Harris Fiske

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Dehumanizing Extreme Outgroups

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Running Head: Dehumanizing Extreme Outgroups

Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low:

Neuro-Imaging Responses to Extreme Outgroups

Lasana T Harris

!usan T "is#e

Department of $s%&ho'og%

(enter for the !tud% of )rain* +ind* and )eha,ior

$rin&eton ni,ersit%

Text word &ount: ./.0

Notes and now'edgements: 223

4stra&t word &ount: 156

"igures: .

"ootnotes: /

Referen&es: 50

(orresponden&e shou'd 4e addressed to:

Lasana Harris$s%&ho'og% Department* 7reen Ha''

$rin&eton ni,ersit%

$rin&eton* N8* 0/955203-.9/-2500 offi&e;

203-.9/-1116 fax;

'tharris


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Traditiona''%* pre=udi&e has 4een &on&eptua'ized as simp'e animosit% The !tereot%pe

(ontent +ode' !(+; shows that some pre=udi&e is worse In the ! and 1. other

&ountries* !(+ pre,ious'% demonstrated separate stereot%pe dimensions of 'ow-high

warmth and 'ow-high &ompeten&e* identif%ing 5 distin&t outgroup &'usters !(+ predi&ts

that on'% stereot%pi&a''% hosti'e and in&ompetent 'ow warmth* 'ow &ompeten&e;* extreme

outgroups eg* addi&ts* home'ess; wi'' 4e dehumanized $rior so&ia' neuros&ien&e shows

the media' pre-fronta' &ortex +$"(; re'ia4'% indexes so&ia' &ognition "un&tiona'

magneti& resonan&e imaging s&anned 10 parti&ipants ,iewing 20 outgroup photographs*

and 1. ,iewing &ompara4'e o4=e&ts* ea&h dependa4'% representing one !(+ >uadrant

na'%ses re,ea'ed +$"( a&ti,ation to a'' so&ia' groups ex&ept extreme 'ow-'ow;

outgroups* who espe&ia''% a&ti,ated insu'a and am%gda'a* &onsistent with disgust* the

emotion predi&ted 4% the !(+ No o4=e&ts* though rated with the same emotions*

a&ti,ated the +$"( This neuro'ogi&a' e,iden&e fits dehumanizing extreme outgroups


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La% peop'e &hara&terize pre=udi&e 4road'% as genera' animosit% toward another

person or so&ia' group Resear&hers themse',es ha,e traditiona''% ,iewed pre=udi&e as

simp'% dis'i#e of an indi,idua' primari'% 4e&ause of per&ei,ed mem4ership in a so&ia'

group E,iden&e for this &an 4e found in 4ipo'ar attitude s&a'es 'i#e-dis'i#e; that measure

pre=udi&e Ostrom* )ond* ?rosni* @ !edi#ides* 1335; 7ordon ''port 1395;* often

&onsidered the inte''e&tua' father of pre=udi&e resear&h* defined pre=udi&e 4road'% as an

antipath% 4ased on a per&ei,ed so&ia' &ategor% )ut ''port did not stop with pre=udi&e as

simp'e uni,a'ent antipath% He a'so noted that ea&h so&ia' &ategor% is saturated with

affe&t ''port &ontrasted then-&urrent stereot%pes of )'a peop'e as 'az% and 8ewish

peop'e as o,er-am4itiousA 4oth were mistrusted ''port* 1395; +odern intergroup

emotions resear&hers ha,e in,estigated ''portBs emotiona' f'a,ors in more detai'*

introdu&ing a range of emotions we'' 4e%ond simp'e animosit% +aie @ !mith* .00.;

Not a'' pre=udi&es are e>ua'A here* we present new so&ia' neuros&ien&e data indi&ating that

extreme forms of pre=udi&e ma% den% their targets e,en fu'' humanit%

The !tereot%pe (ontent +ode' !(+: "is#e* (udd%* 7'i* @ Cu* .00.; predi&ts

differentiated pre=udi&es It in&orporates a fundamenta' friend-foe =udgment warmth;

p'us &apa4i'it% &ompeten&e;A !(+ proposes that so&ieta' groups are appraised as

intending either he'p or harm warmth; and as &apa4'e or not to ena&t those intentions

competenceA "is#e et a'* .00.A (udd%* "is#e* @ 7'i* under re,iew; Rooted in &'assi&

person per&eption Rosen4erg* Ne'son* @ i,e#ananthan* 132/;* these dimensions

differentiate outgroups into four warmth x &ompeten&e &'usters see Ta4'e 1;

The !(+ a'so goes 4e%ond ear'% resear&h in impression formation and pre=udi&e

to add emotions "is#e et a'* .00.; It argues that the four &om4inations of &ompeten&e


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and warmth dimensions produ&e four distin&t emotions toward so&ia' groups: pride* en,%*

pit%* and disgust see Ta4'e 1; Not a'' groups pro,o#e animosit% 7roups stereot%ped as

&ompetent and warm eg* the midd'e-&'ass; e'i&it the ingroup emotions pride and

admiration 4ased on se'f-re'e,ant* positi,e out&omes; Outgroup pre=udi&es o&&ur in the

remaining three >uadrants* and some are worse than others +oderate pre=udi&es are

am4i,a'ent* mixing positi,e and negati,e rea&tions In one mixed &ase* en,% and =ea'ous%

