Ackowdgts iv
SECTON TH FIST WL WA 1 Te causes of the First World War Who shold
bear he blame? 2
2 Briin and the First World War: 1941918 21 Breaing he salemae on
he Wesern Fron 4 2.2 The war on oher frons 37
3 British depth study19061918 3.1 How and why did he Lberals help
he poor? 50 3.2 How and why did women o wn he rgh o voe? 58 3.3 he
Briish Home Fron dring he Firs World War 66
4 Te peace treaties er he First Word War Were hey ar? 80
SECTION 2 H S S, MANY AN 5 Russia and he USSR 905-1941 H SA BWN TH
51 How did he Bolshevi ae onrol? 98 WAS 52 nins sia 117
53 Sain sess or failre? 26
Geany19181945 6 The Weimar epbi and he rse o he Nazis
137
62 Hiler's Germany 58
7
Te USA99941 7 Wha was he USA ike in he 1920s? 83 72 The Wall Sree
Crash 211 73 Frann D oosevel and he New Deal 218
SECTION -A A LI 8 Te League of Naions1919195 81 How wa e age
n e 920s 22 82 W dd e age in e 90s 244
9 Causes of he Second Word War 91 Wh did peae ollae Erope 1939?
255
92 How did he war beome a world wa? 275
10 Te world a war9391945 10.1 Why dd he Allies wn he Seond Word
War? 279 10.2 The Home Fron 1939945 how did he war ae life n
Briain? 30
SECTION 4 NTNAAL LAI 11 Te beginnings of he Cold War:194594995990
Who wa o bae 1
12 Te Cod War 9501975 Did he USA manage o onan he sread o Commnism?
36
3 Te USA194980 A divided nion? 366
4 Ease Europe and the Cold War1948989 14 How sere was Sove onrol of
ease Erope 1948-968? 397 142 Why did Sovie onrol of ease Erope
ollapse in 1989? 40
Glossary 424 Index 425
he Frst World War was a deadly war that killed mil lions of people
At the tme, people n Britain and France had no doubt that Germany
was to blame for staing the war Nowadays, many hstorans ask whether
other countries should share the blame
n this chapter:
• You wll find out how Europe divided itself into o alliances in
the years before the war• You wll investgate how and why each
country in Europe bult up its armes and naves and made plans for
war• Finally, you will make up your own mnd about whether Germany
caused the war or whether other countres should share the
blame
SOURCE 2
The Archdue Frn erd nn d d is wife Sohie rrive i Srjevo he Archdke
ws he r to the hrone o Astr , whose
owerful em ire covered mch of cetr l roe see ge
Th causs of th Fist
Wold Wa Who should bear the blame?
Murder in Sarajevo SOURCE Sunday 28une 1914 was a ight and sunny y
in Saajevo Sajevo in Bosnia was aingfo a a vsitfm chduke nz
Fedinand ofust [see Souce 2} Cows ed the stee and waitedfo the
csion ofca to aea Hidden among the cws boweve wee s teage [Bosnian
Se] teosts o to ki the chduke bated him and tbey bated ust. e wee
stationed at inteas aong the ivee oute which the ca woudfoow on
thei way to tbe own Ha h a bad oms and stos in tbei ockets, and bas
ofoson wbicb th bad msed to aow tb wee caugbt, so that tbey woud
not give tbe othe away. It seemed as tbe an coud not fai
Finay, the cavacade o ou age ca came nto sigb e duke was in a gee
oentoed He ooked ev inch a duke weaing a ae ue unom, a ow of
gitteing medas and a miit bat decoated with ge ostJ feathe Bide bim
sat hs we Sohie, ooking eautu in a wb ds and a oad bat and waving
oey to the cow
t 10. 15 the ca assed ebmedasic, tbe t in ine oftbe waitng kie He
took figb dd nothing and tben cae 7Je net assassin, Caiovic, aso
ost hs neve and dd notbing. But tben as tbe ca assed tbe Cuma Bge
Cainovic tbe bs om, saowed hs oson, andjumed into the iv 7Je cbduke
saw the om coming and be it obs ut it oded unde tbe ca ebin injuing
seve eoe. Now thee was tota confusion as tbe ocsion acceeated away,
feaing moe oms eanwhie the oice ded Cainovic out ofthe ive Hs
cyanide was od and bad not woke
e cbduke was diven to tbe own Ha, whe be demanded to e taken to
vsit tbe om victims in bosita Feaing moe teosts, the ocias decided
to take a new oute to avoid tbe cows, ut tbs was not oey eained to
tbe dive oftbe chduke oeov no oice guad went witb tbe ocsion
eanwbe tbe othe assassins on beaing tbe om ode, assumed the cbduke
was dead and - a ecet Pinc who soon dscoveed tbe tutb seay be
wandeed acoss tbe seet towas Schie deicatess and caf
Pinc was stanng sie tbe ca wben at 1 0. 45 tbe chduke ca sudden
aeaed e him and tued into nzosSeet 7Js was a mstake, fo accoding to
tbe new an the csion shoud have continued staight aong the e Quay
the dive eased be bad taken a wong tu be stoed and stated to eee
Pinc coud had eiee hs uck. Puing an automatic sto om tbe ightband
ocket ofbs coa beed wo sho at a nge oust 3 o 4 met He coud not mss
One uet ieced tbe cbduke neck and tbe othe icocheted othe ca into
Sohie stomach. F minut ate she died and tbe cbduke foowed soon
a
:
ere were may mome ts du ing 28 Jue whe events oul d ave urned out
diferently Sudy te aout o the u des n Sore ad is any moments at whi
a dfferen desio mgh ave saved the ives o the Aduke and his
we.
2 o you hink tha the Arhdke had no bee shot, te wa would not have
stared? G ve your reasons (hese are on y your is thogts. You an
revise yor opinion ate
SOURCE
ude p ae here
----+ Rue Tw Hall
Reu rue r w a
The route ake by Aduke Fanz Ferdiand's a in Saraevo, 28 une
At his rial, icip sa: I am ot a crimal, for I estroye a ba ma
I hought I was ight' o yea ater he sai ta he a kow what was to
ollow he wou eer ae fe e two faal sos bu hs eget was oo late
Wihi six weeks o the Achukes assassatio, amost all of urope ha bee
ragge o he blooest war i st
On23 July: Ausa blame erba o he eath of Faz Feia a se i a
ulmatum
On28 Juy: Austa eclare wa o ebia a shelle it capital,
elgrae
On29 Juy: Te ussa amy got reay to hep erbia ee itself agast the
Austria attack
Germay ware ssia o o hep he erbs
On1 August: Germay ecae war o ussa I also bega o moe its ay towars
race a elgium
On2 August: The rec army wa pu o a wa oog eay o fig ay Germa
aio
On3 August: Gemay eclare wa o Frace a ae elgium rta oere Gemay to
wthraw om egum
On4 August: W he Gemas stll i elgum, ria eclae war o Germa
On6 August: Austra eclare wa o ussa
Te le nene
Neural onie
he Ooan e
D iued area
K Solder in amy
Fane
The Aliances n 11 he sx s weul unes n Eupe wee dvded n w psng ES he
en Pwes Te Allne (Gen AusHung nd l) med n 1882, nd he Tple Enene
(Bn, ne nd uss, fmed n 07 h un ws hev med nd eh ne hd esns f dsusng
he unes n Eue.
SOURCE 4
·;- ( _ ",000 . RUSSIA
BELG I-
· Loaine _.' 6 SWITZ
,
(
-
e rip e A l ae a the ple ntente,
SOURCE 5
AustriaHungary's empire showig the may fferent natonalities t
ontane he tik otte
line sows the ivsion between te lans ami istere by the Astrias an
tose by the
!_garians.
Geany
Beoe 180 Germny w collection o m nepenent te o wch Pui w he mot
poweru. n 80 the Puin emn Bmck won w gn Frnce ter whic he
unie he mny Germn e nto new n poweul Gemn empe. Germny ook om Fnce
he impont nuril re o Ace-Lorne n, to gur gint evenge ttck rom
he rench, ome n llince wih AuHung n Ity.
The new Gemny w epecilly ucceu n nu By 14 Gemn inu oveken
Briin n w econ n te worl ony o o e SA.
Howeve Germny leer h gree mbtion well concern. e Gemn Ke et Gemny
ou be wol powe n houl hve ovee OOES n n empire like Frnce n Btn h
ee Souce . he Gemn h etbhe two colone n c but tey wnte more
In te 180 the Kie oree he bung o lrge ny, whic oon becme e wor econ
mo poweru ee Bn w te rget n mot powerul. Gemn ee were ve worrie by
w hey clle encirclement. Frienip beween u o he et n Fnce o te wet w
een n ttemp o uroun n heen Gemny. Gemny w lo concene by the huge
builup o m epecilly n ui, n w tel builing up v rmy
Austria-Hunga
:
L 1
ropean a ianes n By 14 te min conce o the mperor o Aui-Hung w how
to keep rgmente
1 o you hin k ha preseving peae was a prioriy for Germany,
AusiaHungary or Ialy?
empe togehe Autri-Hung lo ce poblem rom neighboung e I
newly nepenent neghbour Sebi w becoming poweu oce n the Blk.
Auri
w ve nxou t i houl not become ny tonge note neigbo u, uppoe
te Seb n ve ong my.
Italy
Like Germny Ity w orme om collection o mller tte. A irt t mn concen
w to ge i govenmen eblie, but by 14 te coun w ee n w loong to ex it
mucle'.
Like ome o the oer Europen powe, Itly wne o et up coonie n bu up n
ovee empe. Wt hi m in min Ily jone Germny n Aut in he Tple lnce.
Howeve; ee ome evence tht Germny n Auti i not enrey tu heir y In ny
ce, Itly w not tong nuril or mit power.
The Tripe Entente
Britain
:
its Eire Iaan
Eire
E ireI Geran Ee elgian
E ire
The thee in eon wee ht: ne n Briin h ehe nube o greeent bou oone n
oth A n 904 . Ru w eee n w g in pn n 904 Thi wekene Rui o ht Btn w
le onene bout i. Above ll, Brin w ve worie bou Geny The Gern
Ke h e t er th he wnte Gerny to hve n epe n ong ny whh Btn w eriou
het to t own epe n ny.
Briin begn to oopere oe with rne n gne n geeen wih t n 904 Briin
gne nohe greeent wih Rui in
SOURC 7
Ptguese Rss a Ee Eie
Aeas gaied e sie 1870
ria ae Geany Asa Rssia Iay
Poplaton ( l l s)
460 40 0 650 50 0
1670 350
Population of Ara o ovrsas ovrsas colons coons
( l l s) ( l
3900 70 63 0 0 150 2.5
0 0
he oveseas empi res of he uopean powers in
France
Russia
Rui w by fr the rge of ll he x powe, but w lo the ot bk. The oun
w ot enrely gultur, though on o ne h helpe Ru o eveop oe
nutre.
