wrdìlrKhg fmr tu l,dmh o úúO;ajfhka wêl l,dmhla jQ njhs'

ußÉÑlalä uq;= ëjr ìfuys is;shula ^1889&' B' t,a' fmdais f,aLk f.dkqj" ol=Kq wdishdkq wOHhk flakaøh" flaïíßÊ úYajúoHd,h

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

12

,xldfõ uq;= ëjr lghq;= ms<sn|j .,a*a l,dmfha ixirKh lrk ,o oekaùula

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

13

1903-1907 zuyd uq;= ëjr l¾udka;hZ( id.r úoHdj yd Y%u j¾.SlrKh

1891 ëjr jdrfhka miqj uqyqÿ m;=, jir oy;=kla uq¿,af,a uq;= i|yd M,odhS fkdjqKs' uq;= ìï h,s;a M,odhS jQfha 1903 j¾Ifha h' tu jif¾ ,xld uq;= ëjr l¾udka;h ms<sn| ks, ksfõok hg;aúð; ksfhdað;hska úiska .,a*a m%foaYfha fnod yßk ,È'15 fuu ld,fha ueo fmrÈ. uq;= lsñfokakkaf.a b,a¨u by< f.diska o ;snqKs' ta kj úoHd;aul oekqu Tiafia zwrdìZ Y%uh jv jvd;a fhdod .ekSu fhda.H njg woyia m< ù ;snqKq ksidfjks' 1902 jif¾" ,xld ëjr ìï b,lal lr.ksñka úYd, úoHd;aul jHdmD;shla wdrïN jqKs' hg;aúð; rdcHhg oejeka; m%Yakhla j ;snQ uq;= ìïj, ksire nj yd wúksYaÑ; nj i|yd ms<shula úoHdj u.ska yuqfjkq we;ehs úYajdi flreKs' fï i|yd zm¾fhaIKhlaZ Èh;a lrkq ,enQ w;r" Bg iïnkaO jqfKa ú,shï y¾âuka kï úoHd{hd iy uq;= fn,a,ka iïnkaOj m¾fhaIK isÿ lsÍug ,xldjg meñKs Tyqf.a iydhlhd jQ fÊïia fyda¾k,a kï úoHd{hd h'

fudjqkaf.a fuu m¾fhaIK weiqfrka ,shejqKq ksnkaOk Y%u j¾.SlrKh ms<sn| kHdhj,g" tkï tla tla ckj¾.j, jQ ÔjúoHd;aul fjkialï yd YlH;d iïnkaOfhka jk ñ;Hd fnodyeÍug fnfyúka odhl jqKs (Herdman 1903-6)' fuu j¾.jd§ kHdh ueofmrÈ. isg ,xldjg uq;= lsñfokakkaf.a ixl%uKh i|yd jvd;a wkqn, ÿKs' m%ckk YlH;dj" wdNHka;ßl ixhq;sh iy fN!;sl ,laIK Tiafia uq;= fn,a,ka j¾.SlrKhg ,la jQ fihskau lsñÿïlrefjda o ta yd iudk j¾.SlrKhlg yd ckjd¾.sl ia:ÍlrKhlg Ndckh jQy' fyda¾fk,ag fmr jQ mßmd,k jd¾;dj, lsñÿïlrejkaf.a Wmka .u fyda k.rh úfYaIfhka wjOdrKh jQ kuq;a" Tyqf.ka mgka jvd;au jeo.;a wx.h njg m;a jQfha

15 ‘Letter from the British Residency, Bushire, to the Resident Agent at Shargah.’

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

14

ckj¾.hhs' ta wkqj" 1887 § Üúkï lsñfokakka ixl%uKh jQ k.r jd¾;d l< f,i 1903 jk úg fyda¾fk,a igyka ;enqfõ Tjqkaf.a ckj¾.h ms<sn|j h' Tyqf.a fuu jd¾;djg wkqj ëjr ìïj, ztlsfklg fjkia jQ ckj¾. y;rlaZ úh( zfjr<nv fou<Z ^Coast

Tamils&" zuqj¾ $ ¨ínhsiaZ Moormen / Lubbais&" zu,hd,ïZ ^Malayalam

men& yd zfld<ôka yd hdmkfhka mej; tk wrdì hehs ye|skafjk ñksiqkaZ ^so-called Arabs from Colombo and Jaffna& (Herdman, vol. III,

1903-6: 31)' tu ckj¾. fudyq úiska OQrdj,shlg ilia lrk ,oafoa tla tla ckj¾.hlg lsñ§ug ;snqKd jQ ziajdNdúl yelshdjZ mokï lrf.khs'16 ta wkqj" úoHdj" mßir úoHdj yd Y%u l<ukdlrKh hk lafIa;% w;r Rcq iïnkaO;d we;s jQ w;r" tla lafIa;%hl ksmojk ,o oekqu wfkl=;a lafIa;%j,g o n,mEï lrk ,È' tla wjia:djl fyda¾fk,a fufia igyka ;enqfõ h( zwrdîka wfkl=;a ñksiqkag jvd fnfyúka Yla;su;a h' Tjqkag ;mamr 70la isg 85la olajd jQ ld,hla Èh hg isàug yelshdj we;s w;r" fuh fou< lsñfokakka Èh hg isák uOHkH ld,hg jvd fo.=khlska jeä hZ (Herdman, vol. III, 1903-6: 13)' Tyq wjidk jYfhka lshd isáfha" zug wrdîka fl;rï fyd| o hkakg w;sYfhdala;sfhkaj;a lsj fkdyels h' ir,j lsjfyd;a" Tjqka fjfyi fkdoefkk ^indefatigable& cd;shlaZ (Herdman, vol. III, 1903-6: 33)' ta wkqj" Y%S ,xldfõ wkkH;d ksIamdok ikao¾Nh ;=< úYd, wjOdkhla w;a jk cd;sl ix.Kkh hk m%mxphg idfmlaIj" uq;= ëjr l¾udka;h i,ld n,k úg wmg yuqjkafka ëjr l¾udka;fha wjYH;d u; mokïj b;d foaYShj yd ikao¾Ndkql+,j ksIamdokh jk jd¾.sl wkkH;d h'

fufia úoHd;aul oekqu u.ska Y%uh h:d¾:lrKhlg rationalisation& ,la lsÍu ixl%uKsl lsñÿïlrejka miqj wd ëjr jdr .Kdjla i|yd

16 fyda¾fk,af.a jd¾.sl OQrdj,sfhka Üúkïf.a jd¾.SlrKfhys oelajQ NQf.da,Sh fjkialï fndfyduhla fnd| ù .sfha h' WodyrKhla f,i" lS,lalfrhs" ;+;a;=l=ä yd mdïfnka hk ia:dk ;=fkysu lsñfokakka oeka zfjr<nv fou<Z hk ks¾jpkhg yiq jqKs'

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

15

jeä jYfhka iyNd.S ùug WmldÍ úh' WodyrKhla f,i" 1905 ëjr jdrfha m¾ishdkq fndlaflka meñKs lsñfokakka .Kk 800la muK úh'17 1907 jif¾ S.S. Badhra kï fk!ldjlska lsñfokafkda 400la m¾ishdkq fndlal isg furgg meñKshy (Ceylon Sessional Papers

1907: 657)'18 fmr jirj, ueo fmrÈ. lsñfokafkda uq;= ìïj,g uqïndhs yd ol=Kq bkaÈhdj ud¾.fhka m%fõY jqj o miqj Tjqyq fl<skau fld<U yryd meñfKkakg .;ay' 1888 isg 1905 olajd jQ ld,h ;=<" ,xldfõ isá .,a*a lsñfokakkaf.a m%;sY;h 2] isg 16] olajd by< .sfha h (Ceylon Sessional Papers 1889; Ceylon Sessional

Papers 1906)'19 fufia idfmalaI j¾Okhla ;snqK o" .,a*a lsñfokakkaf.a uq¿ ixLHdj lsis Èfkl ñksiqka 800lg jvd by< fkd.sfha h' m¾ishdkq fndlaflys lsñÿfuys fhÿKq iuia: lsñfokakka ixLHdfjka fuh b;d l=vd m%;sY;hla úh' fuhska wmg ks.ukh l< yelafla m¾ishdkq fndlaflys isg ,xldjg ixl%uKh ùu b;d nyq,j isÿ jQ fohla fkdjQ nj;a" th we;eï úg b;d ÿIalr wjia:dj, muKla isÿ jQ fohla nj;a h'

1925 jif¾ ,xld uq;= ëjr l¾udka;fha wjika jdrfha" wdKavqj oeä f,i keõ iud.ïj, fm!oa.,sl ksfhdað;hska u; hemqfka h' fï ld,h jk úg wdKavq Rcqj fujka l¾udka;j,g iïnkaO fkdù w;sYh n,j;a jQ yd úYd, f,i jHdma; jQ kj f.da,Sh iud.ï u; hefmkakg úh' ta wkqj ,xldfõ hg;aúð; wdKavqj m¾ishdkq fndlaflka ixl%uKsl lsñÿïlrejka 500la furgg f.kajd .;af;a l,algd k.rfha msysá zuelskka ueflkais iy iud.uZ kï jQ fjf<| wdh;khl fld<U YdLdj yryd h'20 1925 jk úg mej;s

17 n,kak( ‘Letter from Sir Stanley Bois, London to Mr Alexander, Controller of

Revenue, Colombo.’ 18 ‘Report on the Pearl Fishery of 1907.’ – John Scott; Badhra hkqfjka jeroshg ,shd we;af;a S.S. Bhundara hk fk!ldj úh hq;=hs' 19 ‘Report on the Pearl Fishery of 1888’ iy ‘Report on the Pearl Fishery of 1905.’ 20 ‘Endorsement from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf’; ‘Letter from

Political Resident in the Persian Gulf to Foreign Secretary, Simla.’

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

16

Y%uh iïnkaOj jQ Ndú;djka 1887 § jQ Y%u Ndú;djkag jvd fnfyúka fjkia úh' ksoiqkla f,i" ueflkais iy iud.u fuu lsñÿïlrejka 500 fokd f.kajd .ekSug l=fõÜys zfuifmdfÜñhd m¾ishd iud.uZ kï wdh;khla iu. yjq,a j l%shd lf<a h'21 l=fõgfhka msgùug kï lsñfokakl= úiska remsh,a 25l ;eïm;=jla ne.ska iud.ug f.ùug wjYH jQ w;r" ,xldj isg Tjqka wdmiq l=fõghg meñKshfyd;a fuu uqo, wdmiq Tjqkag u ,nd §ug iud.u fmdfrdkaÿ ù ;snqKs' we;a; jYfhkau .uk i|yd jeh jk uq¿ uqo, remsh,a 15la úh' tfy;a iEu yqjudrejla i|ydu ,dNhla bmhSu i|yd iud.u remsh,a 25la wh lsÍug fm<Uqky&' tfiau" Y%ñlhka zlSlre f,i yd hym;a f,iZ isáhfyd;a ;eïm;=j wdmiq ,nd fok f,i iud.u úiska fokq ,nk fmdfrdkaÿj ÿr isg Y%uh md,kh lsÍfï hdka;%Khla njg m;a úh'22 fuf,i h keõ iud.ï Y%u l<ukdlrK l%shdj,shg ueÈy;a jQfha'

;jo" 1925 jk úg" ueo fmrÈ. lsñÿïlrejka ksid fld<U k.rfhys hï fkdikaiqka njla we;s j ;snqKs' wd.ñl" ckjd¾.sl yd zcd;slZ f¾Ld Tiafia cd;sh yd cd;sl;ajh ;yjqre fjñka mej;s hq.hl" rch i;= jQ pls;fhka ueofmrÈ. lsñÿïlrefjda o ksoyia fkdjQy' fuu ld,h ;=< ,shù we;s we;eï ,smsj,ska fujka pls;hla ;snQ nj wjOdrKh fõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka" tla ,smshl i|yka jkafka z,xldjg l=fõÜ yd nyf¾ka lsñfokakka úYd, msßia meñKSu je,elaúh hq;=Z njhs'23 tu l¾;D ,shd olajkafka zwrdìkag hï fyda fya;=jlg lsñfokakg wjir fkd,enqkfyd;a Tjqka ,xldfjys w;rux ùugZ bvlv ;snQ fyhska tjka isÿùï j,lajd.ekSu w;HjYH njhs' ta wkqj" b;d oeäj wjOdrKh jQ ldrKh kï" zueofmrÈ. isg msg;g lsñÿïlrefjl=g ixl%uKh 21 ‘Letter from Mesopotamia Persia Corporation to the Political Agent Kuwait.’ 22 ‘Memo by J.C.More, Political Agent Kuwait, to the Political Resident in the

Persian Gulf.’ 23 ‘Letter from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf to the Foreign Secretary

to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Department.’

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

17

ùug kï Tyqg wdmiq ish ksfji n,d .uka lsÍug ;rï uqo,la yd j;alula ;sìh hq;=Z njhs'24 fujka fldkafoais óg fmr fkd;snQ w;r" by; idlÉPd jQ mßÈ fmr jirj, lsñfokakka ueo fmrÈ.ska msg;g f.dia ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ jir .Kkdjla ;ykaÑ f;drj jdih l< wjia:d ;snqKs' ta wkqj" ukakdrï fndlal wdY%s;j jQ ixl%uK yd Y%u m%jdyhka fmr jirj, b;d kuHYS,S yd we;eï úg wúêu;a ú,dihlska isÿ jqj o" 1925 jk úg ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka yd ueofmrÈ.ska jQ fuu ksoyia Y%u m%jdyh fndfyda ÿrlg kej;S ;snqKs'

Y%u in|;d wdY%fhka iduQysl wkkH;d ms<sn| w¾:-ksrEmKhla

1880 oYlh isg 1920 oYlh olajd jQ ld,fha furgg ixl%uKh jQ uq;= lsñfokakka ixLHdj l=vd jqj o" wOHhkhla i|yd Tjqka ia:dk.; lsÍfï § m%Yak .Kkdjla biau;= fõ' b;d mq¿,a jYfhka wmg m¾ishdkq fndlaflka miq ld,j, meñKs ixl%uKslhka ;ñ,akdvqfõ yd ,xldfõ isá uqia,sï m%cd iu. iïnkaO jQfha flfia o hkak úuish yel (Mahroof 2015; Dewaraja 1995; Ramanathan 1888)' tjl mej;=Kq uqia,sï m%cdjkag idfmalaIj fuu lsñÿïlrejka ia:dk.; l< yelafla flfia o@ fuu m%Yakhg ms<s;=re §u i|yd udi ;=kl ëjr jdrhla ;=< iduQysl wkkH;d ia:dk.; l< yels wdldrh i,ld n,uq' ëjr ìïj, ish Y%uh lem l< msßia lDIsl¾ufhys kshef,ñka ishjia .Kkdjla ;ukaf.a ue hs i,lkq ,nk m%cd iu. Ôj;a fjñka hï f,ilska ia:djr hehs yefÕk wkkH;d f.dvk.d .;a lDIsld¾ñl m%cdjkag b÷rd fjkia úh' Tjqkaf.a wkkH;d uqyqÿ r< fia u" uqyqÿ ud¾.j, foaYmd,kh fia u fjkig Ndckh fjñka mqk¾ksIamdokh jQ tajd úh'

24 tu'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

18

we;a; jYfhkau" ëjr jdr wdY%s;j isÿ jQ ixl%uKj, mßm:h Y%ñlhka úiska iïmQ¾K lsÍu iy;sl fkdjqKq ldrKhla úh' ixl%uKslhka b;d úêu;a f,i meñK úêu;a f,i kshñ; ld,h jk úg wdmiq n,d fkd.sh w;r" Tjqka zfoaYShZ m%cdjka iu. we;s lr.;a iïnkaO;d zwef,kiq¿Z he hs ks¾jpkh l< yel( we;eï ixl%uKslfhda §¾> ld,hla ;siafia ixl%uKsl ia:dkfha jdih lrñka Y%uh ,nd ÿkay¦ we;eï wh tu ia:dkfhysu újdy jQy¦ ;j;a msßila tu ia:dkj, w;rux úh' .,a*a m%foaYfha jQ ì%;dkH mßmd,lfhl= tla ,smshl i|yka lf<a ziajdëkj ,xldjg [Ceylone]

ixl%uKh jQ wdrîka fndfyda fofkl= wdmiq meñKsfha u,ndß .eyekqka tlaflfkl= fyda Bg jeä ixLHdjla újdy lrf.kZ hk njhs'25 fuys u,ndß f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka zf,ínhs Yd*sZ ^Lebbai

Shafi’i& uqia,sï m%cdj fyda fjk;a fjr< wdY%s;j Ôj;a jQ m%cdj, fou< NdIdj l;d l< .eyekqka nj wkqudk l< yel' m%cdjka w;r jQ fujka újdy yd ixl%uKj,ska Èiajkafka kj m%cdjka yd iduQyslhkaj, ks¾udKhhs' tfiau ixl%uKslhka ish,a,kau wdmiq ish rgj,a n,d .sfha ke;' 1909 jif¾ uÿrdisfha wdodhï fomd¾;fïka;=jg ,shk ,o ,smshl fÊïia fyda¾fk,a mjid isáfha zixl%uKslhka l=vd msßila hdmkfhys /|S" fou< .eyekqka újdy lr.ksñka" oeka uq;= fn,a,ka yd uqyqÿ msms[a[d we,a,Sfuys ksr; fjñka isákZ njhs'26 óg merKs jd¾;djl o i|yka jkafka zVannauponne ys uqj¾ ^Moor& lsñfokakka Bg jir mkylg fyda yeglg fmr hdmkfhys uqj¾ msßia iu. újdy jQ wrdîkaf.ka mej; tkakkaZ njhs'27

tfy;a ,xldfõ yd ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ §¾> ld,hla isg mej; tk ia:dms; uqia,sï m%cdjkaf.ka fuu kj zwrdìZ ixl%uKslhka fjkia

25 ‘Letter from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf to the Foreign Secretary

to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Department.’ 26 ‘Revenue G.O. 1403.’ 27 ‘Miscellaneous letters to GANP.’

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

19

jQfha flfia o@ l,dmSh bia,dï Nla;slhkaf.ka Tjqka úfYaI fldg ke;fyd;a fjka fldg oelaùug yels jQfha flfia o@ úoHd¾Òka lsysm fofkl= fuu uE; ld,Sk ueo fmrÈ. ixl%uKslhka b;d myiq f,i ,xld uqia,sï m%cdjg wkq.; lr oelaùug fm<ö we;suq;a" fuu m%cd fol tlla f,i ye¢kaùu t;rï myiq fkdfõ' WodyrKhla f,i tla úoHd¾:hl= fufia mjihs( z,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka i|yd uq;= b;d jákd fohla jQ w;r" Tjqyq ;uka o .,a*a l,dmfhka wd wrdîka hehs y÷kd.;ayZ (Mahroof 2015: 874)' tkuq;a uq;= ëjr lghq;= i,ld n,k úg fmkS hkafka" .,a*a lsñfokakka lS,lalfrhs lsñfokakka iu. Ôj;a jqj o" Tjqka /lshdj i|yd ol=Kq wdishdkq uqia,sï lsñfokakka iu. iïnkaO fkdù wfkl=;a .,a*a lsñfokakka iu. muKla jev lsÍug Wkkaÿ jQ njhs' ;jo" Tjqkaf.a Y%uh yd ne÷kq Ndú;hka yd iïm%od ol=Kq wdishdkq uqia,sï lsñfokakkaf.ka fjkia úh¦ WodyrKhla f,i( kdia fldmq me,£u" iEu lsñÿulg u miqj ;=jdhlska weÕ msi oeóu" úfYaI mhsmamj,ska ÿï mdkh lsÍu' ft;sydisl jYfhka iudklu fkdj fjki ksrEmKh l< fufia úúO jQ m%cdjka y÷kd.ekSug zbia,dïZ hk fmdÿ yd mq¿,a yeÕjqïldrlh Ndú; lsÍu ta wkqj t;rï fhda.H ke;'

lKavdhulg fyda m%cdjlg mqoa.,hl= wh;a ùu ms<sn| jk fuu WmkHdi mÍlaId lr ne,Su i|yd uq;= ëjr ìu kï jevm< flfrys wmf.a wjOdkh kej;;a fhduq lr isáuq' tla;rd ;rulg" ëjr l¾udka;h foi b;d iómj n,k l, fmkS hkafka N+f.da,Sh iïNjhka u; mokï jQ f¾Ld Tiafia jQ iyfhda.s;d cd,dhls' oekg o mj;sk lsñÿïlrejkaf.a fm!oa.,sl igyka lsysmfhka fmkS hkafka wd.u hk idOlh NQf.da,Sh iïNjh hk idOlfha jeo.;alu ;rula ÿrg wvq l< njhs' ;ud fuka lS,lalfrhsys lsñfokakka bia,dï ne;su;=ka ùu ksid Tjqka iu. Ôj;a ùug iy Tjqkaf.a iudchg wkq.; ùug yels jQ ueo fmrÈ. lsñÿïlrejdf.a

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

20

WodyrKfhka o ;yjqre jkafka fujeks ;;a;ajhls'28 we;a; jYfhkau" wd.u hk idOlh wfkla mqoa.,hskag o b;d myiqfjka m%;HlaI jQ tlla úh' ta ukaoh;a" ksoiqkla f,i" bia,dï wd.ñl lsñfokafkda rduidka ld,h ;=< fkdaïì we,aÆ w;r" Èkm;d hdÉ[d ^i,d;a& o l<y (Ceylon Sessional Papers 1925: 48)'29 ;jo" uq;= ëjr l¾udka;fha jQ id¾:l jev j¾ck iaj,amfhka tlla" mßmd,{hskag wkqj" lS,lalfrhsys uqia,sï m,a,shl ueÈy;aùfuka isÿ lrk ,o tlla úh'30 ta wkqj" wd.u Y%uh yd b;d ;on, f,i ne£ ;snqKs'

tfukau" wd¾:sl .eg¿ j¾Okh jQ wjia:dj," mqoa.,hska iu.sfhka tlg n|jd ;sîug wd.ug o fkdyels úh' óg WodyrKhla f,i 1887 jif¾ jQ lS,lalfrhs uqia,sï lsñÿïlrejka msßila yd ukakdrï fjf<kaoka msßila w;r jQ .egqula oelaúh yel' Üúkïf.a jd¾;djlg wkqj fuys§ zukakdrï iq¿ fjf<kaoka lsysm fofkl= úiska lS,lalfrhs lsñÿïlrejl=g wh;a úlsKSug ;snQ uq;= fn,a,ka nf,ka Wÿrdf.k we;Z'31 uq;= ëjr l¾udka;h ms<sn| úYaf,aIKj, tla lemS fmfkk yd m%YakldÍ fukau Nhdkl m%jK;djla jkafka uq;= l¾udka;h wdY%s; ìï mrj¾ wdêm;Hh mej;s" mrj¾ l=,hg wkkH jQ NQñ f,i y÷kajd uqia,sï lsñfokakka miqj meñKs msgia;rhka f,i y÷kajk wdLHdk mqkrdj¾;kh lsÍuhs' WodyrKhla f,i" uq;= ëjr b;sydih ms<sn| ,sheù ;sfnk m%Odk;u lD;shla jk 1952 § m< jQ tia' wrekdp,ïf.a wOHhkfhys i|yka jkafka fujka woyils( zuqj¾jre ^Moors& bkaÈhdj mqrd jHdma; ù isáhy''' Tjqyq /lshdjla i|yd uq;= lsñ§u fj; fhduq jQ w;r" fndfyda wjia:dj, oafõY iy.; yeÕSfuka hq;a; j yd ;ukaf.a u jdish i|yd fjr< m%foaYfhys foaYSh jeishka jQ mrj¾ ñksiqka

28 Twynam, Diary ^1887 wfma%,a 2 ;nk ,o igyk&' 29 ‘Report on the the Pearl Fishery of 1925.’ – Twynam 30 Twynam, Diary, ^1877 wfma%,a 14 ;nk ,o igyk&' 31 tu ^1887 uehs 2 ;nk ,o igyk&'

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

21

mrojd Tjqka miq lr hdug ;e;a l<yZ (Arunachalam 1952: 84)' fujka úYaf,aIK m%cdjka ft;sydislj mßKduh jk .;slhka f,i oelaùfï yelshdj m%;slafIam lrhs' ;jo" tajd u.ska ëjr l¾udka;h ;=< iyfhda.s;dj m%;slafIam lr" th fN!;sl iïm;a u;u mokï jQ ztl;=j YqkH l%SvdjlaZ ^zero sum game& f,i w¾;l:kh fõ'

neÆ ne,aug kï" mßmd,l jd¾;d u.ska úia;r jkafka m%dfoaYSh fyda wd.ñl fnÿï f¾Ld uQ,sl lrf.k j¾Okh jQ m%pKavldÍ .egqï h' 1890 jif¾ wfma%,a 27 jk Èk ;nd we;s mßmd,k jd¾;djl fufia i|yka fõ( zm¾isúhrkaia ^Perseverance& fk!ldfõ msgqmi wrdîka fodf<dia fofkl=;a fjk;a fndaÜgqjl jQ ;+;a;=l=ä lsñfokakka msßil=;a w;r .egqula we;s jqKs' tu .egqfuka jvd;a ydks ,enqfõ wrdîka hZ' fuys §" zwdrlaIdj i,id fok f,ig ;+;a;=l=ä lsñfokakka úiska b,a,Sula lr ;snqfKa fuu isÿùfï§ jrolrejka wrdîka f,i ie,l=Kq ksidZ h' lsñÿïlrejka iyfhda.fhka jev lrk wd¾:sl ztallZ f,i fndaÜgq ixúOdkh fldg ;snQ ;;a;ajhla ;=<" fkdfhl=;a ck fldgia yd lKavdhï w;r tÈkg w,a,d.;a uq;= fn,a,ka iudkj fnod .ekSu wNsfhda.hla jQ w;r" ñY% fndaÜgq o olakg ;sîu fuu ck jd¾.sl yd iduQysl wkkH;d fmr<d wNsfhda.hg ,la lrk ,È'

miq ldf,l jQ ëjr jdrhla ;=< jd¾;d lrk ,o isÿùula fï iïnkaOfhka ;j;a úia;r imhhs' 1925 jif¾ ud¾;= 9 jk Èk mßmd,lfhda fuu isoaêh jd¾;d l<y( zuOHu ngysr fpjd,a uqyqÿ m%foaYfha ëjr lghq;= lrk w;r;=r wrdî lsñfokakka yd fndaÜgq yiqrejk fou¿ka w;r .egqula we;s úh' fï jk úg fou¿ka jeä fofkl= ;uka úiskau fndaÜgqfjka uqyqog mek fyda n,y;aldrfhka uqyqog ;,a¨ lr oud ;snqKs' .egqu yg .ekSug fya;=j jQfha fndaÜgq md,lhd widOdrK f,i uq;= fn,a,ka jeä m%udKhla ;udg fok f,ig wrdì lsñfokakl=g n,y;aldrlï lr ;sîuhsZ (Ceylon

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

22

Sessional Papers 1925: 46)'32 fuu isoaêfha § fndaÜgqfõ md,lhd ke;fyd;a zákav,aZ yg wrdì yd fou< lKavdhul iyh we;sj lsñfokakka yg uq;= fn,a,ka fnod §fï j.lSu mejÍ ;snqKs' tfy;a fulS fndaÜgq md,lhdf.a l%shd mámdáh ixl%uKsl lsñfokakkag wjdis f,i;a widOdrK f,i;a ie,l=Ks' ñka biau;= jkafka úúO mlaImd;s;ajhka ffoksl ëjr lghq;= yd ne¢ wdldrh;a tajd ixl%uKsl lsñfokakkaf.a Ôjfkdamdhka yd n,mE wdldrh;a h'

fujka m%pKav isoaëka lshjk úg lf;da,sl yd uqia,sï lsñfokakka w;r jQ m%;súfrdaO;d m%d:ñl nj;a tajd iSñ; iïm;a i|yd jQ ;rÕldÍ;ajfhka jvd W>% jQ nj;a m%ldY jk iïNdjH wd¾:sl úoHdfjka fmdaIKh jQ ixl,amkh ;yjqre fõ hehs isf;kakg mq¿jks' tfy;a fuu ëjr ìïj, h:d¾:h m%pKav;ajhg yd .egqug iSud fkdùh' we;af;kau uq;= lsñfokakkaf.a rdcldßfha yd Y%ufha iajNdjh ksidfjkau tluq;=nj yd ixúOdkd;aul nj Tjqka w;r yg .;af;a h' ta wkqj oafõYh yd m%pKav;ajh fukau mqoa., wkkH;d blaujk iyfhda.h okjk jd¾;d o fndfyduhla fõ'

ta wkqj tlsfkldg WmldÍ jk whqfrka yd wfkHdkH jYfhka jdisodhl jk whqfrka lsñfokakka l%shd l< wjia:d fndfyduhla jd¾;d ù ;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i" .,a*a lsñÿïlrejka ëjr lghq;= i|yd bkaÈhdjg .uka l< wjia:dj, Tjqka fndaÜgq l=,shg ,nd .;af;a m%dfoaYSh fndaÜgq ysñhkaf.ks' 1905 jif¾ hg;aúð; ks,OdÍka jd¾;d l< whqßka m¾ishdkq fndlal m%foaYfhka ixl%uKh jQ lsñfokakka 800 fokd l=,shg .kakd ,o fuu fndaÜgqj, jev l< njhs( lS,lalfrfhka fndaÜgq 2la" hdmkfhka fndaÜgq 38la" ;+;a;=l=äfhka fndaÜgq 2la" mdïnka m%foaYfhka fndaÜgq 4la" kd.mÜákï m%foaYfhka fndaÜgq 5la iy fld<ôka fndaÜgq 4la (Ceylon Sessional Papers 1881: 7)' .,a*a lsñfokakka yg l=,shg fndaÜgq ,nd .ekSug jvd;au myiq jQ ia:dk ms<sn| ft;sydisl

32 ‘Report on the Pearl Fishery of 1925.’ – Twynam

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

23

jYfhka meyeÈ,s rgd olakg ,efí' fuu ia:dk w;=ßka hdmkh b;d meyeÈ,s f,i lemS fmfka' ;jo" .,a*a lsñfokafkda fndaÜgq md,kh lsÍu yd yeisrùug fukau ëjr lghq;=j,g iyh ùug ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq ëjrhska yd kdúlhska u; hemqKy' ta wkqj lsñfokakka uqyqo isg h<s;a fndaÜgqjg weo .ekSug WmldÍ jQ Y%ñlfhda yd fndaÜgq md,lfhda fndfyda úg ol=Kq bkaÈhdkqjka jQy' uq;= ëjr l¾udka;h wdY%s; Y%uh fndaÜgqlrejkaf.ka" ëjrhkaf.ka" lsñfokakkaf.ka yd lsñfokakkag iyh jkakkaf.ka ieÿï,;a ixlS¾K cd,hl mej;=kq fyhska ihfyda.h yd iyÔjkh w;HjYH úh'

;jo" ëjrfhys M,odhs;dj wvq jQ jirj, lsñfokafkda fndfyda wjia:dj, lsñ§u m%;slafIam l<y' jev j¾ckh l<y' 1880 jif¾ Üúkï ;enQ jd¾;djlg wkqj tfia M,odhs;dj wvq jQ wjia:djl lsñfokakka ish úfrdaOh mE w;r úúO wd.ñl lKavdhïj, mqoa.,hska tlsfkld yd iyfhda.fhka fufia ish úfrdaOh olajd we;'33 ;jo" we;eï lsñfokakka yg úfõlhla wjYH jQ wjia:dj, fjk;a wd.ïj,g wh;a Tjqkaf.a i.hskaf.a wd.ñl j;dj;a o fya;= f,i olajd úfõl b,a,Sug Tjqyq mqreÿ ù isáhy' ksoiqkla f,i" uqia,sï lsñfokafkda lf;da,sl wd.u woyk ish mrj¾ i.hskaf.a wd.ñl Èkhla jQ bßod Èkfha lsñ§u fndfyda wjia:dj, m%;slafIam l<y'34 ta wkqj" rma;s isßj¾Ok o fidhaid olajk mßÈ" zfN!;sl iïm;a u; r|d mej;s fjr<nv m%cdjka ;=< ffoksl nyq;ajjdoh yd .;sl in|;d iudc meje;afuys idudkH iajrEmh úhZ (Siriwardane-

de Zoysa 2018: 14)'

33 Twynam, Diary ^1880 ud¾;= 20 ;nk ,o igyk&' 34 tu ^1881 wfma%,a 16 ;nk ,o igyk&'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

24

ks.ukh( .;sl id.r wjldYh ;=< iduQysl wkkH;dj, ixlS¾K nj

rma;s isßj¾Ok o fidhsid uE; ld,Sk fjr<nv ëjr m%cd iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrk ,o udkjúoHd wOHhkhl mjikafka Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| jQ lÓld b;d Rcq yd taldlD;sl cd;sljd§ mßl,amkhka Tiafia isxy," fou<" uqia,sï jeks m%j¾.j,g iSud fldg we;s njhs' tkuq;a weh fmkajd fokafka fjr<nv m%cdjkaf.a laIqø-b;sydij,g ^micro-histories& fukau ixl%uKh" .;sl;ajh iy mÈxÑùu yd ne÷Kq ffoksl oekqï moaO;s úia;r lsÍug yd .%yKh lsÍug fulS cd;sljd§ mßl,amkhka yd zwêldßjd§ lÓlduh rduqZ wiu;a jk njhs (Siriwardane-de Zoysa 2018: 308)' óg ishjilg;a fmr jQ uq;= ëjrh wOHhkh lsÍfï§ fujka udkjúoHd m%fõYhla fhdod .; fkdyel' WodyrKhla f,i" lf;da,sl mrj¾ lsñfokakl=f.ka fyda lS,lalfrhs uqia,sï lsñfokakl=f.ka Tjqka wrdì ixl%uKsl Y%ñlhka ms<sn| l=ula is;kafka oehs weiSug wmg yelshdjla fkdue;' tfy;a fujka udkjúoHd m%fõYj,ska hï

wkqm%dKhla ,en" fjr<nv m%foaYj, – úfYaIfhkau ukakdrï

fndlaflys – m%cdjka tlg iïnkaO jQ whqre yd l%shd l< whqre ms<sn| is;Sug" wm i;=j we;s jd¾;d yd uQ,dY% fhdod .ksñka tu in|;d mßl,amkh lsÍug wmg yelshdj ;sfí'

uq;= ëjr ìï yd l¾udka;h wOHhkh u.ska wjOdrKh lrkq ,nk wdLHdk lDIsld¾ñl f.dvìï mokï j f.dvk.d we;s foaYmd,k tall ms<sn| ia:djr woyia yd ixl,am m%Yak lsÍug;a úixfhdackh lsÍug;a iu;a fõ' foaYmd,k flakaøhla fkdue;s l, mqoa.,hskaf.a p,kj, hï kuHYS,s njla we;' fuh ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq m%foaYfhka ixl%uKh jQjkag fukau ueo fmrÈ. m%foaYfhka ixl%uKh jQjkag o wod< fõ' ;jo" uq;= ëjrh b;d ;djld,sl wjldYhla ùu jeo.;a lreKls' idudkHfhka ëjr jdrhla i|yd wjYH wjldYh yd Y%u ieleiau udi ;=klg muKla ia:dmkh lr bkamiq úiqrejd yßk

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

25

,È' ta wkqj" óg jvd ia:djr" §¾> ld,hla ;siafia mj;sk l¾udka;j,g iïnkaO jQ Y%ñlhska wod< ia:dkj, ia:djrj mÈxÑ jqK o" b;d ;djld,sl yd .;sl uq;= ëjr l¾udka;h yd iïnkaO jQfjda fndfyda wjia:dj, ish ksfjia n,d h<s;a ixl%uKh jQy' ta wkqj" fuu Y%ñlhskaf.a Ôú; yd wkkH;d hg;a úð; rdcHh úiska isÿ lrk ,o ks, ix.Kkj,gj;a mqoa.,hska Rcqj jd¾.sl yd NQf.da,Sh ldKavj,g j¾.SlrKh l< hg;a úð; md,lhskaf.a jd¾;dj,gj;a uq¿ukskau yiq fkdjkakg we;' we;eï úg uq;= lsñfokakkaf.a wkkH;d o uqyqÿ m;=, fia u ld,h;a iu. fjkia jkakg we;' Tjqkaf.a mlaImd;S;ajhka tla tla wjia:dj,g wkqj fjkia fjñka yev.eiafjkakg we;' ta wkqj" iduQysl wkkH;d w;sYh ikao¾Ndkql+, jk w;r" mj;akd miqìï fukau Y%u" /lshd yd m%d.aOkh jqjukd u.ska tu wkkH;d ksrka;rfhka mqk¾ksIamdokh fõ'

wdY%s; .%ka: yd uq,dY%

‘Condition of Divers in Kuwait’, 1934-1947, British Library,

IOR/R/15/5/191.

‘Endorsement from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf,’ 1926 July

13, British Library, IOR/L/E/7/1458 ‘Letter from Mesopotamia Persia Corporation to the Political Agent

Kuwait,’10 April 1926, British Library, IOR/L/E/7/1458 ‘Letter from Political Resident in the Persian Gulf to Foreign Secretary,

Simla,’ 23 May 1926, British Library, IOR/L/E/7/4376. ‘Letter from Sir Stanley Bois, London to Mr Alexander, Controller of

Revenue, Colombo,’ 5 May 1924, Sri Lanka National Archives

(Kandy Branch), 20.753.