4ased on resentment of anotherBs positi,e out&omes; are e'i&ited 4% groups stereot%ped

as &ompetent* 4ut not warm eg* ri&h peop'e;A en,% admits respe&t 4ut har4ors dis'i#e In

another mixed &om4ination* groups stereot%ped as warm* 4ut not &ompetent eg* e'der'%

peop'e;* e'i&it pit% and s%mpath% emotions reser,ed for peop'e with un&ontro''a4'e

negati,e out&omes; $it% admits 4enign rea&tions 4ut a'so disrespe&t

On'% the most extreme outgroups* the 'ow-'ow* re&ei,e una4ashed dis'i#ing and

disrespe&t: 7roups stereot%ped as neither warm nor &ompetent e'i&it the worst #ind of

pre=udi&edisgust and &ontempt4ased on per&ei,ed mora' ,io'ations* negati,e

out&omes that the% a''eged'% &aused themse',es Disgust is uni>ue among these emotions

4e&ause it &an target either humans or nonhumans* ma#ing peop'e fun&tiona''% e>ui,a'ent

to o4=e&ts Fe fo&us here on this most extreme form of pre=udi&e* simu'taneous dis'i#e

and disrespe&t

Extreme dis&rimination re,ea's the worst #ind of pre=udi&e: ex&'uding outgroups

from fu'' humanit% ''port* 1395; Outgroup dehumanization is as 'east as o'd as the

! (onstitution1 and as modern as &urrent forms of dehumanization* des&ri4ed 4%

outgroup infra-humanization theor% Leyens et al., 2001, 2003A Has'am* under re,iew;

Imp'i&it in ''port 1395; and exp'i&it in the more modern a&&ounts is the idea that se,ere


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pre=udi&es redu&e the target to 'ess than a human indi,idua'* sometimes as an anima' and

sometimes an o4=e&t Has'am* under re,iew;

!o&ia' ps%&ho'ogi&a' theor% unders&ores the idea of per&ei,ing some outgroups as

'ess than peop'e )ar-Ta' 13/3; theorized that groups a&ting outside so&ieta' norms

wou'd 4e ex&'uded from other human groupsA whi'e !tru&h and !&hwartz 13/3; argued

that a'' outgroups a''eged'% possess a 'esser degree of humanit% than the ingroup !tau4

13/3; in dis&ussing e,i' often spea#s of mora' ex&'usion* the 4e'ief that some so&ia'

groups operate 4e%ond mora' ru'es and ,a'ues &f Opotow* 1330; +ost re'e,ant is the

resear&h of Le%ens and &o''eagues on outgroup infra-humanization Le%ens* .001* .006;*

whi&h demonstrates that dehumanized groups are 4e'ie,ed not to experien&e &omp'ex

human emotions or share ingroup 4e'iefs !(+ argues that its 'ow-warmthG'ow-

&ompeten&e >uadrant uni>ue'% &aptures dehumanizing pre=udi&e +em4ers of so&ia'

groups that fa'' into this &'uster ma% not 4e per&ei,ed as fu''% human* 4ut definiti,e

e,iden&e of &ategorizing these 'owest outgroups as 'ess than human remains e'usi,e In

parti&u'ar* the fie'd 'as data that go 4e%ond se'f-reports* whi&h are ,u'nera4'e to so&ia'

desira4i'it% 4iases

&&umu'ating data from so&ia' neuros&ien&e esta4'ish that media' pre-fronta'

&ortex +$"(; is a&ti,ated when parti&ipants engage in distin&t'% so&ia' &ognition.

modio @ "rith* under re,iewA O&hsner* .009; $rior fun&tiona' +agneti& Resonan&e

Imaging f+RI; data show the +$"( differentia''% a&ti,ating in so&ia' &ompared to

nonso&ia' &ognition: a; so&ia' &ognition tas#s in whi&h parti&ipants form an impression

of a person ,ersus an o4=e&t eg6 +ason @ +a&rae* .005A +a&rae* Heatherton* @

?e''e%* .005A +it&he''* )ana=i* @ +a&rae* .009;A 4; rea&tions in,o',ing interpersona'


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affe&t Hax4%* 7o44ini* @ +ontgomer%* .005A Lei4en'uft* 7o44ini* Harrison* @ Hax4%*

.005A O&hsner* ?nierim* Lud'ow* Hane'in* Rama&handran* 7'o,er* et a'* .005;A &;

Theor% of +ind tas#s eg (aste''i* Happe* "rith** @ "rith* .000A "rith @ "rith* .001A

7a''agher @ "rith* .00.A !axe* (are%* @ ?anwisher* .005A !axe @ Fex'er* .009;A d;

indi,iduating or dispositiona' inferen&es to a person 4ut not an o4=e&t Harris* Todoro,* @

"is#e* in press;A e; thin#ing a4out the se'f +a&rae et a'* .005;A f; $ersona' ,ersus

impersona'; mora' =udgments 7reene* !ommer,i''e* N%strom* Dar'e%* @ (ohen* .001;A

g; thin#ing a4out other p'a%ers in games in,o',ing trust and se&ond-guessing of their

de&isions 7a''agher* 8a* Roepstorff* @ "rith* .00.A +&(a4e* Houser* R%an* !mith* @

