Higher Education, Mobility and Knowledge Transfer in the Western Balkans

7/27/2019 Higher Education, Mobility and Knowledge Transfer in the Western Balkans

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Jana Baevi

Bordrs of th Europ of Kowldg?

Hghr Educto, Moblty d Kowldg Trsfr

th Wstr Blks

Itroducto

Th objct of ths ppr s to dscuss th mplctos of th Bolog Procss, or,

mor grlly, th Europ tgrto of hghr ducto d rsrch d th

crto of th Europ Hghr Educto Ar (EHEA), for th kowldg trsfr

thos Europ coutrs tht r ot mmbr stts of th Europ Uo,

cludg th Wstr Blks. Nmly, lthough th procss of Europ tgrto

of hghr ducto d rsrch hs tld substtl dgr of polcy corgc

(cf. Dobbs d Kll ), t mks ss to ssum tht th spcfc cotxts dcodtos of tol systms of hghr ducto d rsrch h lso crtd

som drgc s wll s umbr of cotrdctos d prdoxs (bd.; Amrl

t l. ; Pb ; Kwk ). Polcy dscours spclly wh cocrd

wth th formr Commust coutrs tds to scrb ths cotrdctos to fults

th dom of mplmtto: ths prdgm, th polcs r fuctol o th

ll of crto, but r msudrstood, trsformd d rdfd by th locl ctors

pplyg thm (cf. Tomusk ). Howr, s for stc N (, ) hs

rgud, th cotrdctos d prdoxs th Bolog Procss r ot oly th

product of th mod of mplmtto; rthr, fults mplmtto my drfrom th tsos, cotrdctos d prdoxs cotd wth th ds, dscourss

d prctcs of th Bolog Procss tslf. Ths ppr ms to offr smlr crtcl

xmto of som spcts of th crto of th Europ Hghr Educto Ar

d th wys whch thy pply to dffrt prts of Europ. I prtculr, th ppr

s cocrd wth th mplctos of th moblty polcs md t dfyg th

Europ of Kowldg, such s th Ersmus d Ersmus Mudus tts of th

Europ Commssos Lf-log Lrg progrmm.

Th ppr wll bg by brfly rcoutg th objcts d purposs of Europ

DER DONAURAUM

Jhrgg Hft -/

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tgrto hghr ducto d, prtculr, th moblty progrmms old.

Th, t wll compr th dscourss of th two most promt mog ths tts

Ersmus d Ersmus Mudus d dscuss thr xplct d mplct ms dpurposs s wll s th wys whch dffrt objcts r rltd to dffrt trgt

groups of studts d grduts. Aftr ths, t wll dscuss th mplctos of th

dffrcs th costructo d trtmt of ths dffrt groups. Th ppr wll

d by dscussg th mgs of ths dffrt pprochs for kowldg trsfr

d dlopmt wth th lss dlopd prts of Europ, cludg th Wstr

Blks.

Troubl prds? Comptg sos of th trsformtoof hghr ducto Europ

Th trsformto of hghr ducto d rsrch Europ subsumd udr th

Bolog Procss hs b dscrbd s probbly th most dymc chg of Europ

ursts sc thr foudg (Mss d Ols ). Rstg o th foudtos

of th Mg Chrt Ursttum sgd , d prcdd by th Sorbo

Dclrto sgd by th mstrs of ducto of Frc, Grmy, Itly d th UK

, th procss of Europ tgrto hghr ducto hs xpdd rpdly.

I , rprstts of Europ stts of whch oly wr EU mmbrst th tm sgd th Bolog Dclrto. Tody, th Europ Hghr Educto

Ar couts sgtors.

Th crto of th Europ Hghr Educto Ar hs b dscrbd, polcy

trms, s mog trgt (N d Mss ; Khm, Husm d Stskr

ds. ). Dspt ths shfts d osclltos of prorts, crt trds c stll

b dstgushd. Th tl ctos focusd o stblshg systm of mutully

comprbl d rdbl dgrs to stmult moblty d th ttrctss of Europ

s study dstto. Ths tld structurg th study progrmms to two (d

ltr thr) cycls bchlor, mstr d doctort bsd o th msurmt ofstudt worklod d lrg outcoms xprssd ECTS. Commtmt to lflog

lrg, qulty d th socl dmso wr ddd ltr th procss (Corbtt

). Th trsformto dd ot hpp oly o th orgztol d structurl

lls; o th cotrry, t tld (or hrldd) w of rflcto o th rols d

purposs of ursty socty, or rthr th qusto wht hghr ducto s for

(Mss d Ols ds. ).