‘Letter from the AGA Mannar to the Superintendent of Immigration at

Daveypatnam and Paumben,’ 8 April 1877, Sri Lanka National

Archives, 31/431 and 31/396.

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

26

‘Letter from the British Residency, Bushire, to the Resident Agent at

Shargah,’ 21 February 1903, British Library, IOR/R/15/1/753.

‘Letter from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf to the Foreign

Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political

Department’, June 1925, British Library, IOR/L/E/7/1458.

‘Letter from the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf to the Foreign

Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political

Department’, June 1926, British Library, IOR/L/PS/10/457. ‘Letter from the Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign

Department, Simla to the Secretary to the Government of Bombay,

Political Department, Bombay,’ 11 April 1912, British Library,

IOR/L/PS/10/457. ‘Memo by J.C.More, Political Agent Kuwait, to the Political Resident in

the Persian Gulf,’ 7 February 1925, British Library,

IOR/L/E/7/1458.

‘Report from the Superintendent of the Pearl Fishery to the Hon. Colonial

Secretary’, 12 May 1890, Centre of South Asian Studies,

Cambridge University.

Arunachalam, S., 1952. The History of the Pearl Fisheries of the Tamil

Coast. Annamalai University.

Athiyaman, N. and K. Rajan., 2004. ‘Traditional Pearl and Chank Diving

Technique in Gulf of Mannar: A Historical and Ethnographic

Study.’ Indian Journal of History of Science 39.2: 205-26.

Carter, Robert A., 2012. Sea of Pearls: Seven Thousand Years of the

Industry that Shaped the Gulf. Arabian Publishing.

Ceylon Sessional Papers 1881. Government Printer.

Ceylon Sessional Papers 1887. Government Printer.

Ceylon Sessional Papers 1889. Government Printer.

Ceylon Sessional Papers 1899. Government Printer.

Ceylon Sessional Papers 1906. Government Printer.

Ceylon Sessional Papers 1907. Government Printer.

Ceylon Sessional Papers 1925. Government Printer.

De Silva, K.M., 1973. History of Ceylon, vol. 3. The Colombo

Apothecaries' Company.

gudrd m%kdkaÿ

27

Dewaraja, Lorna, 1995. ‘The Muslims in the Kandyan Kingdom (c. 1600-

1815): A Study of Ethnic Integration.’ Muslims of Sri Lanka:

Avenues to Antiquity. Ed. M.A.M. Shukri. Jamiah Naleemia

Institute.

Herdman, William, 1903-6. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the

Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar, with Supplementary

Reports upon the Marine Biology of Ceylon, by Other Naturalists

(6 Volumes). Royal Society. Hightower, V.P., 2013. ‘Pearls and the Southern Persian/Arabian Gulf: A

Lesson in Sustainability.’ Environmental History 18.1: 44-59

Hopper, Matthew S., 2006. ‘Imperialism and the Dilemma of Slavery in

Eastern Arabia and the Gulf, 1873-1939.’ Itinerario 30.3: 76-94

Hopper, Matthew S., 2015. Slaves of One Master. Globalization and

Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire. Yale University Press.

Kunz, George Frederick and Charles Hugh Stevenson, 1908. The Book of

the Pearl: The History, Art, Science and Industry of the Queen of

Gems. De Vinne Press.

Lorimer, J.G., 1915. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central

Arabia. Calcutta.

Mahroof, M.M., 2015. Exploring Sri Lanka’s Muslims: Selected Writings

of M.M. Mahroof. Ed. M.L.A. Cader. South Eastern University of

Sri Lanka.

Meyer, Eric, 2006. ‘Labour Circulation between Sri Lanka and South India

in Historical Perspective.’ Society and Circulation: Mobile People

and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950. Ed. Claude

Makovits, Sanjay Subrahmanyam and Jacques Pouchepadass.

Anthem.

Miran, Jonathan, 2009. Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and

Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press.

Miscellaneous Letters to GANP. Sri Lanka National Archives (Kandy

Branch), 20.749. Ostroff, Samuel Miles, 2016. The Beds of Empire: Power and Profit at the

Pearl Fisheries of South India and Sri Lanka, c. 1770-1840. PhD

Dis. University of Pennsylvania.

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

28

Ramanathan, Ponnamblam, 1888. ‘The Ethnology of the “Moors” of

Ceylon,’ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch

10.36: 234-62.

Revenue G.O. 1403, 21 April 1909, Tamil Nadu State Archives. Ridgeway, West, 1904. Administration of the Affairs of Ceylon, 1896-

1903. Government Printer.

Siriwardane-de Zoysa, Rapti, 2018. Fishing, Mobility and Settlerhood:

Coastal Societies in Postwar Sri Lanka. Springer. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 1996. ‘Noble Harvest from the Sea: Managing the

Pearl Fishery of Mannar, 1500-1925.’ Institutions and Economic

Change in South Asia. Ed. Burton Stein and Sanjay

Subrahmanyam. Oxford University Press.

Twynam, W.C. Diary of the Pearl Fishery Superintendent. Centre of South

Asian Studies, Cambridge University.

Y%S ,xldfõ nqoaOd.u hkq tjlg mej;s mQ¾j fn!oaO wd.ï tlafldg ;ekqKq

iïñY%s;hla o@1

tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

nqoaOd.fï l¾;Dka jk nqÿkajykafia;a nqÿka foiQ O¾uh;a .ek kHdhsl jYfhka fidhd n,k úg" tu l¾;Dka o kHdhh o oeä f,i wfoajjd§ neõ fmfka' nqÿka i¾jn,OdÍ foúflfkl=f.a meje;au b÷rd m%;slafIam l< wd.ñl Ydia;Djrfhls' nqÿka lshd isáfha foúhd;a foajhd;=l¾u;a yqÿ m%nkaO l:d njhs' nqÿka msßksù wjqreÿ ish .Kklg miqj nqÿkaf.a pß; l:dj ,shQ wYajf>daI o nqÿkaf.a wfoajjd§;ajh .ek WodyrK iys;j lshd ;sfí'

iQ;% msglfha iy nqoaO pß;fha fudkjd ,sheù ;snqK;a j¾;udk nyq;r fn!oaOhdg" úfYaIfhka .;a l< nyq;r isxy, fn!oaOhdg kï nqÿka foúfhls¦ nqÿkaf.a O¾uh ;ukag msysgjk foajO¾uhls' l;r.u" úIaKq jeks foajrEmj,g lkak,õ lrk wkaoug nqÿ ms<suj,g iy fnda .iaj,g isxy, fn!oaOhd lkak,õ lrkafka ta ksid h' fï Wvqhál=re úmßj¾;khg b;d §¾> b;sydihla o ;sfí'

wo ojfia nqÿoyu mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd fn!oaO Ydikhg we;=¿ ù isák nqoaO Y%djlhka fï mßj¾;kh .ek fidh n,kafka ke;' ta ldrKd folla ksid h' tlla" fï hd;=l¾óh l%shdj,sh jkdys ;ukag Okiïm;a ,ndfok Ofkdamdhk ud¾.hla ksid h' fojekak" wfoajjd§ fn!oaO kHdh .ek Tjqkag ;sfnk w,am oekqu ksid h' .sys

1 m%jdo 33 ^2011& fj¨fuys o m< jQ fuu ,smsh m<uq jrg The Island mqj;amf;a m< jQjls'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

30

fn!oaO nyq;rh is;kafka mkai,g f.dvke.s,s ,nd §fuka" mkaif,a yduqÿrejkag iïm;a ,nd §fuka" fnda.ia jkaokd lsÍfuka" ms<su je£fuka" foajd,j, lrla .eiSfuka fn!oaOhdg úuqla;s ud¾.h Wodjkjd lshd h' fmdÿfõ wo fn!oaO kHdh iy Ndú;dj t;ekg ,>q fldg we;af;a h' f,aLlhd W;aidy .kafka fï ldrKd .ek flfrk §¾> l;sldjla i|yd uq, mqrkakg h'

ms<s.;a ft;sydisl jd¾;dj,g wkqj nqoaOd.u ks, jYfhka ,xldjg y÷kajd § we;af;a l%s'mQ' ;=kajk ishjfia rc l< foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a md,k iufha§ h' th furgg f.k tk ,oafoa uyskao ysñhka kdhl;ajh fok ,o fn!oaO O¾u¥; lKavdhula úiska h' fud.a.,smq;a; ;siai ysñhkaf.a u.fmkaùu hgf;a mdg,smq;% kqjr§ mj;ajk ,o ;=kajeks fn!oaO O¾u ix>dhkdj wjidkùfuka miqj wfYdal wêrdchd úiska wdishdfõ úúO m%foaYj,g msg;afldg yßk ,o O¾u¥; lKavdhï .Kkdjlska tlla yeáhg ,xldjg meñKs lKavdhu y÷kd.; yelsh'

fuf,i ,xldjg y÷kajd fokq ,enQ nqoaOd.u md,s iQ;% msglfha i|yka nqoaO O¾uhhs' md,s iQ;% msglh jkdys nqÿkaf.a b.ekaùï jd¾;dfldg ;sfnk jd¾;d w;=ßka jvd;a ;:H jd¾;dj f,i w;S;fha isgu ms<s.ekS ;sìK' wo ojfia mÀ;uh iïm%odhla f,i olakg ,efnk bka§h wd.ï fndfyduhlau w;S;fha isg mj;ajdf.k tk ,oafoa uqL mrïmrd.; iïm%od f,iska h' tf,i uqL mrïmrdfjka mej; wd fn!oaO md,s iïm%odh mÀ;uh iïm%odhla njg fmr,k ,oafoa l%s'mQ' m<uqjk ishjfia ,xldfõ rc l< j<.ïndyq rc oji ud;f,a msysá wdf,dal úydrfha§ h' t;eka mgka iQ;% msglh mÀ;uh rEmfhka jHjydrfha mj;S'

,xldfõ fn!oaO iïm%odh hkq md,s iQ;% msglj, oelafjk fn!oaO iïm%odh tlÈ.gu mj;ajd .ekSula hk ldrKh we;a;ls' tfy;a wo ojfia ta we;a; úpdrfhka f;drj ms<s.ekSu tkak tkaku ÿIalr fjñka ;sfnk nj lsj hq;= h' ukao lshkjdkï" wo ojfia Ndú;fha

tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

31

mj;sk hd;=l¾óh wd.u ;=< olakg ,efnk iQ;%uh wfmalaIdjka b;du;a oreKq wm.ukhlg Ndckh ù ;sfnk ksid h' fï ldrKh fï wjia:dfõ§ jeäÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu wjYH h' ft;sydisl jd¾;dj,g wkqj" ,xljg nqoaOd.u y÷kajdfok ,o uq,a ojia lSmfha isgu tys b.ekaùï ck fldgia foll wjOdkhg fhduq ù ;sfí' tl ck fldgila wh;a jkafka nqÿoyfï b.ekaùïj, jeo.;alu Wlydf.k tys b.ekafjk úuqla;sh w;am;a lr.ekSu i|yd ks¾NS; mshjr ;enQ ldKavhg h' ft;sydisl jd¾;dj,g wkqj" tjeks wkq.dñlhka w;súYd, m%udKhla my< jQ fyhska toji foaYmd,k wêldrh úydrdrdu f.dvk.d Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d bgqlr ÿkakd h'

rg ;=< nqoaOd.fï §ma;su;a oe,a, ksù hd fkd§ /l.kafka fn!oaO wdOHd;añl mqyqKqj ,o fï msßi h' tod mej;=Kq wd.ñl jd;djrKh ;=< olakg ,enqKq lemùfï m%udKh iqm%lg fn!oaO wÜGl:dpdß ysñku úiska iïmdÈ; hq.ks¾udKl úiqoaêu.a. lD;sfhka ukskakg mq¿jka hehs uu is;ñ' fï lD;sh jQl,s iQ;% msglfha oelafjk oekqï iïNdrh wdOHd;añl mqyqKqj wrnhd fhdod.kafka flfia oehs ;¾ldkql+,j l%udkql+,j lshdfokakls' wo;a tu wdOHd;añl mqyqKqj Èjhsk mqrd úisÍ ;sfnk wdrKH fiakdik iy Ndjkd uOHia:dk úiska b;d iq¿ msßilg jqj o ,ndfoñka tu wdOHd;añl iïm%odh /l .ksñka isák nj fidïkia is;ska i|yka l< hq;= h'

fojk ckfldgi kï mQ¾j-fn!oaO f.da;%sl wd.ï woyñka ;ukag yqremqreÿ hd;=l¾u u; mokï jQ wd.u fj;u keUqre ù isá Woúhhs' uyskao ysñhka úiska fndaê jDlaIfha wxl=rhla iy bÈlsÍug kshñ; ia:Qmj, ;eïm;a lsÍu i|yd nqÿkaf.a Od;= f.kajd .;af;a o fï ckfldgia ;Dma;su;a lrkq i|yd h'

hd;=l¾óh Ndú;djka md,s iQ;% msglj, tk b.ekaùï iïm%odfha wx.hla ù fkd;snqKq iufhl§ uyskao ysñhka tjka Ndú;djka ,xldfõ nqoaOd.ug we;=<;a lf<a wehs o hkak wjfndaO lr .ekSu we;af;kau ÿIalr h' tfy;a ta jkúg bkaÈhdfõ jecUqKq fu!¾h

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

32

wêrdcHfha foaYiSudfõ we;=¿ yd msg; l,dmj, Ndú;dfõ ;snqKq oejeka; wd.ñl-hd;=l¾óh ixl,kh fj; b;d ióm ne,aula fy<k úg tlS ;;a;ajh wjfndaO lr.ekSu ÿIalr ke;' bÈka" ta ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' tfukau w;sYhska wod< h' ukao lshkjdkï" bkaÈhdfõ ;snqKq n%dyauKjd§ wd.ñl wdêm;Hh iy wd¾h iïm%odh uq¿ukskau jdf.a úmÍ; lf<a fulS hd;=l¾ufhka iÊð; nqoaO O¾uh ksid h'

fu!¾h wêrdcHfha n,.;= uOH.; foaYmd,k hdka;%Kh msysgqjd ;yjqre lsÍu;a iu.u tu uOH.; wdKavqjg wNsfhda. l< yels ;¾ckhla t,a, l< yels tlÿ f.da;%hlaj;a b;=re ù isáfha ke;' fjk;a úÈhlska lshkjdkï" tys f;areu kï" oejeka; wfYdal wêrdcHfha foaYiSud udhsï mqrd l=vd f.da;%sl cklKavdhï oyia .Kkdjla úisÍ Ôj;a jQ nj;a nqÿkaf.a ld,fha§ fuka fldai, u.O wêrdcHj, ;dvk mSvkj,g f.da;%sl ck lKavdhï Ndckh fkdjQ nj;a h' ta jdf.au" wêrdcHh ;j ;j;a mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd wêrdcH foaYiSudfõ ;snqKq f.da;%sl jdiN+ñ bj;a lr.kakd f,i wêrdcHh b,a¨ï lr isáfha o ke;' tneúkafoda" fï f.da;%sl jdiN+ñj, Ôj;a jQ f.da;%sl ckhd Tjqkaf.a jdiN+ñhg hdnoj Ôj;a jQ uyd m%cdfõ idudðlhka iu. ielfhka f;drj idufhka wdY%h lf<da h' foaYmd,k n,h fhojQfha ke;s fyhska o tjekakl wjYH;dj mekfkdke.=Kq fyhska o uOHu rcfha foaYiSud jHdma;ùï tlÈ.gu isoaOjQfha iduldñ f,i h' ta wkqj" wmg bÈßfha§ oel.kakg ,efnk mßÈ" fï foaYiSud m%foaYj, oejeka; úmßj¾;k o isoaO úh'

fï úmßj¾;kj, mqfrda.dñhd jQfha l%s'mQ' yhjk ishjfia isgu tf;la nqla;s ú¢ iqmsß ;;a;ajh w;ska b;d oreKq msßySulg ,laj isá n%dyauK mQclhd h' fldaiïìg wkqj idlÉPd lf<d;ska ta ú;a;sh fufia h( ztf;la iq/lS ;snqKq l=uk f.da;%hla fõjd l=uk l=, Ys,ams fYa%Kshla fõjd ta yefullgu n%dyauK mQclhd l%udkql+,j we;=¿ ù tajd ;=<g ls\ neiafia h' wo jk;=re Èh;a

tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

33

jkafka tu l%shdj,shhs' tys f;areu kï kj foújreka" tkï wef,laiekav¾f.a wdl%uKhg fmrd;=j mkacdí ;ekafkka bkaÿ foúhdj t<jd oeuq l%sIaKd foúhd jeks foújreka j¢kakg mqokakg mgka.;a njhs' tys§ f.da;%sl hd;=l¾uj, iy ;dka;%sl ,íëkaj, wvx.= iqúfYaI ,laIK úm¾hdi jkakg mgka.;s' f.da;%sl foújreka m%ñ;s.; n%dyauK foújreka iu. iu lrkakg mgka .ekqKq w;r iud.%yKh lr.; fkdyels f.da;%sl foújreka kïnqldr foújreka njg m;alsÍu i|yd n%dyauK iQ;% o rpkd lrkq ,eî h' fï foújreka iy kj wkkH;djka iu.u kjhd;=l¾u fukau iqúfYaI ksÍlaIK i|yd lemjQ Èk o pkaø Èko¾Ykhg y÷kajd fokq ,eî h' fï foújreka ,e. isá ïf,ÉP mQ¾j-n%dyauK ,íê-ia:dkj,ska Tjqka bj;a lrjd" Tjqka kïnqldr lrjkq msKsi Tjqka jgd iqÿiq l;kaor f.d;d" kj jkaokd ia:dk o msysgjkq ,eî h' uydNdr;" rdudhk iy mqrdK wd§ .%ka: msÍ ;sfnkafka ta l;kaorj,sks' bÈka" fï iud.%yK hdka;%Kh b;d rij;a tlls' l%sIaKdg muKla fkdj nqÿkag;a hï hï f.da;%sl foújrekaf.a f.da;% ,l=Kq f,i oelafjk ud¿jd" bínd" j,a W!rd jeks i;=ka o úIaKq kdrdhkaf.a wj;dr o wdfrdamKh lrkq ,eî h' f.dú ckhd w;f¾ mq¿,a f,i weoys,a,g md;%j isá" ;ukagu wdfõKsl iajdëk ,íêhla iys; foúhl= jQ ykquka" úIaKqf.a ;j;a wj;drhla jk rdudf.a lSlre fiajlhd njg m;aúh' fmdf<dfjka Wmka kd.rdchdf.a oejeka; fmKh hgg .sh úIaKq kdrdhk c,h u; iem kskaol .e,S isákakg mgka .;s' tu kd.rdchd tu wjia:dfõ§ u tljru Ysjf.a m<|kdjla yeáhg;a .fkaIf.a wdhqOhla yeáhg;a l%shd lrkafka h' we;a uqyqKla iys; .fkaI tl j;dfjl Ysjf.a mq;%hd h" ;j;a j;dfjl Ysjf.a ìßkaoE h¦ thdldrfhkau" Ysj o jfrl fma%;hskaf.a hlaIhskaf.a wêm;shd h' tfy;a kmqre l=vqflavq fõ;d, jekakka hlaIdêm;s;ajfhka ksoyia Woúh yeáhg ie,flka w;r .eñ weoys,a, ;=< Tjqka b;d ckm%sh h' Ysjf.a jdykh f,i ie,flk kkaÈ .jhd ksfhda,s;sl hq.fha§ ol=Kq bkaÈhdj ;=< iq,N f,i weoyqKq w;r tl, olakg ,efnk kkaÈ .jhdf.a msg Wv ñksfil= fyda foúfhl= fyda .uka

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

34

lrkafka ke;' fulshk .jhd ksoyia bkaÿ YsIagdpdrhg wh;a uqød w;súYd, m%udKhla u; ,e. isákafka hZ (Kosambi 1977)'

by; olajk ,o wd.ñl-hd;=l¾óh ixl,kh úiska w;alr fojk ,o uyd wdksYxih kï n%dyauKhka úiska Ysj iy úIaKq hk foújreka idorfhka ndr.kq ,eîu h' fuys§ u;l ;nd.; hq;= ldrKh kï fï foújreka fofokdf.ka tfll=j;a fu!¾h wêrdcHhg fmrd;= n%dyauK idys;Hfhaj;a fn!oaO idys;Hfhaj;a i|yka ù ke;s njhs' fï fofokdf.ka tfll= jk Ysj" n%dyuK foaj mka;shg we;=¿ jQjd muKla fkdj tu foaj mka;sfha kdhl foúhd njg;a m;a úh' ta jQl,s iajlSh wd¾h;ajh .ek b;du;a wdvïnrfhka fodvk n%dyauKhka w;r wd¾h-fkdjk foúfhl= we;=¿ ù mqÿu iy.; whqßka ,enQ Wiiaùuls' wd¾h foajmka;sfha kdhl foúhd yeáhg Ysj w;am;a lr.;a ta wdfrdamKh .ek Y%Su;a fudaáu¾ ù,¾ fufia i|yka lrhs( zix.%duh Èkqfõ bkaÿ h" tfy;a hqoaOh ch .;af;a Ysj hZ (Wheeler 1992)'

wd¾hhka mS;DuQ,sl jQ w;r Tjqkaf.a foajmka;sh ;=< isáfha mqreI foújreka h' wkd¾h foaYc bkaÈhdkqjka ud;DuQ,sl jQ w;r Tjqka jkaokdudk lf<a ia;%S foaj;dúhka h' tneúka fulS wd.ñl ixl,k wjêh ;=< n%dyauKjdoh úiska ms<s.kq ,enQ jeo.;a fjki kï ia;%SmqreI foúfoaj;dúhka w;r isÿjk újdyhs' foúfoaj;dúhka w;r isÿflfrk újdyh ;=<ska .uHudk jkafka iudch ;=< újdyh iudc ixia:djla f,i ia:dms; jQ nj;a tf;la fjka fjka jYfhka f.da;% folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla tlaúgu iudcfha m%Odk Odrdjg we;=¿ ù tu iudcfha idudðl;ajh ,nd.;a nj;a h' fï wkqj" Ysj md¾j;S újdyfhka .uH jkafka Ysjf.a uq,a jkaokdlrejka md¾j;Sf.a uq,a jkaokdlrejka iu. tl;= ùuhs' fï lKavdhï folu tlúg fu!¾h rdcHfha idudðlhka jQ kuqÿ lKavdhï folu wka;¾ckH újdyh iy tlf.hs lEu tla;rd ÿrlg ;ukaf.au iïm%odhka wkqj mj;ajdf.k .shy'

tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

35

fu!¾h wd.ñl-hd;=l¾óh ixl,khg wh;a fuu kj foújreka ixl,amkh lrk ,oafoa ñksia m%dŒkaf.a yev;, iy rEmldhka wkqj jqj o tu rEmj,g fndfyda biaf.ä iy fndfyda w;a fok ,oafoa tu foújreka ksfhdackh lrk f.da;%j,g wh;a f;dagñl ixfla; ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd h' tys m%;sM,hla yeáhg" Ysj rEmh ks¾udKh lrk ,oafoa ysia .Kkdjla w;a .Kkdjla ;sfnk ñksia rEmhla f,iska h' ta ysia iy w;a ixLHdj u.ska ksfhdackh jkafka Ysj kdhl;ajh fok f.da;%sl m%cdjkaf.a m%udKhhs' tneúka Ysj fyda úIaKq fyda fjkhï foúfoaj;dúhl fyda ord isák Wm; ,ndfok fuj,ïj,ska lshefjkafka ta ta wkkH;djka iys; m%cdjka fndfyda .Kkla tl;= ù ñY% ù jvd úYd, iudchla f.dvk.d.ekSfï l;kaorhhs'

m%Odk Odrdfõ iudchg wh;a idudðlhka iy f.da;%sl m%cdjg wh;a ckhd taldnoaO lrjkq i|yd n%dyauK mQcl ;ka;%h úiska fhdod.kakd ,o .,m.kakd ,o m%Odku idOlh jQfha f.da;%sl ckhd w;r nyq, f,i Ndú;fha mej;s uq;=kañ;a;ka jkaokd lsÍu nj wjOdrKfhka lsj hq;= h' fï ldrKh fya;=fldgf.k fuf;la foúhka iu. f.da;%sl m%cdj, idudðlhka ifudaOdk.;lsÍu iduldó f,i isoaO úh( l< hq;=j ;snqfKa tlaflda f.da;%sl jkaokdj m%Odk Odrdfõ iudchg ms<s.; yels wkaoug ilia lr.ekSu h¦ ke;akï m%Odk Odrdfõ iudchg wh;a jkaokdj f.da;%sl m%cdjg ms<s.; yels wkaoug kej; ilia lr.ekSu h' ienE f,i isoaO jQfha l=ula oehs iómj i,ld ne¨jfyd;a fmkS hkafka fï l%shdj,sh fome;a;gu isÿ jQ nj h' ifudaOdkfhka miq m%Odk foúhd yeáhg u;= ù we;af;a wd¾h-fkdjk foaYc foúfhls' ta foúhd m%Odk Odrdfõ iudch fj;ska uy;a ms<s.ekqula oeka w;alrf.k we;af;a h' ta iu.u" ta m%Odk foúhd" ifudaOdk.; f.da;%sl m%cdjka i;= jkaokdudk l%u ish,a, o ixfhdackh lrf.k we;af;a h' flfia fj;;a" fuys§ wmf.a wjOdkhg Ndckh úh hq;= m%Odk ldrKh kï hf:dala; l%shdj,sh úiska lsisu .eg¿jla u;= fkdlsÍfï ldrKhhs'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

36

ukao lshkjdkï" tfia .eg¿ u;= fkdjQfha tlaflda fuu l%shdj,shg iyNd.S jQ ish¨u md¾Yj foúhka jkaokd lrkakjqka njg m;aùu ksid h" ke;akï" foúhkaf.a ;;a;ajhg Wiia lrkq ,enQ ksid h" tfia;a ke;akï fï ldrKd folu ksid h' fï ish¨ hf:dala; ldrKd fya;=fldgf.k ixl,amSh .egqï mek k.skakg wjldY ;snqfKa ke;'

fmfkk yeáhg" hf:dala; wd.ñl-hd;=l¾óh ixl,kh fya;=fldgf.k wêrdcHfha foYiSudnoj msysgd ;snQ >K jkdka;rj, ;ks ù jdih l< f.da;%sl m%cdjkaf.a tu ;kslu l%ufhka ke;s ù hkakg mgka.;a l, tu úmßj¾;akh uq¿uy;a iudc jHqyhgu n,mdkakg mgkaf.k ;snqKs' tu úmßj¾;kfha m%;sM,hla yeáhg kj foújreka" kj je÷ï msÿï wdlD;s" fï foújreka i|yd ks¾udKh l< kj j;dj;a .,md.kq ,eî h' fï foaújreka jQl,s tlaflda uE;l§ foaj ;;a;ajhg Wiia lrkq ,enQjka úh" ke;akï Ysjf.a jdykh f,iska ÈjH;ajhg m;alrk ,o kkaÈ kï .jhd fuka úmßj¾;kh lrkq ,enQjka úh' fuhdldrfhka" n%dyauK foajmka;sh ixLHdj w;ska by< hEfï ldrKh u.ska lshejqfKa ksula ke;s ;rï l=vd yd f,dl= m%cdjka ixLHdjla taldnoaO fjñka uOHu foaYmd,k rdcHfha ck.yKh f.dvke.=Kq nj h'

tu wjêfha§ n,j;a f,i jHdma;j ;snQ tlu wd.u n%dyauKjdoh fkdfjk ksid hf:dala; iqúYd, m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh bkaÈhdfõ ;snQ wfkla wd.ïj,g;a n,mE wkaou fidhd ne,Su fuys§ wod< ldrKhls' nqoaOd.ug tlS m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh n,mE wkaou oeka fidhd n,uq' wjdikdjlg fuka" nqoaOd.u ;=< iudc yd wd.ñl uÜgñka isÿù we;af;a fudkjd oehs fidhd ne,Su i|yd Wojq lr.; yels ,sÅ; jd¾;d fuf;la fidhd.kakg ms<sjka ù ke;' wm fj; we;af;a kHdhsl lreKq mdol lrf.k nqoaO Ydikfha Y%djlhska w;r isÿjQ fn§ï .ek lshdmdk jd¾;d lSmhla muKs' yskaÿ O¾u iuh ;=< isÿjQ m%;sixialrK nqoaOd.ug n,mEfõ flfia o hkak

tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

37

toji mej;s fn!oaO jdoújdoj,§ fukau O¾u ix.dhkdj,§ i,ld n,k ,o njg lsisÿ idlaIs o we;af;a ke;' tfy;a wfYdal wêrdchd nqoaOd.u je<|.kakd ld,h jk úg fn!oaOhska o hd;=l¾u yd j;dj;a ´kEu wd.ulg ke;=ju neß wx. hehs lshñka tajd ms<sf.k ;snQ njla fmkS hhs' Tjqka tfia lr we;af;a fulshk hd;=l¾u yd j;dj;a .ek md,s iQ;%msglj, fldfy;au i|yka ù fkd;sfnoa§ hæ

zmd,s iQ;%Z hk moh .ek lsishï meyeÈ,s lr.ekSula f.dvk.d.ekSu ukd h' md,s iQ;% hk moh mdúÉÑ fldg we;af;a uq,au ld,fha§ olakg ,efnk ksldh y;rg wh;a mÀ; i|yd h' iqm%lg wÜGl:dpd¾h nqoaOf>daI ysñhka o miajeks ksldhg wh;a mÀ; mYapd;a iQ;% nj ms<sf.k we;;a uydúydrh md¾Yjh úiska tu ldrKh m%;slafIam fldg th wNsnjd lghq;= lr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s h' fuys§ mek ke.=Kq fNaoh u;jd§ tlla nj wm u;l ;nd .; hq;= h' mYapd;a iQ;% mÀ;j, olakg we;af;a tlaflda uq,ald,Sk iQ;% mÀ;j, olakg fkd,efnk Ndú;dj, iydh olajk mdG h" ke;akï nqÿkaf.a uQ,sl W.ekaùug mriamr jk tajd ksfYaO lrk mdG h'

bÈka" oeka kej;;a wmf.a uq,a idlÉPdj fj; .sfhd;ska jvd myiqfjka lreKq wjfndaO lr.kakg ms<sjka h' toji isá fn!oaOfhda Y=oaOia:dk iy jkaokdia:dk je£u ms§u ;u wd.fï fldgila jYfhka ie,l+y' ¨ïìKsh fj; f.dia nqÿka Wmka ia:dkfhys wkqiaurK geUla msysgqùu jeo.;a ldrKhla yeáhg wfYdal wêrdch l,amkd lf<a ta ksid h'

fï ld,h jk úg fn!oaOhka fndaê jDlaIh j¢kakg mgkaf.k ;snQ nj Woa.ukh l< yelafla uyskao ysñf.a b,a,Su msg wfYdal rcq nqoaO.hdfõ ;sfnk fndaê jDlaIfha frdamKhla ta ysñhkag ,nd ÿka neúks' rdu.%dufha úiQ flda,sh m%cdjg ,enqKq nqÿkaf.a i¾j{ Od;= mx.=j ksoka fldg f.dvke.+ iEh ydrd tys ;snQ Od;= bj;a fldg tajd kej; ksoka lrñka wfYdal rcq iajlSh wêrdcHh mqrd iEhj,a

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

38

bÈ l< neõ jd¾;d.; ù ;sfí' fï ldrKfhka o meyeÈ,s jkafka ta jk úg fn!oaOhka Od;= jkaokdfõ o kshe,S isá nj h'

rdu.%du ia:Qmfha ;snqKq i¾j{ Od;= ms<sn|j rij;a mqrdjD;a;hla o wm w;f¾ Ndú;fha mj;S' ÿgq.euqKq rc;=udg rejkaje,s iEfha ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd i¾j{ Od;= wjYH jQ úg rc;=ud fidakq;a;r ysñhka kd. f,dalhg msg;alr yßhs' fn!oaO úYajfõoh wkqj kd. f,dalh msysgd ;sfnkafka uy iuqÿre m;=f,a h' ta jdf.au ,xldfõ iqm;< fï mqrdjD;a;h ;j;a rij;a l;kaorhla o mjihs' oUÈj rdu.%dufha ;snQ ia:Qmh uyd .xj;=rlg yiqj leã ì£ f.dia tys ;ekam;a fldg ;snQ i¾j{ Od;= wvx.= md;%h c, myrg .idf.k weú;a uy uqyqog tla úh' th fidhd .kakd ,oafoa kd rcq úiska h' fulshk rdu.%duh bkaÈhdfõ msysgd ;sfnkafka l÷ mka;shlska jgjQ ;j;a lkaola uqÿfka nj;a wcdi;a;= iy wfYdal hk fofokdgu i¾j{ Od;= tys ksremøs;j ;sî yuq jQ nj;a fï mqrdjD;a;h f.;+ Woúh oekf.k fkdisá nj meyeÈ,s h (Kosambi 1977; Marasinghe

2009)'

we;af;kau" j;dj;a iy hd;=l¾u fn!oaOhka úiskau wkq.; lr.;a;d o ke;akï fn!oaOhskag msg;ska ,enqkd o hkak meyeÈ,s ke;' fn!oaOhka úiskau wkq.; lr.;a;dkï" md,s iQ;%j, oelafjk Od¾ñl b.ekaùïj,g mgyeks fkdfjñka tajd wkq.; lr.kakg iy;sl jQjd oehs meyeÈ,s ke;' fn!oaO Ndú;djg fn!oaO hd;=l¾uj, iy j;dj;aj, ;sfnk wod<;ajh ms<sn| idlÉPdjla fyda újdohla fyda Ydik b;sydih mqrdu l=ukdldrfhka fyda olakg fkd,eîfuka fmkS hkafka Ydik Ndrlrejkaf.a wjOdkhg th yiq fkdjQ njhs' ta ksidu" uyd wka;rdhldÍ wdksYxi rdYshla fï jk úg w;a ù ;sfnk nj;a úlD;hkaf.ka f;dr jQ nqoaOd.ug l< yels iqúYd, odhl;ajh j¾;udk iudchg ,nd fokakg Bg fkdyels ù ;sfnk nj;a fmkS hhs'

tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

39

f:rjdo ixl,amkhg wkqj" nqÿka jkdys ñksfil=g <Õd úh yels by<;u wdOHd;añl ;,hg m%fõY jQ ñksia .=rejrfhls' tfia m%fõY ùfuka wk;=rej iajlSh wjfYaI Ôú; ld,h mqrdu tu b.ekaùï m%pdrh lsÍu i|yd fjfyiqKq wfhls' nqÿka fYa%IaG;u ñksia .=rejrfhl= yeáhg ne;sfhka mqokq ,nkafka tneúks' nqÿkajykafiaf.a f.da,hska iy wkq.dñlhka t;=uka weoyqfõ ke;' ta fjkqjg" Tjqka lf<a tlaflda t;=ukaf.a b.ekaùï wkq.ukh fldg úuqla;sh ,nd.ekSu h" ke;akï ;Dma;su;a ñksiqka yeáhg iudcfha Ôj;a ùu h' tfy;a wo wms fjk;a foúfoaj;djkag mqok foaj,au nqÿkag mqoñka" fjk;a foúfoaj;djkag lrk lkak,õu nqÿkag;a lrñka" nqoaO jkaokdfõ fhfokafkuq' tfia fhfoñka" lemlsÍï mQcdjka hd{djka ms<s.kakd foúfoaj;djqka lshd msßila ke;s nj lshd fok nqoaO jpkhg ;rfha úreoaO jkafkuq' bÈka" fï jk úg heoao úg msysgjk f.da;%sl foúfhl=f.a fyda fjk;a fudkhï fyda foúfhl=f.a ;;a;ajhg j¾;udk fn!oaOd.ñlhd úiskau nqÿkaj weo oud ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s h' ldrKh fudk ;rï nrm;, o hkak meyeÈ,s jkafka wo ojfia lsisu lror Wmøjhlska f;drj fï Ndú;dj hirÕg tlÈ.g isÿfjñka ;sfnk neúka h'

wmf.a wjOdkh weo .kakd hd;=l¾óh jkaokd w;=frka ;j;a tlls fndaê jkaokdj' fn!oaOhka fndaê jkaokdfõ fhfokafka nqoaO;ajh ,eîu i|yd fndaê jDlaIh nqÿkag msysg jQ neúks' tod uydfï> jfkdaoHdkh ;=< fulS fnda .i me< l< úg tf;la kq. .ia fmd,a .ia jkaokd lrñka isá ckhd uy;a Nla;sfhka hq;=j fnda .i j¢kakg mgka .;ay' ienúkau" isoaO ù we;af;a ta ;dla l,a úfYaI jkaokdj i|yd fhdod.;a ish¨ hd;=l¾óh NdKav fhdod .ksñka fndaêjkaokdfõ fhfokakg o mgka .ekSuhs' kq. .ia iy fjk;a ;d, j¾.hg wh;a .ia jkaokd lrk ,oafoa tu .ia foúhkaf.a iy wukqiaihkaf.a jdiia:dk hehs i,ldf.k h' fï olajdu úYajdi lrkafka fnda .i o iqjm;a lsÍfï iy fjk;a ydialï lsÍfï iu;a n,fõ.j, jdiia:dkh yeáhg h' wkqrdOmqrfha ;sfnk Y%S uyd