Trouard* .001A !anfe%* Ri''ing* N%strom* @ (ohen* .006;A and h; menta''% na,igating

the so&ia' ,ersus ph%si&a' wor'd ?umaran @ +aguire* .009; These ,aried studies a''

re>uire so&ia' =udgments a4out peop'e E,iden&e &on,erges on the +$"( as an index of

so&ia' &ognition that is a&ti,ated whene,er peop'e are thin#ing a4out a person* whether

se'f or other

'' this predi&ts that so&ia' groups fa''ing into the 'ow-warmthG'ow-&ompeten&e

>uadrant might not signifi&ant'% a&ti,ate the +$"( $arti&ipants wi'' dehumanize these

groups* not per&ei,ing them as human to the same extent that the% wou'd per&ei,e

ingroups or am4i,a'ent moderate outgroups as fu''% human (ompared to the ingroup and

to other outgroups* extreme outgroups wou'd not promote signifi&ant +$"( a&ti,ation* if

the% are not pro&essed primari'% as human 4eings Their +$"( a&ti,ation might e,en 4e

e>ui,a'ent to that for &ompara4'e o4=e&ts

+ethod


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To o,er,iew: $arti&ipants saw images of different so&ia' groups !tud% 1; and

o4=e&ts !tud% .; and made affe&ti,e assessments of ea&h pi&ture "or instan&e* the

parti&ipants saw an image of a disa4'ed person* and then de&ided whi&h of the four !(+

emotions 4est des&ri4ed how the image made them fee' )'ood ox%gen-'e,e' dependent

)OLD; signa' &hanges were re&orded during these assessments The few differen&es in

method 4etween the two studies are noted

Participants

$rin&eton ni,ersit% undergraduates parti&ipated for &ourse &redit* 10 in !tud% 1*

and 1. in !tud% .5 $arti&ipants were right-handed and reported no a4norma' neuro'ogi&a'

&ondition* head trauma* or 4rain 'esions '' parti&ipants had norma' or &orre&ted ,ision

and pro,ided informed &onsent The mean age a&ross 4oth studies was 139* with 1.

women and 2 ethni& minorities . )'a* . sian* . Hispani&;

Stimuli

!ixt% &o'or photographs of eight different so&ia' groups appeared in !tud% 1* ea&h

pi&ture depi&ting one of the four !(+ dimensions tota' of .95 undergraduates had

pretested /0 images on paper* ea&h rating a4out one-third of the pi&tures* responding to

How mu&h of the fo''owing emotions does this pi&ture ma#e %ou fee'JK and rating ea&h

pi&ture on ea&h of the four emotions using a fi,e-point s&a'e 1 none at all through 9

extreme; !eparate repeated measures NOs and t-tests were &ondu&ted on ea&h

pi&ture* and on'% pi&tures with re'ia4'e effe&ts were used* as fo''ows "irst* a . high ,s

'ow warmth; C . high ,s 'ow &ompeten&e; 7L+ was &omputed for ea&h pi&ture on its

predi&ted emotion Those without signifi&ant F -statisti&s for the intera&tion were dropped

'' statisti&s were &onsidered signifi&ant at M 09; t-test against zero was next run on


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the remaining pi&tures and again* those with a non-signifi&ant t-,a'ue were dropped

"ina''%* the remaining pi&tures were rated on a num4er of dimensions ,isua' &omp'exit%*

arousa'* aestheti& appea'* >ua'it% of pi&ture* intensit% of expression; mu'ti,ariate test

and su4se>uent t-test against zero re,ea'ed that the disgust >uadrant was signifi&ant'%

different from the other three >uadrants on'% on ,isua' &omp'exit%* t 113/; 60/* p

09* prep // None of the other dimensions showed an% signifi&ant differen&es 4etween

the pi&tures Thus the images were rated as e'i&iting the intended emotion signifi&ant'%

more than an% of the other pi&tures did Eight images of o4=e&ts appeared in !tud% .*

su4=e&t to the same pretest

Scanning Parameters

'' f+RI s&anning was &ondu&ted at $rin&etons (enter for the !tud% of )rain*

+ind* and )eha,ior* whi&h uses a 60 Tes'a !iemens ''egra head-dedi&ated +R s&anner

De'' &omputer pro=e&ting to a s&reen mounted at the rear of the s&anner 4ore* whi&h

parti&ipants ,iewed whi'e prone* through a series of mirrors* presented the stimu'i

Responses were re&orded using 4imanua' fi4er-opti& response pads (urrent Designs In&

ur': http:GGwww&urdes&omGresponse; $rior to the fun&tiona' e&ho p'anar image E$I;

a&>uisitions* su4=e&ts re&ei,ed a short series of stru&tura' +RI s&ans to a''ow for

su4se>uent fun&tiona' 'o&a'ization These s&ans too# approximate'% 1. minutes and

in&'uded: 1; a 4rief s&out for 'andmar#ingA .; a high-reso'ution who'e-4rain +$R7E

se>uen&e for 'ater 'o&a'ization and intersu4=e&t registration "un&tiona' imaging then

pro&eeded using an E$I se>uen&e that a''owed for who'e-4rain &o,erage in a re'ati,e'%

short period of time 6. 6mm axia' s'i&esA 1mm gap* TR: . se&A TE: 60 mse&; In-p'ane

reso'utions were 6mm x 6mm 132mm "O* 25x25 matrix;