Although th Mg Chrt Ursttum s wll s th Bolog Dclrto

mphssd th culturl d socl rols of hghr ducto ts rol poltcl d

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socl tgrto th mphss quckly shftd to th rol of ursts coomc

dlopmt wth th mbto of th Lsbo Agd to mk th Europ Uo

th most comptt coomy th world (Ols d Mss ). Th dscursshft to th coomc rols d outcoms of hghr ducto s usully coctd to

th growg fluc of th Europ Commsso o th Bolog Procss, whch

som rsrchrs h dubbd crpg comptc (Amrl d N ).

Th tdcy of th Europ Commsso to prlg th coomc spct of

hghr ducto s ot ltogthr surprsg g tht t tlly mgd to g

groud hghr ducto polcy hstorclly cosdrd th scrd groud of

mmbr stts court rulg o th comptcs or post-scodry octol,

.. profssol ducto kow s th Grr judgmt (s Corbtt , ;

Amrl t l. ). Thus, th drgg mphss o th culturl d coomcspcts of hghr ducto c lso b s s xprsso of th tso btw th

comptcs of th Europ Commsso d thos of th ddul mmbr stts

(N d Mss ; d Wt d Vrho ). Howr, s rlg s ths

xplto surly s, t smply bgs th qusto: how rlt s t for th dymcs of

th trsformto of th tr Europ Hghr Educto Ar?

Nmly, s otd bo, th Europ Hghr Educto Ar tody couts

mmbr stts. Out of ths, oly (soo, wth Crot, ) r coutrs of th

Europ Uo d thus fll udr th dmstrto of th Europ Commsso.

Th rmg comprs coutrs tht ry sgfctly thr rltoshp to thEU from EEA/EFTA coutrs such s Norwy, Icld or Swtzrld to cddt

coutrs such s Mcdo d Turky, d Ctrl As coutrs such s Arm

or Kzkhst, to whch Europ Uo mmbrshp my rprst dstt d

ot prtculrly rlt prospct, or o wthout y poltcl futur t ll, for tht

mttr. G th dffrcs thr poltcl cotxts, o must sk whthr th gols

of Europ tgrto hghr ducto s s by th Europ Commsso

qully pply to ll sgtors of th Bolog Dclrto. I othr words: do polcs

tht r thory md t crtg tgrtd r of hghr ducto ffct

trt coutrs dffrtly rlto to thr poltcl sttus?I th followg sctos, ths ppr wll stgt o of th most promt

strumts th crto of th Europ Hghr Educto Ar: th Europ

Commssos Lflog Lrg Progrmm (LLP), d spcfclly ts lmts md

t stmultg th moblty of studts d stff: Ersmus d Ersmus Mudus.

Th lyss wll focus o th dscurs costructo d frmg of th gols d

objcts of ths progrmms, juxtposg thm wth th brodr gols d objcts

of Europ tgrto hghr ducto both coomc d culturl. Th

trprtto wll pot to th prdoxs d pprt cotrdctos th ms of

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th Europ Hghr Educto Ar o th o hd, d th spcfc polcs md

t ts costructo o th othr. Th fl prt of th ppr wll dscuss th mplctos

of ths costructos of culturl d polcy spcs d romts, spclly for thssus rltd to Europ tgrto d kowldg trsfr o-EU coutrs,

cludg th Wstr Blks.