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

40

fndaêh oel n,d.kakg .sfhd;ska mQcdNdKav úl=Kk" .dia;=jla whfldg fndaê jDlaIhg lkak,õ lrk" lmqrd<,d w;súYd, m%udKhla o oela.; yelsh'

nqoaOd.u ,xldjg y÷kajd ÿka ld,fha furg mej;s ;j;a jkaokdl%uhla kï ;ukagu wdfõKsl ,íê f.dvk.d.;a foújreka ;ks ;ks jYfhka f.k jkaokd lsÍu h' ,xldj fn!oaO fufyjrh i|yd f;dard .ekSfuka miqj ñys÷ ysñhka wfYdal wêrdcHfha woaor msysá iajlSh uEKshkaf.a ckauN+ñh jk fõÈid.sß kqjr udi lSmhla kej;S isá neõ jd¾;d.;a ù ;sfí' tys§ ñys÷ ysñhkag wm by; idlÉPd l< wd.ñl hd;=l¾u iy ixialD;sl Ndú;dj ´kE;rï oel n,d.kakg yels úh' fï újD; ùu ;=<ska ysñhka ,nd.;a oekqu miqj .ia .,a j¢k woDYHudk foújreka j¢k f.da;%sl ckhd fn!oaOd.ïldrhska njg úmßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd myiq m%fõYhla f,i fhdod .kq ,eìK' tfy;a ta ysñhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ úmßj¾;kh lsisúfgl isoaO jQfha ke;' mQ¾j-fn!oaO ,dxlslfhda kj wd.fï wdrlaIdj hg;g m;ajqkdhska miqj fmr mqreÿ l<d jQ .ia .,a foúfoaj;djqka je£fï hd;=l¾uh o uqrKavq f,i Ndú; l<d muKla fkdj nqÿkajykafia tlfy<du b÷rdu m%;slafIam l< ñ:HdúYajdih iy foaj wdila;h f:rjdo iïm%odh ;=<g f.k tñka tys ks¾u,;ajh kid oeïudy' kE hl=ka iy ,íê foúhka jkaokd lrk Woúh wfoajjd§ fn!oaOd.ïldrhska jkjd fjkqjg" hf:dala; úYajdij,g hd;=l¾óh jHqyh ;=< b;d jeo.;a ;ekla ,nd foñka" nqoaOd.fï ,dxlSh msgm;g kE mrmqr weoys,a, iy foaj weoys,a, o wE|d.kq ,eî h'

,xldjg nqoaOd.u f.keú;a jHjydrhg m%fõY lrjQ uq,a ld,h ;=<§u isoaO jqKq fï úm¾hdih b;d oeä n,mEula l< fyhska uyskao ysñhka o ta .e,mqï wkqu; l< j.la fmfka' fuys§ mek k.sk uQ,sl m%Yakh kï uyskao ysñhkag fyda fjk ldgj;a fyda fï fouqyqkh" fï iïñY%s;h we;s lsÍu i|yd wêldÍ n,hla ;snqKd o hkak h' §>ksldfha i|yka uydmßksíndk iQ;%fha oelafjk mßÈ"

tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

41

nqÿka úiska jod< fudk;rï n,iïmkak fõjd fkdfõjd lsisÿ ;ks NslaIqjlg fyda NslaIqka msßilg fyda fn!oaO O¾ufha oelafjk wd.ñl Ndú;djkag fjkialï y÷kajd fokakg m%:ufhka" b.ekaùïj,g kj w¾:l:k imhkakg m%:ufhka" tajd i;r ksldhg wh;a md,s iQ;% msglj, oelafjk b.ekaùïj,g wkql+, o keoao hkak mÍlaIKhla meje;aúh hq;= h' nrm;,u ldrKh kï" md,s iQ;% msglj, i|yka b.ekaùïj,g yd;amiskau úreoaO b.ekaùula jk kE mrmqr jkaokdjg iy foúfoaj;djqka jkaokdjg bv § ksy~j isàfuka uyskao ysñhka tlS i;r uyd udfydamfoaY lsisfia;a fkdie,lSuhs'

msßksjka mdkakg ;=kauilg l,ska nqÿkajykafia jod< b;d meyeÈ,s tu i;r uyd ufydamfoaY fkd;ld tod ojfia jecUqKq ,dxflah foaYmd,k wêldrh;a nqoaO Ydikfha idudðlhkq;a nqoaOd.u ;=<g j;dj;a iy hd;=l¾u y÷jd§u fya;=fjka fn!oaO iïm%odh i;=j ;snQ ks¾u,Ndjh fï jk úg flf<iS oreKq M,úmdlj,g tu iïm%odhg uqyqK fokakg isÿ ù ;sfnk nj oeka meyeÈ,sj fmkS hhs' wdÈl,amsl wd.ïj, iy fjkhï foajjd§ wd.ïj, tk foújrekag idudkHfhka mqokq ,nk msfoaksj,ska jg fldg ta uyd udkqIsl .=rejrhdg wjuka wmydi lrk wkaou óg fmrd;=j fuu ,smsfha§ ilÉPd lr we;s nj fï wjia:dfõ isyshg k.d.ekSu jà' wmf.a ft;sydisl jd¾;dj,g wkqj" nqoaO rEmj,g wdydr iy wdNrK mQcd lsÍu y÷kajdfok ,oafoa ;=kajeks fiak rcq iufha§ h (Geigher 1927:

175)' ;j;a wjia:djl§ wdßhfoaj kï NslaIqjla lsisÿ wjirhlska f;drj fndaêmQcd kï hd;=l¾uh y÷kajd§fuka miq th ckhd w;r b;du;a YS>%fhka m%p,s; úh'

wo ojfia wd.ñl Ndú;dj f,i kï fldg wNHdi lrkq ,nk fndfyduhla hd;=l¾uj, wruqK ù we;af;a ;uka fn!oaOhka yeáhg y÷kd.kakg idudkH kQ.;a ckhdg Woõ ùu nj iuyre ;¾l lrñka fmkajd fo;s' ta l=uk l;kaor lsõj;a fn!oaOhka fn!oaOd.u ;=<u r|jd ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrkafka kEhka iy

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

42

foúfoaj;djqka weoySu kï wdÈl,amsl hdka;%Khhs' bÈka" fï wjia:dfõ§ wkqlïmd úrys; f,i i|yka l< hq;af;a" wdOHd;añl jYfhka fudard m%.;sh ,nd .ekSfï wdOHdmksl ud¾.h ilia fldg idudkH ÿmam;a fn!oaO ne;su;dg tlS wOHdmkh ,nd §u i|yd lsisÿ W;aiyhla fkdf.k Tjqka tlu uÜgñka tl È.gu ;ndf.k isàu uyd wmrdOhla njhs' wo isák mKaä; rd<,d fuka nqÿkajykafia o ne;su;=ka ñ:Hdu; yd hd;=l¾u w;dßkakg wlue;s ksid zlula kE Tfya lr.;a;dfõZ hs is;d l,a hejqjd kï úuqla;sh w;am;a lr.ekSfï ;dlaIKúêh fidhd .ekSu i|yd mßmdlhg m;ajkakehs Wmfoia fkd§ zyd tfykï .sys Ôú;hg wdfh;a hkakeZ hs lshñka pQ,mka:lg Wmfoia fokjd ksh; h' wm wo .,md.; hq;af;a hf:dala; ;dlaIKúêhhs' tfia fkdue;sj wdfh;a ljodj;a f.dv tkakg neß wdÈl,amsl ñ:Hdu; iy hd;=l¾u kue;s uvf.dfydrejg fndÿ ne;su;=kaj olaldf.k hEu fkdfõ'

fï wkqj n,k l," wo ojfia wjYH;dj jkafka f.da;%sl wd.ïj, wvx.= ñ:Hdu;" hd;=l¾u" foaj jkaokdj wd§ frda.S Ndú;djka" md,s iQ;%j, i|yka nqoaOd.u hehs lshñka" lsisÿ úpdrhlska f;drj jeäÈhqKq lrñka m;=rejd yeÍu fkdfõ' hg;a msßfihska" nqoaOd.u i;= iqúY=oaO uq,a Ndú;djka kej; wdfrdamKh fldg ;yjqre lsÍfï hdka;%Khla fyda msysgqjd .ekSu h' tfia fkdlf<d;ska" woHld,Sk f,dalh bÈßm;a lrk wfkalúO wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK fokakg nqoaOd.ug kqmq¿jka fjkjd we;' tfia fkdlf<d;ska" oekg wd.ñl jYfhka" foaYmd,k jYfhka nqoaOd.u u;af;a wdêm;Hh m;=rejdf.k isák n,fõ.j, .%yKhg yiq ù jeä l,a fkdf.dia nqoaO O¾uh msßksjka mdkjd ksiel h' §> ksldfha mßksíndK iQ;%hg wkqj" ;SrK .ekSu i|yd fn!oaO wêldrh ;=uq iún, .kajd.; hq;af;a nqÿkaf.a b.ekaùïj,g wkqj h' tfia fkdue;sj" md,s iQ;% msglj, i|yka O¾u fldgia" mYapd;a iQ;% msglj, i|yka O¾u fldgia wkq.ukh lsÍfuka fkdfõ' nqÿkaf.a b.ekaùï fjkqfjka bÈßm;a flfrk ´kEu kj Ndú;djla fyda w¾:ksrEmKhla fyda ms<s.kakg fyda m%;slafIam lrkakg fyda

tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

43

fmrd;=j tajdfha j,x.=;djh mÍlaId lrkqjia nqÿkaf.a b.ekaùï iu. tajd ikao¾N.; l< hq;= hehs tu iQ;%fha meyeÈ,sj lshd ;sfí' bÈka" j¾;udk woHld,Sk fouqyqka iïñY%s; nqoaOd.u ksrjfYaIfhka f.k mú;% lf<a ke;akï ks¾u, lf<a ke;akï fkdfnda Èklskau ngysr f,dalfha lsishï rgla úlD;shg Ndckh fkdjQ nqoaOd.fï uOHia:dkh njg m;ajkjd we;' wo ojfia wfma rfÜ fjfik fn!oaOd.ïldrhskaf.a nyq;rh iukaú; ù we;af;a by; lS wdÈl,amsl wd.ï woyk mqÕ=,kaf.ks'

uydpd¾h tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha fiajh l< Wml=,ma;sjrfhls' Tyq tu úYajúoHd,fha md,s iy fn!oaO wOHkdxYfha fcHIaG uydpd¾hjrfhla jQ w;r Tyq fuf,dúka iuqf.k oeka fojirls'

wdY%s; .%ka:

Geiger, Wilhelm (ed.), 1927. Culavamsa. Pali Text Society.

Kosambi, D.D., 1977. Culture and Civilization of Ancient India. Vikas

Publishing House.

Marasinghe, M.M.J., 2009. Gods in Buddhism. Sarasavi.

Wheeler, Mortimer, 1992. Five Thousand Years of Pakistan. Royal Book

Company.

úoHd,xldr msßfjk iy YSS% ,xldfõ hg;aúð; isxy, iudcfhys úiïuq;sl

nqoaê iïm%odh1

chfoaj Whkaf.dv úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha yegfjks ixj;airh iurk W;aij ud,djg l;djla meje;aùu u.ska iyNd.Sùug ug ,enqKq wdrdOkh ud ms<s.;af;a i;=áks' tu wdrdOkh lsÍu .ek .re .,alkafoa Oïudkkao iajdóka jykafiag;a" b;sydi YsIH ix.ufha iNdm;s;=ud we;=¿ ks,OdÍ uKav,hg;a" fuu W;aijfha ixúOdhl uKav,hg;a" Wml=,m;s;=udg;a ia;+;s lrñka udf.a foaYkh wdrïN lsÍug leue;af;ñ'

fï foaYkh i|yd ud f;dard.;a f;audj úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fhA mQ¾j.dñhd jQ úoHd,xldr msßfjk iïnkaO tlls' tu msßfjkg iïnkaOj isá NslaIQka jykafia úiska" ,xldfõ ì%;dkH hg;aúð; hq.fha wjidk ld,h ;=< § bgq lrk ,o nqoaêuh odhl;ajh ms<sn| úia;r lsÍula fukau úpdrd;aul we.hSula o Tn yuqfõ ;eîu uf.a wruqKhs' fuu foaYkfha ud;Dldj uf.a isf;ys mekke.=fKa miq.sh wjqreÿ lsysmh ;=<§" 19 jeks ishjfia;a" 20 jeks ishjfia uq,a Nd.h ;=<;a wm rfÜ isxy, iudcfha we;s jQ nqoaêuh jHdmdr iy mßj¾;k .ek ud olajk m¾fhaIK Wkkaÿj fj;sks' tu ishjia tlyudrl ld,h ;=< ,xldfõ we;s jQ mßj¾;kh ye|skaúh yels tla iudc úoHd;aul ixl,amhla kï

zhg;aúð; kùk;ajhZ (colonial modernity) hs. tu kùk;aj

1 2020 ckjdß 08 jk Èk le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha 60 jeks ixj;air W;aij foaYk ud,dfõ 1 jeks foaYkh f,i b;sydi wxYfha§ meje;ajQ l:dj weiqfrka'

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

45

mßj¾;k ls%hdj,sfha m%Odk l¾;Dlhska jQfha hg;aúð; rdcHh iy hg;aúð; Okjd§ m%d.aOkhhs' tu mq`M,a hg;aúð; mßj¾;k m%jdyh yd iïnkaOj iy th úiska cks; lrk ,o kùlrK ls%hdj,s iy Wmm%jdy .Kkdjlau meje;s nj o iudc b;sydi{hskag ksÍlaIKh l< yelshs' fndfydaúg tu Wm-m%jdyhkaf.a l¾;Dlhska iy iyNd.slrejka jQfha foaYSh iudcfhau mqoa.,hska" iudc fldgia iy wdh;khs' hg;aúð; md,k ld,h ;=<§ foaYSh iudch tu hg;aúð; wdêm;Hhg hg;a jQ wirKhska iy úkaos;hska msßila jQfhau ke;s nj;a" hg;aúð; ld,h ms<sn| by; lS f,i yqjd olajk wdLHdk fj;ska mejfik l;kaorj,g jvd fjkia l;kaor .Kkdjla o iys; úl,am wdLHdk f.dvke.sh yels nj;a fhdackd lsÍu uf.a tla wruqKls'

uf.a fï m%fõYhg wdfõYh ,efnkafka j¾;udkfha ;rula m%p,s;j ;sfnk mYapd;a-hg;aúð; (post-colonial) kHdhsl m%fõYh fj;sks' úfYaIfhka bkaÈhdkq foaYmd,k kHdhfõÈfhl+ jk m¾;d peg¾Ô bkaÈh cd;sljdofha iïNjh .ek Nationalist Thought and the

Colonial World kï .%ka:fha f.dv k.d we;s m%fõYfhks' fuu mYapd;a-hg;aúð; kHdhsl m%fõYfha we;s tla ;¾lhla kï" hg;aúð; mßj¾;kh f;areï .ekSfï§ iy w¾:l:kh lsÍfï§ Ydia;%{hska W;aidy .; hq;af;a" hg;aúð;lrKhg Ndckh jQ foaYSh iudch m;aj isá hg;aNdjh (subjection)" tu ft;sydisl l%shdj,sfha tlAa wdLHdkhla muKla jQ nj;a" ta m%udKhgu jeo.;ajk wfkla l;kaor;a ;sfnk njhs' tu l;kaor oelsh yels jkafka hg;aúð;;ajh iu.;a" th úiska uqodyßk ,o ls%hdj,ska iu.;a foaYSh iudcfha lKavdhï úkaÈ;;ajfha fkdisg ke;fyd;a th w;sl%uKh fldg ish iajÉPkao;dj iys;j ls%hd lrñka iaùh l¾;Dl;ajhka (agency) ,nd.;af;a flfia o@ tu l¾;D;aj ls%hdj,ska fudkjd o@ hk m%Yak u;=lrñka tajdg ms<s;=re fidhk úghs' hg;aúð; kùk;ajh ;=< foaYSh iudcfha jeishkaf.a nyqúO l¾;Dl;ajhla (plurality of agency) wmg y`ÿkd.; yelafla tu

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

46

l;kaor iu. f.dvk.k kj w¾:l:kd;aul wdLHdk wdY%fhkqhs' wo wm Ôj;ajk mYapd;a-hg;aúð; iudch" foaYSh iudc fldgiaj, o úúO m%h;akj, id¾:l;ajfha;a" mrdchkaf.a;a ixlS¾K m%;sM,hla nj túg wmsg oelsh yelshs' fjk;a wdldrhlska lshkafka kï iudc mßj¾;kh hkq tal-f¾Çh" iy tal-jD;a;dka;uh l%shdj,shla fkdj" nyq-f¾Çh iy nyq-jD;a;dka;uh ls%hdoduhkaf.a tl;=jls' hg;aúð; mSvlhd $ hgúð; mSä;hd (colonizer / colonized) hk oaú;aj úfNaok (binary) rduqfjka tmsgg wmg .uka l< yels nj;a wmg fmfkkq we;' ta w;r uyd jD;a;dka; o" pQ, jD;a;dka; o ;sfí' iuyrúg yrj;a l;dkaor" pQ, jD;a;dka;j,;a ;sfí' uf.a l;dfõ§ fuu ksÍlaIKh ;yjqre lsÍug o uu W;aidy .ksñ'

miqìu

fuu idlÉPdj bÈßhg f.k hdfï B<`. mshjr yeáhg ud lrkakg woyia lrkafka uf.a ud;Dldfõ m%Odk ixl,amh jk zúiïuq;sl nqoaê iïm%odhZ hkafkys we;s zúiïuq;slZ hk jpkh w¾:l:kh lsÍuhs' f*%âßla kSÜfIa Genealogy of Morals

^iodpdr;ajfha mrïmrd l:kh& kï lD;sfhka lr we;s ;rula m%isoaO m%ldYhla kï zw¾:l:kh l< yelafla b;sydihla fkdue;s foaj,a mu‚Z hkakhs' tu lshufkka m%ldY jkafka ixl,amhla fndfyda ld,hla Ndú;d jk úg tu ixl,amhg úúO w¾: ,efnñka" th tl w¾:hla muKla we;=<g f.k tau ÿIalr jkafkah hkakhs' kSÜfIaf.a fï wjjdoh ksid zúiïuq;shZ hk isxy, jpkh w¾: ±laùu .ek wm l,n, úh hq;= ke;' ula ksid o h;a" th isxy, NdIdjg b;d uE;l§ tl;= jQ" ta ksidu b;d wvqfjka Ndú;d ù we;s jpkhla ksid h' th isxy, jHjydrh i`oyd ks¾udKh lrkq ,enqfõ óg oYl ;=klg muK fmr h' ta bx.S%is NdIdfõ dissent hk jpkfha w¾:h ;ks jpkhlska isxy, NdIdfjka m%ldY lsÍu i`oyd h' tu bx.S%is jpkfha w¾: kï

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

47

wêm;s u;hg tl`. fkdùu" fjkia u;hla fyda u; oeÍu" fjkiaj is;Su" fjkia woyia m%ldY lsÍu hk tajdhs' uOHld,Sk bx.S%is NdIdfõ thska uQ,sl jYfhka woyia jQfha wd.ñl iïm%odh ;=< fjkia u;" tkï wêm;s Ñka;khg iy m%;sIaGdms; i;Hhkag fjkia Ñka;k" u;" woyia oeÍu iy m%ldY lsÍu fukau Ndú;j, o fh§uhs' ,xldfõ f:rjdo iïm%odh ;=< zñ:HdoDIaàkaZ f,ig ksfIaOd;aul w¾:fhka y÷kajk ,oafoa úiïuq;sl nqoaê Odrdjka h' l%sia;shdks iïm%odfha ;sfnk jpkh jkafka heresy hkakhs' tys w¾:h ñ:HdoDIaáh hkakg iudk h' miqld,fha§ tu woyi f,!lsl foaYmd,k jHdmdrj,g o fhdod .eksK' idudkHfhka úiïuq;sl woyia orkafka wd.ñl fyda foaaYmd,k jHdmdrhl m%Odk m%jdyfhka fjkia jk ál fofkl= h' th nyq;rfha u;h fkdj" iq`M;rhla ork m%;sIaGdms; wd.ñl fyda foaj Od¾ñl u;hg fukau Ndú;hg o fjkia u;hls" Ndú;hls' tneúka w¾: ks¾Kdhl jYfhka n,k úg" úiïuq;sl jHdmdr ál fofkl=f.a jHdmdrhs" iq`M;r jHdmdrhs' udf.a idlÉPdjg m%ia;=;h jk úoHd,xldr msßfjfka úiïuq;sl nqoaê iïm%odh" tf,i wêm;s nyq;rfha m%;sIAGdms; woyia ms<sfkd.;a" tajd m%;slafIAm l< iy tajdg úl,am woyia bÈßm;a l< l=vd m%jdyhla th ksi¾.fhkau pQ, jD;A;d;a;hla ms<sn`o úia;rhla o ú.%yhla o fjhs'

úoHd,xldr msßfjk wdYs%;j 1920 .Kka wjidkfha§ ìysfjkakg mgkaf.k" 1960 .Kka olajd meje;=Kq zúiïuq;sl nqoaê iïm%odhZ uQ,sl jYfhka fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d l=vd lKavdhula jgd f.dvke.=Kls' tu jHdmdrh .ek ud bÈßm;a lrk l;kaorh NslaIQka jykafia,d lsysmkulf.a nqoaêuh Ôjk l;d wdYs%;j bÈßm;a lsÍu" ud fï l;dfõ§ fhdod.kakd Wmdh ud¾.hhs' tu NslaIQka jykafia,d kï ¨Kqfmdl=fKA Oïudkkao" yeämkak, m[a[df,dal" kdrdú, Oïur;k" fldgfyaafka m[a[dls;a;ss" hlalvqfõ m%{drdu" j,afmd< rdyq, iy nU/kafoa isß iSj,S hk ysñjreka h' tu NslaIQka jykafia,d jgd ;j;a NslaIQka jykafia

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

48

tl;= ù isáh o" th ixLHdfjka úYd, m%udKhla fkdfõ' j,afmd< rdyq, ysñhka yer wka ish¨ fokdu úoHd,xldr msßfjfka meúÈ ù" wOHdmkh ,nd" wdpd¾h uKav,fha o fiajh l< NslaIQka jykafia,d h' rdyq, ysñhka wOHdmkh ,enqfõ .d,af,a mrf.dv úydrfha jevisá mrf.dv iqukidr kï ysñhka hgf;a h' rdyq, ysñhkag úoHd,xldr wkkH;dj ,enqfKa" 1930 .Kkaj,§ tys wdpd¾hjrfhl= jQ miqj h" tu msßfjfka wOHdmkh ,enQ ksid fkdfõ' wfkla ysñjre úoHd,xldr msßfjfka bf.kSu ,en tys wdpd¾h Oqr o ord isáhy' hlalvqfõ m%{drdu iy fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s hk ysñjre úoHd,xldr mssßfjk úYajúoHd,h njg m;al< miq tys uydpd¾h yd mSGdêm;sjre o jQy'

fï NslaIQka jykafia,d lKavdhfï úfYaI;ajh kï Wkajykafia,d t<smsgu zfoaYmd,khZ lsÍuhs' th jkdys úiïuq;sl foaYmd,khls' th 1940 .Kkaj, uq,a wjqreÿ mgka wdrïN jQ ls%hdj,shls' zfoaYmd,k NslaIQkaZ hk wmydid;aul jpkj,ska" fuu NslaIQka jykafia,d lKAvdhu mqj;am;a u.ska y`ÿkajkq ,eìK' úfYaIfhkau ÈkñK iy Daily News mqj;am;aj, fuu wmydid;aul fhÿu nyq,j Ndú;d lrkq ,eìK' 1940 .Kkaj, ,xldfõ foaYSh .sys m%N+ mka;sfha m%Odkshd jQ wud;H uKav,fha uydud;H Oqrh oerE ã'tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d iy fuu NslaIq lKavdhu w;r mej;sfha .egquls' tu .egqu 1945-1947 jirj, W;aikak ù" újD; .egqula njg mßj¾;kh ù ;sìK (Seneviratne

1999; Phadnis 1976).

úiïuq;sl jHdmdrj,ska idudkHfhka isÿjk ld¾hhla kï" iudcfha mj;akd iqmqreÿ iy wêm;s is;Sï" ixl,am" f,dal oDIAá" úYajdi iy Ndú;hka m%Yak lsÍu iy m%;slafIAm lsÍu;a" ta fjkqjg úl,am is;Sï" w¾:l:k" f,dal oDIAá iy Ndú; y`ÿkajd§u;a h' wm oekg i`oyka lr we;s mßÈ fï ms<sn`o we;s fndfyda ft;sydisl ksoiqka wd.ñl jHdmdr fj;ska ,efnk tajd h' ol=Kq wdishdfõ

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

49

yskaÿ iy fn!oaO wd.ñl b;sydih ;=< ñ:HdoDIAál iy iuHlaoDIAál hk oaú-úfrdaë (binary) ixl,am m%fNaofhka y`ÿkajkq ,en ;sfnkafka m%;sIaGdms; iy úl,am Ñka;k Odrd iy Ndú; w;r we;sù ;snqK ;r.h yd .egquhs' ngysr Ñka;k iïm%odh ;=<

fuu oaú-úfrdaë úfNaokh y÷kajk ,oafoa orthodoxy iy heresy

hkqfjks. úiïuq;sl Ñka;k ìysjkafka fõ.j;a iudc mßj¾;khl miqìu ;=< h hk idudkHlrKhg t<öu" iudchl nqoaêuh b;sydih (intellectual history) foi n,k úg wmyiq fohla fkdfõ' 20 jeks ishjfia fojeks Nd.h ,xldfõ iudc mßj¾;kfha ;sì tla úfYAI lreKla .ek wmg i`oyka lr.; yels fõ' th kï 16 jeks ishjfia uq,§ wdrïN jQ hg;aúð; mßj¾;k ls%hdj,sfha ish¨ m%;sM, l=`M.ekajqKq ld, mrdih 20 jeks ishjfia uq,a w¾Oh ùh hkakhs' fuu m%jdoh meyeÈ,s lsÍu fjku rpkhl ud;Dldjla úh hq;a;ls' wmf.a idlÉPdjg tu m%jdoh fj;ska ,efnk msgqjy, .ek muKla oekg l:dlrkafka kï th fufia h( ,xldfõ fn!oaO iudcfha we;s jQ kùlrK ls%hdj,sh ;=< hg;aúð; mßj¾;k ld,mßÉfþofha§ yg.;a ;=kajeks úiïuq;sl m%h;akh 1930-1948 hk wjqreÿ 20l muK ld,h ;=< úoHd,xldr msßfjk wdYs%;j wdrïN úh hkakhs' m<uq úiïuq;sl m%h;akfha ixfla;d;aul isÿùu kï 1803 jif¾§ wurmqr ksldh msysgqjkq ,eîuhs' fojekak 1863 jif¾§ rdu[a[ ksldh msysgqjkq ,eîuhs' fuu wjia:d foflysu ;snQ ,laIKh kï" tajd NslaIq iudcfha ixúOdkd;aul úLKavk" ke;fyd;a fn§ï" f,i m%ldYhg m;aùuhs' tfy;a úoHd,xldr msßfjfkys úiïuq;sl;ajh tjeks m%;sM,hlg ;=vq ÿkafka ke;' th o fjku ú.%yhlg Ndckh l< hq;= lreKls' wurmqr iy rdu[a[ ksldh msysgqùfuka isÿjQfha ,xldfõ f:rjd§ ix> iudch" iudÔh w¾:fhka ks¾-m%N+ Odrdjkaf.ka o iukaú;j" m%cd;dka;S%h mßj¾;khlg Ndckh ùuhs' wdêm;Hhg m%;sIaGdms; wdh;ksl jHqyhkag wNsfhda. lrñka úl,am f.dvke.Su hk w¾:fhka tajd úiïuq;sl m%h;akhka h' thska i,l=Kq jQfha hg;aúð; ,xldfõ

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

50

§¾>ld,Sk iy fiñka È.yereK, iajfoaY cks; m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jhl wdrïNho fõ. ,dxlsl iudcfha isÿjQ fuu m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jfha we;s tla ft;sydisl úfYaI;djla kï ‘m%cd;ka;%jdoh’ hk jpkh iy ixl,amh ,xldfõ jHjydrhg meñfKkakg;a fmr iudch m%cd;ka;%jdoSlrK ls%hdj,shla ks¾m%N+ l=, lKavdhïj, W.;a iy Okj;a iudcia;r fj;ska wdrïN ùh

hkakhs.

ix> iudcfha ixúOdkuh úLKavklhg ;=vq fkdÿkak o" úoHd,xldr úiïuq;sl;ajfha jeo.;alu wvqfjka ;lafiare lsÍug th fya;=jla lr .; hq;= ke;' ukaoh;a ,xldfõ f:rjd§ fn!oaO Ñka;k iïm%odh ;=< isÿ lrk ,o b;du jeo.;a m%Yak lsÍï lsysmhlau tu úiïuq;sl;ajfha .eí jq fyhsks' tu m%Yak lsÍï flakaø.; ù we;s uQ,sl f;audjla wmg y`ÿkd.; yelsh' th kï nqÿkajykafiaf.a b.ekAùï iy f,!lsl iudch w;r iïnkaO;djh h<s ixl,am.; lsÍuhs' tfia lsÍfï§ tu NslaIQka jykafia,d wkqm%dKh ,enQ od¾Yksl b.ekaùu jQfha kQ;k hqfrdamSh Ñka;khla jQ udlaiajdohhs' th ,xldfjka o" wdishdfjka o" msg;ska meñKs Ñka;k Odrdjls' wdishd;sl fkdjk Ñka;khla je<`o.;a m<uqjeks wdishd;sl fn!oaO NslaIq msßi úoHd,xldr msßfjfka bf.k.;a ;reK NslaIQka jykafia,d h'

úoHd,xldr msßfjka NslaIQka jykafia,d wdrïN l< udlaiajdoh yd nqÿoyu w;r ixjdofhys m%Odk kHdhsl m%ldYlhka jQfha hlalvqfõ m%{drdu ysñ iy kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñ h' 1946 jif¾§ wdrïN lrk ,o ld,h i`.rdjg hlalvqfõ ysñ ,shQ zudlaia O¾uh o@ nqoaO O¾uh o@Z hk ,sms fm<;a" kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka 1952 jif¾§ m< l< nqÿoyu iy udlaiajdoh kï lD;sh;a" úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska m< lrk ,o m%Odk kHdhsl lD;s h' fuys§ wm wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= w;sYhskau jeo.;a lreKla ;sfí' th úoHd,xldr msßfjk iïm%odh ;=< ;sì"

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

51

tfy;a ;ju;a wjOdkhg fhduq ù ke;s lreKla fukau úoHd,xldr msßfjk wdrïN l< úiïuq;sl nqoaê iïm%odfha ks¾Kdhl ,laIKhla o jk {dk óudxid;aul újD;;dj (epistemological openness) hs'

úoHd,xldr msßfjfkys 1930 .Kkaj,§ wdrïN jQ {dk óudxid;aul újD;Ndjh wm f;areï.; hq;af;a ,xldfõ f:rjdo nqoaê iïm%odfha ft;sydisl úldYkh wdY%fhks' f:rjdo nqoaê iïm%odh wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isgu f:rjd§ fkdjk nqoaê iïm%odhka iu. .kqfokq l< iy .egqKq nj ft;sydisl idlaIsj,ska fmfka' uydhdk nqÿoyfï úúO Odrd iy yskaÿ wd.fï úúO Odrd tu ;r.ldÍ nqoaêuh Odrd w;r m%Odk ;ek.;a tajd h' fï w;r 18 jeks iy 19 jeks ishjiaj,§ hqfrdamSh nqoaê Odrdjla jQ ls%ia;shdks wd.u iu. ixjdohlg t<eöug o ,xldfõ f:rjdo iïm%odhg n,flßK' fïjd wd.ï iy wd.ñl m%N+ka w;r .kqfokq jQ ;r.h iy .egqï jYfhka w¾:l:kh lsÍu ta ms<sn`o b;sydilrKfha we;s ms<s.;a iïm%odhhs' Bg fjkiaj tajd foi ne,sh yels úl,am m%fõYhla jkafka tajd {dk óudxid;aul uqyqKg uqyqK yuqùï" .kqfokq iy .egqï (epistemological encounters, exchanges, and

battles) f,i o ie,lSuhs' ,xldfõ iïNdjH f:rjdo nqoaê iïm%odh ;=< iuHlaoDIaá iy ñ:HdoDIaá hk oaú;aj úfNaokh {dk óudxid;aul jYfhka uq,aneif.k ;yjqre jQfha fuu miqìu ;=< h' ziuHlaoDIaáhZ hkqfjka nqoaê fYa%Ks w;r wdêm;Hhg m;a ù we;s O¾uh ms<sn`o w¾:l:khg ndysrj iy fjkiaj meñfKk kj nqoaêuh Odrd miñ;=re wNsfhda. f,i iel my< lsÍu fufia f.dvke.=Kq z{dk óudxid;aul fodr.=`M jeiSuZ (epistemological

closure) hkqfjka ye`Èkaúh yels ixisoaêhls'

,xldfõ f:rjdo nqoaê iïm%odfha ;sî fuu ;;a;ajfha fjkia ùula" 18 jeks ishjfia w.Nd.fha isg mgka .eksK' 19 jeks ishjfia§ tu ls%hdj,sh i,l=Kq l< wjê lsysmhlau wmg y`ÿkd.; yelsh'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

52

m<uqjekak" Wmiïmodj ms<sn`oj ishï ksldfha u,aj;=" wia.sß" fnkaf;dg" iy jkjdi md¾Yjj,g wh;a jQ NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r;a" miqj Wvrg ishï ksldfha iy my;rg NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r;a we;s jQ uyd újdoh iy tu újdofhau B<`. wjia:dj f,i wurmqr ksldh msysgqjd th w¨;a YdLd o iys;j jHdma; ùu;a h' fojekak" 1830 .Kka jk úg yg.;a fn!oaO-ls%ia;shdks újdohs' fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d iy ls%ia;shdks mQcljreka w;r 1880 .Kka olajd mej;s fuu újdoj,ska ,xldfõ kQ;k fn!oaO nqoaê iïm%odhg we;s jQ n,mEu .ek wm rfÜ Ydia;%{hska w;r mj;skafka iSñ; jgyd.ekSula iy w¾:l:khls' th kï ls%ia;shdks md¾Yjh mrdch lrñka fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d ,enQ ch.%yKh" isxy, fn!oaO mqk¾Ôjkhg ;SrKd;aul odhl;ajhla flf<ah hkakhs' th we;a; úh hq;= h' tfy;a Bg wu;rj" ,xldfõ hg;aúð; iudcfha we;s jQ nqoaêuh mßj¾;kh ms<sn`o oDIaá fldaKfhka o" tu fn!oaO-ls%ia;shdks újdo foi ne,sh yelsh' túg wmg fn!oaO-l%sia;shdks miñ;=re;d;aul {dk óudxid rduqfjka t<shg niskakg o yelsjkq we;' th kï th jkdys 18 jeks iy 19 jeks ishjfia§;a ,xldfõ;a" bkaÈhdfõ tkï hg;aúð; ol=Kq wdishdfõ isÿ jQ z{dk óudxid;aul .egqulZ (epistemological

dispute) jeo.;a wjia:djla ùh hkakhs' 19 jeks ishjfia fojk Nd.fha§ hqfrdamfha o od¾Ykslhska iy iudc Ñka;lhska w;r w;súYd, {dk óudxid;aul wdrdjq,la (Methodenstreit) isÿfjñka mej;s nj wm fuys§ u;la lr.; hq;= h' th we;sjQfha wdkqN+;sljd§ iy udkqIShjd§ o¾Ykjd§ka w;r iudÔh úoHd úêl%uh .ek h' ,xldfõ kQ;k f:rjdo iïm%odh iyNd.s jQ m<uqje‚ {dk óudxid;aul wdrjq, 19 jk ishjfia isÿ jQ fn!oaO-l%sia;shdks újdo njo wmg fuys§ igyka l< yelsh'

ls%ia;shdks wd.u úiska ol=Kq wdishdjg f.k tk ,o ls%ia;shdks O¾uh" ol=Kq wdishdkq od¾Yksl iïm%odhg wd.ka;=l i;aNdjfõohla (ontological) o úh' zi;aNdjfõoZ hkq f,dalh iy