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Procedure

The two studies fo''owed simi'ar pro&eduresA differen&es are noted Ea&h

parti&ipant pra&ti&ed the tas# on a &omputer 4efore entering the s&anner 4% rating a

num4er of neutra' pi&tures 'ands&apes; on ea&h of the four emotions This a''owed

parti&ipants the opportunit% fami'iarize themse',es with the tas# Inside the s&anner*

parti&ipants saw the photographs in a series of 2 runs of 10 photographs ea&h In !tud% 1*

the% saw ea&h photo on'% on&e The pi&tures in !tud% . were repeated 6 times a'together*

and ea&h run &ontained 2 fi''er pi&tures of neutra' stimu'i random'% se'e&ted from the

pretest poo' Data from these images are not re'e,ant here and are not presented ''

pi&tures were random'% se>uen&ed for ea&h run* and run order was randomized for ea&h

parti&ipant Ea&h pi&ture appeared for 2 se&onds in !tud% 1 and 5 se&onds in !tud% .*

fo''owed 4% a response s&reen for . se&onds in !tud% 1 and 5 se&onds in !tud% .* as#ing

parti&ipants to indi&ate whi&h of the four emotions the% most fe't toward the pi&ture =ust

disp'a%ed The inter-stimu'us inter,a' was twe',e se&onds after response During this

time* a 4'a s&reen disp'a%ed a green fixation &ross Then* the green &ross turned red for

1 se&ond* signa'ing that the next pi&ture was a4out to appear

fter the s&anning session* outside the s&anner* parti&ipants again saw the stimu'i

4ut in gra%s&a'e on paper Their tas# rep'i&ated the pretest: rate ea&h of the images on

ea&h of the four emotions* a'ong a 9-point s&a'e 'so* the parti&ipants indi&ated whether

the% fe't an% additiona' emotion 4e%ond the four options pro,ided "ina''%* parti&ipants

were pro4ed for suspi&ionA none were suspi&ious The% were then thorough'% de4riefed*

gi,en &redit* and than#ed


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Preprocessing

)oth image prepro&essing and statisti&a' ana'%sis used )rain o%ager .000*

,ersion 5/ www4rain,o%agerde; )efore statisti&a' ana'%sis* image prepro&essing

&onsisted of: 1; s'i&e a&>uisition order &orre&tionA .; 6D rigid-4od% motion &orre&tionA 6;

,oxe'wise 'inear detrending a&ross timeA 5; tempora' 4andpass fi'tering to remo,e 'ow

and high fre>uen&% s&anner and ph%sio'og% re'ated; noise Distortions of E$I images

were &orre&ted with a simp'e affine transformation "un&tiona' images were registered to

the stru&tura' images and interpo'ated to &u4i& ,oxe's fter &oregistering parti&ipantsB

stru&tura' images to a standard image using a 1.-parameter spatia' transformation* their

fun&tiona' data were simi'ar'% transformed* a'ong with a standard moderate degree of

spatia' smoothing 7aussian / mm "FH+;

Data Analysis

Data were ana'%zed using the genera' 'inear mode' a,ai'a4'e on the )rain o%ager

software paage series of regressions examined )OLD 4rain a&ti,it% to ea&h of the

four #inds of stimu'i h%pothesized to e'i&it pride* en,%* pit% and disgust (ontrast maps

were then &reated for ea&h parti&ipant 4% simp'% su4tra&ting the a&ti,ation during

exposure to ea&h pi&ture from the a&ti,ation during the fixation &ross disp'a% These data

are presented with their &oordinates 4ased on a standard s%stem Ta'airar&h @ Tournoux*

13//; dditiona''%* ea&h &e'' was &ompared to the other three &e''s in a &ontrast ana'%sis

P6 Q1 Q1 Q1;* as in the pretest These resu'ts are dis&ussed where appropriate Random

effe&ts ana'%ses were performed on a'' imaging data

Resu'ts

8udgments made 4% !tud% 1 parti&ipants in the s&anner re,ea'ed that the%


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identified the predi&ted emotion for ea&h pi&ture of the so&ia' groups at rates we'' a4o,e

&han&e .9 see Ta4'e .;* whi&h indi&ated that the parti&ipants in the s&anner agreed

with the pretest data for the stimu'i "urther* a point-4iseria' &orre'ation re,ea'ed that

when parti&ipants &orre&t'% &ategorized a pi&ture predi&ted to e'i&it disgust as disgusting

inside the s&anner ie* s&ored a hitK;* the% rated the same photos in the 'ow-

warmthG'ow-&ompeten&e &e'' higher on disgust* using a 9-point Li#ert s&a'e* outside the

s&anner than if the% identified the pi&ture of the so&ia' group as e'i&iting another emotion

rather than disgust* r 1.0; 29* p 09* prep //

'' reported imaging resu'ts are signifi&ant at M 01 with prep 39 un'ess

otherwise noted The !tud% 1 su4tra&ti,e ana'%sis against fixation &omp'ete'% supported

the dehumanization h%pothesis 4% re,ea'ing signifi&ant +$"( a&ti,it% see "igure 1; for

pride t 3; 65/ at x -.* y 5/* z -A .3 ,oxe's;* en,% t 3; 5/3 at x -* y 91*

z -1A 5. ,oxe's;* and pit% t 3; 550 at x -9* y 96* z -1A 61 ,oxe's;* 4ut no

significant MPFC a&ti,it% 4e%ond a signifi&ant thresho'd emerged for the disgust &e''