Th two fcs of Ersmus: growth d dlopmt

O of th most mportt strumts for th dlopmt of th Europ dmso

of hghr ducto rgubly r th Europ Commssos moblty progrms such s

Ersmus, clmd to b drr th modrsto of hghr ducto Europ dsprto for th stblshmt of th Bolog Procss (.g. Btory d Ldstrom

:; Corbtt ). Ersmus s th bggst moblty progrm Europ, both

scop d umbr of prtcpts. I , roud % of Europ ursts wr

tkg prt Ersmus ctts; two mllo studts h prtcptd t sc t

strtd . Ersmus s op to studts from EU coutrs, EEA-EFTA coutrs

(Icld, Lchtst, Norwy, Swtzrld) d som thrd or cddt coutrs

(Alb, Bos-Hrzgo, Crot, Kosoo, Mcdo, Srb d Turky). I

ddto to studt moblty, Ersmus cors tchg d stff moblty s wll s

sttutol cooprto d dlopmt.

Accordg to ts wbst,

Ersmus hs bcom drr th modrsto of hghr ducto Europ d

sprd th stblshmt of th Bolog Procss. Th grl m of th Progrmm s to

crt Europ Hghr Educto Ar d fostr oto throughout Europ.

Ersmus moblty for studs cluds tgrtd prod of btw d

moths of study t othr (forg) sttuto, s wll s lgug courss d othr

prprtory d, som css, follow-up progrms. Th sttd objcts of moblty

schms r to

bl studts to bft ductolly, lgustclly d culturlly from th xprc oflrg othr Europ coutrs; promot co-oprto btw sttutos d rch

th ductol romt of host sttutos; d cotrbut to th dlopmt of

pool of wll-qulfd, op- mdd d trtolly xprcd youg popl s futur

profssols.

Cf. http://c.urop.u/ducto/lflog-lrg-progrmm/doc_.htm Ibd. Ibd.

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Th Ersmus Mudus progrm, tlly troducd s form of xtrl

cooprto, tody forms o of th most promt spcts of th LLP. Ersmus

Mudus comprss Europ jot mstrs d doctorts, prtrshps wth o-Europ hghr ducto sttutos d scholrshps for studts d cdmcs,

d t promots Europ hghr ducto worldwd. Th progrm s prmrly

tdd for o-Europ studts, but lso for studts from othr Europ

coutrs lgbl for Ersmus (cludg Azrbj, Arm, Blrus, Gorg,

Kzkhst, Moldo, th Russ Fdrto d Ukr). Ersmus Mudus

ms to hc th qulty of Europ hghr ducto d to promot dlogu d

udrstdg btw popl d culturs through cooprto wth Thrd-Coutrs.

I ddto, t cotrbuts to th dlopmt of hum rsourcs d th trtol

cooprto cpcty of Hghr ducto sttutos Thrd Coutrs by crsgmoblty btw th Europ Uo d ths coutrs.

Th objcts of th progrmm r

th hcmt of qulty Europ hghr ducto; th promoto of th Europ

Uo s ctr of xcllc lrg roud th world; th promoto of trculturl

udrstdg through cooprto wth Thrd Coutrs s wll s for th dlopmt of

Thrd Coutrs th fld of hghr ducto.

A comprso of th sttd outcoms of th two moblty schms shows crt

dffrcs. Ersmus ms to

() bl studts to bft ductolly, lgustclly d culturlly from th xprc

of lrg othr Europ coutrs; () promot co-oprto btw sttutos d

rch th ductol romt of host sttutos; () cotrbut to th dlopmt

of pool of wll-qulfd, op-mdd d trtolly xprcd youg popl s

futur profssols, wth th grl m of crtg Europ Hghr Educto Ar

d fostrg oto throughout Europ. Ersmus Mudus, o th othr hd, op to

studts whos coutrs do ot fll th bo ctgors, hs th followg objcts: ()

hcg qulty Europ hghr ducto; () promotg th Europ Uo s

ctr of xcllc lrg roud th world; () promotg trculturl udrstdg

through cooprto wth Thrd Coutrs; () th dlopmt of Thrd Coutrs

th fld of hghr ducto, wth th grl m of hcg th qulty of Europ

hghr ducto; promotg dlogu d udrstdg btw popl d culturs

through cooprto wth Thrd-Coutrs d cotrbutg to th dlopmt of hum

rsourcs d th trtol cooprto cpcty of Hghr ducto sttutos

Thrd Coutrs.

Cf. http://c.c.urop.u/ rsmus_mudus/progrmm/bout_rsmus_mudus_.php Ibd.

