1

gI`~`xev‡`i ¯^iƒc

gvIjvbv gyZxDi ivngvb Lvb

dvwhj, `viæj Ej~g †`Ie›`

Zzdv‡qj Avngv` †PŠayix

gymwjg hye mgvR wm‡jU

`viæj Dj~g †`Ie›`

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2

gI ~`xev‡`i ¯iƒc

iPbvq t gvIjvbv gyZxDi ivngvb Lvb

Zzdv‡qj Avngv` †P․ayix

cÖKvkK I cwi‡ekK t gymwjg hye mgvR wm‡jU

cÖ_g cÖKvk t mdi, 1434 wnRix

†c․l, 1419 evsjv

Rvbyqvwi, 2013 Cmvqx

wØZxq ms¯‹iY t iweDj AvDqvj, 1436 wnRix

†c․l, 1421 evsjv

wW‡m¤^i, 2014 Cmvqx

wewbgq t wÎk UvKv gvÎ

Price: Taka 30.00

US $ 02.00

cÖvwß ’vb t Dmvgv Bmjvgx KzZzeLvbv

PK evRvi, XvKv|

Avj gvngy` cÖKvkb

11 evsjvevRvi, Bmjvgx UvIqvi, XvKv|

gynv¤§`x KzZzeLvbv

e›`ievRvi, wm‡jU|

Avngw`qv jvB‡eªix

KvbvBNvU evRvi, wm‡jU|

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3

m~wPcÎ

gI ~`xev` 5

KziAv‡bi Dci AvµgY 5

nv`x‡mi Dci AvµgY 7

bex-ivm~jM‡Yi Dci AvµgY 8

mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi Dci AvµgY 14

mybœv‡Z ivm~‡ji Dci AvµgY 15

cxi-AvDwjqv I ZvmvD‡di Dci AvµgY 16

wdK&n&Õi BgvgMY I wKZvemg~‡ni Dci AvµgY 17

gvhnv‡ei Dci AvµgY 17

gI ~`x wPšÍvavivi dmj RvgvqvZ-wkwei 19

gymwjg gbxlxM‡Yi †Pv‡L gI`~`x 19

nvKxgyj D¤§vZ Avkivd Avjx _vbex ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 19

kvqLyj Bmjvg mvwq¨` ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 20

gydZx‡q Avhg gynv¤§v` wKdvqvZzjøvn& ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 21

kvqLyj nv`xm gynv¤§v` hvKvwiqv ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 22

gydZx‡q Avhg cvwK Ívb gynv¤§v` kvdx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 22

Avjøvgv kvvqL hvdi Avngv` Dmgvbx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 23

gydZx mvwq¨` gvn`x nvmvb ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 23

Avjøvgv †Mvjvg MvDm nvhviex ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 24

gynvwχm Kvexi Avjøvgv BEmyd we‡bœ․ix ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 24

kvqLyZ Zvdmxi Avjøvgv Avngv` Avjx jv‡nvix ivn&. 25

gydZx ikx` Avngv` jywaqvbex ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 25

gvIjvbv Avãyj nK ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 26

gvIjvbv kvgmyj nK dwi`cyix ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn 26

AvKvwe‡i D¤§v‡Zi me©m¤§Z dvZIqv 29

Zvbhx‡g Avn&‡j mybœvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZ evsjv‡`k 30

kxAvÕi K‡qKwU †g․wjK AvKx`v 31

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4

gI`~`xev‡`i ¯iƒc

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5

gI`~`xev`

gI`~`xev` n‡”Q cvwK Ív‡bi Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x cÖewZ©Z GKwU gZev`|

gI ~`x †Kvb Avwjg bb| wZwb †jLvcov K‡i‡Qb mvgvb¨B hv wQj †Kvb

Awd‡mi †Kivbx nIqvi ch©v‡qi| Rvgvqv‡Zi mv‡eK fvicÖvß Avgxi

AveŸvm Avjx Lvb wj‡Lb, Ò†Kvb Awd‡m †KivbxwMwi Kiv A_ev Kv‡iv

Aax‡b PvKwi Kiv wQj Zvi cÖK…wZ weiæ×| AZGe Zvi †jLwb kw³‡KB

wZwb GKgvÎ Aej¤b g‡b Ki‡jb|Ó (AveŸvm Avjx Lvb, gvIjvbv

gI ~`x GKwU Rxeb GKwU BwZnvm, XvKv t cÖKvkbv wefvM, evsjv‡`k

Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx, cÖKvkKvj t Ryb 2011, c„ôv t 38) Avi G

†jLv‡jwLi KvR wZwb wbqvh d‡Zn&cyixi KvQ †_‡K wk‡LwQ‡jb whwb

GKRb bvw ÍK, Avjøvn& I AvwLiv‡Z Awek¦vmx| (Bb‡KkvdvZ, c„ôv t 8)

RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ †jLv‡jwLi e¨emv †ek K‡qK eQi Pvjv‡bvi ci Lye

my¶¥fv‡e GKUv `j MVb K‡ib Ges H `‡ji bvg iv‡Lb ÔRvgvqv‡Z

BmjvgxÕ hv ïb‡Z Lye kÖæwZgayi I AvKl©Yxq| wKš‘ Zvi AvKvB`

gymjgvb‡`i AvKvB` †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| GRb¨ Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx

MV‡bi ci gI`~`x †h e³e¨ w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡Z wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb,

ÒRvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e© mevB‡K bZzbfv‡e Kvwjgv co‡Z

n‡e, Avi Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx †_‡K wd‡i hvIqvi A_© n‡”Q gyiZv`

(ag©‡`ªvnx) n‡q hvIqv|Ó (†iv`v‡` Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx) Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx

m¤ú‡K© gI`~`x e‡jb, ÒAvgv‡`i wek¦vm GB †h, GUv GKUv `vIqvZ I

Kg©cš’v hv e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj `vIqvZ I Kg©cš’v G‡Kev‡i åvšÍ|Ó

(ZiRgvbyj KziAvb, LÐ t 26, msL¨v t 3, c„ôv t 111) A_©vr Rvgvqv‡Z

Bmjvgx Qvov evwK me fyj I evwZj| gI ~`x Av‡iv e‡jb, Ògvby‡li g‡b

Bmjv‡gi †h iƒc‡iLv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q Zv cy‡ivcywi aŸsm bv K‡i bZzb

bKkv †ck Kiv GKvšÍB g~L©Zv|Ó (ZiRgvbyj KziAvb, LÐ t 14, msL¨v t

2, c„ôv t 134) GRb¨ wZwb Bmjv‡gi †g․wjK welqmg~n aŸsm Kivi Rb¨

G‡K G‡K me¸‡jvi Dci Zvi aviv‡jv Kjg w`‡q AvµgY Pvjvb|

KziAv‡bi Dci AvµgY

1. gymjgvb‡`i wek¦vm, KziAvb Avjøvn& ZvAvjv bvwhj K‡i‡Qb Ges

wKqvgvZ ch©šÍ wZwbB Gi kã I A‡_©i wndvhvZ Ki‡eb| Avjøvn&

ZvAvjv KziAv‡b e‡j‡Qb, ÒwbðqB Avwg KziAvb bvwhj K‡iwQ Ges

AvwgB Gi wndvhvZKvix|Ó (m~ivZzj wnR&i, AvqvZ t 9) wKš‘ gI ~`x

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6

wj‡Lb, ÒKziAvb AeZxY© nIqvi mgq G k㸇jvi (A_©vr KziAv‡bi

PviwU cwifvlv h_v `xb, Bjvn&, ie, Bev`vZ) ‡h g~j A_© cÖPwjZ

wQj, cieZ©x kZ‡K ax‡i ax‡i Zv cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| †kl ch©šÍ

GK GKwU kã Zvi m¤ú~Y© e¨vcKZv nvwi‡q GKvšÍ mxwgZ eis A¯úó

A‡_©i Rb¨ wbw`©ó n‡q c‡o| ... ... ... GUv mZ¨ †h, †Kej G PviwU

†g․wjK cwifvlvi Zvrc‡h© AveiY c‡o hvIqvi Kvi‡Y KziAv‡bi

wZb-PZz_v©s‡ki †P‡qI †ewk wk¶v eis Zvi mwZ¨Kvi w¯cwiUB `„wó

†_‡K cÖ”Qbœ n‡q hvq|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x, KziAv‡bi PviwU

†g․wjK cwifvlv, Abyev` t †Mvjvg †mvenvb wmwÏKx, XvKv t AvaywbK

cÖKvkbx, wØZxq cÖKvk t †g 2010, c„ôv t 14Ñ15) G K_vi A_© wK

GB `uvovq bv †h, Avjøvn& ZvAvjv KziAvb wndvhv‡Zi †h `vwqZ¡

wb‡qwQ‡jb Zv m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v| Zvi fvlvq, GKk eQi c‡ii ¶YRb¥v

Djvgv‡q wKivg I BgvgMY huv‡`i g‡a¨ Bgvg Ave~ nvwbdv, kvwdqx,

gvwjK, Avngv` web nv¤^vj, eyLvix, gymwjg, wZiwghx, Avkqvix,

gvZzwi`x, Mvhvjx, ivhx, eo cxi Avãyj Kvw`i Rxjvbx, LvRv gyCbyÏxb

wPk&Zx, kvn&Rvjvj Bqvgvbx, ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx, gykvwn`

evqgcyix, kvq‡L †K․woqv ivwngvûgyjøvn&i gZ j¶ j¶ cxi-AvDwjqv,

Bgvg, gyRZvwn`, gydvm &wmi, gynvwÏm i‡q‡Qb †KDB KziAvbyj

Kvix‡gi mwVK A_© ey‡Sbwb I gvbyl‡K wk¶v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| Aci

w`‡K mgMÖ D¤§vZ hLb KziAv‡bi gg© wndvhv‡Z Ae‡njvi cv‡c

wbgw¾Z wQ‡jb wKsev KyiAv‡bi gg© weK…wZ‡Z gË wQ‡jb ZLb Ggb

cvcx I Amvay KziAv‡bi kÎæ‡`i gva¨‡g †cu․Qv KziAv‡bi k‡ãi

weï×Zv wKfv‡e wbf©i‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i? AZGe gI ~`xi KziAv‡bi

gg©-weK…wZi AvKx`vi Acwinvh© dj wK GB uvovq bv †h, KziAv‡bi

kãI weK…Z n‡q †M‡Q| Avi wZwb KyiAv‡bi mwVK A_© †Kv‡Ì‡K

†c‡jb? A_P Zvi nv`xm-Zvdmx‡ii †Kvb D¯Ív` †bB|

2. gymjgvb‡`i wek¦vm, KziAv‡bi GKUv AvqvZI hw` †KD A¯xKvi K‡i

Z‡e †m Kvwdi n‡q hvq| wKš‘ Avãyjøvn& Be‡b gvmE` ivwhqvjøvû

Avbû m¤ú‡K© gI ~`x wj‡Lb, ÒZuvi g‡Zv GKRb D”P gh©v`vi mvnvex

m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wZwb bvwK G m~ivØq‡K (dvjvK I bvm)