&ompared to fixation see "igure .; Instead* 'eft insu'a t 3; 223 at x -51* y 16* z

0A 61/ ,oxe's; and right am%gda'a t 3; 6.* at x ..* y -.* z 1A .. ,oxe's;

a&ti,ations o&&urred* a&ti,ations &onsistent with disgust responses to o4=e&ts !&hafer*

!&hein'e @ ait'* .009;9

In addition* the a&ti,ated +$"( anatomi&a' 'o&ations do o,er'ap "ourteen ,oxe's

were &ommon for these three areas of +$"( a&ti,ation* whi'e an examination of the

&on=un&tion of these three sets of a&ti,ation re,ea'ed an area of 56. ,oxe's see Ta4'e 6;

"ina''%* a 6-,ersus-1-&ontrast ana'%sis re,ea'ed no MPFC activity 4e%ond a

signifi&ant thresho'd for the 'ow-warmthG'ow-&ompeten&e disgust; pi&tures of so&ia'


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groups* &ompared to pi&tures of so&ia' group mem4ers in ea&h of the other three !(+

&e''s2

Fhen parti&ipants ,iewed the pi&tures of o4=e&ts* !tud% . ana'%sis &omparing

a&ti,ation of the o4=e&ts to fixation a'so re,ea'ed no +$"( a&ti,it% for the disgusting

o4=e&ts further 6-,ersus-1 &ontrast ana'%sis re,ea'ed no differentia' +$"( a&ti,ation

for disgusting o4=e&ts )e&ause the o4=e&ts had pretested as e'i&iting the h%pothesized

emotions for ea&h >uadrant* it is not the emotions themse',es that are responsi4'e for

generating the differentia' patterns of +$"( a&ti,it%

7enera' Dis&ussion

s h%pothesized* mem4ers of some so&ia' groups seem to 4e dehumanized* at

'east in terms of the t%pi&a' neura' signature for so&ia' &ognition* the exaggerated

am%gda'a and insu'a rea&tions &onsistent with disgust;* and the disgust ratings the%

e'i&it This is supported 4% the re'ati,e 'a of +$"( a&ti,ation when parti&ipants ,iew

pi&tures of the 'ow-'ow so&ia' groups This &on&'usion is a'so supported 4% +$"(

a&ti,ation when these same parti&ipants ,iewed pi&tures of so&ia' groups that did not fa''

into this &e'' of the !(+ dditiona' resear&h a'so supports the idea that not =ust an%

outgroup is dehumanized: !ignifi&ant +$"( a&ti,it% emerged in a paradigm where white

parti&ipants 'oo#ed at 4'a fa&es in an age-&ategorization tas# 4ut not in a dot-dete&tion

tas# Harris @ "is#e* unpu4'ishedA Fhee'er @ "is#e* .009;/ In addition* the 'ow-'ow

>uadrant differentia''% e'i&its neura' patterns &onsistent with disgust insu'a; and fear

am%gda'a;* a&&ording to meta-ana'%ses +urph% et a'* .006A $han et a'* .00.;

The &urrent resu'ts empiri&a''% support the idea of dehumanization* &onsistent

with 4ut 4e%ond ,er4a' reports If rep'i&ated and extended* this #ind of e,iden&e &ou'd


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4egin to he'p exp'ain the a''-too-human a4i'it% to &ommit atro&ities su&h as terrorism*

prisoner a4use* and geno&ide against peop'e who are dehumanized ''port* 1395A "is#e*

Harris* @ (udd%* .005;


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Referen&es

''port* 7 F 1395; The nature of preudice Reading* +: ddison-Fes'e%

modio* D +* @ "rith* ( D .009; Meeting of minds! The role of the medial frontal

cortex in social cognition" +anus&ript under re,iew

)ar-Ta'* D 13/3; De'egitimization: The extreme &ase of stereot%ping and pre=udi&e In

D )ar-Ta'* ( 7raumann* ?rug'ans#i* @ F !troe4e Eds;* Stereotyping and

preudice! Changing conceptions N: !pinger-er'ag

(aste''i* "* Happe* "* "rith* * "rith* ( .000; +o,ement and mind: fun&tiona'

imaging stud% of per&eption and interpretation of &omp'ex intentiona' mo,ement

patterns #euroimage$ %&* 615-.9

(udd%* 8* "is#e* ! T* @ 7'i* $ .009; The '(AS map! 'ehaviors from intergroup

affect and stereotypes" +anus&ript under re,iew

"is#e* ! T* @ (udd%* 8 .009; !tereot%pe &ontent a&ross &u'tures as a fun&tion of

group status In ! 7uimond Ed;* Social comparison processes and levels of

analysis (am4ridge* ?: (am4ridge ni,ersit% $ress

"is#e* ! T* (udd%* 8* 7'i* $* Cu* 8 .00.; mode' of often mixed; stereot%pe

&ontent: (ompeten&e and warmth respe&ti,e'% fo''ow from per&ei,ed status and

&ompetition )ournal of Personality and Social Psychology$ *&* //-30.

"is#e* ! T* Harris* L T* @ (udd%* 8 .005; Fh% ordinar% peop'e torture enem%

prisoners Science$ +,- * 15.1-126.