Rui he rne worie bou he growng powe of Gerny. t lo h long ht of riv
with Auri-Hung Thi w one eon why Ru
w o ienly wih Seb. Anoher eon w th both Ruin n Seb wee Sv.
Mny oher Sv ve in AuHung' epe Ru el i hou hve nfluene ove he.
1 Do you think that preserv ng peace
was a pri orty for Britai , France o
ussia?
2 Stdy the statstis n Soure 8. Whih outry do yo thnk is te
strongest? xplain your ho e Whih al iane do you t ik s the
strongest? xpla n you hoi e
OCUS TASK
Germny AustriHungry Itly
Britn
Frnce
Russi
2 s ng te desriptios of te re ationsh ps between these ountries o
pages 5 a d omp ete the art to show auses of tesio between the ount
ies You may not be able to f i l l in al l the spaes Wh h r e
ationship is the greatest soure of tens on?
4 xplan how eah of te followig otbuted to tensions between te ropea
powers: ) olo ies b) people wanting independene c) ams
build-up
SOURC S
Brain France Rssa Germany Asra-Hngary Ialy
Popu aon (mi ion) m 46 40 167 65 50 35
Seel producion (ll on o o) 7 9 4 4 1 7 2 6 3 9
ercha hip (mili on o on)
20 2 075 5 3 1 75
oregn rade £ ilon per year)
0 4 0 2 0 2 n/a
Number o oder availabe 7 1 1 250 1200 2200 810 750 (in houad), nc
luding reerve orce
Warhp (ncludin g under corucion)
122 46 26 85 24 36
Sumarie
The Baace of Power
Policins e ime cle is sysem of linces e Blnce of Power Te y
eieve
4 ook at Sore id the artoonist think that te allianes helped to
prevent wa? o you think tat the all anes m ade war more l kely or
less l ikely?
e sze n power of e o lnces wol preven eier sie fro sng w.
A modern redrawng of a Amerian artoo pblshed i the a, Jly The
artoon was alled The hain of Frieds ip'
7
8
SOURC 10 re s no comarson etween tbe mortance oftbe German navy to
Germany and tbe mortance ofour navy to us navy s to us wbat tber
army s to tbem. o bave a stng navy woud ncrease Grmany rtge and
nuence ut t s not a mattr ofe and deatb to tbem as s to us
Si dward Grey, B t sh Foreign Seetary, n a speeh o arliam et
i
SOURC 1 1 You Engsb are e mad u you see red evebre Wbat on eartb
bas come ovr you tbat you sboud bea on sucb suscon? Wbat can I do
more? I bave aways stood u as a frend ofEngan
Kaise Wilhelm, speaking i an nerv ew wih the Day gap n he
Ka ser iked gland ad ad frieds here
The tens on bu lds, 1900-194
AgloGerma ava rvary
One of e most sgnan ases o ension n ope was te naa a wh deeloped
ater 1900 e sne e Bae of Tafagar in 105 Briain had ed he seas wtho
an alenge. ts na was te most powel in te world Ts sitation began o
hange n 19
when the new Kaise Whem, annoned his inenon to b ild a powef
Geman na. Brain el e threaened b s Gemans na was m smaer than
Biains b e
Brs na was spread al oe e wod proteng e Briis mpire. German ddn't
hae m o an empire. W dd t need a na? Wha was Geman going o do w all
of these waps onentrated n e Noh Sea?
No ssing Geman did no see tngs the same wa Te Kaiser and hs admals
fet at German needed a na to poet is gowng trade. he el a the Bris
wee oe reang to the Geman naa pans.
Brian was no onned b wa e Gemans sad. n fat n 1906 Briain raised te
stakes n the naa rae b lanhing HS Dreadnougbt e fit of a new lass
of wasps German esponded b bidng ts own Dreadnogts'. he naa ae was
wel and r on and bo Btan and German spen millons on the new
ships.
aig r a ell v 9 ay di
1 Wy was Britain oneed by Germanys aval plans?
2 How did Ger may reat to Bria ns oers? o you thi nk that eiher
onry was ating ureasoab y? Give your reasos.
A Bri ish eadnough, the HMS Baam with e Britis f ee n S apa F o
w
SOURCE 1
1 9 . . . 1 9 3 . . . . . . . 9 4 . . . ria . al l y 194 9 Gray a b
i by 9 4 1 7
Kser Wihem I I
* Born 161 with a badly withered lef arm. Historias also think he
sufeed sl gh brai d amage at bith whih affeed bot h is hearin g and
h s attetion spa.
* He di d no ave a loving fami y. * He beam e Kaiser a he age of
7
whe German ndu sry was growig ast and Gemany was beomng a world
power.
* He was famous for is e ergy ad ethsiasm, but he was also vey
npreditable
* He was keen on mi itary parades and iked to be potograped wearig
is military n form He appointed mi iary people to mos of te impo
rtant pos tios in is government.
* He was very ambitios fo Ge many He wanted Germ any to be eog ised
as te greaest power in urope by the older ropea states
* He l ked phys al exer ise and prat a o kes
* He was very lose y ivolved i Germany s p ans for wa
* Whe Gemany was defeaed n 19 he led to ex le H e d ed in 1
941
The arms race on and
W Biin nd Gmny bt p thi nvi, t mjo pow o n minnd Eop w lo bilding p
hi mi.
SOURC 1 4
SOURC 1 5
1900 1910 1914 .m 0.m 0.9m 06m 0.55m 0.5m .m .3m 0.m 0.25m 0.3m
0.35m 0.5m . m 1.5m 0.25m 0.3m 0.35m
Te ams build-up M l iay pesoel of the powers 19001914 (ex lding
reserves)
e arm race n wbcb al tbe major powe we nvolved contruted to tbe ene
tbat war wa ound to come and oon nancng t caued erou nancal cult o
all tbe govnment nvolved n tbe ce andet tb we convnced tere w no wa
of toppng t.
ltbougb pulc tbe arm race wa juted to prevent wa; no govmet bad n
fact en deteredfrom armng tbe pgmme ofter rval ut tber ncreaed tbe
pace ofter own armamtpducton.
ames Jo l Ogs s Wld Wa 199. ol is a we lespeed Btis historian wih a
expert kowledge of is topi
In Gmny, in pl w nd mtm w god. Ki ondd imf wt milt dv. tgd mt
nd poon. lovd o b phoogpd n mit nfom. invovd ml loly in Gmny mli
nning.
Plans for war
Mny on l o t w w bond o om oon o t ht hy bgn to mk v dtild
pln fo w o do f nd wn t dd.
Geany
Gmny' my w not bggt my in op bt mot popl gd it w th bt ind nd t mot
owl
Th pobm ing h Gmn ommnd w i w bok o y wold pobbly v o fght gnt Ri
nd Fn t t m tim.
h Gmn m p wih th Shlin Pn. Und thi pn thy wold qikly ttk nd df n hn
tn i fo on R wh (th Gmn w wold b ow o g t toop dy fo w.
SOURC 6
e e· < u
n Mtke opnon te was no altatve to makn preventve war n ord to deat
te enemy wle we stll bad a cance of vcto ponted out tat te Kser . .
would only aree tot our enem foed war upon
Writen by Gotieb von Jagow, e Germa Foreig Seretary, May 1 91 4 He
was
writing t is from m emoy, soon after the end of the war.
1 ead Soure 1 What do yo th nk the writer meas by reventive
wa?
2 oes either Soure 16 or 1 suggest that people in Germany wanted a
war?
SOURCE 8
Te remark Enland and many are ound tot mak war a lle more lkely
eacb tme t s made, and s terore made more oen y te uprs ofeac
naton.
From Hoad End, a widely read nove by M Forste publ shed i 91
0.
Soure 1 omes from a ovel In· wa ways is it useful as evidene about
the mood in Britain before the First World War?
Austria-Hunga
Astria-Hga kw t dd t lp of ay o od back ssa oo id o t sccss
of Scf a so at ray cod lp i o dat ssa
Russia
T ssa ay was bady qppd bt t was g iv og ti, ssia cod vay p ilos o
sodi ito t ld T ssia pla was to ovl ays ad Astrias ars by sr wigt o
b
France
Fac ad a larg ad wllqppd ar Is a pla of aack was kow as a 17. Frc
troops wold cag across t frotr ad attack dp ito ay, ocg srd
Britain
Bitas ilita plars ad b cosy b sctly volvd collaboao wt Fc coads Ts
d to Briai sttig p t Bts Expdoa Forc (BEF), cosistig of 50000 gy
raid ad wqippd profssoal sodi BEF cold go o Fac ad
figt aogsd t Frc a sort oc
O tig tat ts al of s pas was asspo ta a wa, f ad w ca, wold b
qck s ilita pas w dsgd o acv a qick vcto. o o plad for wat to
do t war daggd o It was aost vally assd at o of pow wold b
abl o kp p a logdawo t war. T s cos of a wa wold lad to cooc colaps
(o y oly, o cors) ad so t wa wod b ovr i a atr o wks or ots
Wi so c tak of war ad pas for wa; yo g k, as ay at t t did, ta
wa ws iviabl
Morocco, 1905 ad 19 1 1
905 ad 9 two css i Morocco raisd tpratr i Erop 1905 Kaisr vsid
Morocco ot Africa ray was bidg p ts ow
frica pir ad ad colos cral ad sor rca (s Sorc 7 o pag 6) T Kaisr ws
ow k o sow ta ay was a ipoat pow i or frica s w T Frc ad pas to tak
corol o Moocco so Kais ad a spc sayg sppod idpdc for Moocco Frc wr
ros at is itrrg i ir aa A itraioa cofc was d i Agciras 906. B cofc
did o cool tgs dow I fac i did opposi: a corc Kaisr was atd H ad
wad to b s s a ajor pow Aca Istad is vws w jcd H ws tad as if ad o
rig o spak o sc at Ts ad i bi H ws aso aad by t way a Bita ad Fac
stck ogtr at t cofc to oppos i s old vals ow sd v clos
I 907 i t wak of t Moocca criss, Briai ad Frac od a aac w ssia, t
ripl Et T Et pow saw tr aac s sciy agais ra aggssio Kas ad s popl
saw a taig polcy o cc, wi os
powrs srodg ay 1911 Moocco saw ao css Frc rid o ak ov Moocco
aga Ty sad
t
ASRIAUGAR ' BOSIA-RZGOVA ROMAIA 1 . SERBIA '
MO GRO BULGARIA
he Balkans n 1 90
4 Look bak at your aswer to uestio 2 on page Would you li ke to
hange you answe now?