KziAv‡bi m~ivB gvb‡Zb bv| ... ... ... e ‘Z G ai‡bi eY©bvi Kvi‡Y

Bmjv‡gi `ykgb‡`i c‡¶ KziAv‡bi weiæ‡× m‡›`n m„wói GKUv AwZ

eo my‡hvM jvf m¤¢eci n‡q‡Q| Zviv ejvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q †h,

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7

(bvEhy wejøvn&) KziAvb gRx` eywS weK…Z I i`-e`‡ji n ͇¶c †_‡K

myiw¶Z bq| ... ... ... G AvµgY †_‡K KziAvb‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨

Kvhx Ave~ eKi Avj-evwKjøvbx I Kvhx Bqvh Be‡b gvmE‡`i

DcwiD³ K_vi GKUv e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, Be‡b gvmE`

m~iv `ywUi KziAv‡bi Ask nIqvi K_v A¯xKvi Ki‡Zb bv| ... ... ...

wKš‘ G e¨vL¨v hyw³hy³ I wbf©i‡hvM¨ bq| ... ... ... wKš‘ KziAv‡bi G

m~iv `yÕwU‡K A¯xKvi Kivi `iƒb (bvEhy wejøvn&) wZwb Kvwdi n‡q

†M‡Qb, Ggb K_v ejvi `ytmvnm †KDB K‡iwb|Ó (Aveyj Avjv

gI ~`x, Zvdnxgyj KziAvb, 19k LÐ, Abyev` t gynv¤§v` Ave`yi inxg,

XvKv t AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, 22 cÖKvk t GwcÖj 2011, c„ôv t 316-

320) cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b, GKUz †f‡e †`Lyb, GLv‡b gI ~`x

wKfv‡e Avãyjøvn& Be‡b gvmE` ivwhqvjøvû Avbûi b¨vq GKRb

gh©v`vkxj mvnvexi Dci KziAv‡bi `y‡Uv m~iv A¯xKv‡ii gZ RNb¨

GKUv Acev` w`‡jb! Avi G wg_¨v Acev‡`i djvdj GB `uvovj †h,

†KD KziAv‡bi `yÕGK myiv A¯xKvi Ki‡jI Kvwdi nq bv| Aciw`‡K

wZwb Bmjv‡gi `ykgb‡`i Rb¨ G K_v ejvi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡jb †h,

KziAvbyj Kvixg weK…wZ I i`e`‡ji nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvqwb|

nv`x‡mi Dci AvµgY

1. gI ~`x wj‡L‡Qb, Ònv`xm eY©bvi g~jbxwZ ev` †`b| AvaywbK G hy‡M

cÖvPxbKv‡ji Av‡Rev‡R K_v †K ï‡b?Ó (ZiRgvbyj KziAvb, LÐ t

14, msL¨v t 2, c„ôv t 111)

2. gI ~`x e‡jb, ÒAvcbv‡`i g‡Z gynvwÏmMY †hme †iIqvqvZ‡K

mb‡`i w`K †_‡K mnxn& e‡j‡Qb Zvi cÖwZwU †iIqvqvZ‡KB nv`x‡m

ivm~j wn‡m‡e ¯xKvi K‡i †bqv Riæix| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i g‡Z GUv

Riæix bq| mb‡`i weï×Zv‡K nv`x‡mi weï×Zvi †¶‡Î Avgiv

AZ¨vek¨K `jxj g‡b Kwi bv|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI`~`x, ivmv‡qj I

gvmv‡qj, cÖ_g LÐ, Abyev` t Ave`ym knx` bvwmg, XvKv t kZvãx

cÖKvkbx, lô gy`ªY t †m‡Þ¤i 2008, c„ôv t 173)

3. gI ~`x Av‡iv e‡jb, Ònv`xmmg~n wKQy msL¨K gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K wKQz

msL¨K gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q‡Q| Gi Øviv †ewk †_‡K †ewk hw` wKQy

AwR©Z nq Z‡e Zv mnxn& nIqvi aviYv, Zvi Dci `„p wek¦vm ev

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8

BqvwKb ivLv hvq bv|Ó (ZiRgvbyj KziAvb, LÐ t 26, msL¨v t 3,

c„ôv t 267)