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A brief comparative analysis of these two mobility programs shows that certain aims and

purposes are shared: for instance, developing intercultural understanding and enhancing

the quality of European higher education. However, whereas Erasmus places explicitemphasis on learning and the development of a pool of well-qualified, open-minded

and internationally experienced young people as future professionals, the wording of

developing the labour force is much scarcer in Erasmus Mundus (contributing to the

development of human resources). On the other hand, in Erasmus Mundus an explicit

focus is put on institutional and national development (the international cooperation

capacity of Higher education institutions in Third Countries). Finally, developing the

European Higher Education Area and fostering innovation throughout Europe are stated

as objectives of Erasmus, but not of Erasmus Mundus.

Although th tdd prsol (ddul) outcoms td to b smlr or dtcl,sgfct dffrcs occur th dom of pplyg th kowldg d sklls

cqurd moblty progrms. Whrs Ersmus mphsss th dlopmt of

pool of trtolly xprcd youg profssols whos purpos s to cotrbut

to oto d compttss in Europe, Ersmus Mudus dlops hum

rsourcs wth th prmry purpos of dlopgtheir home countries. I ths ss,

ductol moblty of studts from Ersmus coutrs s prstd s cotrbutg

to th trtol (Europ) lbour mrkt, whrs th ductol moblty of

studts from Ersmus Mudus coutrs cotrbuts to thr tol lbour mrkts.

A study Revue Elargissementsttd tht

ccordg to th European Union, studt d tchr moblty s mportt fctor

for growth d mploymt. Idd, o th o hd t fcltts th dssmto of

kowldg d, o th othr hd, popl who h udrtk prt of thr studs brod

r mor lkly to tk dtg of crsgly trtolsd lbour mrkt.

Thr s sgfctly lss tlk of th trtolsd lbour mrkt wh t coms to

th cosqucs of moblty progrms trgtd t studts from Europ Ersmus

Mudus coutrs. Wht s mphssd std s dlopmt: Europ Ersmus

Mudus studts r xpctd to rtur to thr coutrs d trsfr th kowldg

cqurd durg thr moblty th sttutol dlopmt of thr coutrs. I

ths cs, growth s ssoctd wth oto d compttss th EU, whl

dlopmt s ssoctd wth prtculr crtr tht coutrs frst d to fulfl

ordr to qulfy for cotrbutg to th Europ pool of kowldg. I ths ss,

moblty progrms brg ry clr poltcl dmso to th cocpt of th Europ

of Kowldg, sprtg coutrs to two trcks th o of EU, EEA/EFTA d

cddt coutrs, d th othr wth th rst.

Cf. http://www.urct.com//ducto/studt-moblty-post-fctor-u/rtcl-

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Howr, th mmbrshp trcks looks bt dffrt wh shftd from th

dom of dscours to th dom of prctc. Spcfclly, my Ersmus studts d

grduts do ot ctully h th rght to work th EU. Ths rght s xtdd olyto tols of th EU d EEA/EFTA coutrs, d ot ll css: lbour mrkt

rstrctos rltd to w EU mmbrs llow othr coutrs to protct thr lbour

mrkts from workrs from ths coutrs for up to s yrs ftr ccsso (for

stc, Bulgr d Rom tols stll do ot h th rght to frly work

ll othr EU coutrs dspt th fct tht both coutrs ccdd to th EU

). For my, cludg tols of th Wstr Blk coutrs, both th rght

to rsd d to look for mploymt EU coutry r cotgt upo prog

tht o hs suffct fcl ms to support oslf, whch usully tls job,

d tht usully rqurs pror posssso of work prmt. Thus, th EU lbour mrkts ot rlly op to Ersmus studts or grduts comg from o-EU/EEA/EFTA

coutrs.