ACTVITY
The Balkas the spark that lt the bofre
Te Balkans were a vey nsabe aea Differen naiona ies were mxed oeer
e area ad een ed by rkey for many cenes b kis powe was now in
declne Te new overnens wc ad een se p in place of rkis re were
elarly n dspe wi eac oe o ea powers ssia and Asria odered e conries
in s reion Bo waned o cono e area becase i ave e access o e
Medieranean
Te firs Balkan crisis came n 90 Asria ook ove e povinces of
Bosna and Hereovina ssa and Seba proesed ey acked down wen Germany
ade clear a i sppored Asa Nee ssia nor Seba was pepared o sk
wa w Geany over is isse Howeve; ee wee some seos conseqences Asa
now fe confiden a Geany wod ack in e dispes Some isorians nk a is
made Asria oo confden and encoraed i o make obe w Seria and
ssia ssa resened ben faced down in 909 I ckened s ams bdp was
deermined no o back down aan
ro 9 o 193 ee was a sees of oca wa Seria emeed fro ese as e mos
powerf con in e Balkans Ts was ve serios fo Asria Sebia ad a
sron ary and was a cose aly of ssa Asria decded a Seba wold ave o e
dea w By 914 Asa was lookin for a ood excse o cs Sebia
Asas opponiy came w e mde of Acdke anz edinand and is wfe
Sope n Saraevo (see paes 3) Alo ee was no ad evdence a Pincip
was acin nde ode from e Seran oveen Asa blaed Sebia anc dpoac eor
ave Asra a aanee of Geran ackn (see Winess 9 on pae 13) . Wi
is sppo Asria now fe sece eno o deal wi e Serban poe once and fo
all I ave Seria a en
poin a a wod effecivey ave made Serba par of e Asan Epire Te
Sers cod no possiby accep Wen e Sers asked fo me o consider Asra
refsed and declared wa on Jy 1914 Te side o alo wa ad ben
SOURC 20 Wen It eard ofte assassnaton [murde] Ifelt it was a rave
mae . . . ut my
fea wee soon almed . . . te Kse l on s yatn oly and . . . stll more
reassurn te ead ofte eman army lfor s u n a foren spa [ealt rort] .
. .
I rememe tbat an nuental Hunaran lady aled on me and told me tat we
wee takn te murde oftbe rand Duke too quetly . . . t badprovoked a
storm n ustra . . and mt lead to war wt Sera . . . Howev; tbe oal
reports we bad dd not seem to just ts alarmst vew.
avid Lloyd George, e 1 9 avid oyd Geoge was a governmet min ster i
19 1 4 and beame Pr me M n ster n 1 91 6 H s memois have a
eputation or
ionsiseny
e atmospere i rope between 1900 and 194 has bee l kened to a bof re
waitig to be lt
1 Make yor own opy of t is bof re diag am, ad add abels to sggest
fators tat made wa poss ble
2 Pt maor fators o big stiks, le ss im portat atos o sma l er st ks
Add more stiks to the ie f you wish to show more fators 4 Why do yo
th nk te Saraevo mudes l t te ire when previous events su as
te
:
1 2
Did Germany cause the war? SOURCE 21 Te Alled govement a and emany
accepts, te ponl ofemany and e al fo caung al te lo and mage to wc
te Aled govemen and te peopl ave een ujected as a ult ofte a
Te war g i l ase rom the Teay of Versai les, 1919
Ater e wa te vris Allies ed the deeaed ermany sgn te war gil
ase (Sre 1 ) . ermany ad aept ta t was respnsibe bt r stang the war
and r al e daage ased by i Hwever, as the sae n trial, ermany resed
ae he se blame Hstrians ave aged abt ts sse eve sine Se have nined
t bae ermany Othe have reahed dieen vedts
r
Wa Germany to b lame for the war
Wat do you t ink? Was Gemany o bla me? Your task s to look ove te
evdene and hod your ow etral lookng bak rom today.
Yo w l study evidene and hear fom witnesses Yo m st ten ea one o
for verdits
Verdict 1 Germay was rightly blam ed for sartig the war
Verdict 2 Gemany was main y respo nsibe for start ng te war, but
the other powers sho ld aept some of the blam e
Verdict A l o the maor powes elped o sat the wa hey should share
the blame
Verdict 4 No oe was to blam e. Th e powers were swept alog towards
an inev table wa. t ou ld not be stopped
Th s s ow to rn e tria . Yo an work on you ow , o n groups
1 aw p a table l ke the one below
Witne Which verdct doe What evidence doe the witne give the witne
uppo to upport the viewpoint
2 ead a l e wiesses statemets on page 1 omp ete o umns and n olm ,
ote what evidene the witness gives to suppor i she viewpoit 4 n olm
4 ote what migh make the w tness reliable o ne iab e
ink about• the date ad orgn of ea sore• wether the wiess was
ivolved i the evets of the time• the value and rel ab l y o ea
witess ook thoug the other inormatio i th s apter to see there are
other wiesses yo sould onside hoose your verd t from verdis
14
Can trut the witne
WTNESS 1
Geman mltarm wc te crme of te lat yea bad een workng for t fo weve
yea. It te logcal rult ofter doctrne. It bad to come.
Wa te H nes Page, Ambassado i ondo , 1 91 4 The A was an al ly o B
itain and Fance dung the wa and
fougt i aga ns Gemany om 9 7 to 1 9 1
WITNESS 4
e Scbl Plan mut rank a one ofte upeme oc ofmodern tm . . It rtrcted
te acto ofte Geman govement datroul Inuly 1 14 t badjut wo coc ete
to aandon te only plan t ad to wn te nt wa or to go to war
mmedate
H sto ia D Masha l in e Gea Wa: My and Reaiy 19
WTNESS 8
Geman: I wonde wat tory wl make ofall oft
ClemenceauHtory wll not ay tat Belgum nvaded Gemany!
Fom a convesaton beween ench P ime Mi ise lemeceau and a Gema
epesenative at te peace cofeence afte the wa lemencea u was a ha d-
ie
an iGean
WITNESS 2
Betbmann tood n te centre ofte om . . ere wa a look ofangu n . . .
For an tant nete ofu poke. t lat I ad to m Wel tel me at lea bow
ital appe He ed arm to eaven and anwere Ob - only I knew!
P ince vo B low speak ng 191 emembes ca l ng o n e Geman
hacel o Behman-Ho lweg n Agus 19 4
WTNESS 5
Te World Wa wa drect tarted y certan ocal of te Ruan Geneal Sta But
ter conduct wa caued y te cmnal actv ofan utran Foregn Mnte and t n
tu wa aded y crmnal neglgence at Ben . .
But t would ave een qute unale to tart any wa bad t not een ually
wt mllon ofcommon people . . wllng agent offoc movng te wod towa
war .
Fom e nyopaeda Bianna 1926
WTNESS 3
None ofte rule ofte Great Powe really knew wat t wee gtng aout n
ugut 1 14 . . te cr gateedpace and te calculaton oftatmen wee
oveweed y te rapd uccon of even te tde ofemoton n te varou capta
and te deman ofmltry plannng.
e Ogn o e Wod Wa by Bsh h stoa F Tne 1 93
WTNESS 6
We are eng forced to admt tat we alone are to lamefo te war uc an
admon on my l would e a le. We are not eekng to aolve ardon]
Germanyfrom all rponl for t Wod Wa ando te way wc it wa
fougt Howev we do trongly deny tat Germany woe people felt t we
gtng a war ofdence ould efoced to accept ole rponl
out Bockdo -atzan head of e Gema delegates a Vesail les, 1 91
9
WITNESS 7
e greatt war ofmode tm andpeap n te wole to ofte uman ce wa egun y
Gemany ung te crme ofa cooloy a an ecue . . . utra bad regarded te
growng powe ofSea wt conce for many yea . . Te tuaton n Europe
eemed to encourage te German peopl n t adventue. Englan t wa tougt
could do notng . . wt te tea ofcvl war n Irelan Rua wa n te mt ofte
reorgan aton ofer army . o Fance Germany eleved ee qute competent
to deal wt and ougt an oppotun ofdong o
Fom Te Gea Wa - e Sandad Hoy o e Aope Coni 19 14 (Vo IV . h s was a
patot c weekly oual wten and pbl shed i Btai desc ib ng the
wa
as t happeed'
WITNESS 9
. te Ke autored me to nfo our gracou maje tat we mgt n t cae a n
all ote rely upon Gemany fu upport . . t wa te Ke opnon tat t acton
mut not e delayed . . Rua wa n no way praredfor war and would tnk
ce o t appealed to arm . . . we ad aly recogned te nec ofwake acton
agant Sea te Ker would regret we dd not make ue ofte prent moment
wc al n ouavou
on zogyey, the Astan ambas sado i Be i , epo ing a amos covesaon wi
the Ka se July 914. istoas ae divided as o whethe e Ka se was ma ig
a
2 . 1
The First Wrd War was a deadly war n trench warfare n the Western
Frnt in France and Begium millins f sdiers were slaughtered
fighting fr a few miles f muddy land Yet there was much mre t the
war than this
n 2 1 yu wil l investigate the war n the Western Frnt Yu will
cnsider
• Why did the fighting reach stalemate?• What was life really like
fr sldiers in the trenches?• Why was the Bale f the Smme imprtant
and why d peple have dierent interpretatins f this bale?
In 2 2 yu wil study the war n ther frnts in paicular:
• What were the Allies trying t d at Galipi and why did they fail?•
Hw significant was the war at sea and in the air?
Then in Chapter 3 yu will g n t investigate the impact f the war n
peple in Britain
SOURCE 2 pecal at mal taton tbe Ruan leavetakng wa an almot joou
aa; wtb tbe rvt dancng away to alalaka muc and rang dut on tbe
tmpled ea
o Alexade o henitsyns 1914 a nove wten i 92.
o en tsyn s a u ss a w ie
SOURCE
I dcoveed to m amazement tbat aveage men and women were delgbted at
tbe pect ofwa
Betand usse l a ish ite lectua and we desc ibing the mood B
itai
i 94.
Biain and h Fist
Wod Wa : 94-98 Breaking the stalemate on the Western Front
he ood n 94 Whe war oe o aoss Eroe, i was geeted wih ehsias. Eveoe
ageed t wod a be ove by Cristmas (wi a aget vt of oe) . e polaios
of Eoe were gried y wa fever. Newspae ad agazies lled heir mds wth
images of ave yog e argg o oea o eo sode ptig he eemy to gh
SOURCE 1
A Gema cavalyan eady o batte No ice at he s wea ig a gas m as. ach
s de expeced cavaly cha ges o be a key pa o win ng the wa
There ad o bee a war i Eroe vovig he ma o owe sie 7 Ta had ee a
lght ig Gea vt agaist Frae. Mos ivas were toed by ha war ad he yog
e o g 914 ad o eve ee bor a he time
SOURCE
Young Austian soldes seting out fo the wa i Agust 194
B itain's emp e al so cont iuted toops Aound 1 5 mil l on Indians
and 15 000
West nd as fogt in the B it is amy anadia Austal a ad New
Zealand
toops a so foght
SOURCE 10 t a bead amopere to move n it ected me wt a trong dre to
do ometng more tan ta n London watfor a unc ofmen to tel me wat to
do. ave beard ofan amulance c wc gong tgt out to Belgum all appl to
jon t.