4. eyLvix kix‡d Beivnxg AvjvBwnm mvjv‡gi NUbv ewY©Z Av‡Q †h,

wZwb mviv ivwhqvjøvû Avbnv‡K ¯xq †evb e‡j‡Qb| nv`x‡m ewY©Z G

NUbv m¤ú‡K© gI ~`x e‡jb, ÒGUv G‡Kev‡iB wg_¨v|Ó (Aveyj Avjv

gI ~`x, ivmv‡qj I gvmv‡qj, wØZxq LÐ, Abyev` t Ave`yj gvbœvb

Zvwje I Ave`yj Avhxh, XvKv t kZvãx cÖKvkbx, lô gy`ªY t †m‡Þ¤^i

2009, c„ôv t 29)

5. gI ~`x Av‡iv wj‡L‡Qb, ÒKziAvb-mybœvn&i wk¶v me©v‡MÖ| wKš‘ Zvdmxi

I nv`x‡mi cyivZb fvÛvi †_‡K bq|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x,

ZvbKxnvZ, bqv w`jøx t gviKvhx gvKZvev‡q Bmjvgx cvewjkvm©, cÖ_g

cÖKvk t †deªæqvwi 2003, c„ôv t 148)

cvVKMY, GKUz wPšÍv Kiæb nv`xm A¯^xKviKvix cvi‡fRx gZev`x‡`i Dw³

†_‡K gI`~`xi Dw³¸‡jv †Kvb As‡k Kg wK?

bex-ivm~jM‡Yi Dci AvµgY

gymjgvb‡`i wek¦vm †h, bexMY AvjvBwngym mvjvg †QvU-eo me©cÖKvi

¸bvn& †_‡K cweÎ| KviY bexM‡Yi mnRvZ cÖK…wZB Ggb wbg©j, cweÎ I

AvwejZvgy³ †h, cvcvPvi I bvdigvbx Kiv Zuv‡`i c‡¶ Am¤¢e n‡q

`uvovq| ¯fveZB Zuviv weï× I wb®úvc| Dciš‘ Avjøvn& ZvAvjv Zuv‡`i‡K

byeyIqv‡Zi Rb¨ wbe©vPb K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i Dci Avjøvn& ZvAvjvi mve©¶wYK

wndvhvZ I cÖniv we`¨gvb _v‡K hv‡Z D¤§vZ wbtm‡›`‡n Zuv‡`i B‡Ëev

Ki‡Z cv‡i|

gI ~`xi Dw³ j¶¨ Kiæb

1. `vE` AvjvBwnm mvjvg m¤ú‡K© Bqvû`xiv Kzrmv iUbv K‡iwQj †h,

Dwiqv bvgK R‣bK e¨w³i ¿xi Dci `„wó covq `vE` H my›`ix

igbxi iƒc-jve‡Y¨ Avm³ n‡q c‡ob Ges Zv‡K we‡q Kivi Rb¨

Dwiqvi Kv‡Q Zvi ¿x‡K ZvjvK †`qvi Av‡e`b K‡ib| gI`~`x

Bqvû`x‡`i G wfwËnxb Acev‡`i Dci wbf©i K‡i `vE` AvjvBwnm

mvjvg m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœv³ fvl¨ cÖ`vb K‡ib, ÒnhiZ `vE` AvjvBwnm

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mvjvg Zuvi hy‡Mi BmivCjx mvaviY mgvR cÖ_vq cÖfvevwšZ n‡q

Dwiqvi Kv‡Q Zvi ¿x‡K ZvjvK †`qvi Av‡e`b K‡iwQ‡jb|Ó (Aveyj

Avjv gI ~`x, ZvdnxgvZ, wØZxq LÐ, bqv w`jøx t gviKvhx gvKZvev‡q

Bmjvgx cvewjkvm©, cÖ_g cÖKvk t gvP© 1999, c„ôv t 56) †Kvb bexi

Dci G ai‡bi Acev` Av‡ivc Kiv gymjgv‡bi c‡¶ gvbvq bv| G

e``xbx AvKx`vi bvgvšÍi| G K_v m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v I Bqvû`x‡`i gbMov

wfwËnxb Dw³ gvÎ| G n‡”Q Zv‡`i lohš¿|

2. gI ~`x Av‡iv e‡jb, ÒA‡b¨i K_v †Zv wfbœ, cqMv¤^iMYI ch©šÍ

eûevi KzcÖe„wËi ivnvRvbxi wec‡`i m¤§yLxb nb| †hgb nhiZ

`vE‡`i gZ gh©v`vkxj cqMv¤^i‡KI GKevi mZK© Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó

(Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x, ZvdnxgvZ, cÖ_g LÐ, bqv w`jøx t gviKvhx

gvKZvev‡q Bmjvgx cvewjkvm©, cÖ_g cÖKvk t Ryb 2001, c„ôv t

195) gymjgvb‡`i AvKx`v nj bd‡m kix‡ii ivnvRvbx †_‡K A‡bK

IjxI gvn&d~h n‡q _v‡Kb| bexM‡Yi †ejvq Avi wK-B ejv hvq!

3. wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, ÒnhiZ `vE` AvjvBwnm mvjv‡gi K‡g© KzcÖe„wËi

wKQyUv `Lj wQj, Zuvi kvmb ¶gZvi mv‡_ Am½Z I A‡kvfbxq

e¨env‡iiI m¤úK© wQj| Avi Zv wQj Ggb ai‡bi KvR hv nK cš’vq

ivR¨ kvmbKvix †Kvb kvm‡Ki c‡¶B ‡kvfv cvq bv|Ó (Aveyj Avjv

gI ~`x, Zvdnxgyj KziAvb, PZz_© LÐ, bqv w`jøx t gviKvhx gvKZvev‡q

Bmjvgx cvewjkvm©, wØZxq cÖKvk t Rvbyqvwi 2000, c„ôv t 327) Gi

Rev‡e gymjgvb ÔbvEhy wejøvwn wgb hvwjKÕ co‡e Ges gI ~`x wdZbv

†_‡K bexi D¤§vZ‡K euvPv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡e|

4. BEmyd AvjvBwnm mvjvg e‡jwQ‡jb, ÒAvgv‡K wgk‡ii LvRvbvmg~‡ni

ZË¡veavqK wbhy³ K‡i †`b|Ó (m~iv BEmyd, AvqvZ t 55) G A_©B

gymjgvbiv wb‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ gI ~`x e‡j‡Qb, ÒGUv †KejgvÎ A_©

gš¿Yvj‡qi c‡`i Av‡e`bB wQj bv †hgb †Kvb †Kvb †jvK g‡b K‡i

_v‡Kb, eis Zv wQj ÔwW‡±UikxcÕ jv‡fi `vex| Gi d‡j BEmyd

AvjvBwnm mvjvg †h cwRkb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb Zv cÖvq G ai‡biB wQj

hv BUvwji gy‡mvwjwbi i‡q‡Q|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x, ZvdnxgvZ,

wØZxq LÐ, bqv w`jøx t gviKvhx gvKZvev‡q Bmjvgx cvewjkvm©, cÖ_g

cÖKvk t gvP© 1999, c„ôv t 122) Dictatorship ev ÔGKbvqKZ¡Õ

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10

kãwU KZB bv AvcwËKi I Aegvbbvm~PK! ZvQvov we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m

gy‡mvwjwb (Benito Mussolini: Dictator and leader of

Italian Facists from 1922 to 1943) n‡”Q GKRb Rvwjg

GKbvqK •¯ivPvix| Ggb wbK…ó e¨w³i mv‡_ gvbeZvi PyovšÍ

c`gh©v`vq Avmxb gnvb bex‡K Zzjbv Kiv Pig a„óZv •e Ab¨ wKQy

bq| Gme wdZbv †_‡K Avjøvn& ZvAvjv gymjgvb‡`i wndvhvZ Kiæb,

Avgxb|

5. gI ~`x wj‡L‡Qb, ÒnhiZ BEbym AvjvBwnm mvjvg †_‡K wimvjv‡Zi

`vwqZ¡ Av`v‡q †ek wKQy ÎæwU n‡q wM‡qwQj, Lye m¤¢e mgq Avmvi

c~‡e©B wZwb A‣ah© n‡q wbR ’vb Z¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb|Ó (Aveyj Avjv

gI ~`x, Zvdnxgyj KziAvb, wØZxq LÐ, c„ôv t 312-313) bex-

ivm~jM‡Yi †KDB wimvjv‡Zi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b †Kvb iKg •kw_j¨ ev

ÎæwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| G †_‡K Zuviv mevB wb®‥jyl I gvm~g | G‡Z

Kv‡iv †Kvb gZwe‡iva †bB|

6. b~n& AvjvBwnm mvjvg cÖm‡½ gI ~`x wj‡L‡Qb, ÒA‡bK mgq †Kvb

m~² KzcÖe„wËi wel‡q bexi gZ D”P gh©v`vkxj I gnvbyfe e¨w³I wKQy

mg‡qi Rb¨ gvbweK `ye©jZvi Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ hLb

Avjøvn& ZvAvjv Zuv‡K mZK© K‡i †`b—†h mšÍvb n‡Ki c_ Z¨vM K‡i

evwZ‡ji mv‡_ wg‡k †M‡Q Zv‡K †Kej †Zvgvi Ji‡m Rb¥ MÖnY Kivi

myev‡a Avcb g‡b Kiv Rvwnwjqv‡Zi GK Abyf~wZ gvÎ, ZLb wZwb

Zr¶Yvr Zuvi AšÍi †_‡K †eciIqv n‡q Ggb wPšÍvavivq wd‡i Av‡mb

hv Bmjv‡gi Pvwn`vm¤§Z|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI`~`x, Zvdnxgyj KziAvb,

wØZxq LÐ, bqv w`jøx t gviKvhx gvKZvev‡q Bmjvgx cvewjkvm©, wØZxq

cÖKvk t Rvbyqvwi 2000, c„ôv t 344) GKRb D”P gh©v`vkxj bex‡K

gvbweK `ye©jZvi wkKvi, Rvwnwjqv‡Zi Abyf~wZm¤úbœ, Bmjvgx

Pvwn`vi cwicš’x BZ¨vw` g›` Awfavq †Kvb gymjgvb f~wlZ Ki‡Z

cv‡i bv|

7. Avw` wcZv Av`vg AvjvBwnm mvjvg m¤ú‡K© gI`~`x e‡jb, ÒGLv‡b

Av`vg AvjvBwnm mvjvg †_‡K cªKvwkZ G gvbweK ye©jZvi nvKxKvZ

ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e—†gvUvgywU GK Zvr¶wYK Av‡eM hv kqZv‡bi

cÖ‡jvf‡bi QÎQvqvq m„wó n‡qwQj Zv Zuvi Dci AvZ¥we¯§„wZi Rb¥

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11

†`q Ges AvZ¥wbqš¿‡Yi ¶gZv `ye©j n‡ZB wZwb AvbyM‡Z¨i D”P

gh©v`v †_‡K cv‡ci wbgœ MnŸ‡i cwZZ nb|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x,

