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Chapter 8 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta
Food and Agriculture
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure: Chapter 8 Opener Peasants in Ecuador prepare sustainably grown potatoes for market.
Key Concepts
• Agricultural practices• Agricultural revolutions• Industrialization of agriculture• Biotechnology• Globalized agriculture• Agribusiness• The environment and agriculture
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Traditional Agriculture
• Agrarian • Hunting and gathering• Subsistence
agriculture• Commercial
agriculture• Shifting cultivation• Crop rotation• Slash-and-burn• Intertillage Figure 8.1 Genetically-modified
soybeans in Brazil.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.4 Shifting cultivation helps maintain soil fertility.
Figure 8.5 Slash-and-burn in China
Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)
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Figure 8.7 Gender division of labor in rice processing in India.
Figure 8.6 Intertillage: planting different crops together has many benefits.
Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)
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Figure 8.2
Global Distribution of Agriculture, 2005
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Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)
• Intensive subsistence agriculture
• Double cropping• Pastoralism• Transhumance
Figure 8.8 A terraced rice field in Bali
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Agricultural Revolutions
Apply your knowledge: Why was the Industrial Revolution so important to the second agricultural revolution? How did manufacturing technologies change agricultural technologies?
Figure 8.10 Animals were important in the first agricultural revolution.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Agricultural Revolutions, (cont’d)
• Third revolution– Mechanization– Chemical farming– Food manufacturing
Figure 8.14 A bread factory in Iowa.
Apply your knowledge: Read the labels on at least four different products. Identify the various processes involved in making them ready for market. How does the package enhance the attractiveness of the product?
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Figure 8.13 Worldwide growth in fertilizer use, 2005-2007.
Agricultural Revolutions, (cont’d)
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• Green revolution• Nontraditional exports
(NTAEs)• Contract farming
Industrialization of Agriculture
• Important developments– Changes in rural labor– Innovative inputs– Industrial substitutes
Figure 8.15 Commercial flower production in Argentina.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Increased yields of protein crops and other crops ,such as rice, was a result of the Green Revolution – often at the expense of the environment.
Figure 8.B Figure 8.C
Green Revolution
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Biotechnology
• Biorevolution• Biopharming• Bourlaug hypothesis• Cash crops
Figure 8.16 Biopharma map of the U.S.
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Biotechnology, (cont’d)
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Blue Revolution and Global Shrimp
• Aquaculture• Cost/price squeeze
Figure 8.F Price trends in LouisianaFigure 8.G Price trends in the Mekong Delta
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Forces of Globalization
• Globalized agriculture• Global food problems• Subsidies to food
producers
Figure 8.19 Demonstrators in Yemen, spring 2011
Apply your knowledge: Research agricultural subsidies in the U.S. Which growers receive the most subsidies? Compare the U.S. data with other countries from both the periphery and the core.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organization of the Agro-Food System
Figure 8.20 The food supply chain
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Food Regimes and Alternative Food Movements
• Organic farming• Conventional farming• Local food• Urban agriculture• Slow food
Figure 8.22 Local food advertisement
Apply your knowledge: Create a map of the availability of locally produced food. Is the distribution even across your region?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Food Regimes and Alternative Food Movements, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fast Food
• Product of post-World War II• Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser• Children’s eating habits• Disease• Environmental impacts
Apply your knowledge: How many fast food restaurant are in your town? Research their menu and nutritional value of several popular items. What can you conclude about the nutritional value of each item and their price?
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Fast Food, (cont’d)
Figure 8.23 Economic costs of obesity in the U.S., 2009
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Figure 8.I Urban gardening movement in Detroit, Michigan
Figure 8.J Urban rooftop gardens in China
The Growth of Urban Agriculture
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Figure 8.24 Modern irrigation system
The Environment and Agricultural Industrialization
Figure 8.25 Impact of pesticides on pollinators
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The Environment and Agricultural Industrialization, (cont’d)
Figure 8.26 Desertification in China
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Emerging Problems and Opportunities
• Food and health– Undernutrition– Malnutrition– Famine– Food security– Food sovereignty
Figure 8.27 Almost one in seven people worldwide is chronically undernourished.
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Emerging Problems and Opportunities, (cont’d)
Figure 8.28 Jatropha plantation in India. Figure 8.29 Protest in Paris, France against genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 2008.
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Future Geographies
Apply your knowledge: Search the Internet for news stories on recent protests against GMO food. What are the protesters’ concerns? Do you believe their concerns are justified? Provide scientific evidence to support your argument.
Figure 8.30 Government investments
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End of Chapter 8