A young Bt sh woma w it ng in August 1 9 14 . S he went on to seve
though te whoe of the wa. Tousands of women seved n te foces as ses
d ives
cles and i many othe oles
A goup of B itis ecu ts who ad just oied up in August 9 4 Hal a mil
ion yog me signed u p n te fist fo wees Yo ca tell om te vaety of
ats ad clotg
that this gop inc udes ot m d d eclass and wo ingclass peop
e.
Suc tuam! - te wole aalon wt elmet and tun decked wt owe - anderc
wavng untngl - cee on ever de - and over and ove agan te ever fre
and wondeul eurance ofte olde.
ete fom a young Gema who had een caled up ad was aout to tave to
the ont
SOURCE 8
r ea ofle would not e wo t all tbat we are gong to accomplb wtn tbe
ne few week . w ou could are n ome meure tbe peace we eperence
ere!
A ee om a young echm an ace ad ee defeated y Gemany n a umi iat ng
wa i 1 7 In ance tee was a stog sese of set ig o d scoes
SOURCE 9
You mt al keep cbeulfor m ake and t wll not e long ore I am ack
agan at let tbe geral ve tbat t wll not e a long ow
ee om a 30-yea-od Bitish ofice to hs paentsgst 94.
T li w wrt Surc 7 9 w ll wti mt Otr w wt w wr uistic cm ck w im . T
rity f w w vy ift m w xpct i 194. It f wt ic trp SAE Sli t Wt Fr w
w trc r mt t x .
ACTIVITY
It is Agust 194 You ae a epote fo a Bitis newspape Wite 00 wods to
desc e te way in w ic the outea o wa was geeted aond ope. se Soces
1 0 i you at cle.
15
1 6
1 xp a n what Souce 1 is sayig abou Belgim and Gemany
Key
Geman oe
Fenc ore
c
S
SOURCE
Te war on te Western Frnt reaces staeate A soon as war was delared
Germanys Shleffen Plan wen into operaion. The Sl effen Plan (see
page 9) was simpe u risky. The dea was o send German fores through
egum and o quikly knok Frane ou of te war. Te te was ta Russia
would take a ong time to moilise (get its fores ready for war) It
ws an a-o notng gamle. Te Germans had o to get to Pars and deeat
Frane wihin si weeks, so tha hey oud hen send all heir troops to
igh agains Russia. Howee as Soure shows, neither te elgians nor te
Russians dd what the Shliefen Plan epeted tem o do
SOURCE 1 1
,
-
more iky an expected Te German had to raer troop to e eat.
RMA
Why the Schliefen P a fa l ed
t fit, i looked s thoug the Germans ould sueed. The German army
naded elgium on 4 ugus The eg ans pu up a eroi resistane from their
frontier fors u i did no stop the rus ing German adane. ssie German
artile omardments desroyed he egan forts and soon enormous nume o
weeuipped and we-raned German nfant and aal were mong ominously
owards he Fren orde Een so, e egian resistane won hem many riends
and ougt ime for riis and Frenh troops o molise
The rtsh Epedon Fore, ed y Sr Jon Frenh, landed in Frane and met te
adaning Germans a ons on 3 ugust. This small u wetraned fore of
professonal soldie gae te Germans a nasty shok. Te troops at ons
were well led y ieutenan-Genera Dougs Haig rememer hat name, you'll
fnd out a o more aou him ater and were using ee Eneld 303 ot ation
rfles wih ould fire qu ky and aurately German reports rom he ime
showed tha ey tough hey were up agains maine-gun fire.
A catoon om Pun Agus 1914.
2 ead Soce 13 Wat factos had if uenced Wa te B oe m's v ew of ngl
sh sold es?
3 Why was B o es fis taste of acon suc a shoc to him
SOURC
Sunday Rort were comng ack tat te Engl wee n ont ofu. Engl olde? We
knew wat t looked lkeom te com ort caet tun wt mall cap et at an
angle on ter ea or eakn wt te cntp unde te l ntead ofunder te cn.
ee wa muc jokng aout t, and alo aout a remark y Bmarck [teformer
erman leade] aout endng te polce to arrt te Engl army
(The Aack begins . . ) We ad no oone l te edge ofte wood tan a voll
ofulet wtled pat our no and ccked nto te tre en Fve or cr near me,
ve or ofmy gr la colaped on te Damn t! J wa eou . . ! Fard agan -
at te doule! We ced te tck, jumped te road dtc fu ofwate; and ten
on acro te quelcng meadow. Morerng cloe now and tearng nto our nk,
more la fang . . te 160 men tat l te wood wt me ad runk to l tan
100 . .
Fm now on mate wentfm ad to woe. Werever looke rgt or l tere we
dead or wounde quverng n convuon, groanng terly lood oozng fm
woun
We ad to go ack . ad dea tere could e no ganayng t n ourt atle we
ad een adly eaten and y te Engl - y te Engl we ad o laugbed at a fe
ou ore.
W iten y Walte B oe a Geman s o die aout e atle a Mons i Belgi m.
Th s was Walte Bloem's fist expeiece of fighng
Desite thei eay suess, he Bt ish wee hugely otnueed In fat, the est
they ould do was o oganse an odey eteat They dd sow the Geans down,
ut only he Fenh had enogh oes n the fied o sto the Gean advane
Howeve; he Fenh wee faing the own oles
When wa oke out, the Fenh folowed hei Plan 7 see age 0) and lanhed
a det attak on Geany hough saeLoaine On 0 ugust the Gean oes
defending he fone u he attaking Fenh oos o ions with ae and
ahine-gun e he Fenh lost ove 00000 en n days hey now aandoned Plan
17 , and egoued thei foes o defend Pais o the advaning Geans see
Soe
SOURC 1 4
j
c\
1 8
SOURCE 15 Tat [rencb olde] wbo bave retreated for ten da leepng on
tbe ground and badead wtb fatgue bould e ale to take up tber r wben
tbe ugle oun a tbng wbcb we never xpecte
Wte y Genea vn lc a Ge an amy cmmande afe the Bate f the
Mane
The Bae of the Mare
he French ay have been on he deensve in Seteber bt by th s stage
things were no going entirey well or the Geans ethe he Geran See
Coande Mole had o ll oos ot o the ary advancing on Paris becase he
ssans had obsed a oe qcy han execed and had aeady nvaded Geany hs
was to rove he bea ha he Btish and French needed. he Gean ary aso
aced anothe roble heir advance had been so as that her ses o ood
and anton cod not kee he Geran soldie wee ndeed and exhasted
Von Klc, the Gean coande, decded he cod not swng ond Pais accordng
to the ogna an, so he advanced saigh towads i. While the Geans
advanced on oot, the Fench dvered oos o Pas by rail and then on o
he ron, ransong soe o the thee by axi! he Geran ary was wea and
overeched. he French were ighng to save heir conty
hae
Ypes BEGIM
N -: \ t
eiher sde co ld ae any rogress and by Seteber toos on both sides
wee digging renches o oect theselves ro sne and shel e. Soon afte,
hey added achne gns and barbed we Unt now, had been a war o oveent,
b these were he s signs o the saeae that was to coe.
0
80 k
1 Read Source 1 7. Wha do the extracts el y au w
wafae changed n the Western Frot between August and Nveme 94?
_ !._
.._ · ·
SOURCE ----------------
1 September 1914 We got bee pret eat at 1 1pm lat ngbt Te lat part
wa ver trng to tbe m and a good manfell out We mut bave done enve
ml t
October 1914 We can apparentl get nofurtbe ecaue tbe man bave
rougbt up trong renfocemt and alo bave a tng preparedpoton wbc we
are now up agant o it look le anotb ege unl we are renforced
e
25 October 1914 Te lat fe ave een ve u Ourformforward lne wa too
cult to bol we are too weak to ove aea o now we are ack n a trong
poton wbcb we dug ore wtdrawng e d ofo advance wa bown tbe almot
complete lo oftbe Roal b n Le l parentl t pued on too far and were
eav atacked and urunde 7Jee are on aout ev urvvo all told- a ad
un
m the diay o Bil y ngeve a yug ieuenan fm a s ld e ng fami y He was
wide y espected and i n tw yeas se the an aj He ept a pes a di
ay
Sca e
(
. "_ Briish foces Gema foces_ ec foces
• oress tows
Pari .
:' 7
X Alsace· Loaie ol• • NacyF ia•
h Battl of th a was a tug po h Schff Pla had fad . Gmay was caught
p a two-fo wa. Wo stl l, th Gma gals alsd that hy could ot bak
though th my s otk was pacd by a w comad Fakhay, who dcdd to t o
ofak (g oud h d o hs ys s Th chag bga o 1 2 ctob t bcam kow as th
ac to th sa
o e i ea ly 9 5
A h Gmas chagd wst towads h sa, th Bsh ad Fch movd oops o bock thm
whv t sd tha th Gas w abot o bak hogh. obs a h t cad hs th Ralway
Batts of Noth Fac', bcaus boh sds movd th oops by a
SOURC 1 9
A Germa pain ing from December 1 91 4 The artist Alfred K bin
enthsias ically
suppored war earl er i 1 91 4 By December h is work had caged to
this stye i wich ghosts ad demons ofen
featued. The igure in h s pain i ng epresents death The hoses
represent
ordinay ie and people
The race o the sea
The first Bae of Ypres i Begum
Th ky battl ths ac o th sa was th f Batl of Yps (h w wo o lat th wa
fom 1 2 ctob o Novmb 1 94. Th BEF os aoud 50,000 m ad th Gmas
pobably 00,000, bu h Bsh (ld by LtG Hag ths aa hld ths poat goud hy
kp coto of h gsh Cha pos, whch ma hy could b sppld wth pt ad
focts.
By Novb 91 4 t was a dadock Th BEF had b dcmad. Th Fch had aady
suffd aod 1 mll o dad o woudd ust t wks Dsp ths, th Fch ay d to bak
though h Ga s Aros ad Champag Dcmb bt thy w bat back wth havy osss
A 91 4 dd, th fghtg had achd a salmat whch was o last tl 1 91 8 los
of oops w dg to a l of tchs hat schd fom th sa th wst to th Aps th
as bcam kow as th Wst Fo' v th xt pags you w xa th wa o th Wst Fot
dta .