"is#e* ! T* Lin* +* @ Neu4erg* ! 1333; The &ontinuum mode': Ten %ears 'ater In

Trope @ ! (hai#en Eds;* Dual.process theories in social psychology pp .61-

.95; New or#* N: 7ui'ford $ress


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19

"rith* * @ "rith* ( .001; The 4io'ogi&a' 4asis of so&ia' intera&tion (urrent Dire&tions

in Psychological Science$ %,* 191-199

7a''agher* H L* @ "rith* ( D .00.; "un&tiona' imaging of Stheor% of mindB Trends

in Cognitive Sciences$ / * -/6

7reene* 8 D* !ommer,i''e* R )* N%strom* L E* Dar'e%* 8 +* @ (ohen* 8 D .001;

n f+RI in,estigation of emotiona' engagement in mora' =udgment Science$ &0+*

.109-.10/

Harris* L T* @ "is#e* ! T .006; )OLD a&ti,ations to )'a and Fhite fa&es under

different so&ia' goa' &onditionsU npu4'ished data

Harris* L T* Todoro,* * @ "is#e* ! T in press; ttri4utions on the 4rain: Neuro-

imaging dispositiona' inferen&es 4e%ond theor% of mind #euroimage"

Has'am* N .009; Dehumanization! An integrative review +anus&ript under re,iew

Hax4%* 8 * 7o44ini* + I* @ +ontgomer%* ? .005; !patia' and Tempora'

Distri4ution of "a&e and O4=e&t Representations in the Human )rain In +

7azzaniga Ed; The cognitive neurosciences" +: +IT $ress

?umaran* D* @ +aguire* E .009; The human hippo&ampus: &ogniti,e maps or

re'ationa' memor%J )ournal of #euroscience$ &1$ 61* .95-.93

Lei4en'uft* E* 7o44ini* + I* Harrison* T* Hax4%* 8 .005; +others Neura'

&ti,ation in Response to $i&tures of Their (hi'dren and Other (hi'dren

'iological Psychiatry$ 1- * 5* ..9-.6.

Leyens, J. Ph., Cortes, B. P., Demoulin, S., Dovidio, J., Fiske, S. T., Gaunt, R., Paladino,

M.-P., Rodriquez-Perez, A., Rodriquez-Torres, R., & Vaes, V. (2003).


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12

Emotional prejudice, essentialism, and nationalism. European Journal of Social

Psychology, 33, 703-718.

Le%ens* 8 $* Rodriguez-$erez* * Rodriguez-Torres* R* 7aunt* R* $a'adino* + $*

aes* 8* @ Demou'in* ! .001; $s%&ho'ogi&a' essentia'ism and the differentia'

attri4ution of uni>ue'% human emotions to ingroups and outgroups 2uropean

)ournal of Social Psychology$ +%* 639-511

+&(a4e* ?* Houser* D* R%an* L* !mith* * @ Trouard* T .001; fun&tiona' imaging

stud% of &ooperation in two-person re&ipro&a' ex&hange Proceedings of the

#ational Academy of Sciences 3 S A$ 0*$ .0* 11/6.-11/69

+aie* D +* @ !mith* E R .00.; From preudice to intergroup emotions!

Differentiated reactions to social groups N: $s%&ho'ogi&a' $ress

+a&rae* ( N* Heatherton* T "* @ ?e''e%* F + .009; se'f 'ess than ordinar%: The

media' prefronta' &ortex and %ou In + 7azzaniga Ed; The cognitive

neurosciences" +: +IT $ress

+ason* + "* @ +a&rae* ( N .005; (ategorizing and indi,iduating others: The neura'

su4strates of person per&eption )ournal of Cognitive #euroscience$ %- * 10* 1/9-

139

+it&he''* 8 $* )ana=i* + R* @ +a&rae* ( N .009; The 'in# 4etween so&ia' &ognition

and se'f-referentia' thought in the media' prefronta' &ortex )ournal of Cognitive

#euroscience$ %/$ /* 1602-1619

+urph%* " (* Nimmo-!mith* I* @ Lawren&e* D .006; "un&tiona' neuroanatom% of

emotions: meta-ana'%sis Cognitive$ Affective$ and 'ehavioral #euroscience$ +$

.0-.66


17/28


1

O&hsner* ? N .009* +a%; The M2 in M2dial prefrontal cortex $aper presented at the

1st !o&ia'-(ogniti,e-ffe&ti,e Neuros&ien&e (onferen&e* $rin&eton* N8* 1 +a%

.009

O&hsner* ? N* ?nierim* ?* Lud'ow* D H* Hane'in* 8* Rama&handran* T* 7'o,er* 7*

@ +ae%* ! ( .005; Ref'e&ting upon fee'ings: n f+RI stud% of neura'

s%stems supporting the attri4ution of emotion to se'f and other )ournal of

Cognitive #euroscience$ %- * 1-.

Opotow* ! 1330; +ora' ex&'usion and in=usti&e: n introdu&tion )ournal of Social

(ssues$ 4- * 1-.0

Ostrom* T +* )ond* ( "* ?rosni* 8 * @ !edi#ides* ( 1335; ttitude s&a'es:

How we measure the unmeasura4'e In ! !ha,itt @ T )ro* Eds;* Persuasion!

