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Chapter 1 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta
Geography Matters
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts
• Geography Matters• Place Matters• Geographic Tools• Spatial Relationships• Regional Analysis• Geographical Imagination
Figure 1.3 Influence of place in a center city neighborhood, Boston
Apply your knowledge: Why would a corporate employer value knowledge of geography in prospective employees?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geography Matters
• Increasing geographic interdependence of the world• Instant global communications• Rapidly changing international relationships• Environmental degradation• Places and Regions
Figure: Chapter 1 Opener Protesting rising food prices in Maputo, Mozambique
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.1 Destruction caused in Japan by the March 2011 tsunami
Figure 1.2 Quality of life is impacted by this petrochemical plant in California
Places Matter
• Geographic Literacy– Lack of geographic understanding and
knowledge among Americans
• Places are dynamic and complex
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Places Matter (cont’d)
• Emotional and cultural symbols– Graceland (Memphis)
• Ordinary places with special meaning– Childhood neighborhood
• Sites of innovation, change, conflict
Figure 1.4 Anti-government demonstrators flood Tahir Square, Cairo, Egypt on February 11, 2011
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Human Geography
• Spatial organization of human activities• Relationships between people and their environments • How and why relationships are important• Geographers solve a variety of problems on scales from
local to global– Marketing, GIS, international affairs
Figure 1.A Urban planners examine a model of a new town near Stuttgart, Germany
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geographic Methods and Tools
• Observation representation analysis models
• Qualitative and Quantitative data
• Remote sensing• Maps
– Social products– Map Scale
• GIS– Military to private sector Figure 1.5 Landsat satellite image:
Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD area
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 Topographic map of Lugano, Switzerland. Scale of 1:25,000 with 20 meter contours
Figure 1.7 Isoline map of precipitation for the continent of Africa
Geographic Methods and Tools, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9 Located charts are generated by combining graphs, charts, or symbols with base maps
Geographic Methods and Tools, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geographic Methods and Tools, (cont’d)
Figure 1.15 Lines of Latitude and Longitude provides a grid pattern on the Earth
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.11 The Robinson projection: distance, direction, area, and shape are all distorted
Figure 1.12 The Peters projection: controversial “Europeanization” of Earth
Map Projections
• Systematic rendering of the Earth’s surface onto a flat surface
• Equidistant, Conformal, Azimuthal, Equal-area– Distortion of distance, direction, shape, area
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Map Projections, (cont’d)
Apply your knowledge: Describe different scenarios that illustrate situations in which the use of different projections would be appropriate.
Figure 1.10 Comparison of map projections
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.14 Cartogram demonstrating spatial inequality of all people living on US$10 or less a day
Figure 1.13 GIS technology used to map land cover
Maps and GIS
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Census data combined with commercial data for market research in NYC
GIS Applications
• Geodemographic research
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial Analysis
• Location– fixed coordinates of latitude and longitude– GPS
• Site and Situation– Physical attributes and relative location
Figure 1.16 Denver, Colorado is a major center for cable TV because of site and situation
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.17 Detail of Washington DC depends on this person’s experiences and perception
Spatial Analysis, (cont’d)
• Cognitive images (mental maps)– Based on perception and experience
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Space– Absolute or relative– Cognitive space– Topological space
(connectivity)
Spatial Analysis, (cont’d)
• Distance– Absolute or relative– Cognitive distance– “Everything is related to
everything else”– Friction of distance– Distance-decay
Apply your knowledge: Provide examples of the inhibiting effect distance has on human activity
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.18 Metro map of Milan, Italy is a topological map showing connectivity between points in the city.
Spatial Analysis, (cont’d)
• Accessibility– Opportunity for interaction– Proximity– Distance and connectivity – Airline hub cities are more
accessible than other cities
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Spatial Interaction– Movement and flows
of human activity– Places can
complement each other
– Transferability– Spatial organization of
activity is continually changing
– Time-space convergence
Figure 1.19 The effects of changing transportation technologies, “shrinking” the world
Spatial Analysis, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Spatial Interaction– Intervening
Opportunities determine the volume and pattern of movement and flows
• Spatial Diffusion– The way things spread
through space and over time
– Expansion diffusion– Hierarchical diffusion
Spatial Analysis, (cont’d)
Apply your knowledge: Referring to spatial analysis concepts, discuss a national or international environmental issue. Relate complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunities, and diffusion.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.21 The Mormon cultural region
Regional Analysis
• Regionalization– Functional regions– Regionalism– Sectionalism– Irredentism
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.22 Landscapes can be symbolic of national identity as this landscape in Tuscany has for Italy
Figure 1.24 Picturesque landscape in England emblematic of the nation even though much change has occurred
Regional Analysis, (cont’d)
• Landscape– Ordinary and Symbolic – Many layers of meaning
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.25 Routine encounters in Italy help develop a sense of community
Figure 1.26 Community art helps create a sense of place in San Francisco
Regional Analysis, (cont’d)
• Sense of Place– Insiders and lifeworld– Intersubjectivity
Apply your knowledge: What are the most distinctive characteristics of your region? Describe the landscape and the sense of place.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.27 This German town was once a prosperous regional center, but now is isolated and economically disadvantaged
Geographical Imagination
• Allows us to understand geographic change• Places and regions represent the cumulative
legacy of successive periods of change– General effects and unique outcomes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.E “SoFi” was redeveloped with exclusive, resortlike condominium towers and became a playground for the young and affluent.
Figure 1.D South Beach, Miami embodies the layered legacy of successive waves of development and change. Art Deco architecture reflects the past.
Geographical Imagination, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.28 The consequences of the unprecedented shift of relative wealth and economic power from West to East are highly uncertain.
Future Geographies
Apply your knowledge: What are the likely future changes to the geography of your region?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
End of Chapter 1