FOCUS TASK
Why was the wa nt ver by Christmas?
It is hristmas 1 9 1 4. People were to d that te wa wou d be over
by hrismas. You have to expai why it is't
Work i pars You are going o wie two reports about the progress o
the war fom August to December 1 91 4. e of you should wrie for te
Bri ish Prime Min iser exp ainin g evets as f l y a s you can. The
oter shou d w ite for the general publ ic back i Britai trying to
give a posiive and encouraging message abou how te war is
goig
You may wish to men ion these po ns:• the successes and ai ues of e
various pla s• the i mportat batt es tat have taken p lace• the new
esson s being learn about warfare• the casualties• te morale o the
troops
ocl ude with • your explana io as o wy the wa s not over by
hristmas• your views on how the war will be fought through 1 9 1 5
.
When you have finis hed compare your two reports Dis cuss Ae there
differences i tone? 2 Have yo i clded d fferent detai s? 3 s on e
more ac crate an te other?
1 9
1
20
1 e of the b ggest poblems fac ng te amy p anne s was spply ng te
amy wth food weapons and othe eqpmet. se Soces 2022 to comple a lst
of all the thgs tey wod eed.
2 Soces 2022 g ve yo thee dfeent knds of evdence abot he tenches a
moden econstct o daw ng an aea potogaph and wo gond level
photogaphs. xpla n how each one s sef l to a soan.
3 Wte yo own fve-pont deton o tench wafae. Yo ad en ce s a yonge
stdent n yo schoo wo has not yet std ed th s op c
4 xp a n why te two tenches show n Soce 2 2 ae so d ffeent
oss-secon o a font-lne ench These wee sppoted by mch stonge
eseve
tenches and l nked by commn caon tenches. Gema tenches wee genea ly
stonge ad bete constcted than Aled
tences he Gemans geneal y he d bete god a nd had establ sh ed
he
tec es n he ea ly stages of wa Ma y of te dg-ots ad mach e-g
posts
wee enoced wth concete whc pov ded a stonge defece aga nst
at l ey bombadmet
ACTVT
Stdy Soce 1 cae l ly
1 yo ow copy of Soce 2 1 labe te follow g feates• on-e tenches•
sppot eches• o mans lad (the aea beween
font- e tenches) 2 xpla n wy yo th nk the enches ae
aaged as g-zag l nes , no sa gh l nes.
3 If yo ad to get fom yo eadqaes beh nd the es ma kedX o e fot-lne
poson (maked Y), ow wod yo ge thee?
What was the fghtng ke on the Western Front? The w o the Wete Fot w
ew kd of wre No oe hd experieed wr like it efore The geel pl hd ot
owed fo t eoe hd to dpt Yo e ow goig to loo t the i hge i the tehe
of wrfe oght o t y the Fit World W
Chage 1 trech warfare
he ot oo ew fetre o th id of wrfre w the yte o tehe ted o wr of
oeet thi w w tti Trehe eg ple helte t y they hd deeloped ito oplex
defeie yte Sore 20 how oeto o treh Howee Sore 22 proly gie etter
ide of wht the trehe wee relly ke
SOURCE 20 IWoode
;- perisope ee eld
SOURCE 2-1
e i - c z < z
ence A te mme, u y 916 ad B Guedecut, December 1916 Chage 2:
artiery became more powerful
Fo u o te wa a day, eve day, atille woud ou e eey' tree wt ure o el
l. A lle bobare aue ore aualie ta ay oe weao.
At e begig o e war e gu were o ve aurae. Fig ro wel be teir ow e ,
atille oe bobare te ow oad ee beoe ey got te age rig .
y e e o e wa, are wa u b gge, a t wa ao oe auae. y 1 9 8 arie a wee
extreely oiiate a we (ee age 3032) . Aie wa te ey weao o te Grea
War. rougou te war a va at o uoea idu wa give over o aig el o e
artile
Chage 3 cavalry became ess importat
Te Fit Wod Wa aw aote ao ilta age te ed o e ava a a weao o e ode
ay. Beore 94 al de oug e eed ad obity o e aval woud be eive. oweve
oe tree were ug ava beae oo vuleabe o are ad aie gu. oe atua ava
arge oy ee out o ou ued oe uvived. Eve o oe a ule reaed vta o aog
ule a equie i e waie odto o te Weter ro.
SOURCE
a
l
be prt oftbe ayonet . . mut e nculcated nto all rank o tbat tb may
goforward wtb tbat arve detemnaton and conence of upeor ofcontnual
practce . . . n an aault tbe emy mut e kled wtb tbe ayonet. rng
boud e avoded for n tbe mup a ulle pang tbugb an oppont ody may kll
a frend wbo bapp to e n tbe lne o re
Chage : ifatry became more mportat
Th atma o oo soldi was h aco o h amy Th stadad qmt o a iat sod is
show i Soc Sl hmts givg
som otco agast shal om my shl lig oly cam stadad qim Toos also
movisd th ow waos o th codtios o tch waa.
o h wa th thoy was tha a attac o th my wold ld y a cava chag. Th
at's jo was o oow th cavay ad ta chag o h catd osiios. Thy h had to
dd th ostio agais coatac.
Tch waa chagd h o o th aty damatically Th cava chag was lacd y h a
chag which cam h mai tactic sd i th wa.
'Over the top o a government pamph et on mi itary
rag u l ished eore the war. ma assat wold saly ocd li his:
The attag sde's atlery bobaded he ront ine tehes o he eney. This
was aled a barage'
As soo as he barage soed aakg troos woud go over the o' - ha s limb
out o he trehes It was ow a rae beween them and the deenders, who
had to eerge fom thei sheltes and se u thei mahine gus beore the
attaes go over he barbed wire of no ma's lad
he defeders usual y had he aakes did he advanage . hey swe he aure
foward ostons, advaning aakes wih hey then had o hod he m. mahi neg
re, someies his geneal y roved seing a rossfe. imossble and they
were
usaly foed bak o their orga osito.
h mach g was dvastatigy cv agas th at chag. cod ght ts a scod o mo
ad ach ch wold hav a m o machi gs Dig a ay chag t cold ct dow a who
igad i mts. Th mach g mad t vta tha ay chag o a my tch wold cos may
livs . Howv th ho was that ogh sod s chagd th o mat how may w lld o
wodd o h way th wod si ogh m aiv o cat th mach gs th my tchs.
SOURC 25
h a chag was h oy aacg stagy th gas had. Thy hoght tha i thy dd it
ot ogh wih ogh m, vtay i wod wa dow th my ad thy cold a thogh. Howv
h ida hat th gals smy thw away vs s o sotd
y h vdc. A h wa cotid th gas id w tactics waos ad qm t w camolag
tchiqs w sd o otc toos ad gs. Atll ad a atac w t
bole
An iatrymans weapons and equ pment.
sychosd. oos w gv gas mass O o h most oms g dvoms cam vy at i th
wa: h a (s ag
Daytoday tasks
Th sold did o sd al th m chagig h my chs. Fa om t. Mos o th ias wo
wa mo o i. Iat sod st mch o hi tim diggg w chs o aig od os Thy catd
slis ad qmt ad dow commica os tchs. Thy st log ho o st dty o sc sig
oss a o my tchs.
--
We see tbe attacke coming Ou machine guns e cack. We ecognse tbe
hemets oftbe acke . 7 ae Fch. T bave aead sueed beavi wb tbe each
ou· aed wie.
We etea We eave oms ehind us in tbe t·cb. We bu posiv at tbe feet
of tbe ee oe we un
At ast we ach one ofou suppot tch tbat s in somhat ete condon t s
manned and ead fo tbe counte attack . Ou gus op in ful ast and stop
tbe e attack . . We counte atack. t do ot come qute to band to
bandfighting tb ae diven ack. We ave once again at ou oigina
shatted tech dpass on eond t Now we ae so cose on tbe bees ofo
eteating ei tbat we each thei line amost at tbe same time as tb do
. But we cannot sta bee ong. We must etie ue cove ofo ae to ou own
posion We get ack pe wel. 7e s no futh atack tbe e
Adaptd from A Qe on e Ween on a nov l y ric Maria marq H
was a Gr man who ough o th Wstr rot, ad was twic adly woundd
ad ourc 2 6 raw a diagram to show what you ik actally happnd in th
s aack.
2 Why was t so asy for Grmans to wi ack thr capurd trch
What was rol of t artillry i this attack
4 Look at our c 2 7. a) If you wr an atacking so ldir
how could yo g throgh this ard wir dfc
b) How might following actors act your answr to a i) It s comp t ly
dark. i i ) You ar ng fird on. i i i ) Yo ar car ry ng havy
q ipmnt. iv) You ar war ng a gas mask .
5 ook at ourc 2 8 n of artists aims was o show ow vulnra l sold rs
wr wh go ng o vr th top o you ik succdd xplain your answr.
T mi s o ar d wir tat protcd h Grma trncs from infanry carg
SOURC 2
Ove e o, a paintng y Jon Nas. is asd o a attack tat took part i, in
9 nar amr ai T sold rs ad o c im ou o th ir own trc, carg towards h
my rnc ad try to captr it f 80 m n s unit, 68 wr kld i th frs
ive mints of th attack. ---
:
1
24
Accrding t Sc 29 what wr th ffcts f pis gas th vic?