Psychological insights and perspectives +: ''%n @ )a&on

$han* ? L* Fager* T* Ta%'or* ! "* @ Li4erzon* I .00.; "un&tiona' neuroanatom% of

emotion: meta-ana'%sis of emotion a&ti,ation studies in $ET and f+RI

#euroimage$ %-$ 661-65/

Rosen4erg* !* Ne'son* (* @ i,e#ananthan* $ !* 132/; mu'tidimensionsa'

approa&h to the stru&ture of persona'it% impressions )ournal of Personality and

Social Psychology$ 0* ./6-.35

!anfe%* 7* Ri''ing* 8 ?* ronson* 8 * N%strom* L E* @ (ohen* 8 D .006; The

neura' 4asis of e&onomi& de&ision-ma#ing in the 'timatum 7ame Science$ +,,*

92.2* 199-19/


18/28


1/

!axe* R* (are%* !* ?anwisher* N .005; nderstanding other minds: Lin#ing

de,e'opmenta' ps%&ho'og% and fun&tiona' neuroimaging Annual 5eview of

Psychology$ 11* /-1.5

!axe* R* @ Fex'er* .009; +a#ing sense of another mind: the ro'e of the right

temporo-parieta' =un&tion #europsychologia$ 4+* 10* 1631-1633

!&hafer* * !&hien'e* * @ ait'* D .009; !timu'us t%pe and design inf'uen&e

hemod%nami& responses towards ,isua' disgust and fear e'i&itors (nternational

)ournal of Psychophysiology$ 1/ * 96-93

!tau4* E 13/3; The roots of evil! The origins of genocide and other group violence"

N: (am4ridge ni,ersit% $ress

!tru&h* N @ !&hwartz* ! H 13/3; Intergroup aggression: Its predi&tors and

distin&tness from in-group 4ias )ournal of Personality and Social Psychology$ 1- *

625-66

Ta'aira&h* 8* @ Tournoux* $ 13//; Co.planar stereotaxic atlas of the human 6rain

New or#: Thieme

Fhee'er* + E* @ "is#e* ! T .009; (ontro''ing ra&ia' pre=udi&e: !o&ia'-&ogniti,e

goa's affe&t am%gda'a and stereot%pe a&ti,ation Psychological Science$ %-$ 1* 92-

26


19/28


13

uthors Note

Fe than# the $rin&eton ni,ersit% (enter for )rain* +ind and )eha,ior for their

generous support of this resear&h pro=e&t Fe wou'd a'so 'i#e to than# the $rin&eton

seminar on Neuros&ien&e and !o&ia' De&ision-+a#ing* as we'' as Da,id modio* 8a&>ue-

$hi''ippe Le%ens* 8ason +it&he''* and ?e,in O&hsner for their feed4a


20/28


.0

Notes

1 n fri&an-meri&an s'a,e was &onsidered three-fifths of a person in the !

(onstitution* rti&'e 1* !e&tion .* imp'%ing that the% were per&ei,ed as 'ess than human

. Fe are not imp'%ing that the fun&tion of the media' prefronta' &ortex +$"(; is so'e'%

so&ia' &ognition The e,iden&e is sti'' 4eing gathered as to its exa&t fun&tions Howe,er*

4ased on the 'iterature* +$"( a&ti,ation re'ia4'% &o,aries with so&ia' &ognition* that is*

thin#ing a4out peop'e* &ompared to thin#ing a4out o4=e&ts

6 !pa&e pre&'udes our 'isting another 10-19 studiesA those referen&es &an 4e o4tained from

the authors upon re>uest

5 Note that the entire'% repeated measures design &hara&teristi& of so&ia' neuros&ien&e

&ompensates for the 'ower num4ers of parti&ipants than t%pi&a''% seen in most so&ia'

ps%&ho'ogi&a' resear&h

9 The other &e''s a'so a&ti,ate the same insu'a and am%gda'a areas a4o,e fixation* 4ut a

6:1 &ontrast indi&ates that on'% the h%pothesized disgust &e'' a&ti,ates the am%gda'a more

than the remaining three &e''s* and that the h%pothesized disgust and en,% &e''s a&ti,ate

the insu'a more than the remaining two &e''s Fhi'e not a &omp'ete dou4'e disso&iation*

the disgust &e'' shows more arousa' or disgust genera''% than the others* at the same time

as fai'ing to a&ti,ate the +$"( as mu&h as the others

2 This was a'so the &ase for the high-warmthG'ow &ompeten&e pit%; so&ia' groups* whi&h

indi&ates a 'ower a&ti,ation for the pit% &e'' re'ati,e to the pride and en,% &e''s Note that*

un'i#e the disgust &e''* the pit% &e'' +$"( a&ti,ation against fixation was signifi&ant in

the main ana'%sis Howe,er* the 6:1 &ontrast ana'%sis &ompared a&ross the a,erage of the

remaining three &e''sB own areas of +$"( a&ti,ation If the mean )OLD signa' &hange of


21/28


.1

e,en two of those three &e''s &onstitutes a high enough a,erage to swamp the 'ow-'ow

&e''* and the pit% &e'' shows on'% a moderate effe&t* then the resu'ting t-test wou'd re,ea'

a signifi&ant differen&e there 'though this 6:1 pattern o&&urred for the disgust &e'' as

we''* the initia' ana'%sis of pit% against fixation did show a signifi&ant differen&e* un'i#e

the disgust &e''* so this &on,erging e,iden&e for re'ati,e dea&ti,ation is a4sent in the &ase

of the pit% &e'' na'%ses of the o,er'apping areaBs effe&t size against fixation shows that

the disgust &e'' has the sma''est effe&t* for either &ommon areas or additi,e areas see