Zvdnxgyj KziAvb, Z…Zxq LÐ, bqv w`jøx t gviKvhx gvKZvev‡q

Bmjvgx cvewjkvm©, wØZxq cÖKvk t Rvbyqvwi 2000, c„ôv t 133)

gymjgvb‡`i AvKx`v n‡”Q bex †_‡K cvcvPvi I bvdigvbx cÖKvk

cvIqv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e| bex AvjvBwnm mvjvg mK‡jB gvm~g,

wb®úvc|

m¤¢eZ gI ~`x G ai‡bi kã cÖ‡qvM‡K Av`‡ei cwicš’x g‡b K‡ib bv|

ZvB‡Zv Avw¤qv‡q wKiv‡gi gZ m‡e©v”P gh©v`vm¤úbœ e¨w³‡`i †ejvqI G

ai‡bi kã e¨envi mwVK g‡b K‡i‡Qb| A_P gymjgvb‡`i wek¦vm nj

Avw¤qv‡q wKiv‡gi kv‡b †eqv`weg~jK kã cÖ‡qvM Kiv Cgvb †_‡K ewÂZ

nIqvi KviY| GLb hw` GKB k㸇jv gI`~`xi wbR Pwi‡Î †jcb Kiv

nq hv wZwb Avw¤qv AvjvBwngym mvjv‡gi kv‡b e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Z‡e Avkv

Kwi wZwb wKsev Zvi f³ I Abymvix‡`i Kv‡Q AcQ›`bxq n‡e bv| †hgb

ejv †h‡Z cv‡i—A‡bK mgq †Kvb RwUj KzcÖe„wËMZ wel‡q gI ~`xi gZ

D”P ghv©`vkxj e¨w³I gvbweK `ye©jZvi Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡q †h‡Zb hv wQj

Rvwnwjqv‡Zi Abyf~wZi dj¯iƒc| wZwb Zvi hy‡Mi BmivCjx mvaviY

mgvR cÖ_vq cÖfvevwš^Z n‡q co‡Zb| gI ~`x †_‡K †bZ…‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡

Av`v‡qI †ek wKQz ÎæwU n‡q wM‡qwQj, Lye m¤¢e mgq Avmvi c~‡e©B wZwb

A‣ah© n‡q wbR Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Zb| Zvi K‡g© KzcÖe„wËi `Lj wQj,

Zvi ¶gZvq AmsMZ I A‡kvfbxq e¨env‡iiI m¤úK© wQj, Avi Zv wQj

Ggb ai‡bi KvR hv nK cš’vq †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix †Kvb †bZvi c‡¶B †kvfv

cvq bv| Avm‡j Zvi `vex †KejgvÎ msMV‡bi ZË¡veavq‡Ki c`B wQj bv

†hgb †Kvb †Kvb †jvK aviYv K‡i _v‡Kb, eis Zv wQj wW‡±Uikxc

jv‡fi `vex| Gi d‡j gI ~`x †h cwRkb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb Zv cÖvq G

ai‡biB wQj hv BUvjxi gy‡mvwjwb I Rvgv©bxi wnUjvi AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|

†gvUK_v gI ~`x †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Gme gvbweK `ye©jZvi ¯iƒc ey‡S wb‡Z

n‡e †h, kqZv‡bi D¯‥vbxi QÎQvqvq Rb¥ †bqv Zvr¶wYK Av‡eM Zv‡K

AvZ¥‡fvjv K‡i †djZ Avi AvZ¥ wbqš¿‡Yi evuab wkw_j n‡ZB wZwb

Avjøvn&i AvbyM‡Z¨i D”P ghv©`v †_‡K bvdigvbxi wbgœ¯Í‡i cwZZ n‡Zb|

wKš‘ Avgvi aviYv, †Kvb gI`~`x †cÖwgK gI ~`x m¤ú‡K© D‡jøwLZ fvl¨

ei`vk&Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| hw` Gme K_v gI ~`xi †¶‡Î mvgÄm¨c~Y© bv

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12

nq A_©vr hw` gI ~`xi Rb¨ Aegvbbvm~PK nq ev Zvi †ejvq

†eqv`exg~jK nq Zvn‡j wPšÍv Kiæb I Bbmv‡di mv‡_ ejyb Zv Avw¤qv‡q

wKiv‡gi kv‡b mvR‡e wK?

gI ~`xev`x‡`i †bZv `yÕGK bexi e¨vcv‡i bq, Avw¤qv AvjvBwngym

mvjv‡gi kv‡b hLb G mg Í Kz&Dcvwa I †eqv`exg~jK kã cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb

ZLb Zvi AbymiY I AbyKiYKvix‡`i Zv ei`vk&Z n‡q hvIqv ¯vfvweK

n‡q †M‡Q, eis Zviv Gme‡K mwVK e‡j ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Q| Zviv