Furthrmor, th two-trck pproch to moblty dos ot pply oly to ccss

to lbour mrkts. It lso hs mplctos for opportuts of socl d poltcl

prtcpto. To bg wth, whrs studts from th EU studyg othr EU

coutry h poltcl rghts smlr or qul to thos of t studts tht coutry

(for stc, c ot d b otd for locl lctos), studts from outsd th

EU, s rul, do ot. Not bg ctzs of o of th EU coutrs ms tht thy

r lso, most css, xcludd from prtcpto poltcs t th locl ll, f thy r lglly rsdt thr host coutry. Ndlss to sy, th ry procss of

cqurg rsdc d/or cssry ss s ry complctd for my studts

comg from Europ o-EU/EEA/EFTA coutrs. Tchclly, moblty studts

from Europ o-EU/EEA/EFTA coutrs c stll prtcpt lctos d th

poltcl d publc lf of thr hom coutrs. Howr, ths form of poltcl

prtcpto c b complctd by moblty. Accss to xptrt otg fclts c

b dffcult, d trl bck hom c b xps d dmdg, mkg t lss

lkly tht studts would ctully ttmpt t. Lkws, prtcpto cl socty

or commuty ctts s ot oly complctd by studts physcl bsc durgth prod of studs brod; thr bsc c lso, som css, ply gt rol

thr prtcpto poltcl d publc lf oc thy (prsumbly) rtur to thr

hom coutrs (s .g. Bcc ; Hort ; Rz & Tchlr ).

Smlr ssus c b dtfd wth rgrd to studts blty to prtcpt

dlbrtos d gorc t th ll of hghr ducto sttutos. Although

thr r orgztos d tworks spcfclly rprstg moblty studts (such

s ESN th Ersmus Studt Ntwork), th opportuts for moblty studts to

ffctly prtcpt ssus rltd to hghr ducto polcs mor brodly r

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qustobl t bst. To bg wth, th rltly short trm of thr sty rgg from

thr moths to mxmum of o yr mks t lss lkly tht thy would h

suffct tm to gt old d tk th ffort to udrstd locl ssus rltdto studt gorc. E f thy dd, thr my b lgug brrrs (ssumg tht

locl studt ctts r mor lkly to b crrd out th locl lgug, whch

stg studts my ot spk wll ough to gg dbts) s wll s prssurs

rsg from th d to fulfl cdmc oblgtos thus mkg t dffcult to gg

othr ssus s wll.

Implctos: who ows hum cptl?

Although th dffrcs dscourss, frmworks d crcumstcs rltg to

moblty btw studts from th EU, EEA/EFTA or mor dlopd cddt

coutrs d othrs my b subtl, thr mplctos r worth cosdrg. Frst of

ll, thy substtlly mpct th ls of th studts who r, or wsh to b, mobl.

Dspt dffrt mchsms tdd to smplfy th s d rsdc prmt

procdurs EHEA coutrs for studts who rqur such prmts, th pplcto

procsss r oft complx, lgthy d xps. I ths ss, moblty wth

th EU s much sr for EU or EEA/EFTA studts th for thos comg from

outsd. Ths mpls tht t lst som o-EU or o-EEA/EFTA studts myod moblty du to fr of th dmstrt d/or fcl burds t tls (for

stc, th Eurostudt IV Ntol Rport for Crot foud tht o of th chf

rsos suryd studts stt for ot ggg moblty r th pottl xtr

costs, s Frll d. ). I othr words, dffrt groups of studts r fcd wth

substtl dffrcs trms of costs d bfts wh t coms to moblty; ths

cotxt, t pprs s f th rltly hgh umbrs of trtolly mobl studts

comg from coutrs whos ctzs rqur ss d/or rsdc prmts to study

th EU (such s Alb) r prmrly fucto of dffrcs qulty or drsty

of th hghr ducto systms btw hom d brod, whch push th studts togo brod despiteth dmstrt hurdls ths tls.

Dffrcs th trtmt of dffrt groups of studts rm lso oc studts

h go brod d, prsumbly, mgd to gt scurty chcks, procsss

of cqurg rsdc prmts, fdg ccommodto, opg bk ccouts tc.

Aftr grduto, EU/EEA/EFTA studts r fr to rm most coutrs of th

EU d look for mploymt or furthr ducto. Th grduts from most othr

(Europ d o-Europ) coutrs thr h to rtur to thr hom coutrs

mmdtly or soo ftrwrds, or, som css, c sty or trl for coupl of

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moths logr; howr, wthout hg prously scurd mploymt or fudg

my r ubl to xtd thr rsdc prmts or rm th EU. Ths lds

to wht Gchtr () rfrs to s forcd rtur th lgl rqurmt d/orxpctto tht EU ursty grduts from o-EU/EEA/EFTA coutrs rtur

to thr hom coutrs ftr grduto.