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

53

tys meje;au meyeÈ,s lrk o¾Ykjdohs' bkaÈhdfõ mej;s yskaÿ-ls%ia;shdks iy ,xldfõ isÿ jQ fn!oaO-ls%ia;shdks jdo idys;Hh lshjk úg fmfkkafka tu jdo ksid ol=Kq wdishdfõ idïm%odhsl od¾Yksl iïm%odhl=;a" hqfrdamSh-uOHOrKS od¾Yksl iïm%odhl=;a w;r we;s jQ újD; .egqula isÿùh hkakhs' tajd jkdys uOHOrKS od¾Yksl iïm%odhla jQ bia,dï wd.u iu. we;sjQfha ke;s ioaNdjjd§ iy {dk óudxid;aul .egqï h' tu .egqï u.ska ol=Kq wdishdfõ yskaÿ iy fn!oaO od¾Yksl wd.ñl iïm%odhkag n,flrefKa hqfoõ-ls%ia;shdks úfõpk bÈßfha ;u f,dal oDIaàka" od¾Yksl Wml,amk iy ;¾lk úêl%u tajdfha tÈßjd§kag meyeÈ,s lr§ug iy Tjqkaf.a m%ydrj,ska wdrlaId lsÍughs' 19 jeks ishji w. oYlh jk úg ol=Kq wdishdfõ yskaÿ iy fn!oaO iïm%odhj, m%ldYlhskag yskaÿ wd.u fukau nqoaOd.u o zf,dal wd.ïZ (world

religions) f,i" ls%ia;shdks hqfrdamhg iy wefußldjg bÈßm;a lsÍug wjYH nqoaêuh úYajdih f.dvke.=fKa fufia werUqKq i;aNdjfõ§ iy {dk óudxid;aul újD;ùï ksid h' hg;aúð; bkaÈhdfõ iajdñ úfõldkkao iy hg;aúð; ,xldfõ wk.dßl O¾umd, hk ;reK wd.ï m%pdrlhka fofokd 1893 § Ñldf.da kqjr mej;=Kq wd.ï ms<sn| f,dal iïfï,kfha§ m%o¾Ykh l< w;suy;a wd;au úYajdih" ;u ;uka ksfhdackh l< wd.ï ngysr l%sia;shdkshg ;r.ldÍj u;=ù we;s kj f,dal YsIagdpdruh úl,am jkafka hehs lshd mEug ;=vq ÿka nqoaêuh ks¾NS; nj meyeÈ,s l< yels tla WmkHdihla jkafka fuhhs'

fï ls%hdj,shg iudka;r ;=kajeks ls%hdj,shla hg;aúð; ,xldfõ ix> iudch ;=< 1860 .Kka jkúg wdrïN úh' th kï" ix> iudch ;=< we;s jQ wNHka;r kHdhsl wdrjq,a h' iSudud,l jdoh iy mdremk jdoh jeks jdo jkdys uQ,sl jYfhkau kQ;k ,xldfõ f:rjd§ ix> iudch ;=< we;s jQ kHdhsl újdohs' tajdg mokï jQfha od¾Yksl m%Yak fkdjk njo wm wu;l fkdl< hq;= h' wm by;§ o ÿgq mßÈ" iSudud,l jdoh uq,§ Wvrg ishï u,aj;=" wia.sß

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

54

iy jkjdiS md¾Yj w;r ygf.k miqj wurmqr iy rdu[a[ ksldhj, NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r o me;sreKls' 1880 .Kkaj,ska miqj fuu fn!oaO kHdhsl jdoj,g jeäfhkau iyNd.s jQfha rdu[a[ ksldfha NslaIQka jykafia,d nj fmfka' fuu kHdhsl újdoj, flakaøSh f;audj jQfha úkh ms<sn`o .eg¨ úi`§uhs' úfoHdoh iy úoHd,xldr hk msßfjka foflkau wOHdmkh ,enQ NslaIQka jykafia,d fuu kHdhsl jdoj,g iyNd.s jQ w;r" tu jdo l=vd fmd;a jYfhka uqøKh lr m%pdrh o lrkq ,eìK' iriú i|/i tu kHdhsl jdoj,g bvÿka mqj;am;ls' fuu újdoj, tla l,a mj;akd m%;sM,hla jQfha nqoaO O¾ufha kHdhsl lafIa;% .ek tkï úkh yd wNsO¾uh fukau md,s yd iSñ; ÿrlg ixialD; NdId ms<sn`oj o úfYaI{ oekqula w;am;a lr.;a kj NslaIq ia;rhla my<ùuhs' Tjqkaf.ka nyq;rh wh;a jQfha ishï ksldhg wh;a my;rg úydria:dkj,g iy my;rg wurmqr yd rdu[a[ hk ksldhj,g h' fuu kj NslaIq ia;rh ms<sn`o tla jeo.;a iudc úoHd;aul fmdÿ ,laIKhla ;snqfKa h hk lreK wmf.a wjOdkfhka .s,sysh hq;= fkdfõ' tu fmdÿ iudc úoHd;aul idOlh kï" tu NslaIQka jykafia,d wh;a jQfha bvï ysñlu rys;" .sys iudcfha øjHuh wdOdr u; uQ,sl jYfhkau hemqKq mkai,aj,g iy msßfjkaj,gh hkakhs' tu NslaIQka jykafia,d tl;= l< iy i;= jQ tlu Okh oekquhs' nqoaO O¾ufha úkh iy wNsO¾uh hk lafIa;%j, kHdhsl oekquhs' kQ;k iudc úoHdfõ jpkj,ska m%ldY lrkafka tu NslaIQka jykafia tl;= lf<a øjHuh m%d.aOkh (material capital) fkdj nqoaêuh m%d.aOkh (intellectual capital) hs'

,xldfõ kQ;k f:rjdo fn!oaO nqoaê iïm%odh ;=< nqoaO O¾uh w¾:l:kh ms<sn`o úiïuq;sl w¾:§mkOdrd (dissenting

hermeneutics) ìys lsÍu fuu NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka isÿ jQ b;du jeo.;a nqoaêuh ld¾hh f,i ie,lsh yelsh' miqld,fha§ ìys jQ úiïuq;sl Odrdjka .Kkdjl uQ,hka ;sfnkafka NslaIQka

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

55

jykafia,d w;r isÿ jQ fuu uyd kHdhsl újdoj, h' wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud" ;dmi ksldh" úkhj¾Ok jHdmdrh iy úoHd,xldr msßfjfka foaYmd,k NslaIq m%h;akh hk 20 jeks ishjfia§ isxy, iudcfha mekke.=K úiïuq;sl Odrdjkays nqoaêuh uQ,hka ;sfnkafka 1880 .Kkaj, iy 1890 .Kkaj, l=`M.ekajqKq fuu fn!oaO kHdhsl wdrjq,aj, h' ;ju;a m¾fhaIlhskaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq fkdjqK ksid ta .ek wm i;=j ;sfnkafka oekqula fkdj fkdoekquls'

úoHd,xldr úiïuq;sl ueÈy;aùï

úoHd,xldr msßfjfka NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka f.dvke.=Kq úiïuq;sl nqoaêuh jHdmdrfha m%Odk ,laIK folla fï jk úg wms y`ÿkd.;af;uq' tu ,laIK fol kï {dk óudxid;aul újD;Ndjh iy m%Odk m%jdyfha ;sfnk m%;sIaGdms; ixl,am yd Ndú;hkag" kj w¾:l:k yd Èidk;Ska fhdackd lsÍuhs' fuu ,laIK fol úia;rd;aulj y`ÿkd.ekSug oeka wms W;aiy .ksuq'2

{dk óudxid;alu újD;Ndjh

wm by;§ ÿgq mßÈ" kQ;k fn!oaO nqoaê iïm%odfha {dk óudxid;aul újD;Ndjh 19 jeks ishjfia wdrïNfha isg wjê lsysmhla ;=< fiñka úldYhkh jQjls' nqoaê iïm%odhla ;=< {dk óudxid;aul újD;Ndjh mj;skafka {dk óudxid;aul wdjD;Ndjh iu. .efgñks' úoHd,xldr msßfjfka NslaIQka jykafia,d 1930 .Kkaj, wdrïN l< fuu újD;Ndù ueÈy;aùï fohdldrhlska isÿ

2 úoHd,xldr msrsjfka NslaIq msßfia foaYmd,kh ms<sn|j uydpd¾h tï. t,a. fifkúr;ak The Work of Kings kï lD;sfha (Seneviratne 1999) f.dvk.d ;sfnkafka oeä úfõpkd;aul l:khls. th kQ;k ,xldfõ ix> iudch .sys iudch iu. we;s iïnkaO;dfõ;a ix> iudcfha;a mßydkshg ;=vqÿka nj Tyqf.a uQ,sl m%jdohhs. fï l:dfõ ud f.dvk.kafka Bg fjkia l:khls.

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

56

jQ nj wms oekgu;a i`oyka lr we;af;uq' m<uqjekak" f:rjdo fkdjk ol=Kq wdishdkq od¾Yksl iy Ñka;k iïm%odhhka iu. .kqfokq lsÍug oelajQ újD;Ndjh iy iQodkuhs' fojekak kQ;k hqfrdamSh foaYmd,k iy f,!lsl o¾Ykjdo iu. .kqfokq lsÍug oelajQ iQodku iy újD;Ndjhhs' kdrdú, Oïur;k" j,afmd< rdyq," fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s" nU/kafoa isß iSj,S iy hlalvqfõ m%{drdu hk ysñjrekaf.a f,aLk fuu újD;Ndjfha m%;sM, iy ksoiqka fj;s'

¨Kqfmdl=fKa Oïudkkao kdysñ

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

57

uydhdk iïm%odh ms<sn`o ,xldfõ f:rjd§ iïm%odh ;=< f.dvke.S ;snqKq uQ,sl wdl,amh jQfha th iuHlaoDIaál ks¾u, O¾uh fkdjk f,i i,ld th iu. .kqfokq lsÍfuka je<lS isàuhs' ks¾u, O¾uh iy ñ:HdoDIaáh hkq fuu wdl,am ks¾Kh l< o oaúfNa§ {dk óudxid;aul rduqjhs' ks¾u, f:rjdo O¾uh wdrlaId lrf.k mj;ajd.ekSu ,xldfõ NslaIq iudcfha nqoaêuh j.lSu jkafka h hk jgyd.ekSu kQ;k nqÿiufha wdrïNh isÿ jQ 18 jeks ishjfia isg f.dvke.S ;sì ia:djrhla úh' nqreu iy ;dhs fn!oaO iïm%odhka iu. 18 jeks ishjfia§ we;s jQ lsÜgq iïnkaO;d ms<sn`o miqìu ;=< fuu f:rjdo iy f:rjdo fkdjk ke;fyd;a ks¾u, iy ñ:HdoDIaál hk fn§u ,xldfõ kQ;k fn!oaO iïm%odh ;=< ;yjqre jQ m%Odk ia:djrhla úh' fn!oaO W.;=ka w;r fuu ySkhdk-uydhdk oaúfNaokh W;=re nqoaOd.u iy ol=Kq nqoaOd.u hkqfjka o ye`ÈkaúK' fï w;r 19 jeks ishji ;=<;a" 20 jeks ishji uq,§;a ,xldfõ fn!oaO NslaIQka w;r we;s jQ ;shqKq kHdhsl újdo ;=< iïNdjH bkaÈhdkq o¾Ykjdoh o uq`Mukskau mdfya fkdi,ld yer ;sìK' yslaIqka jykafia ixialD; NdIdj ;=<ska bf.k .;af;a bkaÈhdkq o¾Ykjdoh fkdj ldjH w,xldrjdoh iy fcHda;sYaYdia;%hhs' tu újdo fj;ska f.dvke.=fKa cd;Hka;r jYfhka yqfol,d jQ O¾u Ydia;S%h (scholastic) ke;fyd;a ixialD; ldjHd,xldr wOHhk iïm%odhls' ,xldfõ kQ;k f:rjdo iïm%odh ;=< f.dvke.S ;sì fuu od¾Yksl yqfol,dNdjh wjika lrk ,oafoa úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,d úisks' ta ;=,kd;aul o¾Ykjdoh úoHd,xldr msßfjfka b.ekajQ úIhud,djg we;=<;a lsÍu u.sks' ta i`oyd mqfrda.dó jQ fofofkl= .ek i`oyka l< hq;= h' tu fom< kï úoHd,xldr msßfjfka m%Odkdpd¾h ¨Kqfmdl=fKa Oïudkkao kdysñhka iy msßfjfka ixialD; wdpd¾hjrhd jQ bkaÈhdfjka meñK isá rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk m`ä;=ud h' fuu fofmd<f.a ld¾hNdrh .ek flá újrKhl fh§u wmf.a fuu idlÉPdj bÈßhg f.khdug m%fhdackj;a h' tjeks újrKhlg wjYH uQ,sl f;dr;=re wmg ,efnkafka Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHfhl=

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

58

iy úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhfï m%Odk kHdhjdÈhd f,i ie,lsh yels kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka 1954 jif¾§ ,shQ yeämkak, m[a[df,dal ysñf.a pß;dmodkfha h'

yeämkak, m[a[df,dal ysñ

m[a[df,dal ysñ" ¨Kqfmdl=fKa Oïudkkao kdysñhkaf.a YsIHfhl= jQ w;r kdrdú, ysñf.a fcHIaG meúÈ ifydaorfhl= o úh' tu pß;dmodkfhys ¨Kqfmdl=fKa kdysñhka .ek kdrdú, ysñhka lrk my; i`oyk Wkajykafiaf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a úoHd,xldr msßfjfkys wdrïN jQ kj nqoaêuh újD;Ndjh .ek flfrk w.kd idlaIshls' úfoaYSh W.;=kag msßfjfkys fodr újD; lsÍu Wkajykafiaf.a úfYaI ,laIKhla jQ nj i`oyka lrñka kdrdú, ysñ fufia o lshhs(

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

59

úfoaYSh m`äjreka msßfjfkys kj;ajdf.k ix.%y lsÍu .ek Wkajykafiag fpdaokd l< .sys meúÈ fndfyda fofkla jQy' ta fpdaokd .Kklg fkd.;a Wkajykafia W.=kag tkag ´kE úoHd,xldr msßfjkg ñi fjk fld;kgoehs weiQy' ^Oïur;k ysñ 1954( 23&

úfoaYSh m`äjrekaf.a fiajh úoHd,xldr msßfjkg ,nd.ekSug ¨Kqfmdl=fKa kdysñhka oelajQ újD;Ndjfha m%Odku ksoiqk jkafka ixialD; b.ekaùu i`oyd bkaÈhdfõ isg meñKs rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk m`äjrhd h' Tyq msßfjkg iïnkaO jQfha 1927 jif¾§ h' Tyqg úoHd,xldr msßfjfka m;aùu ,nd§ug ¨Kqfmdl=fKa kdysñhkag fhdackd lf<a ta jk úg uydfndaê iud.ug iïnkaOj nrKei idrdkd;ays isá ;reK NslaIqjl jQ ¨Kqfmdl=fKa kdysñhkaf.au YsIHfhl= jQ kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka h' rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk úoHd,xldr msßfjfka wjqreÿ ;=klg jvd wdpd¾hjrfhl= f,i fiajh l< w;r tu ld,h úoHd,xldr msßfjfkys NslaIQka jykafia,d w;ßka ìys jQ úiïuq;sl nqoaê jHdmdrh wdrïN jQ ld,h o úh' idxlD;Hdhk ixialD; W.f;l= muKla fkdj ngysr o¾Ykh" iïNdjH bkaÈhdkq o¾Ykh iy udlaiajdofha wdNdih ,en isá bkaÈhdkq cd;sl jHdmdrfha o ls%hdldßlfhl=j isá nqoaêuf;ls' úoHd,xldr msßfjfka§ md,s NdIdj iy fn!oaO o¾Ykh o ;jÿrg;a yeoErE Tyq úoHd,xldr msßfjfka mka;sj, ;reK NslaIQka jykafia,dg ixialD; NdIdjg wu;rj hqfrdamSh o¾Ykh" iïNdjH bkaÈhdkq o¾Ykh iy udlaiajdoh o y÷kajdÿka nj kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñfhda i`oyka lr;s' t;=ud ¨Kqfmdl=fKa kdysñhkaf.a YsIHfhl= f,i fn!oaO NslaIqjl jQfha o úoHd,xldr msßfjfka§ h ^Oïur;k ysñ 1954( 19&'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

60

rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk m`ä;=ud

yeämkak, m[a[df,dal" hlalvqfõ m[a[drdu" kdrdú, Oïur;k" j,afmd< rdyq, iy nU/kafoa isß iSj,S hk ysñjreka udlaiajdoh iy nqoaOd.u w;r ixjdohla we;s lsÍug mqfrda.dó jQ NslaIQka jykafia,d h' tmuKla fkdj iudc yd foaYmd,k mßj¾;khg u.fmkajk wdldrhg nqoaOd.fï f,!lsl ld¾hh h<s ixl,am.; lsÍug Tjqyq bÈßm;a jQy' ,xldfõ kQ;k f:rjdo fn!oaO iïm%odfha we;s jQ b;du jeo.;a Ñka;k mßj¾;khla f,i ie,lsh hq;= fuu ueÈy;aùu isÿjQfha ziudc m%YakhZ (social

question) ix> iudcfha f,!lsl ld¾hNdrh;a" ix> iudch iy .sys iudch w;r iïnkaOhla ú.%y lsÍu ks¾Kh lsÍfï m%Odk

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

61

kHdhsl m%fNaoh njg m;a lsÍfuks' tu ueÈy;aùu .ek wms B<`.g úuid n,uq'

nqÿoyu" ix> iudch iy iudc m%Yakh

nqÿoyu" ix> iudch iy .sys iudch w;r iïnkaO;dj ms<sn`o .eg¨j" tkï ziudc m%YakhZ ,xldfõ kQ;k nqÿoyfï wjia:d ;=kl§ u;= jQ nj fmfka' úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,d ksfhdackh lf<a tys f;jeks wjia:djhs' m<uqjeks wjia:dj" 19 jeks ishjfia uq,§ wurmqr ksldh wdrïN lsÍu u.ska isxy, iudcfha wêm;s iy idïm%odhsl jYfhka m%N+ l=,fhka msg iudc iy l=, ia;rj, idufKar ysñjrekag Wmiïmodj újD; lsÍu iy mSä; l=,j,g wh;a ckhd w;rg o ix> iudch jHdma; ùuhs' fojekak" 1905ka miq ld,h ;=<§ wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud úiska nqoaOd.u iy isxy, cd;sh w;r we;s f,!lsl iïnkaO;dj isxy, cd;sljd§ oDIaájdofha uQ,sl m%jdohla njg m;a lsÍuhs' úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,df.a m%h;akh m<uqjekak iu. Rcq iïnkaO;djla fkd;snqKq w;r" fojekak iu. ;snqfKa mßjdÍh iïnkaO;djhls' th jvd;a lsÜgq f,i iïnkaO jQfha udlaiajdoh iy ,xldfõ jfï jHdmdrh iu. h' tu NslaIQka jykafia,dg udlaiajd§ o¾Ykh y`ÿkajdfok ,oafoa Tjqkag ixialD; b.ekajQ rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk úisks' tfia wdrïN jQ Tjqkaf.a udlaiajd§ iy iudcjd§ oDIaáuh keUqrej ;j;a Yla;su;aùug ;=vqÿkafka tu NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka lsysmfofkl= bkaÈhdfõ fldx.%ia iudcjd§ Odrdj iu. iïnkaO ùfuks' th isÿjQfha 1931-1934 ld,fha§ h' úoHd,xldr msßfjka kdrdú, Oïur;k" fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s iy nU/kafoa isß iSj,S hk ;reK NslaIQka jykafia,d fï ld,fha§ nrKei uE;l§ msysgqjk ,o úYajúoHd,hla jQ ldYs úoHdmSGfha jeäÿr bf.k .ekSug f.dia isáhy' kdrdú, ysñ tys md,s wdpd¾hjrfhl= f,i o lghq;= l<y' tu ysñjreka ldYs úoHdmSGhg ne`ÿfKa le,Ksh úoHd,xldr

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

62

msßfjfka Tjqkaf.a ixialD; NdId o¾Ykh ms<sn`o wdpd¾hjrhd jQ rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk m`ä;=udf.a iïnkaO;d u; h' miqld,fha§ ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIhg ne`ÿKq Wvlekaoj, isß irKxlr ysñhka o fï ld,fha jevisáfha nrKeia kqjr uydfndaê iud.ug iïnkaO uQ,.kaOl=á úydrfha h'

ldYs úoHdmSGh úfYaI foaYmd,k wkkH;djla ;snqKq úYajúoHd,hls' th msysgqjkq ,enqfõ .dkaê;=udf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh úiska hg;aúð; rch úiska msysgqjkq ,enQ rdcH úYajúoHd,j,g úl,am úYajúoHd,hla f,i h' tys Wml=,m;s iy wdpd¾hjreka iuyrfokd bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha iudcjd§ Odrdjg wh;a /äl,a nqoaêu;=ka h' Wml=,m;s wdpd¾h kf¾kaø foaõ iy wdpd¾h N.jkaodia fuu /äl,a yd igkaldó úYajúoHd, lKavdhfï m%uqLfhda jQy' 1930 .Kkaj,§ ldYs úoHdmSGh ì%;dkH wêrdcH úfrdaë wr.,hg wdpd¾hjreka o" YsIHhka o iyNd.s jQ ls%hdldÍ uOHia:dkhla úh' Wvlekaoj, isß irKxlr ysñhkaf.a iajhx pß;dmodkfha;a" kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka ,shQ yeämkak, ysñhkaf.a pß;dmodkfha;a m%ldY jk mßÈ ldYs úoHdmSGfha bf.k.;a ld,h" kdrdú, Oïur;k" nU/kafoa isß iSj,S iy fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s hk ;reK NslaIQka jykafia,df.a Ôú; /äl,a foaYmd,kSlrKhg ,la jQ ld,hhs' nqÿoyu ms<sn`o iudcjd§ w¾:l:khla f.dvke.Sug;a" nqÿka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùïj, ;sì iudc mKsjqvh foi iudcjd§ b.ekaùïj, m¾hdf,dalfhka kej; n,d th iudc úuqla;sjd§ wjOdkhla iys;j h<s f.dvke.Sug fuu NslaIQka jykafia,dg;a" Tjqkaf.a úoHd,xldr ifydaor NslaIq lKavdhug;a fojeks wkqm%dKh ,enqfKa fuu ld,fha§ iy ldYs úoHdmSGfhka ,o nqoaêuh foaYmd,k fhduqùu nj by; lS uQ,dY%h foflka ,efnk f;dr;=re u; ks.ukh l< yelsh'

rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk iy wdpd¾h kf¾kaø foaõ jeks bkaÈhdfõ isá /äl,a fn!oaO Ñka;lhkaf.a wdNdih we;sj úoHd,xldr NslaIq

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

63

lKAvdhu ìys l< kj isxy, fn!oaO idys;H Odrdjla ;sfí' Tjqka m< l< .%ka: fukau m< l< mqj;am;a o" mqj;am;a ,smsj,ska o tu idys;Hh iukaú; úh' tu ,sms uq,§ ÈkñK" is`MñK iy ;j;a isxy, m;%j, o m<úh' miqj 1946-47 jirj,§ fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s ysñhkaf.a ixialrKfhka m< jQ ld,h m;%h tu ,sms m< lrk ,o m%Odk mqj;am; úh' fuu úoHd,xldrfha úiïuq;sl fn!oaO idys;Hh" tajd bgql< ld¾hhkag wkqj Wmj¾. y;rlg f;aud;aul jYfhka fnÈh yelsh' tajd kï"

fn!oaO o¾Ykh" yskaÿ" uydhdk iy fjk;a bkaÈhdkq o¾Ykjdo iy kQ;k hqfrdamSh o¾Ykjdo w;r ixjdohla we;slrkq i`oyd iy we;s lrñka f.dvke.=Kq idys;Hh'

nqÿoyu iy ix> iudch" kQ;k f,dalh iy iudch iu. .kqfokq lsÍfï§ we;súh hq;= kj Èidk;Ska fidhd.sh idys;Hh'

foaYmd,k iy iudc mßj¾;kh ms<sn`o kj fn!oaO Ndú;djka i`oyd lem jQ idys;Hh'

nqÿoyu iy iudc m%Yakh .ek ksYaÑ; jYfhka idlÉPd l< idys;Hh'

by; lS f;aud y;ru leáfldg.;a lD;s iy ksoiqka lsysmhla .ek fláfhka Tng y`ÿkajd§ug oeka iqÿiq wjia:djhs' fï ld¾hh ud wdrïN lrkafka úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhfï idudðlfhl= úiska rÑ; b;du;a m%isoaO lD;sh jk j,afmd< rdyq, ysñhkaf.a NslaIqjf.a Wreuh kï .%ka:h .ek flá ye`Èkaùulsks' bka miqj" kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka m< l< udlaiajdoh iy nqÿoyu iy ,xldfõ brKu mj;skafka udlaiajdofha o nqÿoyfuys o@ hk lD;s fol Tng y`ÿkajd§ug uu woyia lrñ' ;=kajeksj ud lrkafka hlalvqfõ m%{drdu" fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s iy nU/kafoa isß iSj,S hk ysñjreka f.dvke.+ ziudc m%YakhZ flakaø fldg.;a idys;Hh .ek flá újrKhla bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

64

j,afmd< rdyq, ysñ

miqld,fha§ The Heritage of the Bhikku hkqfjka bx.S%is NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrk ,o NslaIqjf.a Wreuh kï lD;sh uq,skau isxy, NdIdfjka m<jQfha 1946 j¾Ifha§ úYd, újdod;aul miqìula ;=< h' úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,d m%Odk md¾Yjhla jQ tu újdofha uQ,sl f;audj jQfha fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,dg foaYmd,k lghq;=j, fh§u iqÿiq o@ ke;fyd;a lem o@ hkakhs' fuu újdofha§ u;= jQ m%Yakh NslaIQka jykafia,d foaYmd,kh lsÍuu fkdfõ' úoHd,xldr NslaIq msßi zjdudxYslZ mlaI iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdrh iu. iïnkaO ù /äl,a foaYmd,k lghq;=j, fh§uhs'

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

65

fuu NslaIQka jykafia,dg u.fmkajk ,o foaYmd,k o¾Ykjdoh jQfha udlaiajdohhs' Tjqka 1930 .Kkaj, uq,§ mgka wdrïN l< foaYmd,k m%h;akfha ,laIK ;=kla ;sìK' m<uqjekak th udlaiajdofhka o" hg;aúð; úfrdaë cd;sljd§ oDIaájdofhka úfYaIfhka bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha cd;sljd§ oDIaájdofhka iDcqj wdNdih ,eîuhs' fojekak ,xldfõ jdudxYsl iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdrh iu. iïnkaOùuhs' f;jekak Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k u;jdoh iy Ndú;h hg;aúð; md,k ;ka;%hg fukau isxy, iudcfha foaYmd,k m%N+ ;ka;%hg o tfrysj ;snQ tajd ùuhs' ã'tia' fiakdkdhl m%Odk wud;Hjrhd we;=`M isxy, .sys m%N+ ;ka;%h;a" ishï ksldfha u,aj;= úydrfha uydkdhl ysñhka we;=`M meúÈ kdhl;ajh;a úreoaO jQfha úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,d bÈßm;a l< zfoaYmd,khZ ms<sn`o fuu úl,am oDIaáhg iy úl,am u;jdohghs' fuu fomd¾Yjh w;r we;s jQ u;fNaoh flf;la ;shqKq ù o h;a NslaIQka jykafia,dg wlem iy .syshkag muKla úfYaI jQ zfoaYmd,kZ lghq;=j, fh§u" úkh úfrdaë ls%hdjla ksid úoHd,xldr NslaIq msßi Wkajykafia,d wh;a jQ ishï ksldfhka fkrmd yßk f,i .sys m%N+yq m%isoaO m%pdrl jHdmdrhla o f.k .shy' rdyq, ysñhkaf.a NslaIqjf.a Wreuh lD;sh ,shk ,oafoa fuu újdoh ;=< ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k m%h;akhg miñ;=re jQ .sys iy meúÈ úfrdaOhg ms<s;=re jYfhks' th m< lrk ,oafoa 1946 cqks udifha§ h (Liyanage 1995: 128).

úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,df.a fuu z/äl,a foaYmd,kfhaZ /äl,a hkakg úfYaI w¾:h;a .eí ù ;sìK' th f,!lsl iy wd.ñl hk w¾: folu ñY%fldg.;a /äl,a jdohla ùu tys ;sì úfYaI;ajhhs' tys f,!lsl uQ,dY%h ld,a udlaiaf.a b.ekaùï jQ w;r wd.ñl uQ,dY%h nqÿka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï úh' fuu NslaIq msßi 1940 oYlfha m<l< m%ldYk lshjk úg meyeÈ,sjk lreKla kï tu ;reK /äl,a NslaIQka bÈßm;a l< imqrd w¨;a foaYmd,k ia:djrh;a" Wkajykafia,df.a foaYmd,k jHdmdrfha mokï

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

66

uQ,O¾uh o ùh hkakhs' th kï fn!oaO NslaIQka ,xldfõ iudcjd§ iudc foaYmd,k mßj¾;kfha l¾;Dl ld¾hNdrhla l< hq;= h hkakhs' th Bg fmr wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud ,dxlsl NslaIQka i|yd fhdackd lr ;snqKq f,!lsl ld¾hh ms<sn| kHdh m;%h blau jQjls' t;=ud fhdackd lf<a NslaIQkag ixialD;sl cd;sljd§ kHdh m;%hls' úoHd,xldr NslaIQka fhdackd flf<a udlaiajdofhka iy jdudxYsl jHdmdrfhka wdNdih ,enQ ,dxlsl fn!oaO NslaIqjf.a ziudc fiajhZ hk f,!lsl ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| kj foaYmd,k w¾:l:khls' fï kj w¾:l:kh .sys iy NslaIQka m%N+ kdhl;ajfha m%ydrhg ,la jQ úg zNslaIqjg foaYmd,kh lemh( th NslaIqjf.a f,!lsl j.lSfï wksjd¾h wx.hlsZ hk ia:djrh úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhu fjkqfjka wdrlaId lsÍug" tu NslaIq lKavdhu fjkqfjka bÈßm;a jQ m%:u kHdhsl m%h;akh rdyq, ysñhka ,shQ NslaIqjf.a Wreuh kï .%ka:hhs' rdyq, ysñ fï ioyd ;u ;¾lh f.dvke.=fõ kdrdú, Oïur;k" fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s hk ysñjreka l<dla fuka udlaiajd§ kHdh rduqj ;=< iy udlaiajd§ kHdhsl NdIdfjka fkdfõ' ,xldfõu we;s f:rjd§ ix> iïm%odhg wh;a jxil;dj,ska t<sorõ jk b;sydi l:k wdY%h fldgf.k h'

rdyq, ysñhka f.dvke.+ m%Odk ;¾lh fufia idrdxYfldg oelaúh yelsh' ks¾jdKh idlaId;a lsÍu fn!oaO ix>hd jykafiaf.a tlu yd laIKsl ksIaGdj hehs nqÿka jykafia wkqoek jod< nj;a" th iïNdjH ix> iudcfha uQ,sl p¾hdOd¾ñl uQ,O¾uh jQ nj;a we;a; h' tfy;a ft;sydisl iy iudc ;;a;aj oeka fjkia ù ;sfí' nqÿka jykafia mek jQ úkh kS;sÍ;s tmßÈu wkq.ukh lsÍu NslaIq iudchg fkdyels jkjd muKla fkdj" fjkia ù we;s iudc h:d¾: yuqfõ ks¾jdKh idlaId;a lsÍu NslaIQkaf.a laIKsl ksIaGdj jYfhka oeka ms<s.efkkafka o ke;' tneúka NslaIQka jykafia;a" .sys fn!oaO iudch;a l< hq;af;a tu h:d¾:h ms<sf.k w¨;a laIKsl ksIaGdjla ix> iudch i|yd ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' tu kj ksIaGdj f,i rdyq, ysñhka bÈßm;a lf<a fuf,dj§ bgq l< hq;=

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

67

ld¾hhls' th kï ziudc fiajhZ hs' ziudc fiajhZ ms<sn| NslaIQkaf.a kj kHdhm;%h rdyq, ysñhka bÈßm;a flf<a nqÿka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï j, ;snqKq znyqck iqLdh-nyqck ys;dhZ hk f,!lsl p¾hd Od¾ñl woyig iuld,Sk 20 jeks ishjfia hg;aúð; Okjd§ iudch mßj¾;kh lsÍfï wruqK iïnkaOfldg h<s ixialrKh lsÍfuks' ta wkqj fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia W;aidy .; hq;af;a laIKslj w;am;a lr.; fkdyels" tfukau idlaId;a lr.; yelsoehs meyeÈ,s o ke;s ks¾jdKh ms<sn| ksIaGdj fj; <`.dùug muKlau fkdfõ' ta i|yd ud¾.hla jk nyq ck;djf.a ys; iqj msKsi iudc fiajfha" tkï iudc yd foaYmd,k mßj¾;kfha" foaYmd,k Ndú;hlg kdhl;ajh §uhs' zfmdÿ uyck;djf.a fuf,dj hym; msKsi NslaIQka foaYmd,k lghq;=j, fh§h hq;= hZ hk fuu ia:djrh 1946 § úoHd,xldr msßfjk ksl=;a l< zNslaIQka iy foaYmd,kh ms<sn| úoHd,xldr m%ldYhZ u.ska ks, jYfhka m%ldY lrkq ,eìK ^m%{drdu ysñ 1970( 92&'

NslaIQka jykafiaf.a laIKsl ksIaGdj úh hq;af;a ks¾jdKh idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd yqfol,dj m%h;ak oeÍu fkdj" fmdÿ ck;djf.a hym; i|yd mßj¾;kSh foaYmd,k jHdmD;Skag iyNd.sùu iy kdhl;ajh §uh hk rdyq, ysñhkaf.a kj m%jdofha f:rjdo fn!oaO nqoaê iïm%odh ms<sn| oDIaá fldaKfhka n,k úg úfYaI w¾:§mkfõod;aul jeo.;alula ;sfí' rdyq, ysñhka ;u lKavdhfï wfkla NslaIQka jykafia iu. tlaj fuu m%jdoh f.dvke.=fõ iïNdjH fn!oaO iïm%odh we;=<;ska fkdj Bg msg;ska meñKs uQ,dY%h folla wdY%hfldg f.k h' tajd kï cd;sljdoh iy udlaiajdohhs' rdyq, ysñ NslaIqjf.a Wreuh kï lD;sfha§ fuu m%jdofha we;s udlaiajd§ m%Njh újD;j m%ldY flf<a ke;' ta ysñhka flf<a tu udlaiajd§ m%Njh i`.jd th idl,Hfhkau cd;sljd§ ixl,amuh rduqj u.ska bÈßm;a lsÍuhs' rdyq, ysñ fufia lf<a ukao hkak ms<s;=rla fiúh hq;= m%Yakhls' th isÿjkakg we;af;a Wmdhud¾.sl ;SrKhla ksid hehs flfkl=g

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

68

wkqudk l< yelsh' olaIsKdxYsl foaYmd,ksl iy wd.ñl m%N+ka jfï jHdmdrhg iy udlaiajdohg oeä m%ydr t,a, l< miqìul" ;uka bÈßm;a l< f,!lsljd§ m%jdohg cd;sljd§ iy zfoaYShZ idOdrKSlrKhla fidhdhdu rdyq, ysñhkaf.a Wmdhud¾.sl f;aÍula jkakg we;' fï w;r rdyq, ysñhka zkHdhslZ jYfhka úi÷fõ ,xldfõ f:rjd§ ix> iïm%odh ;=< wkqrdOmqr hq.fha mgka mej;S we;s uQ,sl úIu;djla iy m%fya,sldjls' tu .eg¨j kï" NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r isá m%N+ ;ka;%h" rdcH;ajhg" rdcH n,hg iy foaYmd,khg iDcqj ueÈy;a ùu" NslaIQka jykafia,df.a laIKsl p¾hdOd¾ñl ksIaGdj (ethical goal) jk ks¾jdK idlaId;alrKhg mgyeks ùu iy th fj;ska wm.ukh ùu f:rjd§ kHdhsl jYfhka meyeÈ,s lrkafka iy idOdrKSlrKhg md;% lrkafka flfia o@ hkakhs' th jkdys ,xldfõ f:rjd§ ix> iy fn!oaO iïm%odhka ;=< wjqreÿ fooyila muK ld,hla ;siafia ksrka;rfhka u;= jQ" tfy;a Rcqj wduka;%Kh fkdlrk ,o iy fkdúi`ok ,o uQ,sl m%fya,sldjls' tu .eg¨j m<uqjrg tys wx foflka w,a,df.k th iu. fmdrne`ÿfõ úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhuhs' th kHdh.; lrñka .%ka:hla ,shqfõ j,afmd< rdyq, ysñhka h' Wkajykafia miqld,fha§ úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha fkdj nqoaêuh jYfhka .;dkq.;sl úfoHdoh msßfjk fj;ska ìys jQ úfoHdoh úYajúoHd,fha Wml=,m;sjrhd o jQy' 1946 iy 1947

jir fol ;=< m< lrk ,o ‘ld,h’ mqj;amf;ys fuu ú.%yh

ksrka;rfhkau bosßm;a flßK.

kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñ" nqÿoyu iy udlaiajdoh w;r ixjdoh iy úixjdoh

wm by; i|yka l< úoHd,xldr NslaIQkaf.a idys;H odhl;ajfha f;aud i;ru mdfya leáfldg.;a f,aLk ìys l< úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhug wh;a ;j;a idudðlfhl= jQfha tu lKavdhfï