2 Why d y t in gas attacks w gardd w th sch far?
3 D y th n Wilfd w Src 29) w ld hav appvd f Src 30 xp ain yr
answ
Chage 5 poiso gas
e rs oiso as aac was ade rl 91 5. e Geas eesed cloe wc wafed o e wd
across o as ad o e Bris eces. ee was ac ee as e soldie coed, eced
ad srled o breae
Fo a e s aacs o sdes ecae a ela eare of e war. o sa wi, e ai o a s
aac ws o disae ee roos so a o ow a care wold e sccess. ae scests o
bo sdes bea o eec ew ad ore lea es sc as sard , wc ad a eed se wc
bed, bded o slow lled e ics oer or o e wees
oweer scieiss aso deeoed e eece as s Soders e reces wold ca e s sks
wi e al e e. e ale e wod e o A a res o 3 Bis roos ded fro as e woe
wa. e ai sicace o s w eeoe s scooca ac. Soldie wo cod ea a o boarde
ale ofe ed i ea of a s aac
SOURCE 29
GAS! GAS! Quick os! An etas offumlin Fitng the clums helmets just
in time But someone still was elling out and stumling Andoundg like
a man in e o le . Dim tbougb tbe mis pan and thick geen light As
unde a geen sea I saw him dwning. In al m deams oe m bels sight He
plung at me gueing choking downing {in some smotheing deams ou to
coud pace Behind the wagon that we ung him in And wath te white
wing in bis face His bangingface lik a dil sick ofs ou could he at
ee jolt the ood Come gagling n the othcoupted ungs Oscene as canc;
i as the cud Ofve ncuale so on innocent tngu - M fien ou would not
tell with such high zt o chid atfo some dpeate glo e old ie Dulce
et decoum t Po paia mo. [How sweet andpop it is to die fo ou
coun
SOURCE 30
rm a p m y Wi rd w. wn srvd t Wst r
hrg ms th wa bcam h st c lbrad f pts f
th rs Wr d War was l ld s days bf th ial arm st c i
Nvbr 918
a pai t ng by Jn Sing Sagt. A fas prtait pa nr, S argn was cm iss d
n 1 9 1 8 t pait a mmal pic th sdis ki ld and
ijrd n wa
Hw did the fighting n the Western Frnt change
ages 2025 you hae stud ed how te equ me and the tactics used o the
Western Fo t were adated o he real es of tech warfae
Work n a r s o eac hae to com i le adce to be inc uded i a So d es
gu de' ou sho ld icl de adce o actics and equimet e of you soul d
wr te e ad ice as t m ght e g en n 91 4 at the otbreak of wa The
oter sho ld wte you adce as f t was 1 9 a the end of he war. omare
you deas wih you aers
2 Wrie ree aragahs to exain the chages n ightig during te wa ou ca
se th s stuctue
aragra how the war was dieren fo what eo le exected araga 2 ways n
wh ch ecn qes ad eq ien were adaed o rench warfae aragah 3: wha igs
dd ot cage and why
Change 6: tanks
Te ak was a Btis iveto. Eay i te wa vetos took e dea o e ary eade
bt t was eeced as pracca. owever Wiso Ccl ead o e ay tog a e dea ad
poeia ad s departe ded s deveope
Two yea lae; e aks were sed or e s e a e Battle o te Soe. ey
advaced aead o e iat csg babed-wre deeces ad spayg e eey wi acieg
ire. Tey cased aar aog te Geas ad rased e oae o e Btis troops. Srey
tis was e weapo a cold acieve a breaktrog!
oweve; tese aces o ly oved at wakg pace . ey were ot ve aoevable ad
ve eabe ore a a o te boke dow beoe tey got to te Gera eces. I was
ot til a year ate ovebe 917 a Caba tat taks acay acieved geat
sccess. Uortaey ey were oo sccessl. Tey based og eey es so cky a te
ifa cod ot keep p
By 9 8 Gea orces were sig aro-pecig acie-g bets o deady eect. Tey
ad also eaed ow o adap ed gs to ire at taks. Taks were vially
possible to ss becase tey wee so lage ad sow owever e ak oeed a
sigifcat boost to oale.
SOURCE 31 . -
A Bt sh ak coss ng a trenc on the Wesern Font, Seeme 9 6.
What was life like n the trenches? Sode o te Wester rot wet trog a
eoos age o epeeces o eee boedo o e appallg stess o a eey bobade o
atack.
eope ote tik at soders i te teces spet a eir tie goig over e op
aackg eey teces. I act sc atacks were e eceptio ae a te r le. Sode
spe c oe te o gad epairig eces o s g o rest o seep
Nor did soldies sped all eir tie i te rolie teces. Soees t wod be
eig days i or days ot. Aote aageet ws ee days at te ro le te ee
days i sppo eces oowed by tree oe days i te ro le te ee days o beid
e ies. owever drig a ajo assal sc s e Battle o e Soe soldies cod be
te ro le or c oge.
ve te ot-e eces soldies cod go o og perods wto seeg a eey soder A
wel as doig rec coes ey wod wrte lette or diaries. ay soders eve
took p corespodece coes o pss e o
25
SOURCE 2
We ued tbem ehnd the tench. One ge ve callous In was a poo sot
of
funel no sevce nothngjust an old geatcoat ove the face . . .
Natuall one wsh to the od asfa ack om tbe tch as possle ut one do t
much le leavng the shelte ofthe papet ecause ofthe sk ofa s uet so
the gav ae dug just aout o as ehnd the tech.
Mi ons o n and tosands of os lid los tog Saniaion arrangnts w
akshif. n h su h s l of trnhs was appalling owing o a obinaon o
roting oss swag and unwasd soldi Th sod w also instd wth li or as
as ty alld h.
Th wahr had a akd ft on sod' is n su h trnhs wr hot dusty and slly
n w wahr sod spnt p to t ankls o kns n watr. Many thousands sffd
fro tnh foot , asd by sandng n watr fo ho or days. n wn th rns ofd
tl potion o t old. Many sod got frosbt.
To add o all of hs npasant pobls h trnhs wr instd by as Many sod on
al sids dsribd hg at o s ras w hd on dad bodis and th rush atd y t
ars. So aons n spak o ats and dogs kd y as in ong nu.
Fm the diry f ly ngreve SOURCE 35see Sue 17)
ll g b rbr l usrin y ritish fie e
rnsthe S ldiers pl ied ut the u l ty f the r tined fd t rtins
ere tu l ly ie gd
SOURCE 34
Fouteen a ago we bad to go u and eleve theont lne It was fa quet on
ou sect: But on the last da an astonishng number
ofEnglsh heav opeedup on us with high xplosive
zming ceaselsy on our position, so that
we szifered severely and came back 10; eigh
strong (out of150).
Fr A ie on e Weern on y rih Mri eme
=Y
Skeh fr ly greves diy sig sssetn f teh i dy nd e dins
l l soldi wr awar hat t daily s o ld ang a any t. Sots h soldi' rns
old b sb o nonsop artilly boadnt o days on nd . h aoriy of Fit Word
Wa asals w ausd y atill Dah and nj od o alost witout warning as a
sl urid sod undr ons of art laing sashd odis and wkd ns and jo of
bng t dad
Usually a long bobardn would h pld o an assalt y t ny or a hag or
th op by yo own sid
Dspi a ts hardships t is worh bring hat dsipin n a of h fos on tl
Wstrn Front was good. Thr wr rlay w dsrtions onsidring t hug sa o
th ars. T ony aor utiny aong llid os was in whn Fn soldi usd to igh
af appaling losss that yar.
Hsoian N al Fgusons sah suggsts that a obinaton o ato kpt dspin n
th Btish ay sns of oadsp and n ahnt any sod ad or an hy
houg hy od . Patots ost sod lt a thy w ighng o hir o and ont Th
ualty and uaniy o ood rations for Btis oops wr gnaly good n rat
onotonos (anly ond bf and ja) . T w aso rgular uxuris suh as obao
aloho and pars snt o o. Rs os nfann spnt abot p nt of t bhnd t lns
wth oparaty gh du s. Foota l as
wr popar.
1 If yu had t pa up Suce with ne f the text suces n pages 1 728,
which text suce wuld y chse a d why?
SOURCE
o live amongst men who would give thei lastg thei last ite ven thei
last eath need efo a pal - tbat s tbe comadh oftbe tench. e on cean
thing to come out ofths le ofcuelt andth.
A s ldie quted i J l is ye Deep n Hel
FOCU S TASt
What was ife l ike n the Western Frnt?
Du ing the wa fen the ly cha ce a sldie had t be hnest was whe wt
ng a diay sing pages 202 7 help yu w ie thee d a y entes wh ch g ve
a s ldi es hnest feel ngs abut wha ife i the enches was eal y l ke
du ing a cal pe id a bbadet ad a assau t
Most srsg erhas sode had a resec for ther leaders here s a wdesread
oder h hat the geeras wed ad ded the ofcers ess whe he e lved ad
ded he sqaor of he reches 78 offcers above he rak of brgader-geera
fro ra ad he r sh Epre ded o actve servce ad were woded hs s evdece
that rsh geerals were ofe close eogh to the fro e o be dager of osg
her ves
SOURCE 6
L'ne (el) by the Fench wa as Geges eux
SOURCE 8
I do not know wb the vaous occasions on which aalions bavefought
til thee wee meel a fe sco suvivo have not een pp chnicled . .
Cetain platoons o compani ught shoulde to shoulde til tbe last man
dopped . . o· . . wee shelled to nothingns o geing ove the top went
foad tll tb all witheed awa unde machine gun . . . A fotnight ae
some eploi a eldmashal o divsional geneal com down to a aalion to
thank itfo ts gallant conduct andfanci fo a mom pechance that be s
looking at the men who did tbe deed of valou; and not a lage da
tbat bas just een ought up fm ngland and tbe ase to ll tbe gap. He
should ask tbe sevic oftbe chaplain and make bs congtulations in
tbe gvad o go to the hospital and make them thee
A piva 's view wafae
SOURCE 9
It wasjust as dangeus to go ack as it was to go on 7ee wee machine
gun ullets spaing to andf all tbe time . . Wbe I eached ou tch I
mssed m
footing andl on tbe o stunne When Igot up I saw an oce standing on
tbee step looking thugh inocula at No Man an As I walked down tbe
tencb towads tbe dsing staton be stood in m wa witb a pstol in hs
ban He neve said a wo ut tben be just stepped asde and let me pass.
Wben I got to tbe dsing station I asked someone What tbat oce doing
ack tbee witb tbe gun in hs band and tb sa tbat bis jo was to sboot
anone wbo came ack not wounde I tbougbt to mse wbat kind ofa jo s
tbat? Anone could bave lost bs neve tbat da
e ies the Se . A B i ish s ldie nteviewed by e Sunday Tme a
at cle publ shed i the 70 anvesay f the Bate f e Se
27
OURCE 40
It s al ot tbe stuone eas in tbe pape aout tbe infeot oftbe Gean
soldie t ou antbing tbe Gean s tbe ette; fo tbougb we a unoutel tbe
oe doed and ipossle to eat tb ae tbe oe bgbl dscline
om te iay o Bily ogeve
1 Wich o the luaon i Souce 4 an 42 g ve the moe ea itic impe io n o
l fe o the o ie?
OURCE 4 1
A cigaete avetiemet fom 9 5
OURCE 43
e ae tbe gus adou ast Saw e ouasb? Head e tbe scea ofou sbels in
tbe ngb and tbe sbueng casb Saw e ou wok be ase tbe sboued tbings
lng Moaning to God tbat be ade tbe - tbe aied and tbe dng? Husans o
sos fatbe o · love we eak tbe e ae tbe guns
Fom T Gun y Sieg ie Saoo n.
2 ea Souce 44 hoo e one o the une i e phae a wte an explanaon o wha
t mea
The view from Britai
he ea sages o he wa i was diff fo peope ia o ge a aae ipessio of
wha le i he ehes was ea lke. Lee fo sodies o hei falies wee sall
esoed. No phoogaphes wee aowed i he ehes (eep offia phoogaphes who
had si es abo wha he od phoogaph) . Eve ofia wa ass wee fobidde fo
showig dead bodes hei pags. ewspape epos iai wee heavil esoed.