Ths mpls dulstc prcpto of th rol of hghr ducto d moblty

progrms th EU. Whrs o group of studts thos from EU/EEA/EFTA

coutrs c study d ftrwrds cotu lg d workg th Europ

Uo d thus probbly cotrbut to ts coomc compttss, studts from

othr coutrs r s mor s rsk of pottl llgl mmgrto th sourc

of kowldg d sklls tht my cotrbut to th cooms of th EU mmbr

stts. I ths cotxt, thr prmry fucto s ot to cotrbut to growth, but rthrto dlop; thy r xpctd to rtur to thr (prsumbly udlopd) hom

coutrs d hlp fostr coomc growth thr, but ot th EU.

E f t wr possbl to justfy such dffrt trtmt for studts who com

from Europ coutrs s--s thos who do ot, t s ry dffcult to justfy t

cocrg studts from dffrt coutrs within th Europ cott. Th

EHEA s comprsd of coutrs; r currtly ot mmbrs of th Europ

Uo. Amg to dlop Europ tgrto hghr ducto through moblty

progrms whos trms or outcoms dscrmt btw moblty studts o th bss

of thr ctzshp (d ot, for stc, thr cdmc mrt or socl d) thpprs t lst slghtly cotrdctory.

Th m sourc of ths cotrdcto c b trcd ot to tsos btw th

mmbr stts d th Europ Commsso s som othr css, but rthr to

th prously mtod comptg sos of wht th Europ Hghr Educto

Ar s for, whom d wht purpos t srs. Th cocpt of th EHEA s form of

culturl tgrto dd ot t lst ot xplctly tl y mplctos rltd

to possbl dffrcs sttus btw coutrs or dduls; fct, th oly pr-

rqust for jog th Bolog Procss ws for th rspct coutry to b sgtory

of th Europ Culturl Coto, Coucl of Europ documt whos m t sto courg mutul udrstdg mog popls of Europ by fostrg culturl

xchg d lrg. Howr, th comptg so of th Bolog Procss tht

coctd t mor strogly to th Lsbo gd, bsds shftg th prorts from

culturl to coomc os lso, ss, shftd th pottl wght of mmbrshp:

g tht th Lsbo gd ws md t dlopg th coomc compttss

A xcpto to ths rul s th UK; rgrdlss of thr tolty, UK ursty grduts c rm thUK for o yr ftr grduto to look for work.

Cf. http://cotos.co.t/Trty/Commu/ QuVoulzVous.sp?NT=&CL=ENG

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of th European Union (ot of Europ!), EU mmbr stts pottlly bcm mor

flutl th Bolog Procss. Ths mblc of powrs s lrdy rflctd th

fct tht ll EU mmbr stts r rprstd th Bolog Procss twc oc ssgtors to th Dclrto, d th scod tm through th Europ Commsso.

Th prdox of th rol of moblty th Europ Hghr Educto Ar, th,

c b udrstood th cotxt of th hstorcl dlopmt of th structur or

rchtctur of th procss. Th frst prod of th Bolog Procss ws bsd o

gu d of culturl tgrto s both drr d objct of th procss. Th

qusto how to ch ths ld to th xpso of th moblty progrms. Sc

moblty progrms r xps, howr, ths tur ld to th crsd olmt

of th Europ Commsso. Although Ersmus hd xstd s dpdt

progrm sc , t ws tgrtd to th Lflog Lrg progrm d bcmo of th chf strumts th EHEA. Th try of th Commsso through

th bck door (ccordg to som uthors), howr, lso bld th shft of th

dscurs prorts of Europ tgrto hghr ducto; from brodly

culturl dour t bcm procss xplctly md t coomc growth d

dlopmt. Frmg th rols d purposs of hghr ducto prmrly trms of

coomc growth ld to th two-trck or dul pproch to th mmbrs of th EHEA:

coutrs wr dffrttd ccordg to thr ll of coomc dlopmt. Thus,

moblty studts d grduts from th dlopd coutrs of th EU d EEA/

EFTA wr trtd s wlcom cotrbutors to th EU lbour forc; moblty studtsd grduts from othr Europ coutrs wr xpctd to rtur to thr hom

coutrs d stmult th dlopmt of tol cooms prsumbly wth th

xpctto tht ths would ultmtly grow ough to b bl to jo th dlopd

coutrs of th Europ Uo.