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

69

isá kHdhsl jYfhka jvd;au oshqKq nqoaêu;d f,i ie,lsh yels kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka h' úoHd,xldr msßfjk iy rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk mçjrhd w;r iïnkaOh we;s lsÍfï mqfrda.dñfhl= jQ Wkajykafia" idxlD;Hdhkhkaf.a Ñka;kuh" foaYmd,k iy od¾Yksl wdNdih jeäfhkau ,enQ flfkl= o fj;s' bkaÈhdfõ wOHdmkh ,enQ kdrdú, ysñ nrKei ldYs úoHdmSGfha isá /äl,a iy iudcjd§ woyia oerE wdpd¾hjrekaf.a wdY%fhka Tjqkaf.a oDIaáuh iy foaYmd,k n,mEug o md;%úh' Wkajykafia nrKei uydfndaê iud.fï O¾u m%pdrlfhl= f,i wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud iu. o <`.ska lghq;= flf<a h' tfy;a 1931 § O¾umd,;=ud jl% f,i úfõpkh lrñka isxy, fn!oaOhd m;%fha ,smshla m< lsÍu ksid fofokd wukdm jQy' 1946 § ld,h i`.rdj wdrïN jQ úg" tys ks;sm;d f,aLlfhl= jQ kdrdú, ysñ" mqoa.,slj iy nqoaêuh jYfhka jvd;a <xj isáfha yeämkak, m[a[df,dal ysñhkag h' úoHd,xldr NslaIq msßi w;ßka" ndysr nqoaêuh f,dalhg jvd;a újD;j isáfha kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka jQ w;r" udlaiajd§ kHdfhka iy o¾Ykjdofhka jvd;au wdNdih ,nd isáfha o Wkajykafia h' ndysr od¾Yksl iy Ñka;k f,dalj,g fodr újD; lr.ekSug Wkajykafiag wkqm%dKh ,ndfok ,oafoa rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk mçjrhd nj kdrdú, ysñ yeämkak, ysñhka .ek ,shQ pß;dmodkfha b`.s lrhs ^Oïur;k ysñ 1954(18&

kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka .;a m%Odk;u nqoaêuh W;aidyh jQfha" ,xldfõ fn!oaO ix> iudch i|yd" iuld,Sk wod<;djla iys; od¾Yksl oelaula iy kHdhsl u.fmkaùula iys; foaYmd,k yd nqoaêuh Ñka;khla f.dvke.Su nj fmfka' tu m%h;akh;a" tys m%;sM,;a Wkajykafia yeämkak, m[a[df,dal ysñhka iu. yjqf,a ,shQ Ndr;Sh o¾Ykh ^1950&" iy ;kshu ,shQ nqÿiuh iy udlaiajdoh ^1952&" nqÿoyu kej; fidhd .ekSu ^1957&" ,xldfõ brKu mj;skafka iudcjdofhys o nqÿ oyfuys o@ ^1959& iy iq.;

úkh" uyK ùu iy y`og hdu (1964) hk lD;sj,ska m%ldY úh'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

70

kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhkaf.a nqoaêuh-foaYmd,k Ôú;h wjê follg fnÈh yels nj fmfka' m<uqjekak Wkajykafia udlaiajd§ o¾Ykfha wdNdih ,nd" udlaiajdoh iy fn!oaO o¾Ykh w;r ks¾udKd;aul ixfhda.hla we;s lsÍug m%h;ak oerE o< jYfhka 1930 iy 1957 w;r ld,hhs' fojekak 1957ka miq ld,hhs' fuu fojekafka ,laIKh kï Wkajykafia udlaiajdoh;a" udlaiajdoh iy nqoaOd.u w;r we;s l< ixjd§ jHdma;sh;a hk folu w;yer" udlaiajdofha oeä úfõplfhl= ùuhs' tfia jqj;a Wkajykafiaf.a miq-udlaiajd§ wjêfha ,shejqKq lD;sj, we;s Ydia;%Sh iy nqoaêuh jeo.;alu wvq fyda wj;lafiarejlg Ndck fkdl< hq;= h' thg fya;=j kï tu lD;sj,ska Wkajykafia lr we;af;a" udlaiajd§ o¾Ykh iy foaYmd,k kHdh ms<sn| fn!oaO od¾Yksl úfõpkhla f.dvke.Sug isÿ l< ksn`o W;aidyh bka m%ldYùuhs' udlaiajd§ o¾Ykjdofha iy foaYmd,k kHdfha foaYSh m%pdrlfhl= fukau miqj tys oeä úfõplfhl= jYfhka o kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka i;= jQ úfYaI .=Khla wmg y÷kd.; yelsh' tkï kQ;k hqfrdamSh o¾Ykjdoh yd foaYmd,k kHdh fn!oaO o¾Ykh iy wdpdr úoHdj;a w;r uqK.eiSula iy idlÉPdjla we;s lsÍug Wkajykafia uq¿ Ôú; ld,h mqrdu .;a ksrka;r W;aidyhhs' th ,xldfõ jdudxYsl jHdmdrh fj;ska o" wfma úYajúoHd,j, o¾Ykjdoh ms<sn| fomd¾;fïka;=j,ska o isÿ fkdjqKq ld¾hhls'

udlaiajd§ iy fn!oaO o¾Ykjdoh yd iudc Ñka;kh w;r idOkSh ixjdohla f.dvke.Sfï olaI;u fn!oaO nqoaêu;d jQ kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhka" miqj tu jHdmD;sfha b;du ;shqKq úfõplhd o njg m;aùfï nqoaêuh mßj¾;kh wm meyeÈ,s lrkafka flfia o @ fuh jkdys úoHd,xldr NslaIq msßi wdrïN l< úiïuq;sl nqoaê iïm%odfha úldYkh iy wjidkh .ek yodrK Ydia;%{hskag ms<s;=re fiùug n,flfrk ÿIalr m%Yakj,ska tlls' tu m%Yakhg

ms<s;=re fiùu, 1930 .Kkaj, isg ,xldfõ isxy, iudcfha we;s jQ

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

71

uyd nqoaêuh le<öï ms<sn|j ieÕù we;s b;sydih ,sùfï

m%h;akhl fldgilao jkq we;.

fmdÿ ckhd flakaøfldg.;a iudc - wOHdmk Ydia;%Sh idys;Hhla

kQ;k fn!oaO iy ix> iudÔh Ñka;khg iy NdIdjg ziudcfha m%YakhZ (social question) jvd;a yrhd;aul f,i h<s y÷kajd §u" úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhu úiska lrk ,o odhl;ajfha jeo.;au f;audjla nj wms by;§ i|yka flf<uq' tu odhl;ajh m%n, f,i m%ldY ù ;snqKq udOHhla jQfha úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhfï mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka isxy, iudch ;=< w¨;a mkakfha Ydia;%Sh idys;Hhla ìysùuhs' tu idys;Hh uQ,sl jYfhkau f,!lsl idys;Hhla jQ w;r" wd.ñl f;aud iuyr lD;sj, m%ldY jqj o" tajd o ziudÔh m%YakhZ yd iïnkaO lrkq ,enQ tajd h' ,xldfõ isxy, NdIdfjka ,shejqKq kQ;k fn!oaO Ydia;%Sh f,aLk iïm%odh foi mÍlaIdldÍj n,k úg wmg fmfkkafka 1950 .Kka olajdu msrsfjka fj;ska ìysjQ idys;Hh idl,Hfhkau fn!oaO wd.ñl kHdhsl idys;Hhla jQ njhs' tajd tlaflda md,s O¾u .%ka:j, mßj¾;k úh" ke;fyd;a tajd isxy, NdIdfjka isxy, mdGlhskag meyeÈ,s lrfok zújrK idys;HhlaZ (commentarial

literature) úh' Bg wu;r idys;Hhla o jHdma; ù ;sìK' tkï wka;¾-ksldh jdo (polemical) .%ka: h' tajd fukau fndfyda wd.ñl m%pdrl lD;Ska o ie,lsh hq;af;a .%ka: fkdj flá m%nkaO (pamphlet) f,i h' bkamiqj" cd;sljd§ flá m%nkaO idys;Hhla o YS>%fhka jHdma; úh'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

72

fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s ysñ

mdi,a iy .=re úoHd,;a" rcfha úNd.;a b,lal lr.;a mdG .%ka: idys;Hhla iudcfha ks¾udKh ùu iy me;sÍu o 1930 .Kkaj, mgka isÿ jQ j¾Okhls' tfy;a tajd iudch ms<sn`o úpdrd;aul wjfndaOhla mdGlhd ;=< we;s lsÍu b,lal lr.;a tajd fkdfõ'

úNd. i`oyd lgmdvï lsÍug ,shejqKq .%ka: idys;Hhls' fï w;r, 1942 oS ìys jQ Y%S ,xld úYaj úoHd,fhkao isxy, NdIdfjka ,shejqKq

úpdrd;aul Ydia;%Sh idys;Hhla f.dvke.S ;snqfKa ke;.

Úisjeks ishji ueoNd.h jkúg mej;s fuu idys;H Odrdj,g jvd fjkia w¾O-Ydia;%Sh" fmdÿck idys;Hhla ìyslsÍu;a" th w¾O-iudÔh úoHd idys;Hhla ùu;a úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,df.a

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

73

fuu odhl;ajh iïnkaOfhka" wmf.a wjOdkfhka .s,syS fkd.sh hq;= lreKls'

nqÿoyu iy iudch ms<sn| m%Yakh ixl,am.; lrk iy idlÉPd lrk .%ka: iïmdokfha m%Odk jYfhka fhÿfKa kdrdú, Oïur;k" hlalvqfõ m%{drdu" fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s" iy nU/kafoa isß iSj,S hk NslaIQka jykafia,d h' fï w;ßka kdrdú, ysñ ,shQ lD;s od¾Yksl iy kHdhsl ;,hg wh;a tajd h' tu lD;s u.ska Wkajykafia wduka;%Kh flf<a fmdÿ ckhd fkdj" isxy,-fn!oaO iudcfha W.;a" nqoaê ia;rhhs' Bg fjkiaj hlalvqfõ" fldgfyafka iy nU/kafoa ysñjreka .%ka:lrKh flf<a;a" wduka;%Kh flf<a;a fmdÿckhd fj;ska mek ke.S nqoaê ia;rj,g iy idlaIr;dj yd mdi,a wOHdmkh ,nd isá fmdÿck fldgiaj,g h' tkï md,s" ixialD; fyda bx.S%is NdId fkdo;a iajNdIduh nqoaê ia;rj,g (vernacular intelligentsia) h' tu ueÈy;aùu kHdh.; flf<a o kdrdú, ysñhka h'

nU/kafoa isß iSj,s ysñ

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

74

,xldfõ fn!oaO nqoaê iïm%odh ;=< wd.u iy nqÿoyu ms<sn`o f;audj u;= lsÍfï mqfrda.dñhd jQfha wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud h' tfy;a Tyq th l%udkql+,j u;= l< iy idlÉPd l< f;audjla fkdfõ' tfy;a t;=ud úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhug iSñ; nqoaêuh

wdfõYhla iemhQ nj fmfka. Wkajykafia,d iudc m%Yakh ms<sn| f;audj O¾umd,;=ud keje;ajQ ;ek isg fjk;a ud¾.hlska jvd;a bÈßhg f.k .shy' wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud iy úoHd,xldr NslaIQka w;r mej;sfha oDIaájd§ jYfhka wLKav iïnkav;djlau fkdj tys úLKavk;d o (discontinuities) ;snqKsh hk kHdhsl ;¾lh f.dvke.Sug fuys§ wmg wjldY ,efí' fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s ysñ iy nU/kafoa isß iSj,S ysñ ziudchZ hk jpkh .%ka: kdufha fldgila njg m;a l< .%ka: rdYshlau rpkd l<y' fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s ysñ wd.u yd iudch iy idys;Hh yd iudch hehs .%kaa: folla m< flf<a h' iudch ms<sn`o zkHdhsljZ wjfndaO lr .ksñka" ta wjfndaOh u; iudch iy ixialD;sh ms<sn`o lrk kejqï ú.%yhla bÈßm;a lsÍu fï jHdmD;sh yd ne`ÿKq nqoaêuh jHdhdufha wx.hla úh' isrsiSj,S ysñhka ,shQ l,d fmd;a fmf<a .%ka: ku jQfha l:d l,dj" ,shk l,dj" lshjk l,dj" is;k l,dj" ñ;% l,dj" Ôjk l,dj" wOHhk l,dj" md,k l,dj" k.sk l,dj" l,d y;r iy l,d my hs' ,shk l,dj kñka 1950 .Kkaj, w.Nd.fha ,shk ,oehs ie,lsh yels nU/kafoa isß iSj,S ysñhkaf.a lD;sfha fmrjofkys Wkajykafia fufia m%ldY l<y(

flfkl=g b;d m%fhdackj;a f,i;a" idrj;a f,i;a" jeo.;a f,i;a ,súh yelafla fkdìhj ,shk úg h' fï i`oyd Tyqg ksoyi ;sìh hq;= h' ksoyia mßirhl jefvñka" iaj;;a;% f,i is;du;d ,shkafkl=g ñi" wksfll=g tä;rj" m%.;sYS,Sj ,súh fkdyelsh' ksoyi m%.;sfha mshd h' fuys§ m%.;sh hkafka wm woyia lrkafka l=ula o lshd;a hï;ñkaj;a jgyd.; hq;= h' fuh f;areï .;

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

75

yelafla fjkiajk iudch .ek;a" ta fjkig uq,a jQ kHdh .ek;a i,ld ne,Sfuks'

iudch fjkia jkafka n,fõ. foll .eàfuks' thska tlla bÈßhg hkakls' wksl tl ;ek ,e. isákakls' fuhska bÈßhg hkak Èh mdrla n`ÿ h' wksla fõ,a,la n`ÿ h' fõ,af,ka Èh mdrla yria l< yelsh' tfy;a Èh mdr ier kï" fldfyka kuq;a .,d hhs' iudcfha .uk;a fun`ÿu h' th ks;ru bÈßhg hhs' thg ndOdjkafka úYd, jQ m%;s.dó fõ.hhs' hï úêhlska m%;s.dó fõ.h ksid iudch fjk w;lg yereK;a" th fldfyka yß .uka lsÍu je<elaúh fkdyelsh' iudch fjkia jkafka fï .uk fyj;a p,kh ksid h'

fï iudc mßj¾;kfha kHdh wjfndaO lr.;a l<" f,aLlhdg ta ta ld,j," ta ta iudcj, yd rgj, we;s n,fõ. ta ta n,fõ. y`ÿkdf.k iajdëk ñksidg ys;lr jQ n,fõ.h wkqj yev.ekaùu i`oyd

,súh yelsh' ^isß iSj,S ysñ 1953( ix-x&

iudc fjki ms<sn`o kHdhla f,i ir, niska isß iSj,S ysñhka by; fþo foflka isxy, mdGlhdg bÈßm;a lrkafka iudc mßj¾;kh ms<sn`o udlaiajd§ kHdhhs' th bÈßm;a lr we;af;a isxy, fmdÿ ckhdg o f;areï.; yels NdIdfjks' rEml u.sks' tfia lsÍfï§ jdudxYsl foaYmd,k NdIdj o jßka jr Ndú; fõ' isß iSj,S ysñhka 1963 § m< l< l,d my kï rpkd tl;=fõ zis;Sfï w;a;sjdruZ kï rpkfha we;s my; i`oyka fþoh udlaiajd§ o¾Ykjdofha we;s kHdhsl m%ia;=;hla ir, f,i bÈßm;a lsÍuls(

oajkaoaj kHdhg wkqj tl is;sú,a,lg úreoaOj ;j;a is;sú,a,la bÈßm;a fõ' ta folays .eàfuka

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

76

;j;a is;sú,a,la my< fõ' blaì;s thg úreoaOj o ;j;a is;sú,a,la we;s fõ' fï l%ufhka is;sú,s Odrdj fkdkej;S .,d hhs' ^isß iSj,S ysñ 1963( 19&'

ud¾áka úl%uisxy iQÍka fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s ysñhkaf.a idys;Hh iy iudch lD;sh .ek lr we;s my; i`oyka ksÍlaIKh" isß iSj,S ysñhkaf.a lD;s ms<sn`oj o wod< h(

m[a[dls;a;s ysñhkaf.a iajdëk úpdr nqoaêh fy<s flfrk fmd; idys;Hh iy iudch hehs uu is;ñ' ta fmd; ,sùfï§ Tjqka idys;Hh .ek is;=fõ iudcjdoh ksid Wmka ye`.Su yd Nla;sh .=refldgf.k h' ^úl%uisxy" zm[a[dls;a;s ysñhkaf.a idys;H fiajhg WÑ; WmydrhZ" m%{drdu ysñ" 1970( 57&'

úl%uisxy uy;df.a tu jdlHh u`o fjkilg md;% l< hq;= hehs ug isf;a' m[a[dls;a;s ysñ iy isß iSj,S ysñjreka fofokdu iudch iy idys;Hh .ek is;=fõ fmdÿ ck;dj ksid Wmka ye`.Su iy Nla;sh .=refldgf.k iudcjdofhka ,o kHdhsl iy ú.%yd;aul wkqm%dKh fj;ska ,enQ nqoaêuh wdfõYfhks' fuu NslaIQka jykafia,d m< lrk ,o .%ka: jkdys kQ;k ,xldfõ m%:u iudc wOHhk idys;Hh o fjhs' tu idys;Hfha we;s úfYaI;ajh mdi,aj, mdG.%ka:j, fukau úYaj úoHd, m¾fhaIK .%ka: j,o

fkd;snqKq wruqKla" tkï úpdr nqoaêhla iys; iudc ú{dkhla, f.dvke.Su ish b,lalh lr.ekSuhs'

NdIdj iudcfha fmdÿ ck jia;=jla f,i( hlalvqfõ m%{drdu ysñ

isß iSj,S" m[a[dls;a;s fukau m%{drdu ysñhka o ish f,aLkj,ska m%ldYhg m;a l< isxy, NdIdj ms<sn`o tla;rd iú{dksl

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

77

m%fõYhla ;sìK' thg o uQ,h jQfha znyqck iqLdh - nyqck ys;dhZ hk nqÿka jykafiaf.a m%ldYh" iudcjd§ Ñka;kh wdY%fhka Wkajykafia,d úiska isÿ lrk ,o iudÔh w¾:l:khhs'3 m%{drdu ysñhka 1947 § ,shQ jkl;d kï jQ mxp;ka;%fha isxy, mßj¾;kh" fmdÿ ck idys;H NdIdjla f.dvke.Sfï m%Odk mqfrda.dó mshjrla úh'

hlalvqfõ m%{drdu ysñ

bkamiqj m[a[dls;a;s iy isß iSj,S hk ysñjre kQ;k ufkda

úoHd;aul" iudc úoHd;aul ft;sydisl, iy idys;Huh úIhhka

3 nqÿka jykafia fj;ska ,nd.;a znyqckZ hk moh úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,d isxy,hg mßj¾;kh flf<a zfmdÿ ck;djZ f,i h' fuu moh" jfï jHdmdrh úiska kQ;k isxy, foaYmd,k NdIdjg;a" foaYmd,k l;sldjg;a tl;= lrk ,oaols' jfï jHdmdrh tu isxy, moh Ndú; flf<a ‘common masses’ hkq jdudxYslhska bx.S%is NdIdfjka Ndú; l< moh fjkqfjks'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

78

ms<sn`o Ydia;S%h oekqu bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ fuu fmdÿck idys;Hfha NdIdj ;j;a ÈhqK l<y' Wkajykafia,df.a Ydia;S%h NdId ffY,sh" 1940 .Kkaj, mgka kQ;k iajNdúl úoHdj" ufkda úoHdj" udkj úoHdj wdYs%;j iudc {dkhla f.dvke.Su Wfoid .%ka:lrKfha fhÿK ud¾áka úl%uisxy iQÍka f.dvk.d ;snqKq isxy, NdId ffY,shg jvd fnfyúka fjkia tlla úh' kQ;k oekqu isxy, mdGlhdg f.k tau i`oyd isxy, NdIdj kùlrKh lsÍfï ld¾hfhys úl%uisxy uy;d o iú{dkslj fh§ isáfha h' t;=udf.a kQ;k isxy, NdIdj" iuyr úg ixialD; fhÿï o" bx.S%is ;dlaIKsl moj,g w¨f;ka ks¾udKh l< neologism hk bx.S%is jpkfhka ye`Èkaúh yels nqoaêu;=ka i`oyd ks¾udKh l< kj jpk o nyq," we;eï úg bx.S%is NdId jHjydrfha tk m%ia:dj msre`M o isxy, NdIdfjka m%ldY lrk wjia:d iys;" w¨f;ka ìys lrk ,o Ydia;S%h NdIdjl ,laIK .;af;a h' tu NdIdj ksielfhkau úo.aOfhl= úiska úo.aOhska i`oyd ixialrKh lrk ,o lD;s%u Ydia;S%h NdIdjls' hlalvqfõ" fldgfyafka iy nU/kafoa ysñjreka ixialrKh l< iy Ndú; l< kQ;k isxy, NdIdj" idl,Hfhkau fmdÿ ck mdGlhskag wduka;%Kh lsÍug .kq ,enQ iú{dksl m%h;akhls' isxy, NdIdj ms<sn`o 1940 iy 1950 .Kka jk úg mej;s wêm;s .=rel=, fol jQ úfoHdoh iy fy< yjq, hk NdId iïm%odh foflkau iú{dkslj leã fjka jQ úoHd,xldr NdId iïm%odh jQ l,S kQ;k isxy, Ydia;S%h NdIdj m%cd;dka;s%llrKhg md;% lsÍug is;du;du .kq ,enQ m%h;akhls' th isxy, NdIdj úisjeks ishjfia§ m;a jQ kQ;k;aj mßj¾;kfha b;du jeo.;a Odrdjla jkafka fï ksid h' th isxy, iudcfha oS¾> iy ksy~

m%cd;ka;%jdoS úma,jfha w;=re l:dkaorhlao fjhs.4

3 zksy~ m%cd;ka;%jdoS úma,jhZ hk woyi ud Ndú;d lrkafka wkaf;daksfhda .%dïIs kï udlaiajdoS kHdhOrhdf.a “passive revolution” hk m%jdoh wdY%fhks. tu ixl,amfhka meyeos,slrkafka laIKsl iy yosis iudc msmsrSï ;=<ska fkdj, idfmaCI jYfhka oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia fiñka isÿjk mrsj¾;k ls%hdj,Skah.

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

79

Ydia;S%h isxy, NdIdj m%cd;dka;S%h lsÍfï úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,df.a m%h;akfha kHdhsl mokï m%ldY flfrk WoaOD; mdG folla Tn bÈßfha ;eîug uu leue;af;ñ' bka m<uqjekak hlalvqfõ m%{drdu ysñhkaf.ks' fojekak kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhkaf.ks'

1947 § m< l< mxp;ka;%fha isxy, mßj¾;kh jQ jkl;d kï lD;shg ,shQ fmrjofka§ NdIdj ms<sn`o ;u oelau iy m%fõYh m%{didr ysñ meyeÈ,s l<y' ;uka Ndú; l< ir, isxy, NdId Ndú;hg u. fmka jQ zm%Odku m%;sm;a;shZ l=ulaoehs Wkajykafia fufia oelajQy(

m%Odku m%;sm;a;sh kï] isxy, NdIdfjka ,shk fï fmd;" isxy, rfÜ isxy, ñksiqkag isxy, fmd;la lshjkag mq`Mjka ldg jqj;a" lreK fldhs ;rï .eUqre jqj o" lrorhla ke;sj myiqfjka f;areï .kag mq`Mjka jk mßoafoka ,sùuhs'''' fï fmdf;a hï ;ekla hï isxy,fhl=g fkdjegfya kï Bg fya;=j tlaflda Tyq t;ek ´kEjg jeäfhka f,dl=jg nrg .eUqrg ys;=jd úh hq;=hs" ke;akï Tyqg .%ka: NdIdj .ek úkd isxy, NdId ú,dih .ek fyda isxy, jdlH m%fhda. .ek;a fyd`o mqreoaola ke;sjd úh yelsh'

bkamiqj m%{drdu ysñfhda isxy, NdId Ndú;h ms<sn`o ;u m%fõYh fufia ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lr;s(

,xldj iy bkaoshdj ;=< 19jeks ishjfia isg isÿjk m%cd;ka;%jdoS mrsj¾;k l%shdj,sh oS¾> ksy~ m%cd;ka;%jdoS úma,jhla f,i w¾: oelaúh yelsh.

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

80

isxy, wd§ jHjydr NdIdj, md,s" ixialD; jpk ta iajrEmfhkau" ta wl=rej,skau" ta ú,difhkau isákafka l,d;=rlsks' ta ta jHjydr NdIdj l;d lrk ñksiqkafka WÉpdrKhg wkqj md,s ixialD; jpk iajrEmfhkq;a wl=re moj,skq;a ú,difhkq;a fjkia ùu idudkH isß;ls' ta ksidu jHjydr NdIdj, m%;sm;a;sh úh hq;af;a" hï lsis ixialD; jpkhla fjkia ù" hï lsis ú,dihlska ta NdIdfjys jHjydr fõ kï" lshufka§ muKla fkdj" ,shufka§;a ta ú,difhkau ta jpkh jHjydr lsÍuhs' lshufka§ ke;s ixialD; ú,dihla ,shufka§ muKla .kajkag W;aiy lsÍu NdIdfõ jeãug fukau NdIdj ckms%h ùug o nrm;, ndOdjls' ^l=i,Oïu ysñ" zjkl;d .ek l;dZ" 1983( 3&

jHjydr NdIdj iy .%ka: NdIdj jYfhka isxy, NdId jHjydrfha mj;sk fNaoh lD;s%u tlla nj o" th zÔj NdIdjlaZ f,i j¾Okh ùug isxy, NdIdjg we;s úNj;dj j<lajk ydksodhl fn§ula o nj Wkajykafia fmkajd fo;s' fuys§ jHjydr NdIdj hkq fmdÿ ck;djf.a fukau lgjyf¾ o tk NdIdjhs' m%{didr ysñhkaf.a m%h;akh jkdys m%N+ wêldrfha .%yKfhka isxy, NdIdj uqojdf.k th m%cd;dka;S%h iudc Ndú;hla njg h<s ixialrKh lr tu NdIdfõ whs;sh fmdÿ ck;djg ,nd§uls' fuh jkdys kQ;k ,xldfõ ksy~ m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh úiska bgq lrk ,o b;d jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhls'

oeka wms kdrdú, Oïur;k ysñhkaf.a NdIdj ms<sn`o ú.%yh foi yefruq' 1950 .Kkaj, mej;s isxy, NdId Í;sh ms<sn`o újdoh ;=< u;= jQ m%fõY folla Wkajykafia y`ÿkd.ks;s' m<uqjekafkka m%ldY jQfha" ks¾u, jQ;a" ffki¾.sl jQ;a Í;shla we;af;a md,s NdIdfjys muKla ksid" isxy, idys;H f,aLkfha§ wkq.ukh l<

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

81

hq;af;a md,s NdId Í;sh njhs' th fkdms<s.;a wfkla mlaIfha ;¾lh jQfha" wkqrdOmqr hq.fha merKs isxy, iNH;ajh mej;s ir, NdId Í;sh wkq.ukh l< hq;= njhs' fï m%fõY fol kï úfoHdoh msßfjfka iy fy< yjqf,a iïm%odh fol nj fmfka' fï m%fõY folu úfõpkh lrk kdrdú, ysñhkaf.a ;¾lh kï NdId Í;sh ms<sn`o m%Yakh jHdc m%Yakhla nj;a" kshu ld¾hh jkafka ,shkafka ljqreka msKsi o@ l=ula ,súh hq;= o@ hk m%Yakhg ms<s;=re fidhd .ekSu njhs(

wm úiska ljqreka msKsi ,sh hq;= o@ l=ula ,sh hq;= o@ hk m%Yakh úi`od .;a l< NdIdfõ Í;sh jia;=j wd§ ish¨ m%Yak bfíu úif`oa'

,xldfõ ,lajeis ck;djf.ka ishhg 95fofkla f.dùka iy lïlrefjda h' .Kka .; hq;= msßi Tjqyq h' ;ukag lsis whs;shla ke;;a rfÜ wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh r`od mj;akd f;a" rn¾" fmd,a wd§ Ok ksIamdokh lrkafka Tjqyq h' fuda,j, yd lïy,aj, jev lrkafkda Tjqyq h' wfma Èú /lfok wdydr ksmojd fokafkda Tjqyq h' fï rfÜ Ok ksOdk Tjqyq h' ìï w`.=re wdlr Tjqyq h' rka wdlr Tjqyq h' ߧ wdlr Tjqyq h' wm úiska Tjqka .ek ,shhq;= h' Tjqkaf.a m%Yak .ek ,shhq;= h' Tjqkaf.a ÿl iem .ek ,shhq;= h' Tjqkaf.a jeàï yd ke.Sï .ek ,shhq;= h' Tjqkaf.a is;=ï me;=ï .ek ,shhq;= h' Tjqka úiska ,shk fmd;a Tjqka úiskau úfõpkh o l<hq;= h'

fï ienE f,dalfha ienE Ôú;hhs' f;dr;=re ,shkq leue;s ienE f,aLlhka ,laI ixLHd; jQ fï nyqck;dj w;rg hdhq;= h' Tjqka iu. isáhhq;= h' Tjqka iu. jev l<hq;= h' Tjqka iu. igka l<

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

82

hq;= h' Tjqkaf.a iefma§ mS%;s úhhq;= h' Tjqkaf.a ÿfla§ ÿla úhhq;= h' ,shk lshk yeufohlau Tjqkaf.a niskau ,súh hq;= h' hï rpkdjla iqfndaO kï" ir, kï" meyeÈ,s kï" wkdl+, kï" wlmg kï" thu wfma ni úhhq;= h' thu wfma Í;sh úhhq;= h' ^Oïur;k ysñ" yeämkak, m[a[df,dal"

1954( 6-7&.

by; WoaOD;fhka meyeÈ,sj fmfkk mßÈ kdrdú, ysñfhda o fmdÿck NdId jHjydrh ms<sn`o úoHd,xldr ;Sisih ms<s.;ay' tfy;a th ms<s.ekSfï ;¾lkh" hlalvqfõ ysñhkaf.a ;¾lkhg fjkia tlls' th o iDcqju iudcjd§ o¾Ykh fj;ska wdjls' tu ;¾lkfha we;af;a udlaiajd§ mka;s ú.%yhls' fï w;r kdrdú, ysñhka ,shQ Ydia;S%h lD;s ish,a,u mdfya o¾Ykjdoh iy foaYmd,k kHdh idlÉPd lrk" kHdhsl idlÉPd iy újdo o fjhs' tneúka Wkajykafiaf.a f,aLkj, we;af;a hlalvqfõ ysñhkaf.a fuka lgjyf¾ NdIdjla fkdfõ' ;rula Ydia;S%h NdIdjls' tfy;a úoHd,xldr lKavdhfï ish¨u NslaIQka jykafia,d Ndú; l< f,aLk NdIdfõ fmdÿ ,laIK folla Wkajykafiaf.a lD;sj, o ;sìK' m<uqjekak" by; WoaOD;fhka o fmfkk mßÈ" b;d flá iy ir, jdlH Ndú;hhs' fojekak" fmdÿck jHjydrfha we;s Wmud" rEml" mo iy fmdÿck w,xldfrdala;s m%fhda. Ndú; lsÍuhs' isxy, NdIdj ks¾-m%N+ lsÍu Wkajykafia,d isxy, iudch iy ixialD;sh m%cd;d;a;s%l lsÍfï ls%hdj,shg isÿ l< jeo.;a odhl;ajhls' uqøK Ys,amh Okjdofha jHdma;sh ;=< W.;a .sys iy meúÈ m%N+ ;ka;% úiska fmdÿ ck;djg wysñ lrkq ,enQ NdIdfõ ysñlu Tjqka fj; kej; ,nd§fï mßj¾;kd;aul m%h;akhls'45

5 úoHd,xldr NslaIQka jykafia,d u;= l< ziudc m%YakhZ ;=< mSä; l=,j, ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn| lreK lsisfia;a u;= fkdjQ nj o wm úiska igyka lr.; hq;a;ls. Th wurmqr iy rdu[a[ ksldh úiskao iDcqj u;= fkdlrkq ,enQ iudc m%Yakhls. wurmqr ksldh iy tys YdLd, ishï ksldfha l=,

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

83

hlalvqfõ iy kdrdú, ysñjrekaf.a fuu m%fõYfhka ksfhdackh jQfha kQ;k isxy, NdId jHjydrh ms<sn| l;sldfõ isÿjQ iudc

Ndú;uh yeÍu (practice turn) hs.

iudf,dapkh

wm by;ska idlÉPdjg Ndckh l< úoHd,xldr msßfjfkka ìys jQ úiïuq;sljd§ NslaIQka jykafia,d iy 1959 jif¾§ msysgqjk ,o úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,h w;r we;af;a ljr iïnkaOhla o@ uf.a woyig wkqj th jkdys wu;l fkdl< hq;=" kej; u;=lr .; hq;= iïnkaO;djls'

úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha m<uq Wml=,m;s jQ lsßj;a;=vqfõ m%{didr kdhl iajdóka jykafia mßfõkdêm;sj isá iy úoHd,xldr NslaIq lKavdhfï isá ksy`v idudðlfhl= o jQy' m[a[dls;a;s" m%{didr iy isß iSj,S hk iajdóka jykafia,d úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha wdpd¾hjreka o" uydpd¾hjreka iy mSGdêm;sjreka jYfhka o fiajh l<y' Wkajykafia,df.a fndfyda Ydia;S%h .%ka: m<jQfha 1950 iy 1960 hk oYlj,§ h' tfy;a Wkajykafia,d f,aLk ld¾hhg nei ;snqfKa Bg fmr oYlfha h' Wkajykafia,df.a foaYmd,k fukau nqoaêuh Ôú;j,g ;SrKd;aul wkqm%dKfhka ,ndÿka rdyq, idxlD;Hdhk m`ä;=ud" 1959 jif¾§ úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha o¾Ykjdoh ms<sn`o fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wdêm;Hhg tfrysj my;rg, w;rueo (intermediate) iy mSä; l=,j,ska t,a,jQ iudcuh le/,a,la jqjo, tu le/,af,a ;sì iudc úoHd;aul w¾:h ;ju;a ;sfnkafka tu ksldfha ks, b;sydil:khg we;=,alr.kafka ke;sjh. ,xldfõ jfï jHdmdrh o mSä; l=,j, ck;djf.a iudc mSvkh iy whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%Yakh tys jevms<sfj, ;=< u;= flf<a ke;. zmSä; ck;djf.a whs;sjdislïZ hk ks¾-l=, mohg jfï jHdmdrh jvd;a leu;s jQ nj fmfka. fï w;r úoHd,xldr úiïuq;sl NslaIq jHdmdrh, bkaoshdfõ wdpd¾h wïfnâld¾ kdhl;ajh ÿka fn!oaO iudc úuqla;s jHdmdrh ;rï /äl,a fkdjQ nj o wmg ksrSCIKh lsrSug isÿ fõ.

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

84

wdrïNl uydpd¾h Oqrh i`oyd fojk jrg;a ,xldjg meñKsfha h' t;=ukag o¾Ykjdo fomd¾;fïka;=j wdrïN lr tys m%:u uydpd¾hjrhd f,i wdrdOkd l< fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s iy hlalvqfõ m%{drdu ysñjre" 1929-1933 ld,j, msßfjfka§ idxlD;Hdhk m`ä;=udf.ka ixialD; NdIdj iy idys;Hh;a" o¾Ykjdoh;a bf.k.;a YsIHfhda jQy' tu wLKav;dj fj;ska m%ldYhg m;ajQfha kQ;k isxy, iudc mßj¾;kfha;a" kQ;k ,dxlsl nqÿoyfï;a" kQ;k isxy, nqoaê ks¾ñ;fha;a b;d jeo.;a me;slvls' th hg;aúð; iy mYapd;a hg;aúð; ,xldfõ kQ;k;aj iy m%cd;dka;s%l mßj¾;kh iïnkaO úiïuq;sl l;kaor .Kkdjla w;r ;sfnk jeo.;a iudka;r wdLHdkhla o fjhs'

kQ;k ,dxlsl iudcfha;a" ,xldfõ kQ;k f:rjd§ ix> iïm%odfha;a" nqoaê iïm%odfha;a j¾Okh iy úldYkh ms<sn`o wm i;=j oekg ;sfnk wiïmQ¾K f;areï .ekSï iïmQ¾K lsÍug kï isxy, fn!oaO iudcfha 18 jeks ishjfia isg 1950 oYlh olajd ìys jQ úiïuq;sl nqoaêuh m%h;ak iy pQ, iïm%odhhka .ek Ydia;S%h Wkkaÿjla wm úiska we;s lr.; hq;=j ;sfí' hg;aúð; iudch ;=< hg;aùfï (subjection) brKfï fkdisg iudc mßj¾;kd;aul f,i l¾;D;ajh (agency) ;uka fj; mjrd.;a fï pQ, iïm%odhhka wm rfÜ m%Odk m%jdyfha b;sydilrKfhka o neyer lr we;s tajd h' tajd jkdys le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha Ydia;%{hska iy úoHd¾Òka o ;jÿrg;a fkdi,ld fkdyeßh hq;= Ydia;S%h ld¾hhla fjhs' le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h wdrïN lsÍfï iaurKh fumßÈ w¨;a lr.ekSu" ksIaM, jHdhduhla fkdjkq we;af;a o túghs' wm mQ¾j.dñlhka iaurKh l< hq;af;a Tjqkag jkaokd lsÍug muKla fkdfõ¦ Tjqkaf.a nqoaêuh Wreuj,ska wdf,dalh ,nd.ekSug o fjhs'

chfoaj Whkaf.dv

85

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh l=i,Oïu ysñ" je,ñáhdfõ" 1983' hlalvqfõ kdysñhkaf.a O¾u

Ydia;S%h ,sms' úoHd,ldr uqøKd,h' Oïur;k ysñ" kdrdú," 1952' nqÿiuh yd udlaiajdoh' kdrdú, l%u

ixúOdkh' Oïur;k ysñ" kdrdú," 1954' yeämkak, m[a[df,dal" 1903-1953'

kdrdú, l%u ixúOdkh' Oïur;k ysñ" kdrdú," 1957' nqÿoyu kej; fidhd .ekSu' weï'ã'

.=Kfiak iy iud.u' Oïur;k ysñ" kdrdú," 1959' ,xldfõ brKu mj;afka

iudcjdofhys o nqÿoyfuys o@ weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'

Oïur;k ysñ" kdrdú," 1964' y`og hEu" uyK ùu iy iq.; úkh' weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'

Oïur;k ysñ" kdrdú, iy yeämkak, m[a[df,dal ysñ" 1950' Ndr;Sh o¾Yk' kdrdú, l%u ixúOdkh'

m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" fldgfyafka" 1940' idys;Hh yd iudch' úoHd,ldr uqøKd,h'

m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" fldgfyafka" 1950' wd.u yd iudch' úoHd,ldr uqøKd,h'

m%{drdu ysñ" hlalvqfõ" 1947' jk l;d' úoHd,xldr iNdj' m%{drdu ysñ" hlalvqfõ" 1970' meúÈ u." iiqka u. iy wfma

.ukau.' úoHd,xldr iNdj' rdyq, ysñ" j,afmd<" 1946' NslaIqjf.a Wreuh' iajia;sl uqøKd,h' rdyq, ysñ" j,afmd<" 1992' if;Hdoh' weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda' úl%uisxy" ud¾áka" 1970' zm[a[dls;a;s ysñhkaf.a idys;H fiajhg

WÑ; WmydrhZ" meúÈ u." iiqka u. iy wfma .ukau.' m%{drdu ysñ" hlalvqfõ( 56-63'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

86

irKxlr ysñ" Wvlekaoj,' igkl igyka' ck;d f,aLl fmruqK'

isß iSj,S ysñ" nU/kafoa" 1953' ,shk l,dj' .%ka:df,dal' isß iSj,S ysñ" nU/kafoa" 1963' l,d my' uel,ï fmd;ay,' Chatterjee, Partha, 1985. Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A

Deivative Discourse? Zed Books.