G¸‡jv‡K `~lYxq GgbwK fyjI g‡b K‡i bv| Ab¨_vq Zviv XvK-†Xvj

wcwU‡q †NvlYv KiZ †h, gI`~`x I gI`~w`qvZ cÖKvk¨ ¸givn& I e``xb,

ei Zv‡`i †bZv gI ~`x‡K Gme Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv n‡j Zviv

Djvgv‡q wKivg I gymjgvb‡`i Dci †i‡M †d‡U c‡o Ges †jvK‡`i

†auvKv †`qvi j‡¶¨ PZzw`©‡K AvIqvR Zz‡j I wgwQj w`‡Z _v‡K,

†g․jex‡`i dvZIqvevRx‡Z Kvb w`I bv| Zvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gme

gI ~`xev`xiv †Lv` gymjgvb‡`i Øxb aŸsm Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges Avw¤qv

AvjvBwngym mvjv‡gi mgv‡jvPbv I †`vlPP©v Ki‡Z _v‡K Avi AvB¤§v,

gvkvwqL I Djvgv‡q nv°vbx‡K †nq Ki‡Z _v‡K| †n Avjøvn&, Zvgvg

gymwjg RvwZ‡K G‡`i †auvKv †_‡K wndvhvZ Kiæb, Avgxb|

Avw¤^qv AvjvBwngym mvjvg m¤ú‡K© gI`~`xi †hme AvµgYvZ¥K fvl¨

bgybv¯^iƒc c~‡e© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q g~jZ Zv GKUv g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ wZwb

e‡j‡Qb| gI ~`x Zvi `‡ji Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †m g~jbxwZ my›`ifv‡e mvwR‡q

e‡j w`‡q‡Qb, ÒAvjøvn& ZvAvjv B‡”Q K‡i cª‡Z¨K bex †_‡K †Kvb bv

†Kvb mgq ¯xq wndvhvZ DwV‡q wb‡q `yÕGKUv fyj-ÎæwU n‡Z w`‡q‡Qb|Ó

(Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x, ZvdnxgvZ, wØZxq LÐ, bqv w`jøx t gviKvhx

gvKZvev‡q Bmjvgx cvewjkvm©, cÖ_g cÖKvk t gvP© 1999, c„ôv t 57) GUv

Ggb g~jbxwZ hv AvR ch©šÍ †Kvb gymwj‡gi gyL †_‡K wbM©Z nqwb| G

g~jbxwZi Av‡jv‡K gI ~`x hZ K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ bexM‡Yi

†ejvq Avi Kx eje, Avgv‡`i wcÖq bex mvwq¨`yj gyimvjxb gynv¤§v`yi

ivm~jyjøvn& mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøv‡gi †¶‡Î Zvi Dw³ †`‡L †bb Ges

gI ~`x AvKx`vI †R‡b †bb|

8. gI ~`x Avgv‡`i wcÖq bex mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg m¤‡Ü

e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvjøvn&i wbKU KvZi K‡É GB †`vqv Ki †h, †Zvgv‡K †h

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13

Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ †`qv n‡qwQj Zv m¤úbœ Kivi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi Øviv †h

fyj-ÎæwU n‡q‡Q wKsev Zv‡Z †h Am¤ú~Y©Zv I `ye©jZv i‡q †M‡Q Zv

†hb wZwb ¶gv K‡i †`b|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x, Zvdnxgyj KziAvb,

19k LÐ, Abyev` t gynv¤§v` Ave`yi inxg, XvKv t Lvqiæb cÖKvkbx,

13 cÖKvk t gvP© 2007, m~iv bvmi t 4bs UxKv, c„ôv t 286)

9. gI ~`x Avgv‡`i wcÖq bex mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg m¤ú‡K©

Av‡iv e‡jb, ÒmyZivs G gnvb Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Zuvi cÖksmv ‘wZ

cÖKvk Ki Ges Zuvi `iev‡i Av‡e`b Ki t cÖfy ciIqvi‡`Mvi! `xN©

23 eQ‡ii G †L`gZKv‡j Avgvi Øviv †h mKj ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ n‡q

†M‡Q, Zv ¶gv K‡i `vI!Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x, KziAv‡bi PviwU

†g․wjK cwifvlv, Abyev` t †Mvjvg †mvenvb wmwÏKx, XvKv t AvaywbK

cÖKvkbx, wØZxq cÖKvk t †g 2010, c„ôv t 118)

10. gnvbex mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg m¤ú©‡K evsjv‡`k Bmjvgx QvÎ

wkwe‡ii e³e¨ n‡”Q, ÒAZtci Zzwg †Zvgvi gvwj‡Ki cÖksmv Ki

Ges Zuvi Kv‡QB (¸bvn&-LvZvi R‡b¨) ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki|Ó (Kg©x

cÖwk¶Y mnvwqKv, cÖKvkbvq t evsjv‡`k Bmjvgx QvÎ wkwei, wm‡jU

gnvbMix, c„ôv t 9-10; Kgx© gv‡bvbœqb mnvwqKv, cÖKvkbvq t

evsjv‡`k Bmjvgx QvÎ wkwei, wm‡jU †Rjv cwðg, c„ôv t 36)