Peope ba hoe a wee heefoe sheeed fo he ealies of eh waae.
Soeies hs siaio esed a g bewee a soldie ad hs fa o wa ke his had
eve bee ogh. How od a sode explai he hoo o a fa who wee s beig fed
a dail de of gloos vioies b he agazes ad ewspape a hoe?
A he oi oied, he eaies of wa bega o s i. a aiss bega o pode oe sobe
paigs h hge asaes sh as hose a he Soe (see page 33 , i was lea ha
his was o a goios wa b a gi ife o deah sggle. Eve so he pbli i ia
had lie idea of wha eh wafae was ke. The e he ehes kew how aae h of
he epog was, b he wee agh bewee hei kowedge o he h ad hei elae o
pse he aies.
OURCE 42
OURCE 44
ou love us ben we e beo boe on leave O woued in a etonale place ou
wob ecotios
you elieve at cbivalreees tbe wa dc .
ou ake us sbels. lste wtb elgbt B tal ofdit ad dange fondl tbled ou
co ou stnt aou wble weft
And ou ou lauelled eo wben we e klled ou can t eleve tbat toops
etie b bell last boo eaks tbe and tbe un tpling tbe le cos - lind
wtb loo Gean otbe dang tbe e wble ou ae knittng soc to send ou son
Hs
ce s tden eepe in tbe ud
T Kningon a Lan y c Ken ngto. e
at pa nte th whi e ecoveing
fom h wo i 9 5 Whe i wa
pu o iplay i 9 6 i caue a
eat o becae thee wa no h n o g oy o optimim n i unl ke a l
peviou
pa n ig
Wten by Siege Saoo who volneee fo the wa in 9 4 an wa woue e iouy
enoug t o be en o me He wa o g te by the wa that he woe to hi
SOURCE 45 A B
1 h = t tc c tce te Oh m
'll f o ow of a t 'ol o to t
u 6 artns by uc aisfat a fic svig th Wst Frnt. Hs lghthatd prtraya
f tnch lf was immnsy
pp lar with sdis, and hi s carts wr gu arly publ shd i th ritis pss
Yt vn ths w dis apprvd f by may
f ic als i ritain
3 Study Suc 45 Why d y u think f icials i rit ain might disa pprv f
ths cartns?
ACTVITY
Lk back at yu day ts frm pag 2
Iagin yu ar g ing t shw yr d ay t a am y mmbr at hm dit yur dia y s
that thy will t b sckd by t
Hw was the wa ptayed?
1 a) k back v pags 2629 ad fnd xamps f ach f th flwing kids f src
abut th war pm cartn advrt smt • diay pait ng nv wspapr artic any
trs y ca thik f
b) Fill n a chart ik this
-
2 h s th tw sucs w ic yu t ik a st ral stic. xplai yr ch ic 3 hs tw
wh ch ar uralistic xplain yu chc 4 Fr what y n w knw abut th war
xplai w y rprsntat ns f t vay s
gatly
;j i ./ )
A N C E
Ma Aled attacs Ma German atacs
N
t
Majo battles on the Western Font, 1915 1 .
Breaking the staemate Stemte s term borrowed from hess. It mens th
however hrd he neher per n mke wnnng move It s ve good erm o desrbe
the stton on the Western Fron rom eember rght throgh o However hrd
the tred (nd the dd ve hrd ndeed ) nether sde old mke brekthrogh
The resons were smple. The tehnes nd the wepons were better sed to
deene thn to tk I ws mh eser o defend poston thn to tk one rbed wre
renhes nd md mde vl hrges neeve Mhne gns od mow down hrgng nfnr The
olossl new gns of the rler old kll he enem n her trenhes od wer
down
the troops nd sp ther more nd old dsrpt enem spples b he odn mke
brekthrogh tlle old so desro enem gns b t the sppl o wepons o both
sdes k beme nexhsble. Ftores bk home n eh on were soon gered p o
prode ll the extr mntons needed
In hndsgh t s es to see how mpossble ws to mke brekthrogh the tme t
mst hve been mh hrde so on he Wesern Front the sme bs pern of brrge
nd nfnt tk onned hrogh nd
1915 the staemate cotues
In he Frenh rtsh nd ermns tred nd fled o brek the dedok. rl n
the Frenh los mn hosnds n n nsessfl offensve n Chmpgne (rrow n Sore
he rtsh gned some grond t eve Chpee n Mrh bt t he ost. The ermns
were drven bk from Ypres n pr (rrow ) wh he losses nd the rtsh
sffered sebk t Los n September
1916: the year of artio - Verdu ad the Somme
In Febr he ermns begn determned btle o ptre srteg Frenh orts
srrondng Verdn (rrow The ermns reognsed th the Frenh were edng the
lled efort ths stge o the wr. The ermn ommnde; Flkenhn ne p wth
streg of tron. Hs tt ws to beed Frne whte . The tt fled n tht boh
sdes sffered roghl el losses . For s monhs both sdes pored men nd
resores nto ths btte ks were followed b onetks nd b l some men hd
fllen. he Frenh led b ener Pn held o b b the smmer o the were ose o
brekng. The hge losses hd wekened both sdes bt the ermns hd greer
resores. The Frenh rm ws ner brekng pon .
To releve he pressre he rsh ed b Feld Mrsh ogs Hg nhed ther long
pnned offensve he Somme (rrow fer weeklong rtlle bombrdment of en
trenhes rt sh roops dvned. On the rst d there were rsh sles The
fghng onned ntl ovember wh the oss of mll on men (see pges
k n rtn po t ns nd pbl were horrfed he losses to he mt lede the
ntre of the exerse ws le. The wr ws ontes to see whh sde old lst ot
the long d dredfl wr of tron. ogs Hg brefed he govement h the non
mst be ght to ber losses . The nton dd ept hem nd n dong so pled ke
role n v
Lk a Sr ce 4 7. xl an wha the Geran cartnist is trying t say abut
te SA. efer t details in the cartn and the way te caracters are
drawn
OURCE 4
1917: USA i , Russia out
I 1 7 h w rch Gal Nvll pt oard a pla o ba th dadloc. Howv; th Grmas
w o his pas ad tatd to thi w, stog post ios cald h Hidbrg Li. Nvl
sd to chag his pas. B pvios stadads th Niv Osiv arow 6) was qt
sccssul, b agai h casals w hg Niv had raisd hops which cold o b m,
ad h Fch arm mtid. Th cisis was rsovd b Pai B a combatio o rhss
pshig h lad of h mti mpovg codtios fo oda soldi h gaid th cofidc of
h Fch toops.
Th Britsh ad Caadas had som sccsss Th Caadas partica od a spcaclar
vic captrig h fotifid Vim Ridg i Aprl 1 7 arow 3) .
I th third battl ofYprs bga. h Btsh dtoatd hg ms at Mssis whch
dstrod h Grma artil posios ad kid 10 ,000 Gma soldi a a sto Howv h
at advac which oowd this bcam hoplssl boggd dow. Ha ai crad ghtma
coditios, paticarl arod h rid villag of Passchda arow 7.
om sccsss cam at Cambrai i Novmbr. Th Brish sd ovr 350 as to good
ffct bt w abl to hod th grod tha th had capd It was th sam old
st
Ths wr mior victos th broad cotx. Th dcisiv milia brathrogh was
stil lsiv. B swh awa from h Wst Fro oh dvopms w takg plac whch migh
hav a mor dcsv c o h Wst Fro
The British blockade
rom h stat o th war both sds tid to prvt h othr from gttig sstial
sppis to ts soldi. Mab th cod b sarvd ito sbmiss o Th Bish had b
blocadg Gma ports sic 4 . h bocad was spposd o stag Grma idst so ha
t cold ot sppl th Gma am It dcd Grma tad from $5 bi io i 1 4 to st
$08 bll io i 1 17 B 17 civias i Gma w xpcig svr shortags s pag 45
.
The Gean Uboat campaign
h Gmas trid somhig smiar. h sa Btish ships sppig Brita. I 11 7 th
trodcd a polic o rstictd sbmari warfar agast a shps ha h sspctd wr
caig goods to Brtai s pag 44 Ths casd shotags i Briai bt it also
had aothr idd fct. It hlpd to brig th UA to th war.
The USA joins the war
Th UA was oficia tra bt was spplg oas ad ipmt to th Al s Th Grmas
attacd ad dstrod ma Amica ships which th sspctd o cag spplis to th
Allis . Th aso sa passg ships, k llig ma Amrica cvilias Wh th UA
discovrd hat Gma hopd o all with Mxco agast thm t was th ial straw
ad th UA dclard war o Gma o 1 Apr l 17.
The Russian Revolution
Th Allis thogh that th t o th UA wold h tid i hr favo bt b la 17
thr was ttl cas for opimism Th Amcas dd tim to bild p a arm Ev wo,
th most cshg blow o a, a rvotio i Rssia had broght i a Comms govmt
ad it had mad pac wth Grma Th Gmas cold ow rasfr hdds o thosads of
troops bac to h Ws Fot I ood as i 1 8 cod b dcisiv.
.
OURCE 48
As tbe fog eared a te we saw tbe emasfor tbe rst tme advang
tbousas. 7Je wboe aa was arked y tbergur, a movng ma of ge . . .
tbe groundfavoured tbe· advae, was a maze ofsbe bo ad tb awedfm one
to the other . . . A our Les guns, damaged eae y she re, wee out of
aton, ad y now eman u were whstng at a dretons . . . t was on tbe
that we reased that we wee ompete surrouded and bopesy outnumee
7Jet eakthrough bad apparent ome o ou· gbt wbe the emy bad aptured
ou · Company eauarte.
Wgt a slder in the th Safrds ie eg met rememes he
German ata i the udendf ffensve.
ACTIVITY
istrians have dsageed as t wat were the urning pnts the war the
Western Frt
1 W i gups f three ne f yu take 1 91 6 ne take 9 1 , e ther take 19
1 8 ah yu wrie a paragraph exp a ning wy yur year saw the tuning p
int in he wa se the nrmatin n pages 332 t he p yu.
2 Shw yur paragrap h t the ther memes f the grup, hen ae a vte n
whi yea saw the mst imprtan urning pn
How was the staemate broken?
1 Draw a art lke this
Why the war How and why reached the stalemate stalemate was
broken
2 In eah l umn wrie as many easns as yu an find n pages 332. Add
any the reasns yu a find n pages 229.
3 Daw l nes t jn up any ing l umn 1 wi anyth ng i athes n lumn
2.
4 Write yur wn rief aut f the war n tw parts: n Part explan hw and
wy the war eahed saemae; i Pat 2 explain hw and why e stalemate was
en.