At othr ll, ths dffrcs h mportt mplctos for th cocpts of

hum cptl d dlopmt. Educto rsds o th ssumpto tht kowldg

d sklls r, t lst prdomtly, th proprty of dduls; ths gt ducto

ordr to, ss, pproprt kowldg d sklls rltd to thm by othr

dduls. Thus, dlopmt s outcom of moblty s bsd o th ssumptotht grduts rturg to thr hom coutrs crry wth thm ctully, in thm

kowldg d sklls tht c fostr dlopmt; ths procss s kow s kowldg

trsfr. Howr, ths cocpt tds to gor th socl, shrd d cotxtul spcts

of kowldg; othr words, t dos ot ckowldg tht th surroudg hs to

b coduc for kowldg trsfr to occur. I my lss dlopd coutrs, th

romt my ot b prtculrly coduc to ths kd of trsfr. For stc,

th ffcts of trprurl sklls my b offst by dmc corrupto; rsrch my

suffr from lck of fuds, ccss to formto or dtbss. Thus, th xtrmly

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lbrl cocpt of dlopmt mplct th d of kowldg trsfr gors

th mportc of th socl, culturl d poltcl cotxts for th pplcto of

kowldg d sklls.Th cocpt of br dr s o of th dcrd uwtd ffcts of moblty rsts

o smlr ssumpto. Not oly s th dlopmt of coutry (d ts coomy)

dpdt o th kowldg d sklls cotd dduls (qut ltrlly,

thr brs), but thr dprtur from (or flur to rtur to) thr hom coutrs

comprss br dr, form of coomc loss for th coutry. Thus, lthough

dduls ow kowldg d sklls, to stts ow dduls; othr words,

dduls h oblgto of sorts to dot thr brpowr to thr coutrs

of org (cf. Hort ).

Although th cocpt c b justfd from crt coomc stdpot, t s qutcurously t odds wth th d of moblty d kowldg xchg supportg th

Europ Hghr Educto Ar. As Mrkl () ots, fully globlzd world

t would ot ctully mttr whr dduls work d study s log s thy c

cotrbut to th growth of cooms, kowldg, udrstdg or whtr ls thy

do. Th bfts of kowldg should ot b lmtd to spcfc tol cooms;

dlly, thy should b dstrbutd qully. Howr, th moblzto of kowldg

for th purposs of th Europ Uos coomc competitivenesshs sgfctly

dffrt mg; ths cotxt, kowldg s usful s log s t cotrbuts to th

coomc growth of EU mmbr stts. Wth th objct of mkg th EU thmost comptt coomy th world, th dffrcs th trtmt of studts

d grduts from th EU d othr Europ coutrs bcom clrr: stg

EU studts s s s stmt ths gol; stg th ducto of o-EU

studts s s s xpdtur tht my cotrbut to th dlopmt of pottl

mrkts for EU xports, or som css th coomc d/or poltcl stblty of

prtrs or futur EU mmbrs. Orll, howr, th ds tht coomc dlopmt

s th prm purpos of ducto d tht dduls should put thr kowldg d

sklls to th us of thr tol (or, th cs of th EU, suprtol) cooms

sm to xrt strog fluc o th wys whch moblty wth th EHEA scocptulzd d xcutd.

Coclusos

Som of th prdoxs of th Bolog Procss, t lst, sm to orgt from th

dffrcs rous stkholdrs sos of th purpos of Europ tgrto

hghr ducto d th struggls for th dfto d mg of th polcs rltd

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to th crto of th Europ Hghr Educto Ar. Othr uthors (cludg

Amrl d N , Ols d Mss ) h dscrbd th orgs of ths

struggls, thr trsformtos d mplctos. Ths ppr hs usd ths dtolstruggls to offr xplto for pprt prdox grtd by, or wth,

th Bolog Procss mly, th cotrst btw th dr for tgrto of th

Europ Hghr Educto Ar, ts rols d purposs s--s th ctul ruls d

xprcs rltd to moblty s thy pply to ctzs of Europ coutrs tht r

ot th EU.