Liyanaga, Gunadasa, 1995. On the Path. Buddhist Cultural Centre.

Phadnis, Urmila, 1976. Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka. Manohar

Books.

Rahula, Walpola, 1974. The Heritage of the Bhikkhu. Grove Press.

Seneviratne, H.L., 1999. The Work of Kings: The New Buddhism in Sri

Lanka, Chicago University Press.

kQ;k isxy, iudcfha l=,h

m%ikak o fidhsid

idïm%odhsl u;h

fif,iaáka fnda.af,a l=, m%cd i|yd zújdyh iy wdY%h" Y%u úNckh iy OQrdj,sh hk ldrKdj, § fjka lsÍu u.ska tlsfkl yd fjkia lrk ,o iy tlsfklg iïnkaO lrk ,o mrïmrd.; lKavdhïZ hk ks¾jpkh ,nd § we; ^vqukaÜ 1999( 21&' fnda.af,a úiska m< lrk ,o Essays on the Caste System lD;sfhys l=, l%ufhys mokï ;=kla .ek i|yka fõ( ^1& /lshdfõ mdrïmßl iqúfYaISlrKh ^2& OQrdj,sh ^3& tla lKavdhula wfkla lKavdhfuka ÿria:Ndjhla mj;ajd .ekSu ^Y¾ud 2005( 13&'

Ô' tia' >Q¾fha l=, l%uhl ,laIK yhla bÈßm;a lrhs' tajd kï( ^1& iudch fldgiaj,g fnod fjka lsÍu ^2& OQrdj,sh ^3& wdydr .ekSu iy iudc iïnkaO;d i|yd iSud mekùu ^4& we;eï fldgiaj, isú,a iy wd.ñl wYlakq;d iy we;eï fldgia i;= jrm%ido ^5& ksoyfia /lshdjla f;dard .ekSug wjldYhla ke;s nj ^6& újdyhg we;s iSud ^>Q¾fha 2008( 39-54&'

ygka l=,h olskafka ñKqïo~q y;lsks( ^1& wka;¾ckH ^l=,h ;=< isÿ jk& újdyh ^2& fjkia l=, w;r iyfNdackh ^tlaj wdydr .ekSu& ms<sn`o iSud ^3& OQrdj,sh ^4& my< l=,hl wfhl= iu. iyfNdað;ajh ^tlg wdydr .ekSu&" ,sx.sl iïnkaO;d meje;aùu" j;dj;aj,g iyNd.s ùu ksid by< l=,hl wfhl= wmú;% ùu ^5& l=,hlg wh;a idïm%odhsl /lshdjla mej;Su ^6& ;;ajh Wm;ska ;SrKh ùu ^7& iuia; moaO;sh n%dyauKhkag ,nd fok kïnqj jgd fhduq ùu ^,SÉ 1979( 2-3&'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

88

l=,h ms<sn| fuu woyia miqìfï ;nd f.k ,dxflah l=,fha úúO me;s ms<sn|j wmf.a idlÉPdj lrd fhduq fjuq'

l=,h iy l=, l%uh

l=,h furg ;=< ìys ù j¾Okh jQjla fkdj wfkl=;a fndfyda iudÔh iy ixialD;sl wx. fuka bkaÈhdkq iïNjhla we;a;ls ^rhka 2004( 5&' tfy;a fuys § wm u;l ;nd .; hq;a;la o we;' tkï" th ,xldfõ uq,a nei .;af;a bkaÈhdkq l=, l%uhg jvd fjkia wdldrhlska njhs' fuh ,dxflah ikao¾Nh ;=< l=,fhys iqúfYaIS ;;ajhls' n%hsia rhka fuh fufia olajd we;( zisxy, l=, jHqyh f;areï .eksfï § jeo.;au idOlh jkafka" fmdÿfõ i,lkq ,nk wdldrfhka" isxy,hka nqoaOd.u wdrlaId lr .ekSu fkdj isxy,hka n%dyauKhka wdrlaId lr fkd.ekSuhsZ ^rhka 2004( 8&' fuu fya;=j ksid isxy, iudcfha l=,h hg;a msßfihska uykqjr hq.h jk úg j;a" fndfyda fihska ksrd.ñl ù ;snqK nj meyeÈ,sh' fï .ek /,a*a mSßia fufia olajhs( zftysl ùug ^f,!lsl ùug& ;=vq ÿka lreKq l=,h r|d mej;s hdcl moku uq,skqmqgd ±óug ;rï iu;a jqj o Yla;su;a uOHu wdKavqjl md,k ;ka;%h uÕska l=,h kue;s ixia:dj taldnoaO lrk ,o w;r u thg tla;rd kS;Hkql+, uqyqKqjrla o fok ,ÈZ ^mSßia 2001( 193&' zfï whqßka" l=,h ftysl lrk ,ÿj tys hdcl ^wd.ñl& mokfuka uq,skqmqgd oukd ,oafoa ù kuqÿ ;okka;r j rch úiska thg kS;Hkql+, uqyqKqjrla § th ;sßyka njg o muqKqjk ,ÈZ ^mSßia 2001( 193&'

úldYk l%shdj,sh

idudkH iajdNdúl iudc ixj¾Ok udj;la Tiafia .uka fkdlsÍu fya;= fldg f.k ,dxflah l=,fha úúO ixlS¾K;d ±l .; yel'

m%ikak o fidhsid

89

mQ¾j hg;a úð; l=, l%uh ke;fyd;a l=, jevjiï l%uh flfrys OfkaYajr l%ufha n,mEu jeo.;a ixisoaêhls' tneúka" l=, l%ufha mßKduh ms<sn| idlÉPdfõ § ,xldfõ mej;s OfkaYajr l%uh iy Okm;s mx;sfha iajNdjh Rcqju wod< fõ' ld¾ñl m%d.aOkhla iy iajdëk Okm;s mx;shla fkdue;s ùfï iqúfYaIS ;;ajh ksidu ,dxlsl OfkaYajr l%uh ld¾ñl OfkaYajr iudcj, mej;s OfkaYajr l%ufhka fjkia jk nj chj¾Ok ^2007& iy nKavdrf.a ^1985& fmkajd fo;s'

tlS OfkaYajr l%ufha iy Okm;s mx;sfha iqúfYaIS iajNdjh ksidu jevjiï l%uh wfydais ù fkd.sh w;r thg mQ¾j OfkaYajr l%ufha mej;s wdldrfhka mej;Sug iy úldYkh ùug bvla ,enqfKa o ke;'

ksõgka .=Kisxy l=,h ms,sn| úYaf,aIKhl fhfoñka m%ldY lrkafka ,xldfõ ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh flfrys hg;a úð; md,lhkaf.a ueÈy;a ùula isÿ fkdjQfha kï zfuu fm!rdKsl iïnkaO;d iajdNdúl urKhlg m;a úh yelsj ;snqK njhsZ ^.=Kisxy 1990( 198&' hg;a úð; ueÈy;a ùu ,xldfõ fndfyda iudc ixialD;sl wdh;kj,g lrk ,o iqúYd, fjkialï w;r l=,hg iy l=, l%uhg lrk ,o fjkialï o m%Odk ;ekla .kS' fuu hg;a úð; ueÈy;a ùu l=udß chj¾Ok iQ;%.; fldg olajkafka fufiah( zhg;a úð;jdofha iy Okjdofha ke.Su iu. jevjiï l%uh wfydais fkdjqK w;r tys fndfyda l%shd ud¾. ksr;=rej il%Sh lsÍu" Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu iy Yla;su;a lsÍu hg;a úð; md,lhka iy foaYSh Okm;shka úiska lrkq ,eîhZ ^chj¾Ok 2007( 358&'

l=,fha úldYk l%shdj,sh wjê ;=kla Tiafia i,ld ne,sh yel' mQ¾j hg;a úð; l=, l%uh" hg;a úð; l=, l%uh iy mYapdoa hg;a úð; l=, l%uh hkqfjks' fulS tla tla wjêh ms<sn|j bÈßfha § idlÉPdjg Ndckh flf¾'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

90

isxy, iudcfha l=,h

mQ¾j hg;a úð; isxy, l=,fha iajNdjh ms<sn|j úuiSulg uq,skau fhduq fjuq' /,a*a mSßiaf.a isxy, iudc ixúOdkh - uykqjr hq.h lD;sh ta i`oyd m%fhdackj;ah' fuu lD;sh uykqjr hq.fha Wvrg rdcOdkshg iSud ù we;' tfia jqj;a" my;rgg úfYaIs; jQ we;eï l=, Wvrg iq,Nj olakg fkd,eîu jeks ;;ajhla mej;sh;a" mQ¾j hg;a úð; isxy, l=,fha idudkH iajNdjh ms<sn`oj tu.ska meyeÈ,s woyila we;s lr .; yelsh'

zl=,h bmer‚ ld,fha § kshu lrk ,o" fjkia l< fkdyels brKulehs hk úYajdih ksid ;ukg jvd Wiia l=,slhkag fufyjr lsÍu" ;uka fj; mejÍ we;s hq;=lula fia ySk l=,slfhda ksy`v j ms<s.;a yZ ^mSßia 2001( 185&' l=,h u; mokï jQ OQrd,shla ia:dmkh ù mej;s nj fuhska meyeÈ,s h' ;ukg jvd Wiia l=,j, whg ;ukg jvd Wiia l=,j, whf.ka fiajh ,nd .ekSfï ;;ajhla mej;s nu o Tyq olajhs ^mSßia 2001( 188&'

l=,h u.ska ukqIH p¾hdj u; mkjk ,o iSud mQ¾j hg;a úð; l=, l%uh ;=< olakg ,enQ wdldrh mSßia fufia úia;r lrhs( zl=, folla w;r jQ iïnkaO;dj isß;a úß;a iy iudc jyr wkqj ;SrKh jqK w;r" úúO l=, w;r olakg ;snqKq iudc mr;rh fnfyúka fjkia úh''' ySk l=,sl bvï ysñhdf.a ksjfiys § lsis u úfgl Tjqyq wdydr wkqNj fkd l<y' we`ÿï me<`ÿï o ilia jQfha l=,h wkqj hZ ^mSßia 2001( 190&' zish l=,fhka neyerj ysr .kqfokq lsÍu iïmQ¾Kfhka u ;ykï h' fjk;a jpkj,ska lsj fyd;a" l=,h wka;¾ckH újdyfhka iïm%hqla; hZ ^mSßia 2001( 191&'

fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jk lreK kï mQ¾j hg;a úð; hq.fha ,xldfõ mej;s l=,fha iajNdjh l=,h ms<sn| uq,ska i|yka lrk ,o iïNdjH$idïm%odhsl woyia$ks¾jpk iu. fyd`Èka .e<fmk njhs' tfy;a mYapdoa hg;a úð; l=,h i`oyd by; lSs woyia$ks¾jpk ta whqßkau wod< fkdfõ' ^th bÈßfha § idlÉPdjg Ndckh flf¾&'

m%ikak o fidhsid

91

hg;a úð; iuh ;=< § l=,h hk m%mxph hï fjkilg Ndckh ù we;' th ljr wdldrfha fjkila ±hs úuid n,uq'

OfkaYajr l%uh" hg;a úð; md,lhka úiska ,dxlsl iudc foayh u; wêia:dmkh lrk ,oaola ke;fyd;a thg noaO lrk ,oaols' tys §" tjlg mej;s mQ¾j OfkaYajr iudc ixia:d Tjqkaf.a wd¾Ól iQrdlEfï l%shdj,sh i|yd Ndú; l< yels wjia:dj, § Ndú; lrkq ,enQ w;r tu l%shdj,shg ndOd jk wjia:dj, § tajd hgm;a lsßu fyda wfydais lsÍu lrkq ,eîh' ^noao ixúOdk mj;ajd f.k hdu uq,a lreKg WodyrKhla jk w;r flda,anDDla-leurka m%;sixialrK u.ska rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu fojekakg WodyrKhls&' fuu ;;ajh u.ska we;s lrk ,o m%;sM,h ksõgka .=Kisxy ksÍlaIKh fldg we;af;a l=,h iy mx;sh hk foflys meje;au iy tlsfkflys wka;¾ úksú§u fya;=fjka tajd foflysu iajNdjh fjkilg Ndckh ù we;s njhs ^.=Kisxy 1990( 135&' ta wkqj" hg;a úð; md,k iuh ;=< úúO úmßKduj,g Ndckh jQ l=,h iy l=, l%uh mYapdoa hg;a úð; iuh ;=<g m%fõY jkafka kQ;k m%mxphla f,isks'

uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, isÿ jQ fjkialï

hg;a úð; md,k iuh ;=< we;s jQ iudcd¾Ól fjkia ùu lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj hk uqyqÿnv l=, Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj i|yd myiq mßirhla ks¾udKh lf<a h' fuu ld,h ;=< l=,j, /lshd lghq;= iy OQrdj,s.; ia:dkj, fjkia ùï we;s jQ nj chj¾Ok ^2007( 164& fmkajd fohs' fuu ck fldgia bkaÈhdfõ isg ,xldjg ixl%uKh jQfha hg;a úð; md,k iuh wdrïN ùug fmr ishjia lsysmfha § h' ,xld iudch ;=< Tjqkaf.a flá b;sydih fya;=fjka Tõyq zidïm%odhsl moaO;sh ;=<g mQ¾K jYfhka wkq.; fkdjQyZ ^frdnÜia 1973( 280&' fuu ;;ajh .ek chj¾Ok my; ±lafjk ksÍlaIKh lr we;( lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj l=, f.dú.u l=,hg

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

92

zfiajdZ iemhQ l=, fkdjQ w;r Tõyq ì%;dkH md,k iufha mej;s wd¾Ól wjia:d Wlyd .;ay ^chj¾Ok 2012( 19&' ;jo" fudjqkag ixl%uKh ùu i|yd mej;s wjldYh;a f;dard .ekSu i|yd jQ ksoyi;a ksid Tjqyq hg;a úð; md,kh úiska újD; lrk ,o kj wd¾Ól wjia:dj, jdish ,nd .; yels ;;ajhl miq jQy ^chj¾Ok 2007( 168&' Tjqka ù j.dj flfrys wvqfjka ne£ isàu" fj<|fmd< iu. ióm nj" iïm%odh iu. wvq ne£u iy wdl,amj, kuHYS,S nj fuu ;;ajh i|yd fya;= jQ ;j;a lreKq jYfhka frdnÜia olajhs ^frdnÜia 1973( 280&'

mQ¾j hg;a úð; l=, l%ufha i,d.u l=,h idfmalaIj my;a uÜgul mej;s w;r hg;a úð; iuh ;=< we;s jQ iudcd¾Ól mßj¾;kh fya;=fjka Tõyq OQrdj,sfha by< uÜgula w;a lr.;ay' o is,ajd fuh olskafka l=re÷ taldêldrh flfrys i,d.uhkaf.a jákdlu fya;= fldg f.k Tjqkg tf;la fkdmej;s wdldrfha jrm%ido úYd, m%udKhla ysñ jQ njhs ^o is,ajd 2005( 319&' fld;,dj, ^1968( 318-19& iy u,,af.dv ^1976( 94& o fuu ;;ajh ksÍlaIKh lr;s' 1708 § m%:u jrg i,d.u l=,hg uqo,s ;k;=rla m%odkh lrkq ,eîu" Tjqkag 19 jk ishji wdrïNh jk úg ,xldfõ ksß; È. m%foaYfha l=, OQrdj,sfha by<u uÜgug ysñlï mEug yelshdjla we;s lrk ,o nj fld;,dj, m%ldY lrhs ^fld;,dj, 1988( 67&' fuu ;;ajh .ek olajk chj¾Ok ^2007( 25& i|yka lrkafka l=re÷ lafIa;%fha úfoaYsl md,lhkag iemhQ fiajd u.ska i,d.uhka bvï iy ;;ajh hk folu w;a lr.;a njhs'

frdnÜia by; ;;ajhg iudka;r ;;ajhla lrdj l=,h iïnkaOfhka fufia olajhs( zTjqkaf.a wd¾Ól id¾:l;ajfha m%;sM,h jYfhka 19 jk ishji w. jk úg lrdj m%N+kaf.a ;;ajh iy n,h ´,kao hq.fha wjidkfha iy ì%;dkH hq.fha uq,a ld,fha mej;shdg jvd yd;amiskau fjkia úhZ ^frdnÜia 1995( 10&' o is,ajd m%ldY lrkafka 18 jk ishji w. iy 19 jk ishji uq, i,d.u

m%ikak o fidhsid

93

l=,h ±rE ;;ajhg iudk uÜgulg 19 jk ishji w. Nd.h jk úg lrdj l=,h <`.d jQ njhs ^o is,ajd 2005( 424&' lrdj ck;dj úiska bgq lrk ,o ls%hd ´,kao md,khg mjd úYd, jYfhka jeo.;a úh' WodyrK jYfhka uqyqÿnv iy rg ;=< m%jdyk lghq;=" f;dgqm,j, nvq megùu iy nEu wdÈh ±laúh yel ^fld;,dj, 1988( 64-5&' ld¾ñlhkaf.a m%Odk fldgi lrdj l=,fha jQ w;r Tõyq jvq l¾udka;h iy fndaÜgq ;ekSu wdÈfhys úfYaI{;djla ±lajQy' ´,kao md,lhkaf.a wkq.%yh hgf;a o Tjqkag hï m%d.aOkhla talrdYs lr .; yels úh ^chj¾Ok 2007( 21&'

mQ¾j OfkaYajr fiajd u; jQ ne£ula fkdue;s ùu" ´,kao hq.fha /lshd úúOdx.SlrKh ùu by; lS mßÈ Okhla talrdYs lr .ekSug fya;= úh' Tjqyq ì%;dkH hq.fha Wod jQ wd¾Ól wjia:dj, fh§ug ;rï wd¾Ól jYfhka Yla;su;a jQy' lrdj l=,fha wd¾Ól iuDoaêh i|yd úfYaI fya;=jla jQfha u;ameka fj<|duhs ^chj¾Ok 2007( 42" frdnÜia 1995( 108&' chj¾Ok ;j ÿrg;a fmkajd fokafka 1832 § uq,doEkSkag wrlal= f¾kao lghq;=j, fh§u ;ykï lsÍu u.ska bka miq ld,fha § lrdj l=,h wrlal= f¾kao lghq;=j, wdêm;HOdÍ ;;ajhlg m;alrk ,o njhs ^chj¾Ok 2007( 54&'

j;= j.dfõ wdrïNh o lrdj l=,hg fohdldrhlska jdis f.k ÿkafka h' tla w;lska j;=j, fukau kd.ßl wxYfha o lïlrejka i|yd wrlal= fj<|du mq¿,a ùula isÿ jQ w;r wfkla w;ska j;= j.dju Ofkda;amdok ud¾.hka úh ^chj¾Ok 2007( 50&' meÜßla mSí,aia olajkafka lrdj l=,hg isxy, iudcfha m%N+ ;;ajhla we;s jkafka fldams j.dfõ id¾:lu wjêh jQ 1870 .Kkaj, § njhs' th kïnqj iy n,h w;ska lrdj l=,fha id¾:lu jQ wjêh njhs ^mSí,aia 1995( 263&'

hg;a úð;jd§ iudcd¾Ól mßKduh yuqfõ ,dxflah l=, l%ufhys isÿ jQ fjkia ùu ms<sn| mSßiaf.a ksÍlaIKh by; ;;ajh iQ;%.; lr olajhs( zoykj jeks ishjfia w.Nd.fha § mek ke`.s l=,jdo jeks foa uykqjr hq.fha § kï fkdis;k ,o úrE h' hï lsis my;a

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

94

l=,hla ;uka lS¾;su;a wdÈ mqreIhl= f.ka mejf;kakka nj mejiqj o zjeo.;aZ Woúhg jvd ;uka Wiia hehs ryfia jqj o fkdlshkq we;' tfy;a oykj jeks ishjfia wmrNd.fha § lrdfõ m;s%ldlrefjda m%cd;ka;%jdofha fijK hgf;a wdrlaIdj ,ndf.k"

;u l=,h wka lsis u l=,hlg – —jeo.;a Woúhg˜ o –

fkdfofjks nj mejiQ yZ ^mSßia 2001( 190&'

hg;a úð; iuh ;=< jHdma; jQ m%jdyk fiajd ksid mQ¾j hg;a úð; iufha l=, w;r mej;s ¥ria:Ndjh mj;ajd .ekSfï wjldYh ÿ¾j, flreKs' lkakka.r fï ms<sn|j fufia mjihs( z19 jeks ishjfia ÿïßh .ukd.ukh;a" 20 jeks ishjfia nia .ukd.ukh;a we;s jqKd' ÿïßh ueÈßfha fyda niaj, l=, fNao meje;aùug bvla ;snqfKa keyeZ ^lkakka.r 1965( 28&' l¾udka; Yd,d ìys ùu;a tajdfha /lshd ieug újD; ùu;a ksid ish¨ l=,j, ;eke;a;kag tlaj jev lsÍug isÿ ùu fya;=fjka l=, w;r ¥ria:Ndjh mj;ajd .ekSfï yelshdjla fkdùh'

kd.ÍlrKh fya; =fjka úúO .%dñh m%foaYj,ska meñ‚ mqoa.,hkag kd.ßl mßirh ;=< l=,j,g fjka jQ m%foaY mj;ajd .ksñka mÈxÑ ùfï yelshdjla fkdùh' tu idOlh o kd.ßl ikao¾Nh ;=< l=, ¥ria:Ndjh ì| jeàug fya;= úh' kd.ßl wdmk Yd,dj, wdydr .eksfï § Wia my;a fNaohlska f;drj ish,a,kag tl ia:dkhl wdydr .ekSug isÿ jQ w;r tu.ska iyfNdað;ajh ms<sn| ;yxÑh mj;ajd .; yelalla fkdùh'

m%cd;ka;%jdoh iudc.; ùu o l=,h iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a fjkilg u. mdok ,§' mQ¾j hg;a úð; hq.fha isg mj;ajd f.k wd we÷ï me<÷ï ms<sn| Í;s fukau wduka;%Kh lsÍfï Í;s wdÈh o m%cd;ka;%jdofha idrO¾u iu. mej;s mriamr;djh fya;=fjka l%ufhka wNdjhg .sfhah'

m%ikak o fidhsid

95

Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj

hg;a úð; md,k iuh ;=< we;s jQ iudcd¾Ól fjkia ùu fya;=fjka lrdj i,d.u iy ÿrdj hk l=,j, isÿ jQ Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj yqÿ mqoa., noaO ip,;djlg jvd iuia; l=, m%cdjl ip,;djla jYfhka ye¢kaúh yel' fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a" fuu l=,j, wh ;ks mqoa.,hka jYfhka iudcfha by< uÜgulg ysñlï mEulg jvd iïmQ¾K l=,h jYfhka by< uÜgulg ysñlï mEula isÿj we;'

u;ameka jHdmdr j¾Okfha § {d;s;ajh iy l=,h fnfyúka m%fhdackhg .kq ,eîh ^chj¾Ok 2007( 111&' fuu ;;ajh ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lrk frdnÜia m%ldY lrkafka Tyqf.a wOHhkhg úIh jk ld,mßÉfþoh ^tkï 1500 - 1931& ;=< lrdj l=,fha jHdmdßlhka /lshdj,g n|jd .ekSfï § iajlSh l=,hg wkq.%yh ±lajQ njhs ^frdnÜia 1995( 127&' Tyq ;j ÿrg;a olajkafka wd¾Ól m%;s,dN l=,h ;=<u me;sÍu u.ska l=,hla jYfhka Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj ,nd .ekSug yels jQ nj;a h ^frdnÜia 1995( 286&'

chj¾Ok o fï ms<sn|j fufia ksÍlaIKh lrhs( zúisjk ishjfia uq,a ld,fha werö È.ska È.g l%shd;aul jQ bx.%Sis W.;a ;reKhka ol=fKa .ïj,ska úYd, jYfhka fld<Ug ixl%uKh ùu lems fmfkkakla úh' l=, iy {d;s iïnkaO;d Tjqka .fuys r|jd ;nd .ekSu fjkqjg Tjqkag .fuka msg ùu i|yd Wmldß úh' fld<U /lshd wjia:d Wod lr f.k ;snqK wh tys § Tjqkaf.a {d;Skag Woõ lsßu u.ska Tjqkaf.a .ñka msgùu Èßu;a l<yZ ^chj¾Ok 2012( 26-27&'

hg;a úð; md,kh mj;ajd .ekSu i`oyd wjYH iajfoaYSh fiajlhka ìys lr .ekSu i|yd hg;a úð; md,khg k;= jQ m%foaYj, wOHdmk wjia:d we;s lsÍu o isÿ úh' ì%;dkH hq.fha § bx.%Sis udOH wOHdmk i`oyd m%fõYh újD; lrkq ,eîu o by; l=, ;=kg jdisodh; ;;ajhla f.k ÿkafka h' hg;a úð; md,kh

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

96

ìys lrk ,o wd¾Ól wjia:d fya;=fjka lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj l=,j, ;eke;a;ka tla /ia lr.;a wd¾Ól m%d.aOkh B<`. mrmqf¾ wOHdmkh i`oyd" úfYaIfhkau" úfoaYSh wOHdmkh o we;=<;aj jeo.;a iy iudÔh jákdlulska hq;a jD;a;Skag fhduq jk wOHdmkhla i`oyd fhdod .ekq‚' fuh wd¾Ól m%d.aOkh ixialD;sl m%d.aOkhg mßj¾;kh lsÍuls'1 wOHdmk myiqlïj, jHdma;sh;a iu. 2 jk iy 3 jk mx;sfha f.dhs.u ;eke;a;kag iy f.dhs.u fkdjkakkag tlS myiqlï u.ska Wvql=re iudc ip,;djg ud¾.hla jYfhka kïnqldr /lshdj,g m%fõY úh yels úh' fuu f.dhs.u fkdjkakka w;ßka lemS fmfkkafka lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj l=,j,g wh;a mqoa.,hka iy mjq,a h ^frdnÜia 1995( 11&' ,xldfõ uq,au ffjoHjßhka ;sfokd i,d.u l=,fha ;eke;a;shka ùu fuu ;;ajh i`oyd ;j;a idlaIshla fjhs ^chj¾Ok 2012( 132&'

mSí,aia lrdj l=,h iïnkaOfhka fuu ;;ajhg wod< jeo.;a WodyrKhla olajhs( 19 jk ishji uq,a Nd.fha § isxy, kS;s{hka uqo,sjrekaf.a mjq,aj, wh jQ kuq;a tu ishjfia fojk Nd.h jk úg lrdj l=,fha Okj;=ka Tjqkaf.a ;ek .;a w;r lrdj kS;s{hkaf.a ixLHdj f.dhs.u kS;s{ ixLHdj blau jQ njhs ^mSí,aia 1995( 260&'

fojk mrmqr ;=<ska iudcuh jYfhka wdl¾IŒh iy f.!rjkSh jD;a;slhka ìys ùu;a tlS jD;a;Ska i`oyd mej;s wd¾Ól wjldY;a úuiSfï § m%ldY l< yelafla ta jk úg jD;a;Sh ksmqK;d u.ska

1 wd¾Ól lafIa;%fhka Tífnys o m%d.aOkh hkak w¾: .kajk mshf¾ fnd¾Èhq" wd¾Ól ^economic&" ixialD;sl ^cultural& iy iudÔh ^social& m%d.aOkh jYfhka mq¿,a whqßka m%d.aOkh hkak ixl,am .; lrhs' m%d.aOkfha tla wdldrhla fjk;a wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh l< yel' fuu wdldr ;=ku ixfla;uh m%d.aOkh ^symbolic capital& njg o mßj¾;kh l< yel' wd¾Ól m%d.aOkhg uqo,a iy foam, o" ixialD;sl m%d.aOkhg wOHdmkh" ksmqk;d" fi!kao¾hd;aul reÑh o iudÔh m%d.aOkhg iïnkaO;d cd," ne¢hd",eÈhd wdÈh o ixfla;uh m%d.aOkhg lS¾;sh" f.!rjh" wdêm;Hfha iqcd;Ndjh o wh;a fjhs'

m%ikak o fidhsid

97

Okh bmhSfï úNjhla mej;s njhs' th wOHdmkh f,iska Wmhd .;a ixialD;sl m%d.aOkh wd¾Ól m%d.aOkh iy ixfla;uh m%d.aOkh (symbolic capital) njg mßj¾;kh lsÍuls' fuu ;;ajh tlS l=,j, Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj i`oyd fyd¢kau bjy,a jQ nj meyeÈ,s h'

hg;a úð; md,k iufh a § wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha bÈßhg meñ‚hd fukau iudÔh lafIa;%fha o lemS fmfkk m%.;shla w;a lr .eksug fuu l=, iu;a úh' tla wjia:djl § uqo,s l%ufha by<u ;k;=r jk uyuqo,s ;k;=r f.dhs.u fkdjkafkl= ±rE nj mSí,aia fmkajd fohs ^1995( 259&' mqKH lghq;= iy fmdÿ lghq;= i|yd odhl ùu u.ska Tjqkag tla w;lska hg;a úð; md,lhkaf.ka kïnqkdu iy ;k;=re wdÈh ,nd .; yels jQ w;r wfkla w;ska wdKavqldrjrhd" ìfIdmajre iy ks,Odß;ka;%h iu. in|;d we;s lr .; yels úh' lrdj i,d.u iy ÿrdj l=,j,ska ìys jQ hg;aúð;jd§ OfkaYajr mx;sh ke;fyd;a kj Okj;a;= ro< m%Ndj olajñka Ôj;a ùfï wNsreÑhla ±lajQy' Tjqkg hg;aúð; md,lhkaf.ka ,enqK uqo,s uqykaÈrï ;k;=re u; Tjqka ro< iajNdjh wdfrdamKh lr.;a;;a Tjqyq idïm%odhsl w¾:fhka ro<fhda fkdjQy ^chj¾Ok 2007( 308" 311&'

o fidhsid fuu ;;ajh ú.%y lsÍug ro<lrKh ^aristocratization& hk ixl,amh fhdod .kS ^o fidhsid 2012( 16" 56&' fuh bkaÈhdkq ikao¾Nh ;=< tï' tka' YS%ksjdia úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o

ixialD;lrKh ^sanskritization& hk ixl,amh wdY%fhka f.dvk.k ,oaols2' OQrdj,sfha my< l=,hla by< l=,hl pdß;%" j;dj;a" weoys,s" u;jdo iy Ôjk rgd wdÈh ld,hla ;siafia wkq.ukh lsÍu u; Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh ixialD;lrKh hkqfjka woyia fõ ^YS%ksjdia 2010( 222&' fuu ,smsfha by;ska o i|yka lr we;s mßÈ bkaÈhdkq l=, l%uhg

2 ,dxflah ikao¾Nh ;=< YS%ksjdiaf.a ixl,amh fjkia lr .; hq;= nj fld;,dj, olajd we; ^1968( 317-8&'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

98

úYd, wd.ñl mokula ;sîu;a ,dxflah l=, l%uh m%Odk jYfhkau f,!lsl tlla ùu;a fya;=fjka ,dxflah ikao¾Nh ;=< ixialD;lrK ls%hdj,sh i|yd wjldYhla fkdue;' ta fjkqjg ,xldfõ isÿ jQfha ro<lrK ls%hdj,shhs'

lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj l=,j, kj Okj;a;= idïm%odhsl ro<hka wkqlrKh lsÍfuys fhÿky' Tjqyq f.dhs.u ro< m%N+kaf.a j,õ wdlD;s fldg .;a ukaÈr ;ekQy' WKjgqfka wuriQßh j,õj" n,msáfha uy lmamsk j,õj" Èlaje,af,a uqykaÈrï j,õj iy ;syf.dv jdi, j,õj3 fï i|yd WodyrK fõ' wd.ñl iy fjk;a mqKH lghq;= i|yd wkq.%yh ±laùu" foda,dj,ska .uka lsÍu

iy l=,j, m%Njh ms<sn| ñ;Hd m%nkaO ^myths& f,aLk.; lrka ,eîu o fuu ls%hdj,sfhau wx. fõ' my;rg l=,j, kj Okj;=ka ro<lrKfha wx.hla jk foda,dj, .uka lsÍu f.dhs.u ro<hkaf.a úfrdaOhg ,la úh' fvdhs,s fuh olajkafka kshu f.dhs.u uqÈhkafia,dg yer my;rg lsisÿ ;eke;af;l=g Wvrg § foda,dj, hdug bv fkdÈh hq;= njg Wvrg ro<hka wdKavqldrjrhdg lshd isá njhs ^fldâßxgka 1917( 240&'

j¾I 1803 § wurmqr ksldh ia:dmkh lrkq ,eîu o lrdj i,d.u iy ÿrdj l=,j, Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj hk ldrKfhys § jeo.;a ixisoaêhls' ;jo" th hg;a úð; iufha § isÿ jQ iudcd¾Ól fjkialï fya;=fjka l=,h kï m%mxpfhys isÿ jQ úm¾hdih úYo lrkakls' ,dxflah ixialD;sl ikao¾Nh ;=<" lsishï m%cdjl mQcH mlaIfha idudðlhkaf.a meje;au tu m%cdjg .re;ajhla fyda iudÔh jákdlula f.k fohs' tu fya;=j ksidu tlS l=, ;u l=,h i`oyd úfYaIs; ksldhla fyda wkqksldhla ìys lr .ekSug W;aiql ù we;' wurmqr ksldfha ia:dmkh i|yd fya;= jkafka ishï ksldfha m%Odk uÜgfï NslaIQkaf.a wjYH;dj wkqj lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq úiska j¾I 1762 § mkjk ,o wd{djls' tu.ska ishï

3 ud;r ;syf.dv m%foaYfha mej;s ÿrdj l=,hg wh;a jdi, j,õj j¾;udkfha ±l .; fkdyel'

m%ikak o fidhsid

99

ksldfha Wmiïmodj f.dhs.u l=,hg muKla iSud flreKs' wurmqr ksldh msysgqùu thg olajk ,o m%;spdrhls' wurmqr ksldh msysgqúu i|yd nqreuhg f.dia Wmiïmodj ,nd .ekSug uQ,sl;ajh .;a wU.ymsáfha [dKúu, ysñ i,d.u l=,hg wh;a NslaIqjl jQ w;r z[dKúu, ysñfhda je,s;r wjg .ïudkj, ls%hdldÍ jQ uynoao fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%Odk uq,doEks mjq,a lsmhlg {d;s;ajfhka ne£ isáhyZ ^o is,ajd 2019( 18&' u,,af.dv o fuu ;;ajh ikd: lrhs ^1976( 88" 97-98&' nqreuhg f.dia Wmiïmodj ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjYH úhoï ±refõ i,d.u l=,fha msßils' Tjqka ´,kao hq.fha § i,d.u l=,hg ,enqK wkq.%yh fya;=fjka Okj;a jQ msßila nj o lsj hq;=h' bka miq" wurmqr ksldfhau ;j;a lKavdhï lSmhla nqreu foaYhg f.dia Wmiïmodj ,nd meñKs w;r Tjqka lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj l=,j,g wh;a jQjka h' Tjqkag o wkq.%yh olajk ,oafoa ;u l=,fha Okj;=ka úisks' fï wkqj n,k úg wurmqr ksldh ia:dmkh lrkq ,eîu uqyqÿnv l=,j, Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj i|yd ±rE m%h;akhla f,i ie,lsh yel' ksldhl kdhl iajdókajykafia flfkl=f.a meje;au Tyq wh;a m%cdjg ixfla;d;aul jákdlula (symbolic value) f.k fokakls' fnda¾Èhqf.a m%d.aOkh4 ms<sn| u;h wkqj fuh wd¾Ól m%d.aOkh ixfla;uh m%d.aOkh (symbolic capital) njg yerùuls' fuh Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj i|yd úYd, odhl;ajhla iemhSh'

mYapdoa hg;a úð; iuh

hg;a úð; iufha § lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj l=,j,g ,enqK wdldrfha Wvql=re iudc ip,;djla ,nd .ekSfï wjia:djla mYapdoa hg;a úð; iufha § lsisÿ l=,hlg w;a lr .; fkdyels úh' lsisÿ l=,hlg iqúfYaIs jYfhka jdis iy.; wdldrfha wd¾Ól wjia:d ìys ùula mYapdoa hg;a úð; iufha § ±l .; fkdyel'