1918 the Hudred Days the staemate is broke
Tigs may av ookd bad for t Als but t Grma stuatio was aso dspat i
ay Dspt t good ws of t Russia surd t Alis blokad o Gma pos ad stavd
t oomy of raw matrals ad t popuato (iludg t sod ) of ood. Wo stll,
t UA was movg toops to Fa at a rat of pr mot. Abov al, t Gma amy w
ot t quay gtig ma t ad b Grmay dd a quk vit ad t sudr o Russa gav t
Gmas o lat oppotuity to aiv a mi lt braktroug ad d t stamat.
Troug t arly mots o Grmay trasfrrd troops from t ast to t Wstr Fot.
I Ma t Grma Commad uddo aud t grat gambl to wi t wa It statd wt t
typia ug bombadmt ad ga attas Howv stad o t usua wav o fat folowd
up wit attas by small bads o spay trad ad igty quippd stom troops'
(s ou wo struk durig a avy fog alog t t ot . T ida was to stop t
Alis masig tir df a sg pla I t was vy tiv. T Gmas bok toug t Aid
lis i may plas, advad klomts ad Paris wa ow i rag of avy guir
T uddo Ofsv ad so a go v w. Howv t Grma army lost
m makg tis baktroug ad ty ad o rss to a o. T troops o dd ot ompar
wll wit tos of Tir disip w poor ad ty w badly fd ad supplid. May of
t pad Grma advas w d up as troops stoppd to loot ood ad supps from
aptud trs or viags Ty aso am up agast wll-ld ad wll-quppd Allid fos
(s our T blokads ad prvtd t Gmas from makig sim a tologia
mprovm.
tw May ad August t Gmas mad o ut progss ad t was lar tat ty ad u
out of tm ad sours T Gmas ad dd tr waar but t wa t Als wo vtualy
gad t bfit . y ow ty ad larg umb o w-fd ad w-uippd troops Ts troops
wr suppotd by taks aaft ad mprovd at y. y t big gus w apabl of ttig
tag wit mpssiv auray s wll as ayig dow smoksrs o givg ovig f fo
attak.
O August t Allis outattakd alog mu of t Wst Frot It w ow just a
mattr of tim bor t Alis dfatd Grmay. y lat ptmbr ty ad rad t Hidbug
Li. y Otobr t Grms wr i ful tat. Tis pod a bom kow a T Hudrd Days .
Fa ly o 11 Novmb t Armst (a) am to fft. T Grat War was ov
OURCE 49 Te huge sus ue Fed Masha r Dougas ag eeen 8 August and 1 1
Noveme 1918 are now argeyfogotte y the Brtsb pu. owee; tbe wee the
geatt se ofvtor n the Brtsh Ary s wboe bst . . .
ag ar took 188 00 psone ad 2, 840 gus - oy 800 psone and 935 gus s
tban tbose tak y tbe Frb Began ad Aea am omne e sus wee tbe rut
oftbe ouge ad dune ofthefrontne sode 7J wee aso the rut oftbe
ommade tata ad tebooga mproveets. By August 1918 agfoes were epoyng
taks ar armoured a, motosed mahe gun un wres, and ammunto drops y
pabute. e bad an eet ommunaton ad tnspot ste tbat eaed ag to stb
ata to aotbe setor at sbort note - so kepng tbe ermans oaae.
we are to tse ag ad bs ary ommade for tber m stak n 1916 ad 191
tben t s pebaps onyfar tbat at tbe same te tbe sboud reeve due red
for tber desve utfogotten vtor.
Case stuy: Genera Hag an the Batte of the Somme
1 Look at Souces 5052 a) Braistorm a lst o ten key wods
o define the Batle o the Somme at come to mid afte look ng at e
sorces
OURCE 50
b) ompae yor ten wods with the person sittng next to you
Agree on the mos appropriate ve words
OURCE 5 1
Tere was no ngerng aout wh zero hour ame Our patoon oer e hs whste
and he was the t up the sang ad wth hs revove n one band and
garette n the othe Come on oys be sa and up be went We wt up aer hm
one at a tme neve saw tbe oer agan Hs name s on the meora to the
mssng hh th ut a the war at Tva Hewas ony young ut he was a v ave
an.
The memories o Private Geoge Morga who took part in the atack on 1
ly 1 9 6
at te Batt e of e S omm e
A mural, paited in 1936, at onegal! Pass n Belast Te 36th lster iv
sio was one of the few units to ach eve its objective on e fis day
of e Batle of e Som me
OURCE 52
[
/
3 2 Mj {5 ; 3 7 LCpl. 60 pt {8 86 6
2
6< W
r70
6
0
6
art of he is o dead and wouded from the Sheield Pals Bata io o the
f rst day o e So mme May sold es wee in
pals' batal ons I you oied a pals baal on, yo would be igting wi me
from your oca area Te Seff e d Pa ls sffered
548 cas al ies o the f rs day o the batle
It suered ove 5000 casual ies i the batte
or Btis sto te Bttle o e Soe s oe o te os sigi evets e wr. Sores
gve soe ide o wy It ws ssve tle. Te sles were ori. Mos slies were
yog e i te e tees o erly o d weties. My pls bos see Sore were ptly
wiped ot, d vges i Bti d rod e epe os ete geeo o yog e te Soe. or
exple e 1 1 Cdgesire Blio se e ove e op o 1 ly d 69 o te ee slies o
w. Te sties loe wod ly tis be o pe iso ooks
Bt tee s oe. Te Se s beoe te os o dete bo ledeip Te dg ipesso o te
w is te voees wo de p ost o te ry oowed eir orde wi eoos oge wee
betyed by eir lede It s popr view I s lso esy view to sppo. B i is
se stdy we wt to oo t e Be o te Soe oe ob etivey
J
General S r Douglas Haig. He sccessfully commane the Brit sh toops
at Mons an Ypres in 1 91 By he en of 19 15 e was
coman ig al the B it sh forces in France.
1 With hin sigt historians know of many of he pla nning errors ma e
by Ha g before the attack on the So me a) Make a l is t of the plan
ing eors
yo th nk he m ae b) Try to ec ie o w many o f these
errors can only be seen with the benefit of hi nsight.
ACTIVITY
Discs s his questio as a class
Is it mo al y accepable to make the k l ig of enemy sol iers a n
obective for a miiay operatio
OURCE 55
Rememeng he dssaaon dspayed y mnse a he d of1915 eause he opeaons
bad no ome up o bei eaons, be ea ook he pauon o make ue ea ohand he
naue ofhe sus whh he omme ampagn mgh ye 7Je nes of eevngpsue on he
eh A a Vdun emans and s moe ugen han ev: 7Js s heo, be ojeve o e
oaned y be omned Bsh and Fenh osve 7Je seond ojeve s o n as heavy
oss as posse upon he eman am
Si Wil iam obertson h ef of e Impeal Gene al Staf, comenng o Britis
p a ns
a he S omme after the e of te war
The pa
Th battl was ognally pannd as atack by h Fnch ay wih Btish sppo. Th
Bitish coand Gnal Haig, acaly avod an attack fh noh and ws n Fland
Th Gan attack at Vdn altd hs pans . By h s o t was agd that Hag wod
lad a ainy Bitsh onsv n th aa aond th Rv So. Th objctivs w to gain
tt and to daw Gan toops away fo Vdn. Anoh ai was to kil as any Gan
sod as possibl a pat of th wa of ation ' .
The tactcs
Hag and his dpy, Gna Rawnson wokd ot th dtails. Th wold b a hg atil
bobadn and ns wold dvatat Gan post ions. Th nys babd wi wold b ct
and h Gan tnchs and dg-os sashd. Th attacking Bitish toops wold b
abl to wak acoss no ans and ath han n Thy wold ca havy packs and
nch pa qpnt so that thy cold bild and dfnd th Gan tnchs and so stop
th Gans takng th lost tt Bish caval focs w also kpt n adinss o chag
no gaps in h Gan n.
OURCE 54
A capre Germa g-ou 19 1
Hag ctainy knw abot th Gan dg-ots and h ass o babd w n font o th.
Howv ag ovstad h abl iy o th ai o dstoy th Gan dncs. Th dfnd w on
hgh gond wth a good vw of any aackng ocs Th Gan dncs had bn in p
lac snc and th Gan sod had not bn
OURCE 56
undres ofdead were strung out ke wekage washed up to a hghwate
mark. Qute as many ded on the enemy wre on the groun ke sh aught n
the ne T hung thee n gtue postur. ome ooked as though th wee prayng
th had ded on ther kne and the wre had preveted thea om the way the
dead were ua spread out whethe on the wre or ng n front oft t was
ear that thee wee no gaps n the wre at the tme of the attak.
Conentted mahne gun re fm suent guns to ommand evey nh of the wre
had done tee work. Te emans must have een renforng the wre for
months It was so dense that ayght oud arey e seen thugh t. Trough
the gasses t ooked a ak mass he erman fath n massed wre had pad
o
ow dd our panne magne that omm havng survved a othe hazars and thee
wee pen n rossng No Man and- woud get thugh the eman wre? ad th
studed the ak ns ofit through ther poweu noua? Who tod them that
arte re woudpound suh wre to pe makng t posse to get through? Any
ommy oud have tod them that she re s wre up and drops t down oen n
a woe tange than ore
An exrac f a k wrien y Ge ge ppad afer the war. ppad wa a mac
ie-gnne n e B iti army ad
wa at the mme
2 e key errr wa vecnf dence in the artillery ead the ectin abu the
event f 1 July 1 9 16 and decide wether yu agee wi th tatee.
3 ead rce 56. Wy wuld a Britih c vi ian have fund i accunt cking if
tey had een it i 9 16?
The bale
the last eek of]ue the Btish ouded he erma es th mllio shes
ench renche e d dring te Ba le f the m e.
1uly 1916
The iat atak bega a am o u Ataks usual bega at da bu he ommade ere
ofidet tha here ould be ie esisae o huge mes aed uder the erma es b
sae ere deoated The ose ould be head i odo
The assaut bega eyseve divsos (abou me) e over the to agais he
ermas divsos
The Freh foes made some quk gas The ee moe eeieed tha he Brtish i
suh battles ad he ere movig quik beause he ere ot eighed do b aks
oeve the Feh foud themseves soaed ad had o ihdra agai beause most
of the Britsh fores ere advag too slol
The slo ae of the Brtish advae gave the emas eough time to emerge
from thei dug-ous ad o se u heir mahie gus Some erma gue said that
the shee umbers of Btish fores ould have ovehemed hem f the had
harged more quk
The ire as udamaged ma aeas so the Brish toos ere fuelled ito areas
hee here ee gas he re The ere sitg tages for ema gue There ere aoud
suaties o he fit da abou a hd of them kiled
A he ime i as haos o oe ke qute hat s haeg But the iue soo emeged
of a ml ia disaster he o i the hst of he Brtish am The raks of the
juo offie ere devasaed eavig sode ofused ab
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