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HISTORYOFROCKETENGINESAND

ANEWPROPOSALTOINCREASETHEIREFFICIENCY:MAGNETICFIELDS

SaidAboualiSánchezYolandaTrujilloAdriá

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFROCKETSTHROUGHOUTHISTORY

THERMOELECTRICEFFECTMAGNETICEFFECTF.E.M.ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENTALVALIDATIONCONCLUSIONS

FUTUREWORKSANDCHALLENGES

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INTRODUCTION

•  Threemainneeds:1.  TheneedtoknowwhatisbeyondtheEarth.2.  Theneedtotravelfaraway.3.  Theneedtoincreasetheefficiency.

•  Threewaystounderstandandsolvetheproblem:1.  Historical2.  TheoreUcal3.  Experimental

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HISTORY:FirstYears

•  AulusGellius–Archytas–Woodenbird•  HeroofAlexandria-Aelopile•  First“rockets”:Blackgunpowderrockets

-Chinese–>1232->Mongoles-Arabs->1258-Europe

•  DuringtheXVIcentury,firstdescripUonsofthemethodappears:

-RogerBacon-  JeanFroissart-  JoanesdeFontana-  JohannSchmidlap

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HISTORY:Thebiginningofascience

•  IsaacNewtonyWilliamGravesande->AcUon-reacUonprinciple->XVIICentury

•  DevelopmentinRussiaandGermany.•  IntheXVIIcenturytheywereasaccurateasthearUlleryofthisUmes.Thentheyloseprecisiónandmostlydisappear.

•  AttheendofXVIIIcenturyandthebiginningofXIXthereappeartobeusedinwars.

•  CoronelWilliamCongreve•  WilliamHale–spinstabilizaUon

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HISTORY:Thestudyofmodernrocketry

•  AtthebeginningoftheXXcenturyKonstanUnE.TsiolkowskyisthefirstinproposeinacienUficwayaspacetripandthelaunchingofsatellites->USEOFLIQUIDPROPELLANT

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HISTORY:Thestudyofmodernrocketry

•  RobertH.Goddard

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HISTORY:Thestudyofmodernrocketry

•  GermanV-2

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HISTORY:Thestudyofmodernrocketry

•  DevelopmentsintheUSAandintheSovietUnion.•  4thofOctoberof1957–>SputnikI•  Laika•  ExplorerI

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HISTORY:Thefuture

•  Therearemanypointsofimprovementinspacetrip•  Theefficiencyinthermoelectrics,amongothers,itisbeingstudiedtroughoutthedevelopmentofmaterialsandnanotechnology.

•  MagneUcfields.•  ExperimentalvalidaUons.

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THERMOELECTRICEFFECT

Whatdotheyhaveincommon?

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THERMOELECTRICEFFECT

RefrigeraUon(PelUercell) EnergygeneraUon(RTG)

ManyapplicaUons

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THERMOELECTRICEFFECT

ADVANTAGES:•  Noliquids•  Nomovingparts•  Weightdecrease•  Useoflostenergy•  Savefuel!Cheaper•  OperateinhosUlenvironments•  Ecofriendly•  Safe

•  PerfectforaerospaceapplicaUons•  2009:BOEING:Reduce0.5%fuel!Save$12.075M

¿WHYARETHEYNOTCONSOLIDATEDYET?

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THERMOELECTRICEFFECT

DISADVANTAGES:•  Lowefficiency•  Limitedpower•  Highcost

POSSIBLESOLUTION:•  MagneOcfields

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MAGNETICEFFECT

+ =

FINDTHE7DIFFERENCIES

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MAGNETICEFFECT

LandauFormulaUon •  Hall!R•  Ernghausen!N•  Nernst!R•  Righi-Leduc!M

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FEM:RESULTS

•  Finiteelementmethodanalysis•  Thermo-elasto-galvano-magneUcformulaUon.3DN-L•  Thermoelement:InSb.MagneUcproperUes:Okumura

•  IncreaseCOP EXPERIMENTALVALIDATIONISREQUIRED

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EXPERIMENTALVALIDATION

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EXPERIMENTALVALIDATION

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EXPERIMENTALVALIDATION

hsps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UHKcMS9dGE

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EXPERIMENTALRESULTS

•  “y”!temperaturegradient(K)

•  “x”!Ume(s)

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EXPERIMENTAL:RESULTS

•  “y”!temperaturegradient(K)

Highestvaluereached.CellspecificaUons(10A)

ConducUonPelUer,Nernst

NeedofconvecUon

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CONCLUSIONS

•  FutureAerospaceIndustry:•  Efficient•  Cheap•  Ecofriendly•  Safe

•  Thermoelectriceffect:•  PelUerCells!RefrigeraUon•  RTG!EnergygeneraUon

•  PROBLEM!Lowefficiency•  SOLUTION!MagneUcfields

•  NumericalvalidaUon(FEM)•  ExperimentalvalidaUon

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FUTUREWORK

Isthisadreamorareality?

•  2014:“ThermoelectricEnergyGenera2onTakesFlightforAircra8andSpacecra8Monitoring”(JPL)

•  2015:“BoeingPatentIssuedforThermoelectricPowerGenera2onUsingAircra8FuselageTemperatureDifference”

•  2023:JPLesUmatesathermoelectricmarketof$875M

•  2015:“Asuperconduc2ngshieldforastronauts”

Itisadreamthatcanbecomeareality!Let’sworkonit!

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FUTUREWORKSANDCHALLENGES

•  Numericalstudy•  Strain.¿Doesthematerialbreak?•  Temperatureandvoltagefields•  HowtoconUnueincreasingCOP•  Newdesigns

•  Completeexperimentalstudy•  BeserfaciliUes!IsolatethemagneUcfieldfromothereffects•  AchievehigherintensiUes•  MeasuretheheatextractedinarealisUcway•  StudytheenergygeneraUonmodeexperimentally.

•  VehicleintegraOon•  HowtointroduceamagneUcfieldinanopUmalway?•  VibraUonandnoiseanalysis.•  MaterialcompaUbilityandthermalstrain•  Maintenance

•  RealapplicaOonanalysis:GalileospacecraT

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THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTION

¿QUESTIONS?