4 by; wxl 1 mdo igyk n,kak'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

100

mYapdoa hg;a úð; iufha § Wvql=re iudc ip,;dj ,nd .ekSu i|yd ckms%h" lemS fmfkk iy M,odhS ud¾.h jQfha foaYmd,k wkq.%yhhs' .=Kisxy fmkajd § we;s mßÈ /lshd" rcfha fhdackd l%uj,ska bvï" nexl= Kh wdÈh ,nd .eksfï § m%foaYfha uka;S%jrhdf.a wkq.%yh wjYHu jQ njhs ^.=Kisxy 1990( 215&' b;du;a meyeÈ,sj fmfkk ;;ajh kï mYapdoa hg;aúð; iuh ;=< f.dhs.u" lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj hk l=, yer wka lsisÿ l=,hla i|yd m%udKj;a foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla fkd,enqK njhs' fï ms<sn|j ;drd l=udriajdñf.a ksÍlaIKh jkafka f.dú.u l=,h fukau lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj hk l=, o ck.yk wkqmd;hg jvd jeäfhka ksfhdackh jQ kuq;a n;a.u iy jyqïmqr l=,j,g ,enqfKa b;d wvq ksfhdackhla njhs ^1988( 241&'

tneúka" mYapdoa hg;a úð; YS% ,xldfõ OQrdj,sfha my<ska we;s lsisÿ l=,hlg Wvql=re iudc ip,;djla ,nd .; yels wdldrfha foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla fkd,enqKs' we;eï wjia:dj, § fuu l=,j,g wh;a we;eï mqoa.,hkag iy mjq,aj,g iqúfYaIS jYfhka n,mE ;;aj hgf;a Wvql=re iudc ip,;djla ,nd .; yels jQ kuq;a hg;a úð; iufha § lrdj" i,d.u iy ÿrdj hk l=, ,nd .;a wdldrfha l=,hla jYfhka l=, OQrdj,sh ;=< Wvql=re iudc ip,;djla ,nd .ekSfï wjldYhla ks¾udKh fkdjq‚'

l=,fha kQ;klrKh

by; úia;r lrk ,o wdldrfhka" mYapdoa hg;a úð; wjêh jk úg l=,h hk m%mxph mßKdóh ls%hd oduhlg Ndckh ù we;s nj meyeÈ,sh' tys § hg;a úð; l=,fhys wx. .Kkdjla .s,syS f.dia we;' w;eï wx. fYaI ù we;'

idïm%odhsl l=, fiajd wfydais ù we;' /lshd wjia:d i|yd l=,fhys n,mEula ke;' iyfNdackh ms<sn| ;yxÑ bj;a ù we;' we÷ï me<÷ï" fldKavh iy /jq, lemsh hq;= wdldrh" wduka;%K

m%ikak o fidhsid

101

úê wdÈh ms<sn| idïm%odhsl l=, Í;s wNdjhg f.dia we;' l=, OQrdj,sh" l=, lKavdhulg wh;a h hk ye`.Su ke;fyd;a wfmalu ms<sn| ye`.Su wd§ wx. fYaIj we;'

mQ¾j hg;a úð; l=,h meyeÈ,s f,i y÷kd .; yels wx. follska iukaú; úh' fN!;sl wx.h iy oDIaájdod;aul wx.h ^physical

aspect and ideological aspect& hkqfjks' mYapdoa hg;a úð; wjêh jk úg hg;a úð; úm¾hdih fya;=fjka wfydais ù we;af;a l=,fha fN!;sl wx.h muKs' oDIaájdod;aul wx.h tfiau mj;S' ta wkqj" mYapd;a hg;a úð; l=,h meyeÈ,sju mQ¾j hg;a úð; l=,fhka fjkia fjhs' mYapd;a hg;a úð; l=,h kQ;k m%mxphla njg m;aj we;'

fï whqßka l=,fha fN!;sl wx.h wNdjhg hjk w;r oDIaájdod;aul wx.h mj;ajd f.k hñka l=,h hk m%mxph fjkia ùug Ndckh lrñka th kQ;k m%mxphla njg m;a lrk ,o fuu ls%hdj,sh l=,fha kQ;klrKh f,i ye¢kaúh yel'

±ka fuu ,smsh wdrïNfhau igyka lrk ,o l=,h ms<sn| idïm%odhsl u; ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lruq' kQ;klrKh jQ l=,h ks¾jpkh lsßug fyda ú.%y lSÍug tajd wfmdfydi;a nj meyeÈ,s h' idïm%odhsl u; u.ska l=,fha wúfhdackSh wx. jYfhka i|yka lrkakd jQ fN!;sl wx. fï jk úg wNdjhg f.dia we;s neúks' tneúka kùlrKh jQ l=,h i|yd kj ks¾jpkhla wjYH h'

kùlrKh jQ l=,h i|yd ks¾jpkh

kùlrKh jQ l=,h i|yd my; ±lafjk ks¾jpkh bÈßm;a l< yel(

l=,h hkq iudÔh jYfhka mßl,ams;" .re;ajfha iy kïnqfõ uÜgu wkqj OQrdj,s.; iudc m%j¾.hls'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

102

fuu ks¾jpkh ;urd .=Kfialr" chfoaj Whkaf.dv iy ks¾ud,a rxð;a foajisß ^2008& úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o woyiaj, ixYaf,aIKhls' .=Kfialrf.a ks¾jpkh jkafka l=, hkq iudc .re;ajfha iy kïnqfõ fjkia uÜgï orkakd jQ lKavdhï h hkakhs ^.=Kfialr 1994( 7&' Whkaf.dv l=, m%cd iudc iq¿;r ^social minorities& jYfhka olajhs ^Whkaf.dv 200( 16& fnkälaÜ wekav¾ikaf.a cd;shla hkq mßl,ams; foaYmd,k m%cdjls hk ks¾jpkh u; mokïj foajisß l=,h mßl,ams; m%cdjla jYfhka olajhs ^foajisß 2008( 196&'

l=,h úheflñka mj;S o@

l=,h úheflñka mj;sk njg u;hla mj;S' fuu u;h f.k tkakjqka fndfyduhla ta i|yd mokï lr .kafka l=,h ms<sn| iïNdjH u;h u; msysgñks' l=,fha fN!;sl wx.h tys oDIaájdod;aul wx.fhka fjka fldg f.k thg wkjYH m%uqL;ajh §u fï i|yd fya;= ù we;' fuh l=,fha fN!;sl wx. wNdjhg hdu l=,h wNdjhg hdula fia jrojd ±lSuls' by; úia;r lrk ,o wdldrfhka l=,h kQ;k m%mxphls' wo th ks¾Kh jkafka oDIaájdod;aul wx.fhks' kQ;k m%mxphla jk thg ;j ÿrg;a mej;Su i|yd bv lv mj;S' th úhelS hdug wjYH ;;aj iy fldkafoais ;ju;a ks¾udKh ù fkdue;'

lsisÿ iudc moaO;shla fï whqßka wjika jkafka ke;' jvd m%fhdackj;a jkafka wdrïNl m%Yakh jYfhka kQ;k foaYmd,kfha n,mEu hgf;a l=,h ljr wdldrhla .kafka o l=, keUqrejla we;s iudchl foaYmd,kh ljr wdldrhla .kafka o hkak ke.Suhs hkqfjka rÊks fld;dß úiska mjik ,o woyi ,smsfha iudma;sh jYfhka igyka lsÍu WÑ; hehs yefÕa'

m%ikak o fidhsid

103

wdYs%; .%ka:

Bandarage, Asoka, 1985. Colonialism in Sri Lanka. Lake House.

Codrington, H. W. (ed), 1917. The Diary of Mr. John D'Oyly. Royal

Asiatic Society (Ceylon).

Coomaraswamy, Tara, 1988. Parliamentary Representation in Sri Lanka

1931-1986, unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Sussex.

De Silva, K. M., 2005. A History of Sri Lanka. Vijitha Yapa Publications.

De Zoysa, K. P., 2012. Caste Matters: Democracy, Caste and Politics in

Sri Lanka after the Promulgation of 1978 Constitution: A Case

Study of Sinhala Society.

Dewasiri, N. R., 2008. The Adaptable Agrarian Society in Western Sri

Lanka under the Dutch Rule. Brill.

Dumont, Louis, 1999. Homo Hierarchicus. Oxford University Press

Ghurye, G. S., 2008. ‘Features of Caste System’, Cast and Democratic

Politics, ed. Ghanshyam Shah. Permanent Black.

Gunasekera, T., 1994. Hierarchy and Egalitarianism: Caste, Class and

Power in Sinhalese Peasant Society. Athlone Press.

Gunasinhge, N., 1990. Changing Socio-Economic Relations in the

Kandyan Countryside. Social Scientists’ Association.

Jayawardena, Kumari, 2007. Nobodies to Somebodies. Social Scientists'

Association and Sanjiva Books

Jayawardena, Kumari, 2012. A. P. de Zoysa. Sanjiva Books.

Kotelawela, D. A., 1968. The Dutch in Ceylon 1743-66, unpublished

Ph.D. thesis. University of London.

Kotelawela, D. A., 1988. ‘Some Aspects of Social Change in the South

West of Sri Lanka C. 1700-1833’. Social Science Review no. 4.

Kothari, R., 2000. ‘Caste and Modern Politics’, Politics in India, ed. S.

Kaviraj. Oxford University Press.

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

104

Leach, E. R., 1979. Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-

West Pakistan. Cambridge University Press.

Malalgoda, Kithsiri, 1976. Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750-1900.

University of California Press.

Peebles, Patrick, 1995. Social Change in Nineteenth Century Ceylon.

Navrang

Roberts, Michael, 1973. ‘Elite Formation and Elites’, History of Ceylon

Vol. 3, ed. K. M. de Silva. University of Ceylon.

Roberts, Michael, 1995. Caste Conflict and Elite Formation. Navrang.

Ryan, Bryce, 2004. Caste in Modern Ceylon. Navrang.

Sharma, Ursula, 2005. Caste. Viva Books.

Srinivas, M.N. The Oxford India Srinivas, Oxford University Press.

Uyangoda, J., 2000. ‘The Inner Courtyard: Political Discourse of Caste,

Justice and Equality in Sri Lanka’. Pravada vol. 6, 9 & 10.

lkakka.r mS' ã'" 1965' ,xldfõ hqfrdamSh hg;a úð; md,kh ^18-7-1965 Èk mj;ajk ,o idlÉPd iïfï,kfha igyka&' úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha bksydi iñ;sh'

o is,ajd" tï' hQ'" 2019' wurmqr ksldfha wdruNh yd úldYh' YS% ,xld wurmqr uyd ix> iNdj'

mSßia" /,a*a" 2001' isxy, iudc ixúOdkh - uykqjr hq.h' úisÿkq m%ldYlfhda'

i;a…fhda" wj;dr iy yqi¾,shdkq Wreuh( i;a… Ôú;h ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a o¾Ykh1

mdjq,d urdá

mßj¾;kh( m%ùka ;s,lr;ak

Idla fvÍvd Tyqf.a uq,a ld,Sk lD;sj, W;a;rdkqN+;sl ^transcendental& úêl%uh fj; Tyqf.a lemùu ksrka;rfhka ;yjqre lrhs' ta" o¾Ykh wúpdrd;aul wdia:dkj,g" wkqN+;sjd§ yd jdia;úljd§ wdlD;sj,g" yd tys ienE ld¾hNdrh mdjd fok Ydia;%Sh fnd<|lulg msßySu je<elaùu i|yd h' ;jo" Tyq b;d meyeÈ,s f,i lshd isákafka úpdrYS,S W;a;rdkqN+;sl úêl%uhla yd b;d ;shqKq kshe,Sulska f;drj uQ,sl jYfhka id¾:l úixfhdackhla wfmalaId l< fkdyels njhs (Derrida 1997: 90-91)'

fvÍvdf.a o¾Ykfha jvd;a iqúfYaIS i,l=Kla f,i kï l< yels zmqrd-f,aLkhZ ^archi-writing&" zmqrd-i,l=KZ ^archi-trace& hk ixl,amj,ska fuka u zúhrKfõ§Z ^grammatology& jHdmD;sfhka W;a;rdkqN+;slhg ^yd tys iSudj,g& lemùula Tyq ;=< we;s nj ms<sìUq fõ' fláfhka lsjfyd;a( fvÍvdf.a uq,a ld,Sk lD;sj,g u. mE¥ zf,aLkhZ yd zúhukZ hk ldrKd W;a;rdkqN+;slh yd iómj ne£ ;snqK o" Tyqf.a miq ld,Sk úu¾Ykj, b;d jeo.;a jk zi;a;aj Ôú;hZ ms<sn| m%Yakhg th b;d ÿria: ke;fyd;a iyuq,ska u msgia;r hehs yefÕa'2 fu ksid" ;ud ieuod Ôú;h ms<sn|j Wkkaÿ jQ 1 Paula Maratti, 2014. ‘Animals, Ghosts and the Husserlian Legacy,’ The Oxford

Literary Review 36.1: 63-79. 2 zi;a;aj Ôú;hZ hk m%ldYh ud fhdod .kafka fvÍvdf.a úYaf,aIK ;=< tk tlsfkl yd iómj ne£ we;s m%Yak lsysmhla okjk flá fhÿula f,isks' fuu m%Yak w;r o¾Ykh úiska i;=kaf.a we;s úúO;ajh yd nyq;ajh fkdi,ld yer we;s njg Tyq f.k tk úfõpkh fuka u" animal$i;d hk fhÿfuka tu fkdie,ls,a, biau;= jk njg f.k tk fpdaokdj o" ñksiqka we;af;ka u l:d

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

106

njg The Animal that therefore I Am" The Beast and the Sovereign yd fjk;a miqld,Sk lD;sj, fvÍvd lrkq ,nk m%ldYh ms<s.ekSug we;eï mdGlfhda miqng fj;s' tfy;a W;a;rdkqN+;sl úêl%uh ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a Wkkaÿj ldkaáhdkq rduqjg jvd ^Tyqg ldkaÜf.a Ñka;kh fjk;a wjia:dj, fl;rï jeo.;a jQj;a& yqi¾,shdkq W;a;rdkqN+;sl m%mxpfõofhka fmdaIKh jQ nj i,lk úg;a" The

Problem of Genesis" Introduction to the Origin of Geometry iy Voice and

Phenomenon hk lD;sj, yqi¾,af.a o¾Ykh i|yd § we;s w¾:ksrEmK ;=< zW;a;rdkqN+;sl Ôú;hZ" zÔjudk j¾;udkhZ hk ;rula ÿ¾fndaO ixl,amj,ska isÿ jk lD;H i,ld n,k úg;a" fvÍvdf.a fuu m%ldYh ms<s.ekSug ;rula myiq ùug mq¿jks'

my; igyfka uf.a m%h;akh jkafka zi;a;aj Ôú;hZ ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a Wkkaÿj yd yqi¾,shdkq oDIaáhlska hq;= W;a;rdkqN+;sl m%Yakh w;r we;s iïnkaOh;a tjka iïnkaOhlska biau;= jk od¾Yksl yd wdpdrO¾ó .uHkq;a f;areï .ekSuhs'3 fï i|yd" m<uqj" The Animal that therefore I Am ys fvÍvd bÈßm;a lrk i;a;aj Ôú;h ms<sn| m%Yakj, fmdÿ rduqj ms<sn| woyia lsysmhla i|yka lrñ' fojkqj" fuu ikao¾Nh ;=< ldàishdkq fldðfgdaj ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a b;d iqúfYaIS w¾:ksrEmKfhys N+ñldj ms<sn| uf.a wjOdkh fhduq lr" Voice and Phenomenon ys yqi¾,shdkq fldðfgdaj ms<sn| uq,a ld,Sk fvÍvdf.a lshùu;a iu. by; lS ldáishdkq w¾:ksrEmKh iïnkaO jkafka flfia o hkak idlÉPdjg ,la lrñ' i;a;aj úfrdaë hqoaOh iy lreKdj

The Animal that therefore I Am lD;sfha fvÍvdf.a f,aLk ú,difhys b;d meyeÈ,s foaYmd,ksl yd wdpdrO¾ó yÈishla ke;fyd;a lrk i;=ka cd;shla o ke;fyd;a ñksialu hkak u i;=kaf.ka fjkaj mj;sk idrhla o hk .eg¿ fõ' 3 fya;= lsysmhla ksidfjka" ld,h;a iu. fvÍvdf.a Ñka;kfhys we;s wLKav;dj fyda fjkianj ms<sn| ud t;rï Wkkaÿ fkdjk w;r" j¾;udkfha we;s úúO .eg¨ yd újdo i|yd fvÍvdf.a Ñka;kfhys we;s od¾Yksl yd foaYmd,ksl jeo.;alu ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug leue;af;ñ'

mdjq,d urdá

107

W;aiqlnjla we;' miq.sh ishjia fol ;=< we;euqka zi;a;aj Ôú;hZ hehs y÷jk ,oafoys isÿj we;s oejeka; úmßKdu fvÍvd úiska úia;r lrkq ,nkafka foaYmd,ksl yd wdpdrO¾ó fodaIdfrdamKhla o legqj h' Tyq biau;= lrk ldrKh kï i;a;ajúoHdj" ÔjúoHdj iy cdkúoHdj hk wNsidß lafIa;% ;=< we;s ù ;sfnk úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl j¾Okh fya;=fjka Ôú;h ms<sn| oekqfuys úYd, bÈß mshjr wm ;eîug wu;rj" tu lafIa;%j,g wod< úIh jia;=j o b;d oeä f,i mßKdukh ù we;s njhs' t ;=<ska i;=ka o Tjqka fjfik f,dalh o úYd, f,iska fjkig Ndckh lr we;' wm zW.=rg fydrd fnfy;a fndkZ wjia:d yereKq fldg i;a;aj Ôú;hg isÿ j we;s fujka mßKduk i|yd kï l< yels m%Odk WodyrK wms oksuq( ld¾ñlj ksIamdokh l< uia" lD;%su isxpkh" i;=ka fhdod isÿ lrk úúO w;ayodne,Sï" cdkuh mßpdrKh wd§ jYfhks (Derrida 2009:

25)'

fuu mßKduk iuyrla nrm;, jqj o fujka l%shd i|yd zixydrhZ jeks fhÿï Ndú; lsÍfuys ,d hï ie,ls,su;a njla wjYH jkafka ixydrh hk ixl,amh ñksia iuQ, >d;kh i|yd muKla iSud úh hq;= ksid fkdfõ he hs lSug o fvÍvd fkdmelsf<hs' i;a;aj ixydrh hkqfjka hula we;e hs Tyq mejiqj o" fuys jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka i;=kag tfrysj isÿjk iuQ, >d;k fkdj ^tajd o fkdi,ld yeÍug fkdyels nj ienE h& wm fmr yqremqreÿj isá i;a;aj Ôjk iajrEmj,g iyuq,ska u fjkia zlD;%su wmdZ ksIamdokh ùuhs' fuh ixydrh hk ixl,amh u m%Yakhg ,la lrhs(

ixydrh kï jQ rEmh wmfhdackh fkdl< hq;= jqj o th myiqfjka neyer lsÍu o fkdl< hq;a;ls' th óg jvd ixlS¾K fõ( i;a;aj úfYaI iuyfrl úkdYh ieneúka u isÿ fjñka mj;sk l%shdj,shla jqj o th isÿ jkafka lD;%su" wmd.;" ksula ke;s meje;aul ixúOdkh yd Wmfhdackh u.ska h' fujka ;;a;aj fmr mrïmrdj, ñksiqka w;s lDDr f,i ie,l+ tajd jk w;r" ksrka;r meje;au fyda wêck.yKh fya;=fjka úkdYhg m;a jk i;=kag Wreu ù we;s

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

108

Ôú;h Ôú;hlg ysñ úh hq;= he hs ie,flk ish¨ kshuhka W,a,x>kh lrhs (Derrida 2009: 26)'

zixúOdkh yd WmfhdackhZ hk by; l%shdj,s meje;au yd úkdYh w;r we;s iSud fnd| lrhs' iuyreka ;¾l lrk f,i fujka l%shdj,s Tiafia kj i;a;aj úfYaI" tkï fmr mej;s úfYaI yd idfmalaIj b;d wmrEmS úfYaI ìys fõ' tfy;a fvÍvdg wkqj isÿ jkafka tjekakla fkdj i;a;aj Ôú;fhys u ks¾ÔùlrKhhs ^devitalization of animal life& (Derrida 2009: 114)'

tu fjki jeo.;a h( fvÍvdf.a úfõpkh kï úoHdj yd ;dlaIKfhka ks¾udKh lr we;s udhdjka yd lD;%su mßir ksid;a" i;=kag i;=ka f,i mej;sh yels iajdNdúl úê blaujd f.dia we;s ksid;a" zwmZ ñksiqka úiska i;=ka ysxikhg ,la jk nj fkdfõ' .eg¨j jkafka ñksia ueÈy;aùï fkdjrojd u i;=kaf.a Ôú;j, we;s zÔjd;auhZ ^vitality& úkdY lsÍug wfmalaId lrk nj iy fuh i;=ka cdkúoHd;aulj mßpdrKh l<;a fkdl<;a isÿ jkakla nj h' fvÍvd zlD;%sulrKhZ ^denaturalization& fjkqjg zks¾ÔùlrKhZ ms<sn| l;d lsÍug ie,ls,su;a jkafka o fu ksid h' b;d ir,j lsjfyd;a( m%Yakh jkafka ziajNdjO¾uhgZ wm úiska ksuejQ w¨;a i;=ka yd i;a;aj f,dal tla ùu fkdj" i;=ka flfrys wm olajk lDDr;ajhhs'

;jo" i;=ka flfrys wm olajk lDDr;ajfha m%;sM, o YS>% ks¾ÔùlrK l%shdj,sfha úmdl o i;a;aj wdpd¾O¾uh jeks jeo.;a kuq;a w.;s.dó lafIa;%hlg iSud l< fkdyel' i;=ka uqyqK mdñka isák ;;a;ajfhka zwmZ ñksiqka yg lsis÷ n,mEula fkdue;s nj úYajdi lsÍug wmyiq h' we;af;ka u" ffjoH úoHdj u.ska ikd: lr § we;s n,mEïj,g jvd oreKq n,mEï fkdue;s nj o úYajdi lsÍu ;rula wmyiq jkakg mq¿jks' fvÍvdf.a t;rï újdockl fkdjk ;¾lh jkafka iEu ft;sydisl yd udkjúoHd;aul ikao¾Nhl u ñksidf.a Ôjk iajrEmh msysgqùfuys ,d i;=ka iuÕ ñksidf.a iïnkaOh o ixia:dml ldrKhla jk njhs' tu ;¾lh i;H fõ kï" j¾;udk ikao¾Nh ;=< fuu in|;d wm w;aú¢k

mdjq,d urdá

109

wdldrh fl;rï ÿrg yd ljrdldrfhka fjkia ù we;a oehs i,ld ne,sh hq;= fõ'

fuu iïu; woyiska fvÍvd Tíng hkafka yhsfv.¾f.a zvdihskaZ úYaf,aIKfha zñÜihskaZ" tkï iu.-meje;au" i;=ka o iu.-meje;aula jQjd kï" tu úYaf,aIKh flfia fjkia fõ oe hs m%Yak lsÍug wmg wdrdOkd lsÍfuka h' ke;fyd;a" úf,dau jYfhka" i;=ka úrys; ù kï" zf,dalhZ hk ixl,amh;a" f,dalh-;=<-meje;au hk idxoDIaálh;a flfia fj;a o hk m%Yakh bÈßm;a lsÍfuka h' The

Beast and the Sovereign ys jvd;a iúia;rd;aul f,i i,lkq ,nk fuu m%Yakh The Animal'''ys tk úYaf,aIKfha hïlsis bÕshla f,i muKla bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' tfy;a tu bÕsh WmdhYS,S f,i u;la lr fokafka wm i;=ka yd iu. fnod .ksñka Ôj;ajk f,dalh ms<sn| idxoDIaál" m%mxpfõ§ yd ioaNjjd§ ie,lSula ;=<ska yhsfv.¾f.a vdihska úYaf,aIKfha rduqj u úixfhdackh lsÍug yelshdjla mj;sk njhs' ;jo" The Beast''' lD;sfha tk m%Odk ;¾lhg fuys wä;d,u fvÍvd úiska ilia lrkq ,nhs' tkï" fâldÜ i;a;ajhd ms<sn| is;kafka fujka .eg¿ iy.; Wml,amk u; ys|f.k hkak;a" fï w;ska yhsfv.¾ Tyq isyskhlskaj;a fkdis;+ f,i ldàishdkqjl= jk nj;a" wm is;kdjg jvd ldàishdkqjl= fkdùu b;d wiSre ld¾hhla jk nj;a h'

ñksia-i;a;aj in|;d b;d .eUqre f,i mj;sk tajd jk nj i;Hhla kï" wm" wm ms<sn| is;k wdldrhg o" wm wmj u w;aú¢k wdldrhg o tu in|;dfjka n,mEula fkdue;s nj úYajdi l< fkdyel' we;a; jYfhka u" fvÍvd b÷rd mjikafka ukqIHhl= f,i meje;au" tu meje;au i|yd wm fok w¾:h" i;a;aj Ôú;h ms<sn| wmf.a wkqN+;sh" yd i;a;aj Ôú;h wm f;areï .kakd wdldrh ksYaÑ; f,i ne£ we;s njhs' tksidfjka u i;a;ajhska ms<sn| m%Yakh wksjd¾hfhka ñksid ms<sn|j;a ñksiqka ms<sn|j;a m%Yakhla fõ' fvÍvd mjik mßÈ zi;a;ajfhlañ" tu ksid uu fjñ ^fyda miqj

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

110

hñ&Z hs lSug we;efula Wkkaÿ fkdjqk o" Tjqyq o wksjd¾hfhka fuu m%Yakfha fldgialrefjda fj;s'4

ñksid yd fjk;a i;=ka w;r mj;sk in|;dj úê .Kkdjlska f;areï.; yels w;r" tu in|;dj, úfYaIs; iajrEm n,md fkdue;s fyda tajdfhka ksoyia jQ iudc" wdpd¾O¾u" foaYmd,k" wd.ï" fyda ffk;sl moaO;s fkdue;' óg o¾Ykh o jH;sf¾lhla fkdfõ( ñksid ms<sn| jQ ´kEu od¾Yksl ks¾jpkhla o ñksidf.a idrh ^yd úfYaIfhka u fujka .eg¨j, wu;l l< fkdyels m%uqL me;slvla jk ia;%S-mqreI Ndjh& ms<sn| ks¾jpk o msysgjkq ,nkafka i;a;ajhd yd lrkq ,nk iei£ulska" ke;fyd;a fvÍvd mjik mßÈ" i;a;ajhd iu. we;s lr.kakd m%;súfrdaOhlsks' tlsfklg fjkia jQ" wêl úúO;ajhlska hq;a i;a;aj úfYaI .Kkdjla mj;sk nj fkd;ld zi;a;ajhdZ hk taljdÖ kdumoh o¾Ykh ;=< iïu; ù ;sîu u fvÍvdg wkqj hï ixhqla; ;¾lhlg fmr zñksidZ zi;a;ajhdgZ tÈßj ks¾jpkh lrk m%;súfrdaë yd oaúuh ks.ukhl ,laIKhla fõ'

hful=g wfmalaId l< yels mßÈ" The Animal''' ys fvÍvdf.a úYaf,aIK fjr orkafka ñksidf.a idrh ms<sn| jk wdêm;Hl od¾Yksl ks¾jpk ñksiqkaf.a yd fkdñksia i;=kaf.a Ôú; flfrys n,mdk whqre f;areï .ekSug h' ñka iuyr me;slv my; idlÉPdjg ,la lr we;' tkuq;a" Bg fmrd;=j The Animal'''ys fvÍvdf.a f,aLk ú,difhys we;s wdpdrO¾ó yd foaYmd,ksl W;aiql nj wjOdrKh lsÍu wjYH fõ' i;a;aj Ôú;fha Èfkka Èk isÿjk úlD; lsÍu ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a l¾lY jd¾;dfjys fuh b;d meyeÈ,s fõ' th fuf,iu ke;fyd;a óg;a jvd meyeÈ,s jkafka lreKdj olajk f,ig Tyq úiska lrkq ,nk werhqu ;=< o" fcrñ fnka;ï ms<sn| wkqu; lsÍula bÈßm;a lrñka wm wkqlïms;

4 The Animal that therefore I Am m%xY NdIdfjka L’animal que donc je suis f,i ,shkq ,nhs' m%xY NdIdfjka fuhg w¾: folls' zi;ajfhlañ" tu ksid uu fjñZ bka tlls¦ zi;ajfhlañ" tu ksid miqj$miqmi hñZ fojks w¾:hhs' fojekak ;=< zi;ajfhlañ" tu ksid uu wkq.ukh lrñZ hk wre; o we;'

mdjq,d urdá

111

i;a;ajhka ^creatures of pathos& nj;a th ms<s.ekSug ,Êcd iy Nh ùfuka j<lsk f,i;a lrkq ,nk b,a,Sula ;=< h (Derrida 2009: 47)'

weßiafgdag,a isg fâldÜ olajd" ldkaÜ isg yhsfv.¾ olajd" ,ldka iy f,úkdia olajd jQ o¾Ykfha wêm;s iïm%odh i;=ka ms<sn|j fkdfjfyiS wikafka tlu m%Yakhls( zTjqkag is;kak mq¿jka o@Z Ñka;kh i|yd YlH;djla" wdh;khla iy n,hla ^m%xY( pouvoir& Tjqka i;= fõ o@ ta;a iu. u( l;d lsÍu" ms<s;=re §u" ñh hdu" je,mSu wd§ ñksiqka i;= ^ke;fyd;a ñksidg l< yels fia fmfkk& l%shd Tjqka o i;= fõ o@ Tjqkag tajd l< yels o@ ms<s;=r m%Yakh ;rï u mqkrela;sl fõ( ke;" Tjqkag tfia l< fkdyel'

fujka wêm;s oDIaáfldaKhlska neÆ úg úúO i;=ka w;r lsisÿ fjkila fkdmj;skafka zwmZ iy zTjqkaZ o zwmg we;s YlH;dZ yd zTjqkag fkdue;s YlH;dZ o f,iska ir, yd mru fn§ula ks¾udKh lr we;s fyhsks' fvÍvdg wkqj" wYlH;dj ms<sn| jQ fuu l:sldfjka isÿ jk jvd;a whym;a foh kï .re;ajh yd whs;sjdislïj,ska f;dr f,i;a" wdpdrO¾uhg yd foaYmd,khg újdohlska f;drj wkqÑ; úIh jia;=jla njg;a i;a;ajhd m;a ùuhs' úfYaIfhka u" b;d .eg¿ iy.; f,i" fu uÕska i;=kag ienE lreKdj bmoùug we;s yelshdj o wj,x.= lrkq ,efnhs' fuu wdêm;Hl yd wkqlïmd úrys; sans pitié& iïm%odhg tfrysj fvÍvd b;d meyeÈ,s f,i f;dard .kq ,nkafka fcrñ fnka;ïf.a ms,hs¦ ta lDDr;ajh yd fkdie,ls,su;a nj ^tfukau fkdie,ls,a, ksid u we;s jk lDDr;ajh& yuqfõ weish yels tl u WÑ; m%Yakh zTjqkag is;kakg mq¿jka o@Z fkdj zTjqkag ÿla ú¢kakg mq¿jka o@Z hk m%Yakh nj lshd isáñka h'

Ñka;khg we;s YlH;dj isg ÿla ú£ug we;s YlH;dj flfrys wjOdkh fjkiaùu u; fndfyda foa r|d mj;shs' m<uq jYfhka fvÍvd ;¾l lrkafka lsisfjl=g;a - fâldÜgj;a - i;=kag ÿla ú£ug yelshdjla we;e hs m%;slafIam l< fkdyels njhs' i;=kaf.a ÿla ú£u fldðfgdafõ ixia:dms; idlaIs u; r|d fkdmej;=k o" thg o wkkH jQ m%Yakhg Ndckh l< fkdyels idlaIs ;sfí' fvÍvd

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

112

wÕjk mßÈ" tys idlaIs fjk;a ;,hlg wh;a jk w;r tys ,d jvd;a jeo.;a jk m%Yakh jkafka i;=kaf.a ÿla ú£u;a ta i|yd Tjqkag we;s YlH;dj;a ms<sn|j wm olajk fkdie,ls,a, iqcd; lrkafka l=ula o hkak;a" tu ksiel oekqu il%shj hgm;a lr.ekSug wm fhduq lrjkafka l=ula o hkak;a h'

fvÍvd fojkqj ;yjqre lrk ldrKh kï zTjqkag is;kakg mq¿jka o@Z hkak fjkqjg zTjqkag ÿla ú¢kakg mq¿jka o@Z hs weiSu ;=<ska n,h ms<sn| m%Yakh o tys iSud o biau;= jk fyhska bka wdpd¾O¾ó yd od¾Yksl mrÿjla muKla fkdj foaYmd,kuh mrÿjla o we;s jk njhs' m<uqjeks m%Yakfhka fojeks m%Yakh fj; .uka lrk úg zmq¿jkaZ$zyelZ$zYlH;djZ ^pouvoir& hk moj, wre;a o fjkia fõ' ÿla ú£ug we;s YlH;dj idïm%odhsl woyiska YlH;djla ^pouvoir& fyda wdh;khla fkdj" w-YlH;djls ^im-pouvoir&¦ ke;fyd;a n, úrys; njls' ;¾l nqoaêh fuka u j.lSu yd ;SrKldrl yelshdj o wvx.= jk" Y=oaO f,i ie,flk il%sh l,dmhg hï iSudjla mkjk" ke;fyd;a th w;aysgqùug fyda thg úreoaO ùug iu;a jk" wl%sh" ÿ¾j, l%shdj,shls zÿla ú£uZ' fuys§ lsj hq;af;a iajdêm;Hhg yd iaffjÍ Ndjhg w;HjYH idOlhla f,i ;¾l nqoaêh o¾Ykh ;=< ie,flk njhs' fvÍvdg jeo.;a ldrKh kï" wl%sh;dj" ÿn, nj yd ÿla ú£u hkdÈh wm w;aú¢k iEu fudfyd;lu" wmg oefkk n, rys; nj wm i;=ka iu. fmdÿfõ w;aú¢k ,oaola jk njhs(

ÿla ú£ug we;s YlH;dj ;j ÿrg;a YlH;djla f,i w¾:l:kh l< fkdyel. th n, rys; n,hls. fkdúh-yelafla úhyelshdjls ^possibility of the

impossible&. urKh msysgd ;sfnkafka o t;ek h. urKh ke;fyd;a uD;H;dj wm i;=ka iu. fmdÿfõ fnod .kakd ksh; iSudj jk w;r" wkqlïmdjg;a" by; lS fmdÿ n, rys; n,hg;a" fkdúh-yelafla úhyelshdjg;a" ÿn,nfõ ixfõ.hg;a" i\fõ.fha ÿn,njg;a th wh;a fõ (Derrida 2009: 28).