Th lyss offrd ths ppr hs md to show tht, lthough th Europ

Hghr Educto Ar should b op to ll ctzs of Europ (or, t lst, of thos

coutrs tht r sgtors to th Europ Culturl Coto), rlty th

moblty prctcs wth th EHEA my sr to rforc th cocpt of FortrssEurop, whch dtfs th d of Europ wth th Europ Uo d s

xclusory towrds ll othr forms of dtts, spclly mmgrt os (cf. Blbr

). Th prdoxs crtd by ths cotrdcto my h mportt mplctos

for th futur of th Europ Hghr Educto Ar. I th cocluso, w wll brfly

xm som of thm.

To bg wth, th sbl bordrs of th Europ of Kowldg oprtg wth

th Europ Hghr Educto Ar my b drsrl to th gol of mkg th EU

mor coomclly comptt. Th strct mmgrto d mploymt rgultos

ppld to grduts from o-EU d ( som css, such s Bulgr d Rom) EU coutrs, cludg forcd rtur, my b prtg othrws tltd

d hrd-workg dduls from fdg mploymt umbr of EU coutrs.

Imposg lbour mrkt rstrctos d forcg ths dduls to rtur to thr

hom coutrs, whr romt d surroudgs my ot b coduc to th

furthr dlopmt d pplcto of kowldg, my b wst of th stmt

thr ducto, ot to mto sourc of prsol frustrto wth costrts or

obstcls kowldg trsfr (cf. Bcc ; Agrst d Kuglr ). Thus,

thr s hrdly coomc justfcto for forcd rtur polcs, though

ttmpts r md to justfy thm by pprg to prt br dr.Th cocpt of br dr tslf s show to b rltd to hghly pculr

udrstdg of hum cptl, whch, s c b dducd, lthough cotd

dduls should b owd by to stts. Although ths udrstdg c clrly

b rltd to th d tht coomc dlopmt s th prm purpos d outcom of

hghr ducto, t s fr lss udrstdbl th cotxt of dlopg th Europ

Hghr Educto Ar d ts culturl d socl spcts.

Flly, th lyss ths ppr cofrms th xstc of tso btw

comptg sos of Europ tgrto hghr ducto d rsrch o

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wd prmrly culturl trms, th othr wd prmrly coomc os. Th

coomc crss wth ts mpct o systms of publc support to hghr ducto d

rsrch s boud to furthr xcrbt th dffrcs ths comptg sos.Smultously, th fluc of ths sos s lkly to ply sgfct rol

dtrmg th drcto d structur of Europ tgrto hghr ducto

d rsrch. Emphss o th coomc outcoms wll probbly crt support for

spcfc kd of polcs, progrms d tts trgtg spcfc socl groups;

mphss o culturl outcoms my rsult dffrt form of ctos d dffrt

trgt groups. Th tso tslf rflct of th dpr chllgs d trsformtos

of Europ ursts t th d of th th d bgg of th st ctury wll

most lkly substtlly shp th futur of hghr ducto d rsrch Europ.

As fr s th Wstr Blks r cocrd, th coclusos sm to suggst thtthr blty to bft from kowldg trsfr grtd by th moblty progrms

of th Europ Commsso wll, t lst to som xtt, dpd o th prtculr

coutrs trjctors Europ tgrto. G tht th lttr s my wys

cotrorsl poltcl ssu, dfd, mog othr thgs, by th rltoshp of spcfc

gormts to th rul of lw, to dlg wth th rct pst, to coomc trsto,

tc., t s fr from crt tht ll Wstr Blk coutrs wll bcom qul plyrs

kowldg crculto wth th EU. O th othr hd, prtcpto ths procss

wll lmost tbly tl growg fluc of th coomc cocpt of hghr

ducto d rsrch; lu d utlty wll crsgly b judgd coomc trms.Whthr th Wstr Blks s whol wll chllg or rsst ths procss, d how,

s qusto tht s lkly to grt rthr trstg swrs th futur.

Rfrcs

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Higher Education, Mobility and Knowledge Transfer in the Western Balkans