Ta4'e 6; "ina''%* this finding for the pit% &e'' fits with the (ontinuum +ode' of

Impression "ormation "is#e* Lin* @ Neu4erg* 1333;* within whi&h the !(+ is &ou&hed

This mode' a''ows for ,ar%ing degrees of &ategori&a' and indi,iduated per&eption

su4tra&ti,e ana'%sis of the imaging data when parti&ipants ,iewed the pi&tures of

o4=e&ts in the se&ond stud% re,ea'ed sma'' %et signifi&ant +$"( a&ti,ation for the o4=e&ts

pretested as e'i&iting en,%* t 11; 616* at x -3* y 53* z 6A 9 ,oxe's $ride* en,%* and

pit% are so&ia' emotions on'% fe't ,ia the presen&e* imp'ied or a&tua'* of another person

"is#e @ (udd%* .009; (arefu' de4riefing of parti&ipants after 4oth the pretest and the

imaging session made it apparent that the on'% wa% parti&ipants wou'd report fee'ing

en,% in parti&u'ar toward o4=e&ts was 4% the imp'ied presen&e of a person "or instan&e* a

sta of mone% one of the stimu'i used in this >uadrant; imp'ied wea'th and parti&ipants

reported fee'ing en,ious of on'% the wea'th% person* not the o4=e&t No other signifi&ant

+$"( a&ti,ation o&&urred for the remaining three &e''s

/ In these paradigms* white parti&ipants were for&ed to indi,iduate or &ategorize 4'a

fa&es in separate s&anning runs The resu'ts rep'i&ate the pu4'ished effe&t of am%gda'a

and insu'a a&ti,ation ,igi'an&e-re'ated and arousa'-re'ated areas; when the fa&es were


22/28


..

treated &ategori&a''%* 4ut the resu'ts e'iminate those effe&ts when the fa&es were

indi,iduated


23/28


.6

Ta4'e 1

!tereot%pe (ontent +ode' Dimensions* Vuadrants* Examp'es* and Emotiona' $re=udi&es

(ompeten&e

Farmth Low High

High Pity

E'der'% peop'e

Disa4'ed peop'e

(emeter% o4=e&t &ontro';

(o''apsed 4ui'ding o4=e&t &ontro';

Pride

+idd'e-&'ass meri&ans

meri&an O'%mpi& ath'etes

! spa&e shutt'e o4=e&t &ontro';

$rin&eton tiger statue o4=e&t &ontro';

Low Disgust

Home'ess peop'e

Drug addi&ts

O,erf'owing toi'et o4=e&t &ontro';

omit o4=e&t &ontro';

2nvy

Ri&h peop'e

)usiness professiona's

!ta of mone% o4=e&t &ontro';

!ports &ar o4=e&t &ontro';

Note: $arti&ipants in !tud% 1 ,iewed 20 photographs of so&ia' groups des&ri4ed 4% these

'a4e's !tud% . parti&ipants ,iewed eight o4=e&t images


24/28


.5

Ta4'e .

Initia' ratings of pi&tures 4% parti&ipants whi'e in the s&anner The pi&tures in ea&h

>uadrant were rated we'' a4o,e &han&e .9; on the re'e,ant emotion predi&ted for that

&e'' !tandard errors are reported in ita'i&s

$ride En,% $it% Disgust

0.70 ,",1; 0.52 ,"%,; 0.83 ,",1; 0.64 ,",- ;


25/28


.9

Ta4'e 6

Estimates of effe&t size and t -,a'ues of o,er'apping ,oxe's in +$"(

ND (ommon O,er'ap; OR dditi,e O,er'ap;

Emotion +axima' t-

,a'ue

$artia' W. +axima' t-

,a'ue

$artia' W.

$ride 632 05 506 05

En,% 5. 090 5/3 09

$it% 699 051 563 09.

Disgust .3 060 602 065


26/28


.2

"igure (aptions

"ig 1: )OLD a&ti,ations as the resu't of a su4tra&ti,e ana'%sis against fixation when

parti&ipants ,iewed pi&tures of different so&ia' groups Three !(+ &e''s show +$"(

a&ti,ation The &oordinates are from the Ta'airar&h at'as

"ig .: a; )OLD a&ti,ations when parti&ipants ,iewed pi&tures of 'ow &ompeten&e-'ow

warmth groups in !tud% 1 These &orona' 4rain s'i&es show no +$"( a&ti,ation against

fixation 7 &oordinates from the Ta'airar&h at'as are disp'a%ed 4; )OLD a&ti,ations

when parti&ipants ,iewed pi&tures of disgusting o4=e&ts in !tud% . These &orona' 4rain

s'i&es show no +$"( a&ti,ation against fixation 7 &oordinates from the Ta'airar&h at'as

are disp'a%ed


27/28


.

"igure 1 +edia' $refronta' (ortex: )OLD &ti,ations for !o&ia' Emotions


28/28


./

"igure . La of +$"( &ti,ation to Low (ompeten&e Q Low Farmth a; !o&ia'

7roups and 4; O4=e&ts

Documents

Harris Fiske