mdjq,d urdá

113

ta wkqj fvÍvd mjikafka wm ñksiqka yd fkdñksia i;=ka w;r we;s úúO fjkialï is;Su i|yd m%fõY ùug wjYH jkafka wm fmdÿfõ fnod .kakd fuu iSudj ^tkï ÿn,nj w;a fkdú£fï fkdyelshdj& ms<sf.k ñi th oreKq f,i m%;slafIam lsÍfuka fkdfõ h hkakhs' ñksidg ndysrj isák iy ñksid ;=< isák fkdñksia i;a;ajhd ms<sn| foaYmd,khla yd wdpdrO¾uhla o is;sh hq;af;a fï yryd h'

fuh oejeka; ld¾hhla jk nj fkdwkqudk h' tfy;a i;=kag ÿla ú¢kakg yels nj oek.ekSu i|yd tu ld¾hh iïmQ¾Kfhka u ksu lsÍug wjYH fkdjkafka ÿn,lu i;=ka fuka u wm o w;a ú¢k fohla jk ksid h' wkqlïmdj iy lreKdj hk yeÕSï fld;rï ÿrg wm hgm;a l< o" ta ms<sn| wmj fld;rï kï wffO¾hu;a lr ;snqK o" tu yeÕSï i|yd wmg YlH;djla we;s nj o ta whqßka neyer l< fkdyel' ta wkqj wfußldkq fkdjk f,aLlfhl=g ;rula widudkH nia jyrlska hq;=j fvÍvd mjikafka wm oeka hqoaOhl ksr;j isák nj h' ta i;a;ajhdg;a lreKdjg;a tfrysj isÿ flfrk oajkaoaj hqoaOhls(

by; lS iïm%odhg idfmalaIj j¾;udkh ia:dk.; lsÍu i|yd ud ;rula wl%uj;a f,i ye¢kajQ miq.sh Y;j¾I fol mqrd wiudk md¾Yj folla w;r igkla fyda hqoaOhla mej; we;' u;= lf,l tu wiudk;dj m%;sf,dau w;g yeÍug o mq¿jks&' th i;a;aj Ôú;h o lreKdj o iyuq,ska u flf,ik wh lreKdj yd wkqlïmdj i|yd wdhdpkh lrk whg tÈßj lrk hqoaOhls' wkqlïmdj hk ldrKh jgd we;af;a hqoaOhls' we;eï úg fuh bmerKs" wld,sl hqoaOhla jkakg mq¿jka' tfy;a uf.a Wml,amkh kï wm oeka fjfikafka tu hqoaOfha ;SrKd;aul wjêhl jk njhs (Derrida 2009: 28-29)'5

5 tlai;a ckmoh ;=< hqoaOh hk f;audj yd l:sldj fmdÿ iudÔh wjldYhla ;=< Ndú; lsÍu b;d m%isoaO jqj o ^Wod( war on drugs, war on poverty, war on terror, war

on women&" m%xYfha yd wfkl=;a hqfrdamSh rgj, fuu Ndú;h olakg fkd,efí'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

114

i;a;aj Ôjk ;;a;ajfha úm¾hdih o i;=kag yd lreKdjg tfrysj isÿ jk hqoaOh o uE;ld,Sk jqj o tajd yg.kafka b;d merKs ikao¾Nj,sks' ta wkqj" j¾;udk w¾nqoh yd mek ke.S we;s foaYmd,ksl yd wdpdrO¾ó yÈish ;=< fvÍvd fhdackd lrkafka fuu hqoaOhg j.lsjhq;= il%sh igkaldñhd yd tl u jerÈlrejd jk idïm%odhsl od¾Yksl wdlD;shg tÈßj bjis,su;a úYaf,aIKhla h'6 fuu idïm%odhsl od¾Yksl wdlD;sfhys l¾;Djreka f,i Tyq kï lrkafka fvldÜ" ldkaÜ" yhsfv.¾" ,ldka yd f,úkdia jeks od¾Ykslhka h' fuu od¾Ykslhka ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a úYaf,aIK ish,a,la u bÈßm;a lsÍu oejeka; l¾;jHhla jk w;r" fuys§ fâldÜ yd yqi¾,a iïnkaOj Tyqf.a ú.%y bÈßm;a lsÍug leue;af;ñ' m<uqj bÈßm;a jkqfha fâldÜf.a fldðfgdaj o zksis w¾:fhka m%mxpfõ§Z jk njg fvÍvd f.k tk ;¾lhhs' fojkqj idlÉPd lrkq ,nkafka Voice and Phenomenon lD;sfha yqi¾,shdkq W;a;rdkqN+;sl fldðfgdaj ms<sn| tl, ;reK od¾Ykslhl= jQ fvÍvdf.a lshùuhs'

ldàishdkq fldðfgdaj

ixYfha fkdfyd;a ielfha WÉp;u wjia:dfõ Wkaudohg mjd újD; njla fmkajk ldáishdkq fldðfgdafõ i;a;aj Ôú;hg kï lsis÷ bvlvla fkdue;'7 fâldÜ ñksid iy i;a;ajhd w;r tf;r úh fkdyels ;rï úYd, mr;rhla bÈ lsÍug wu;rj i;a;ajhl= f,i ñksid Ôj;a jk whqre o iyuq,ska u fkdi,ld yßhs' ñksidf.a idrh ks¾jpkh lsÍfuys ,d ish mQ¾j.dókaf.ka fâldÜ b÷rd fjkia jkafka o fuu fkdi,ld yeÍu ke;fyd;a nysIalrKh ksid jk nj fvÍvd mjikafka by; lS kj od¾Yksl wdlD;shg m<uq jrg m%fõY jkafka o fâldÜ nj meyeÈ,s lrñks'

tu ksid wex.af,d-wfußldkq mdGlhd is;kjdg jvd fvÍvd f;dard .kakd fuu fhÿu mqÿuhg ldrKhls' 6 tu" 24. 7 n,kak( ‘Cogito and the History of Madness,’ (Derrida 1978).

mdjq,d urdá

115

fâldÜf.a fldðfgdaj iïnkaOfhka fvÍvdf.a ;¾lh we;a; jYfhkau ir, fõ( zuu is;ñ" tfuhska uu fjñ$mj;sñZ hkafkys úhyelshdj r|d mj;skafka Ôjk in|;d ^relation to life& ish,a, u neyer lsÍfuka ke;fyd;a w;aysgqùfuka h' fuu ;¾lh i|yd idlaIs f,i fâldÜf.a Meditations on First Philosophy lD;sfha fojk Ndjkdfjys me;slv folla fvÍvd bÈßm;a lrhs' fuu Ndjkdfjys fâldÜ yg we;sjk wNsfhda.h kï" fldðfgdafõ ksiel nj ^zuu fjñZ& ;yjqre lsÍfuka miqj fufia zis;kZ iy zmj;skZ zuuZ l=uk cd;shl zfohlaZ o hkak kj ixl,am yd ks¾jpk y÷kajd fkd§ mßlaId lsÍfï ld¾hhhs' ta wkqj" iel iys; úYajdi yd wdl,amj,g fmr<d f.dÿre ùfuka je,lS isàu i|yd fâldÜ ish¨ ú.%yj,g fmr ñksid z;d¾lsl$nqoaêu;a ^rational& if;l=Z jk nj mjik idïm%odhsl weßiafgdag,shdkq ks¾jpkh neyer lrhs' zuu ;d¾lsl$nqoaêu;a if;la fkdfjñZ hs fâldÜ b;d ksYaÑ; yd meyeÈ,s f,i m%ldY lrk nj fvÍvd fmkajd fohs' Tyqf.a ixYhg Ndckh lr yels ish¨ fmr wdl,am yd úYajdi m%:ufhka u neyer lsÍug Tyq fmd<Ujkafka o Tyqf.a i;a;aj Ôú;h ms<sn| jQ u;hhs'

fmr ud is;=fõ ud zl=ulaZ lshd o@ taldka;fhkau ud ñksfila he hs úYajdi lf<ñ' tfy;a ñksid hkq l=ula o@ nqoaêu;a$;d¾lsl if;l= he hs lsj yels o@ lsisfia;a ke;' ukaoh;a túg if;l= hkak l=ula oe hs o ;¾l nqoaêh hkq l=ula oe hs o weish yel' tla m%Yakhlska u;= jkqfha Bg;a jvd wiSre m%Yak fm<ls' ud i;=j we;s ld,h yd úfõl iqjh fujka WNf;dafldaál m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ne£u i|yd kdia;s lsÍug wleue;af;ñ (fâldÜ" zfojk NdjkdjZ¦ Wmqgd.ekSu( Derrida 2009: 71)'

ñksid nqoaêu;a if;l= jk nj m%ldY jk weßiafgdag,shdkq ks¾jpkh mfil,Sug fâldÜ fhduqjkafka l%ufõ§ fya;= ksid;a w¨f;ka u ks¾jpkh lsÍug isÿjk kj ixl,am rdYshla idlÉPdjg y÷kajd §ug isÿfjk ksid;a h' tkuq;a" fvÍvd wmg u;la lr fok mßÈ" yhsfv.¾f.a Being and Time ys m%jK;djg b;d ióm iïm%odh

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

116

mfil,Sfï .;sh" tkï l%ufõ§ jryka lsÍu ^methodological

bracketing&" uq,a mshjrla muKs' tfy;a zi;a;ajhdZ fuu w¨; fidhd.;a nqoaêjd§ mokfuka jryka lsÍug iu;a jk m<uq mshjrg miqj jvd;a u oreKq fojeks mshjrla o .kq ,efí' úê.; m%mxpfõohg fmr hï m%d.a-m%mxpfõ§ m%ldrdka;rKhlg ^phenomenological reduction& iudk mshjrla .kakd fâldÜ zuu fjñZ hkafkka tkï fldðfgdafjka& Ôú;hg wod< ish¨ foa neyer lsÍug ^abstraire& iu;a fjhs (Derrida 2009: 103)'

fâldÜ idïm%odhsl ixl,amj,ska yd tu ixl,amj,g mQ¾j fldkafoais jk Wml,amkj,ska ÿria: ùfuka muKla iEySug m;a fkdfõ' ta wkqj zuu is;ñ" uu fjñZ hk w;aoelSfuka meje;au ms<sn| idïm%odhsl úYajdi" tkï zud uf.a Ôjudk YÍrhZ jk njg fyda wvq u jYfhka zuf.a YÍrh o uf.a meje;afï yrh w¾:l:kh lrk m%Odk idOlhlaZ jk nj m%ldY lrk wdl,am o neyer lsÍug fâldÜ iu;a fjhs' fvÍvd fmkajd fok mßÈ" by; i|yka idïm%odhsl úYajdi fol ia:r follg wh;a tajd fõ( m<uqjekak idïm%odhsl oekqu ksfhdackh lrk w;r" fojekak iaùh;ajh ms<sn| w;aoelSula ke;fyd;a wkqN+;shla ksfhdackh lrhs(

uf.a meje;au ms<sn| isÿ lrk úu¾Ykfha uf.a uki ;=< bfí yg .ekqKq" uf.a u iajNdjh úiska ;=vq fokq ,enQ is;=ú,s flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug leue;af;ñ' ta wkqj" ud m<uqj is;kq ,enqfõ uqyqKla ^visage& o w; mh o we;=¿ u<l|la jqj o i;= jQ ish¨ hdka;%sl wx. ud o i;= jQ w;r" uu th YÍrh hkqfjka ye¢kajQfjñ (Descartes 1901)'

ta wkqj ldàishdkq fldðfgdaj nqoaêu;a fyda wnqoaêu;a fyda i;a;ajhl=f.a Ñka;k l%shdj,sfha m%;sM,hla fkdfõ' tf,i ud i;=ka iu. fmdÿfõ fnod .kafka wjika jYfhka hdka;%sl YÍrhla

mdjq,d urdá

117

muKla jk w;r" th uf.a idrhg iïnkaO fkdjQ wyUq isoaêhls'8 zuu is;ñ" uu fjñZ hs m%ldY lrk iaùhd ^subject& wju jYfhka ;¾l nqoaêh úfYaI f,i msysgqKq if;l=j;a fkdj" Ôú;h yd ksYaÑ;" idrj;a iïnkaOhlaj;a fkdue;s meje;auls( ta wkqj" idrh uÜgñka .;a l<" iaùhd Ôúhl= fkdfõ¦ Ôú;h tys idrhg wvx.= fkdfõ' ta wdldrfhka u yhsfv.¾ o Ôjudk i;a;ajhl= yd we;s in|;djg yd;amiska fjkia jk zvdihskaZ tys u urKh yd mj;ajk in|;dj Tiafia kshu lr .ekSug olajk m%h;akh fâldÜf.a wämdf¾ hñka .;a tlla nj lsj yelsh'

wmf.a m%Odk f;audjg h<s msúfiuq' fvÍvdg wkqj fldðfgdafjka ish¨ i;a;aj i,l=Kq bj;a lsÍu yd iu.dój i;a;aj f,dalh ;=< zÔú;hZ hk foa u zWodiSklrKhlgZ ^neutralisation& Ndckh fõ' ñksiqka i;=ka iu. fmdÿfõ i;a;aj Ôú;fha fldgialrejka fkdjkjd muKla fkdj i;a;= Ôú;fhka f;dr wm%dKsl hdka;%sl iajrEmhla .ks;s' ta wkqj Ôú;h i|yd fujka o¾Ykhla ;=< we;s wjldYh l=ula oe hs hful=g m%Yak l< yel' ñksidg wkkH fldðfgdafõ Ôú;h fkdue;s kï" hdka;%sl i;a;aj meje;au ;=< o th fkdue;s kï" ñksidj;a i;a;ajhdj;a ienE f,i m%dKsl jkafka ke;'

fï ksid" fvÍvdg wkqj wkqN+;shg o m%mxpfõ§ w;aoelSug o mQ¾j fldkafoaishla jk iaùhd ^zuu fjñZ hkak& r|d mj;skafka m%dKh ke;fyd;a Ôú;h nysIalrKh lsÍula u; h' ta wkqj" j¾;udkfha isÿjk i;a;aj Ôú;fha ks¾ÔùlrKh yd iu. fuu mQ¾j-m%mxpfõ§ iaùh;ajh b;d oeä f,i ne£ we; (Derrida 2009: 121)'9 tksid 1638 jif¾ Tyqf.a hdka;%sl-i;a;aj ;¾lhg t,a, jQ úfõpk lsysmhlg

8 fâldÜ YÍrh uD; foayhla f,i ks¾jpkh lrk whqre fukau Tyqf.a uq,a ld,Sk lD;s ;=< uD; foay" hka;%" ;dlaIKh yd urKh w;r we;s iïnkaO;d o fvÍvd wjOdrKh lrhs' 9 1638 jif¾ ud¾;= ui ,shk ,o ,smshl zuu yqiau .ñ" tu ksid uu fjñ$mj;sñZ hk m%ldYh fâldÜ úiska neyer lrk ,oafoa th non sequitur tkï wkql%ñl fkdjk lshukla nj mjiñks' fvÍvd fuh olskafka ldáishdkq fldðfgdaj ms<sn| Tyqf.a lshùug ;j;a idlaIshla f,i h'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

118

m%;spdr olajñka fâldÜ ,shQ ,smshl i|yka jk .=ma;" úoHd kjl:djlg Tìk Wml,amkhla i,ld ne,Sfï§ tys we;s .uH yd yeÕjqï wyUqjla f,i neyer l< fkdyel' fuys fâldÜ mjikafka fuf,djg i;=ka fkdue;s hka;% muKla we;s f,djl fjfik msgilaj, Ôúhl= meñKsfhd;a" tu Ôúhd ksjerÈ f,i úksYaph lrkq ,nkafka fuf,dj fjfik i;=ka o hka;% jk njhs' fuys fâldÜ wfmalaId lrk wkd.;h - tkï i;a;ajhd ieneúkau ks¾ÔùlrKh ù we;s f,djla - wo Èk h:d¾:hla ù we;s nj fvÍvd m%ldY lrhs'

fldðfgdaj yd i;a;aj Ôú;h w;r we;s ish¨ in|;d neyer lsÍu fcrñ fnka;ïf.a m%Yakfhys – tkï zTjqkag ÿla ú£ug mq¿jka oZ hk m%Yakfhys – we;s od¾Yksl" wdpdrO¾ó yd foaYmd,ksl wod<;dj o neyer lsÍug wkqremS fõ' lreKdj i|yd lsisÿ iqcd;l mokula fâldÜ yg ke;af;a hdka;%sl Í;sj,g yiqjk hdka;%sl YÍr yer lsisjla wm i;=ka iuÕ fnod .kafka ke;s ksid;a" fuu hdka;%sl YÍr lreKdjg Ndckh l< yels jia;= fkdjk ksid;a h' ta wkqj" if;l= iy hka;%hla – WodyrKhla f,i" Trf,daiqjla fyda fndakslaflla – w;r lsisÿ ksYaÑ; fjkila fkdue;¦ levqKq fndakslaflla flfrys lreKdj olajkafka flfia o@ tfia l< yelafla l=vd <ufhl=g muKs' tfy;a m%Yakh we;af;a fu;ek u h( ñksiqkaf.a yd i;a;ajhskaf.a ndysr iudk;d Tiafia wNHka;r in|;djla wkqudkh lr .ekSu <dul w.;shl ,laIKhla nj zjeäysáfhdaZ is;;s'

ldàishdkq fldðfgdajg úfYaIs; oDIaáhla ,nd fok wkqmQrl ,laIK ta wkqj lsysmhls( zuu is;ñ" uu fjñZ hk wkqN+;sfhka Ôú;hg iïnkaO ish,a, neyer lsÍu¦ hdka;%sl i;a;ajhd ms<sn| kHdh¦ i;=kaf.a ÿla ú£u flfrys wkqlïmdj oelaùu mokï úrys; l%shdjla f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu¦ iy i;a;aj ñksia in|;d i;Hhla f,i Ndr .ekSu <dul w.;shla f,i ie,lSu' fïjd mYapd;a ldáishdkq oDIaáhg WmldÍ jk" ñksid znqoaêu;a i;l=Z f,i ks¾jpkh l< idïm%odhsl oDIaáfhka tu kQ;k m%fõYh fjka lrùug WmldÍ jk ,laIK fõ' fuu ,laIK tlg tlaj b;d iïmQ¾K yd w¾:dkaú;

mdjq,d urdá

119

rEmhla f.dv k.k w;r" t u.ska i;=kag yd lreKdjg tfrysj flfrk hqoaOfhys úYd, N+ñldjla isÿ flf¾' fuys wm wu;l fkdl< hq;= foh kï fvÍvdg wm ñksiqka o i;a;ajhska jk nj h( fjk;a i;a;ajhskag tÈßj isÿ flfrk hqoaOfhka ñksidg o n,mEï ke;s nj ;yjqre l< fkdyel'

yqi¾,shdkq fldðfgdaj

fvÍvd fâldÜf.a fldðfgdafjys m%mxpfõ§ iajrEmhla we;s nj ;yjqre lrk fyhska th yqi¾,shdkq W;a;rdkqN+;sl m%mxpfõoh ms<sn| Tyqf.a uq,a ld,Sk úYaf,aIK iu. ixikaokh l< yelsh' ta" úfYaIfhka u Voice and Phenomenon lD;sfha Tyq zyqi¾,shdkq fldðfgdajZ f,i ixl,amkh lrk ,oao yd iuÕ h' i;=kag tfrys hqoaOfha yqi¾,af.a idfmalaI zuOHia: njlaZ we;s njg lsj yelafla fvÍvd zfâldÜ-ldkaÜ-yhsfv.¾-,ldka-f,úkdiaZ hk idïm%odhsl od¾Yksl wdlD;shg yqi¾,a we;=<;a fkdlrk ksid;a" i;=ka ms<sn| úfYaI lreKdjka; njla fkdoelajqj o i;a;ajhska yd iïnkaOj t;rï ldàishdkq od¾Ykslhl= fkdjk njg Tyqf.a flá" meyeÈ,s m%ldY ksid;a h (Derrida 2009: 57)' ta wkqj" yqi¾,a yd fâldÜ w;r fvÍvd ksÍlaIKh lrk fjkialï ms<sn| m%Yak lsÍu jeo.;a h' tu m%Yakhg Èh yels tla ms<s;=rla f,i ud olskafka tu od¾Ykslhka fofokd fldðfgdaj;a ld,h;a w;r we;s iïnkaOh fjkia wdldrhlg ixl,amkh lsÍuhs'

yQi¾,shdkq m%mxpfõohg wkqj W;a;rdkqN+;sl iaùh;ajhg ^W;a;rdkqNQ;sl uu hkakg& m%fõY ùu i|yd ufkdúoHd;aul úIhg wh;ajk ish¨ wx.hka" tkï jdia;úl yd iajdNdúl f,dalh ms<sn|j we;s woyia" b;d mÍlaIdldÍ úêl%uhla Tiafia w;aysgqùug wjYH fõ' tfy;a yqi¾,ag wkqj" W;a;rdkqN+;sl wjldYhl újD; ùu yd W;a;rdkqN+;sl iaùh;ajfha iajhx-wjfndaOh fâldÜg iEyqKq f,i wyUq ^contingent& j¾;udk fudfyd;l isÿ úh fkdyel' zuu is;ñ" uu fjñZ hkak ksiel jkafka ud th is;k ;dla l,a muKs¦ tys moku tys u ld,h yd l%shdldß;ajh jk w;r" w;S;fhka yd

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

120

wkd.;fhka thg lsisÿ n,mEula fkdue;' ^fâldÜg foúhka jykafia wjYH jkafka o fuksid h¦ tfy;a th fuu ,smsfhys idlÉPd lsÍug yels ldrKdjla fkdfõ&'

yqi¾,af.a m¾hdf,dalhg wkqj kï" j¾;udkh ms<sn| lsisjla wyUq fkdfõ' Tyqg wkqj ieneúka W;a;rdkqN+;sl oDIaáhla idlaId;a lr .ekSug kï iajdNdúl f,dalh jryka lsÍug ^to bracket& yd wkqN+;sl meje;au w;sl%uKh lsÍug ksoyila wmg wjYH h' tfy;a tjeks ksoyila fya;=fjka wm idudkHfhka Ôj;a jk f,dalfhka Tíng f.dia fuu f,dalhg i;aNdjfõ§ jYfhka fjkia maf,afgdaksl woyia f,dalhlg msúfikafka ke;' W;a;rdkqN+;sl jia;= fï f,dalfha mj;sk jia;=j, iodld,sl rEm fkdjk fia u W;a;rdkqN+;sl iaùhd wkqN+;sl iaùhdf.a i;aNdjfõ§ wkqrejla fkdfõ' W;a;rdkqN+;sl yd m%mxpfõ§ m%ldrdka;rKfhka ^reduction& wkdjrKh jkafka zmeje;auZ hkak u zú{dkS NdjhlaZ ^ideality&10 f,i ks¾Kh ù we;a;la nj h' fuu meje;au fuu f,dalfhys fyda fuu f,dalfhka Tíng we;s f,dalhl fyda yrj;a f,i msysgd ;sfnk fohla fkdfõ' meje;au ms<sn| tu ks¾Kfhka i,l=Kq lrkafka hï ú{dkhlg mqkrdj¾;kh ;=<ska ú{dkuh w¾: il%sh lsÍug fyda ixia:dmkh lsÍug we;s yelshdjhs' ú{dkh i;= tl u ix.;;dj jkafka o fufia mqkrdj¾;kh lsÍug we;s wuq;= ksoyihs' ú{dkfha ixia:dms; l%shdjla Tiafia Wm; ,nk úoHdj fuka u" o¾Ykh" udkj b;sydih" {dkh yd i;Hh i|yd wjeis oekqu iïfma%IKh lsÍug yd /ia lsÍug we;s yelshdj o r|d mj;skafka mqkrdj¾;kh i|yd ú{dkhg we;s yelshdj u;hs'

meje;au ú{dkS Ndjhla f,i ks¾Kh lsÍu yd meje;aug m%fõY ùug iaùhdg we;s W;a;rdkqN+;sl ksoyi r|d mj;skafka zj¾;udkhZ to;a wo;a ljo;a wkqN+;sfha úYaùh iajrEmh f,i ksielj Ndr .ekSfuks' ta wkqj m%mxpfõofha zuQ,O¾uhkaf.a uQ,O¾uhZ f,i

10 Ideality f,i yQi¾,a y÷jkafka ld,fhys yd wjldYfha iajdh;a;;dj yd talSh njhs' tu jpkh zú{dkS NdjhZ f,i fuys mßj¾;kh lr ;snqK o tu fhÿu ms<sn| iEySulg m;a fkdfjñ'

mdjq,d urdá

121

zj¾;udkhZ kï l< yelsh' iaùhdg iy oekqug ú{dkS ke;fyd;a W;a;rdkqN+;sl ;;a;ajhla w;a lr fokafka wiSñ;j mqkrdj¾;kh lsÍfï yelshdj jk w;r fuh yqi¾,a ;rula wmeyeÈ,s f,i kï lrkafka zÔjudk j¾;udkhZ f,ihs'

yqi¾,shdkq m%mxpfõofha fulS úfYaIs; ,laIK fya;=fjka fvÍvd yqi¾,shdkq fldðfgdaj – tkï ksielj" ksoyiaj yd iajdh;a;j W;a;rdkqN+;sl iaùhd ;udj u msysgqjd.ekSu – i,lkafka zuu fjñ $ uu ^oeka& fjñ $ uu ^wNsuqL& fjñZ ^zI am presentZ& hkak ir,j m%ldY lrkakla f,i h' ta wkqj wkqN+;sl yd iajdNdúl f,dalfha iSud yd kshu wNsnjd W;a;rdkqN+;sl Ôú;fha ksoyi i|yd m%fõY ùug ug wjYH jkafka Ôjudk j¾;udkfha ksiel nj muKs' tkuq;a" uf.a W;a;rdkqN+;sl ksoyi m%ldY jk ir, u l%shdfjys mjd W;a;rdkqN+;slfha o iaùhdf.a iajhx-msysgqjd.ekSfï o iajdh;a; njg úixjd§ jk ish¨u foa wj;dr f,i mejf;a' Voice and

Phenomenon ys fvÍvd fufia mjihs(

j¾;udkh $ wNsuqL nj ^presence& iu. in|;djla we;s lr .ekSug uf.a zke;s ùuZ ^disappearance& ud úiska w;aú| ;sîug wjYH kï" uf.a mru zke;s ùfuysZ" tkï urKfhys" úhyelshdj w;aú£u ud yg n,mdk njj;a" fldðfgdajg isys jk njj;a" iaùhl= úlrKh lrk nj j;a lsj fkdyel' zuu fjñZ hkak wm úiska w;aú¢kafka zuu oeka fjñ $ uu wNsuql fjñZ hk f,iska muKla jk w;r" wNsuql nj ke;fyd;a wNsuql meje;au yd iu. mQ¾j fmdÿ in|;djla fï i|yd mQ¾j-fldkafoaishla fõ' zuu fjñZ hk m%ldYh ;=< " ug udj u m%ia;=; ùu" uq,sl jYfhka zudZ uf.a úhyels zke;s ùuZ yd iu. we;s lr .kakd iïnkaOhls' tu ksid zuu fjñZ hkafkys uQ,sl w¾:h zuu uefrkiq¨ fjñZ hkakhs' zuu wurŒh fjñZ hkak úh fkdyels mriamr m%ia;=;hls (Derrida 2010: 60)'

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

122

ta wkqj" yqi¾,af.a fÉ;kdj flfia fj;;a" Tyqf.a m%mxpfõ§-W;a;rdkqN+;sl fldðfgdaj úiska uefrkiq¨ nj ke;fyd;a u¾;H;dj ms<s.kq ,efí( zuu fjñ" t ksid uu uefrkiq¨ fjñZ' W;a;rdkqN+;sl m%mxpfõoh tys iSudjg meñfKkafka fu;ek h' ukao h;a" fvÍvd Voice and Phenomenon ys mjik mßÈ oeka u¾;H;dj iu. ixia:dms; in|;dj" wkqN+;sl urKh" yd ud keue;s i;a;ajhdf.a wNdjh bka neyer l< fkdyels ksid h' W;a;rdkqN+;sl m%mxpfõofha úêu;a l%ufõohgj;a ú.%yj,gj;a urKh yd flrk fuu .kqfokqfõoS fíÍ isàug fkdyelsh' ish¨ i;a;ajhka yd iu. wm ñksiqka fnod .kakd fmdÿ wYlH;dj o ÿn,nj o yqi¾,shdkq fldðfgdaj úiska ms<s.kq ,nk fudfyd; o fuhhs'

ks.uk

1993 jif¾" tkï zAutobiographical AnimalZ zwd;aupß;fhys fhfok i;a;ajhdZ& ms<sn| iïuka;%Khg jir lsysmhlg fmr" tu jif¾ wfma%,a ui >d;khg ,la jQ l%sia ydks kï ol=Kq wm%sldkq fldñhqksiaÜ mlaI kdhlhdf.a u;lh fjkqfjka ms¥" wdpdrO¾ó yd foaYmd,k W;aiql njlska hq;a ;j;a lD;shla fvÍvd úiska ,shejqKs' ta Specters of Marx ^udlaiaf.a wj;dr& hk lD;shhs' fuys fvÍvd i;=ka ms<sn|j l;d lrkafka ke;' udlaia yd fYalaiamsh¾ ms<sn| Tyqf.a lshùï fuys ia:dk.; lrkafka cd;sjdoh" cd;sl;ajh" hg;aúð;jdoh" ,sx.jdoh" wêrdcHjdoh" taldêm;sjdoh hk wdÈh fjkqfjka ñksiqka úiska isÿ lrk ,o hqoaO h' fuys§ mj;sk cd;sl fyda wka;¾cd;sl wêlrK l%uj,g fyda kS;s moaO;sj,g fjkia hqla;sh ms<sn| woyila fvÍvd úiska b;d mßlaIdldÍ f,i fhdackd flf¾' tfy;a fuys tu hqla;sh i;a;ajhd keue;s wfkld ms<sn| fkdj" Bg;a fjkia wfkfll=g wod< fõ' ta wj;drh h' hqla;sh úiska b,a,d isákafka wm wNsuqL j mj;sk mqoa.,hska yg .re;ajhla muKla fkdj" wm bÈßfha j¾;udkfha fkdue;s" oeka Ôú;h ksu l<" ke;fyd;a ;ju Ôj;=ka w;rg fkdmeñKs wfkl=ka flfrys o f.!rjhla oelaùuhs (Derrida 1994: 15)' Ôjudk j¾;udkh ;=< hï

mdjq,d urdá

123

úiïnkaOhla" j¾;udk fkdjk njla fkdue;sj j;auka Ôjk wdlD;sh" tkï uf.a yd wmf.a Ôú;" wNsnjd is;Sug fkdyels w;r tjekakla fkdue;sj hqla;sh o ;sìh fkdyel'

zyqi¾,aZ hk ku udlaiaf.a wj;dr lD;sfha wdrïNfha fvÍvd i|yka fkdl< o zÔjudk j¾;udkfhysZ j¾;udkh ;=< u úiïnkaOhla mj;sk njg Tyqf.a m%ldYh Tiafia wj;dr i|yd bgq úh hq;= hqla;sh yd yqi¾,shdkq m%mxpfõoh ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a uq,a ld,Sk úYaf,aIK w;r b;d meyeÈ,s iïnkaOhla we;s nj is;Sug mq¿jks' fu;ek óg jvd .eUqre ieÕjqKq iïnkaOhla o we; ^iuyre fuh iïnkaOhla fkdj fvÍvdf.a Ñka;kh ;=< we;s meyeÈ,s LKavkhla f,i o is;Sug fm<fU;s&' fï" i;=ka yd wj;dr w;r we;s in|;dj iy i;a;aj Ôú;fha ks¾ÔùlrKh ms<sn| úfõpkh yd Ôjudk j¾;udkh iajdNdúl fyda ú{dkS Ôú;h thg h<s wNsuqL ùu& ms<sn| úfõpkh w;r we;s in|;djhs (Derrida 1994: 16)'

i;=ka ms<sn| yd wj;dr ms<sn| fvÍvdf.a Ñka;khka w;r lsisÿ >Ügkhla ke;s nj;a ióm .e,mSula we;s nj;a uu ;rfha úYajdi lrñ' idrïNfha isg u o¾Ykh yd fvÍvdf.a jQ wdpdrO¾ó yd foaYmd,ksl ne£u wruqKq lr we;af;a ñksidf.a idrh ms<sn| fkdfhl=;a ks¾jpk úixfhdackh lsÍu;a ta yryd úúO wdldrfhka ztal;djfha m%pKav;ajhZ ^violence of the same& úfõpkh lsÍu;a h' WodyrKhla f,i ^we;a; jYfhka fujka WodyrK fndfyduhla we;&" 1968 jif¾ zThe Ends of ManZ ^ñksidf.a ksudj$Wfmah& kï foaYkfha fya.,a" yqi¾,a iy yhsfv.¾ ms<sn| b;d úêu;a idlÉPdjlg t<öug fmr Tyq úhÜkdï hqoaOh yd ud¾áka Æ;¾ lsxf.a >d;kh ms<sn|j b;d Rcqj Tyqf.a woyia m%ldY lrhs (Derrida

1985)' fnd<| f,i fyda b;d úo.aO f,i fyda zuuZ" zwmsZ yd zwmf.aZ wfkld ms<sn| ksiel oekqula m%ldY lrkakka fkdfjfyiS úfõpkh lsÍug fvÍvd iEu úgu iu;a úh'

idrïNfha isgu fvÍvd ish wdpdrO¾ó yd foaYmd,ksl o¾Ykh zwfkldZ yg fyda zwfkla ñksidZ yg fyda iSud fkdlsÍug Wkkaÿ úh¦ f,úkdiaf.a zwfkla ñksidf.a udkjjdohZ ^zHumanism of the

m%jdo 35 ^2020&

124

Other ManZ& fvÍvdf.a kHdhm;%fha lsis Èfkl fkdjQfha wm úiska j.lsjhq;af;a fjk;a ñksfil=gj;a ^msßñfhl=gj;a& fjkia ukqIHfhl=gj;a ^human& muKla fkdjk ksid h' f,úkdia iu. fvÍvd tlÕ jk ldrKhla we;( tkï j¾;udkfha wl%sh;dj yd úiïnkaOhhs' tfy;a" fuu fmdÿ ldrKdj,ska fvÍvd f.dvk.k ks.uk f,úkdiag yd;amiska fjkia h' tkï" fvÍvdg wkqj fu u.ska i,l=Kq lrkq ,nkafka wm i;=ka iu. fnod .kakd wYlH;dj yd ÿn,nj;a" m%lD;su;a fYdapkhl ^an original mourning& w;aoelSu;a ^j¾;udkfha iajhx-ks¾udKhg mßndysr w;aoelSula ms<sn| l;d lsÍug yelskï&" w;S; yd wkd.; wj;dr yd iu.-meje;aul=;a h'

o¾Ykfha fujka Ndú;hlg m%mxpfõoh yd iu." úfYaIfhka u yqi¾,shdkq W;a;rdkqN+;sl cdkuh m%mxpfõoh yd iu." fvÍvdf.a .kqfokqj m%;súreoaO fkdjk nj uu ;rfha úYajdi lrñ' fvÍvdf.a o¾Ykh ;=< yqi¾,af.a yd yhsfv.¾f.a wiuñ;sl N+ñldj ms<sn| ud fmr ,shd ;sfnk woyia kej;;a fuys i|yka lsÍug ud wfmalaId fkdl< o" h<s;a jrla yqi¾,shdkq Wreuh fuys biau;= lr §ug leue;af;ñ' Ôú;h ms<sn| ish,a,lau wj,ïnkh lsÍulska zuu is;ñ" uu fjñZ hkak m%ldY lrk fâldÜg úreoaOj" fvÍvd olsk mßÈ" yqi¾,shdkq fldðfgdaj urKhg hg;a i;a;ajhl=f.a WÉpdrKhls ^zl’aveu d’un mortelZ&' tfia kï th Ôúhl= úiska flfrk m%ldYhls' ;jo" tys uD;H;djfha ms<s.ekSula ;snqK o ;u Y=oaO urKh-lrd-meje;au ^being-towards-death& úiska kshu jQ zvdihskaZ flfkl=f.a iy;sl nj tys fkdue;' zuf.aZ fyda zwfmaZ j¾;udkh muKla ms<sn| oeä we,aula fkdolajk uD;H;djfha Ndr .ekSula jk th" j¾;udkh blaujk foag o wiSñ; f,i újD; fõ'

i;=ka iy wj;dr yd iu. fvÍvdf.a ñ;%;ajh ;=< yqi¾,ag Tyqf.a Wreuh y÷kd.ekSug we;eï úg wmyiq ùug mq¿jks' tkuq;a" yqi¾,a yd fvÍvd w;r b;d meyeÈ,s fjkialï ;snqK o Tjqka fom<f.a o¾Yk ;=< tlsfkldf.a wkqkdo ;sfnk nj ug yefÕa' m%mxpfõoh ^yd o¾Ykh& i|yd b;d bjis,sjka; úYaf,aIK yd mßlaIdldÍ ú.%y wjYH nj;a" ta i|yd .kq ,nk iEu mshjrla u wiSñ; f,i wkka;

mdjq,d urdá

125

jdrhla .ekSug wjYH jk wjia:d ;sìh yels nj;a yqi¾,af.a woyi jk w;r" fuh o¾Ykh yd iu. fvÍvdf.a b;d bjis,sjka;" úpdrYS,S .kqfokqjg fndfyda fia wkqrEmS fõ'

wdY%s; .%ka:

Derrida, Jacques, 1985. Margins of Philosophy. Trans. Alan Bass.

University of Chicago Press.

Derrida, Jacques, 1997. Of Grammatology. Trans. Gayatri Chakravorty

Spivak. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Derrida, Jacques, 1994. Specters of Marx. Trans. Peggy Kamuf. Routledge.

Derrida, Jacques, 2009. The Animal that therefore I Am. Ed. Marie-Louise

Mallet. Trans. David Wills. Fordham University Press.

Derrida, Jacques, 2010. Voice and Phenomenon. Trans. Leonard Lawlor.

Northwestern Unversity Press.

Derrida, Jacques, 1978. Writing and Difference. Trans. Alan Bass.

University of Chicago Press.

Descartes, René, 1901. The Method, Meditations and Philosophy of

Descartes. Trans. John Veich. M. Walter Dunne.

SSA

FM Abhaya pt.

abstract

ර Microsoft Word

hiranyada.dewasiri@gmail.com