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Hayati Sari Hasibuan,
School of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia
Presented in ICLEI World Urban Congress 2015, Seoul
JABODETABEK
•Area : 7,315 sqkm
•Population : 27.9 million
•Population Density: 12,887
per-sq km
•GNP: 22% of National GNP
• Consists of : Jakarta and 8
other surrounding cities
The Largest Metropolitan and the Capital City of
Indonesia
POPULATION DYNAMICS
4.6
6.5
8.2 8.4 8.8 9.6
1.9 2.7
3.9
5.3 6.1
7.5
1.1 1.5 2.7
4.1 4.7
5.9
0.8 1.1 2.1
3.2 4.0
5.0
-
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
DKI Jakarta
Bogor
Tangerang
Bekasi
Rapid growth of
population, particularly in
BODETABEK
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
4
URBAN GROWTH PATTERN
Regions Proportion of Built up area Growth (%)
2000 2010
Jakarta 78% 85% 5%
Sub-urban areas in the
first ring
70% 76% 6,6%
Sub-urban areas in the
second ring
23% 28% 2,6%
REDUCING GREEN OPEN SPACE
AREA
1985
37,2% 2000
25,85 %
2010
13,94 %
• The fast urban
development in the past
has radically reduced
traditional green open
spaces in the city.
• The Spatial Planning Law
No. 26/2007) suggest that
the city should provide
minimum 30% GOS of the
area.
COMMUTER JABODETABEK
DKI Jakarta
Kota Tangerang Kota Tangarang S.
Kab. Tangerang
Kota Bekasi Kab. Bekasi
Kota Depok Kota Bogor Kab. Bogor
(2002) 234 (2010) 338
(unit) 1,000
(2002) 247 (2010) 344
(2002) 262 (2010) 423
1.4 (2010/2002)
1.4 (2010/2002)
1.6 (2010/2002)
BODETABEKDKI Jakarta (2002) 743 (2010) 1,105
1.5 (2010/2002)
x 10 (2002/1985)
The Growth Number of Daily trip by Commuters from
BODETABEK to Jakarta
TRANSPORT CHALLENGES
• High number of private vehicles (especially, two-wheelers) and number of
vehicle is growing rapidly (25 years)
Source: Polda MetroJaya, 2010
• Changes in modal shares
MOBILITY BEHAVIOUR
TRIP
DESTINATIONS OF
BODETABEK
COMMUTERS
Trip distance of
commuters
THE EXISTING PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION
• For years, to serve commuters who
work in Jakarta, there have been small
number of railway networks which is
inheritance from the colonial era.
10
• Nowadays, there are 10 lanes, out of 15 lanes in the plan, of busway which serve around Jakarta, besides dozen traditional buses or minibuses managed by private company or individual.
THE PLAN OF TRANSPORTATION
NETWORK
The Government and the
Provincial Goverment of
Jakarta plan to build:
• Six more toll-road enter to
the city (creating big debat)
• Two lanes of monorail (the
construction already started
after six years pending)
• A lane of MRT from the
southern part to the city
center. 11
TOD FOR JABODETABEK
Makes Efficient use of Land
• Reduce VKT
• Reduce the needs for road infrastructure
• Increase share of green open space
Efficient and safety transportation
• Provide public transport network
• Reduce the share of private car
• Reduce congestion
• Improve speed
• Saving time traveling
Better Environment
• Reduce fuel consumption
• Decrease air pollution
• Improve Air Quality
• Decrease run off, increase infiltration, mitigating flood
Betterment Quality of Life
• Transportation cost reduction
• Improve healthiness
• Saving traveling time
• Improve welfare
TRANSIT AREAS IN
JABODETABEK
• Findings: the difference characteristics between
transits inside Jakarta with the transit in sub-urban
areas.
High density
residential
Residential Work places Green open space
TRANSIT AREAS IN SUB-URBAN:
DEPOK
TYPOLOGY OF TRANSIT AREAS
IN JABODETABEK
Region Mixed-Land use Compactiv
eness
Density Pedestria
n-friendly
Jakarta Moderate Moderate High Low
Suburbs in the
first ring
Low
(domination of
residential)
Low Moderate Low
Suburbs in the
second ring
Low (domination
of residential)
Low Very low low
Green open space low in all of transit areas (10%-20%)
WALKABILITY
WALKABILITY Eastern of
Bodetabek
Western of
Bodetabek
Southern of
Bodetabek
Walking 58,4% 48,3% 22,5%
Time Consume:
>10 minutes
5-10 minutes
< 5 minutes
40%
18,4%
-
22,9%
21,2%
4,2%
4,2%
10,8%
6,7%
No-walking 15,6% 44,9% 47,5%
MODESHARE PEOPLE AROUND
TRANSIT AREAS Sektor Timur Sektor Barat Sektor Selatan
Angkutan Pribadi
Mobil 5,2% 10,2% 17,5%
Motor 29,9% 28,9% 66,7%
Sepeda 1,3% 0 0
Angkutan Umum
Kereta 57,1% 8,3% 54%
Bis 5,2% 21,4% 10%
Mini bus 13% 11,7% 5%
Trans Jakarta (busway) 0,6% 6,5% 0
PREFERENCES OF PEOPLE FOR
TOD
COMMUTER YES NO
SOUTH SECTOR 44,2% 55%
EAST SECTOR 23,4% 76,6%
WEST SECTOR 51,7% 48,3%
COMMUTER Landed House Vertical-Own Vertical-Rent
South Sector 75% 5% 7,5%
East Sector 94% 6% 0
West Sector 66,9% 27,1% 2,5%
TRANSIT AREAS IN
JABODETABEK
The alternative measures:
(1) do-nothing or business as usual;
(2) the increasing of bus mode share;
(3) Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
In time frame: up to the year 0f 2030
TOD: REARRANGEMENT OF LAND
USE
New urban centers along transit corridors and improving the Green Open Space area
REPOSITIONING URBAN-
SUBURBAN
TOD/buffer
TOD/buffer
TOD/buffer
TOD/buffer
Conservation
Conservation
Conservation
Inner city
READJUSTMENT-REDESIGN
Existing
Existing
REORIENTED BY TOD
REDESIGNED BY TOD
SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL OF
TOD
PENDUDUK +
+
+
Jaringan Jalan
KAWASAN TERBANGUN
Jarak
Perjalanan
-
+Jumlah Kendaraan VOLUME KM
TRAVEL (VKT )+
EMISI KARBON
-
TAPAK
EKOLOGIS
Konsumsi
Energi
+
B3
+
R1
B4
-
Ruang T erbuka
Hijau (RTH)
-
R2
+
+
+
+
-
B5
B6
Developed
area
Open space
Population
Travel distance
Road length
Ecological footprint
Carbon
Emission
Nu vehicles
VKT
Energy
Consumption
TRANSIT AREAS IN
JABODETABEK TOD can:
a. Increase the train modal share of 30%
b. Reduction of fuel consumption 20%
c. Reduction of carbon emission 26%
d. The expansion of built up areas can be
reduced Trip distance and number of trips
e. Estimated reduction of 3.5 million tCO2
Carbon emission Green open space required
for sequestrating: 29.9% of total area.
TERIMAKASIH