`ywbqvi Zvgvg gymwjg c~e©m~ix †_‡K DËim~ix ch©šÍ †KDB Avgv‡`i bex

mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg m¤ú‡K© Ggb wbK…óZg K_v Av‡Rv D”PviY

K‡ibwb| eis GiKg evK¨ I gg©‡K cÖKvk¨ A‣bmjvgx e‡j Rv‡bb I

gv‡bb| bexMY †_‡K byeyIqvZx `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b †Kvb ai‡bi fyj-ÎæwU n‡Z

cv‡i bv|

11. gymwjg gvÎB Rv‡bb †h, Iqvh, ZvjKxb I wRnv‡`i g‡Zv c×wZmg~n

hv bexMY AvjvBwngym mvjvg gvbyl‡K Øxb Keyj Kiv‡Z Aej¤b

K‡i‡Qb Zvi †KvbUvB Zuviv D™¢veb K‡ibwb, eis Avjøvn& hLb

Zuv‡`i‡K †h Av‡`k w`‡q‡Qb ZLb Z uviv Zv-B Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb|

Avi Avjøvn&i wb‡`©wkZ †Kvb c×wZB e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov bex

wKsev Ab¨vb¨ `vCi mdjZv I Kvwgqvex gvby‡li Øxb Keyj Kivi

g‡a¨ bq, eis Avjøvn&i ûKzg cvj‡bi g‡a¨ wbwnZ| wKš‘ gI ~`x

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14

gnvbex mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÒIqvh I

ZvjKx‡b e¨_©Zvi ci Bmjv‡gi `vC Z‡jvqvi nv‡Z wb‡jb|Ó (Aveyj

Avjv gI ~`x, Avj-wRnv` wdj Bmjvg, c„ôv t 174) GUv ivm~jyjøvn&

mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg I Avjøvn&i wb‡`©wkZ Kg ©c×wZi cÖwZ

Pig †eqv`ex bq wK? AwaKš‘ Zvi G gšÍe¨ Bmjv‡gi kÎæ‡`i G

e³‡e¨iB cÖwZaŸwb bq wK †h, Bmjvg Z‡jvqv‡ii †Rv‡i cÖwZwôZ

n‡q‡Q?

mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi Dci AvµgY

gymjgvb‡`i wek¦vm, mvnvev‡q wKivg ivwhqvjøvû Avbûg mevB †e‡nk&Zx|

`x‡bi e¨vcv‡i Zuviv mevB wbf©i‡hvM¨| Zuv‡`i cÖwZ gneŸZ, fw³-kª×v

n‡”Q Cgv‡bi Ask Ges Zuv‡`i mv‡_ we‡Øl †cvlY Kiv n‡”Q Kzd&ix I

gybvwdKx| wKš‘ gI ~`x Zuv‡`i‡K †nq cÖwZcbœ Kiv Ges Zuv‡`i cÖwZ

gvby‡li fw³-kª×v bó Kivi Rb¨ Zuv‡`i Dci wg_¨v Acev‡`i So

Zz‡jb| wb‡gœ Zvi wKq`sk cÖ`Ë nj t

1. gI ~`x e‡jb, Ò†h mgv‡R e¨vcKfv‡e my`‡Lvix cÖPwjZ _v‡K †mLv‡b

GB my`‡Lvixi Kvi‡Y `yÕcÖKv‡ii •bwZK e¨vwa †`Lv †`q| Zv n‡jv my`

MÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ †jvf-jvjmv, Kvc©Y¨ I ¯v_©ciZv; Avi

my``vZv‡`i g‡a¨ N„Yv-we‡Øl I cÖwZwnsmv| Iû‡`i civRv‡qi wcQ‡b

G Dfq cÖKvi †iv‡MiB wKQy-bv-wKQy cÖfve we`¨gvb wQj|Ó (Aveyj

Avjv gI ~`x, Zvdnxgyj KziAvb, wØZxq LÐ, Abyev` t gynv¤§v`

Ave`yi inxg, XvKv t Lvqiæb cÖKvkbx, 12 cÖKvk t Ryb 2012, m~iv

Avwj Bgivb t 99bs UxKv, c„ôv t 60) gI`~`xi g‡Z, my`‡Lvixi

Kvi‡Y m„ó •bwZK †ivM h_v †jvf-jvjmv, K…cYZv, ¯v_©ciZv, N„Yv-

we‡Øl, cÖwZwnsmv hv bex Kixg mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg Ges

mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb wQj Zvi cÖfv‡e Dû‡`i hy‡×

civRq N‡U| bex mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg Ges mvnvev‡q

wKiv‡gi Pwi‡Îi Dci GZ RNb¨ Acev` †`qvi a„óZv †Kvb Bqvû`x-

L„óvbI †Kvb w`b K‡iwb|

2. Dmgvb ivwhqvjøvû Avbû m¤ú‡K© gI ~`x wj‡Lb, ÒwZwb Zuvi AvZ¥xq-

¯Rb‡K G‡Ki ci GK weivU weivU c` `vb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb

Zv‡`i‡K Ggb me my‡hvM-myweav `vb K‡ib, hv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨

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15

mvaviYfv‡e mgv‡jvPbvi j¶¨e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ nq|Ó (Aveyj Avjv

gI ~`x, †LjvdZ I ivRZš¿, Abyev` t †Mvjvg †mvenvb wmwÏKx, XvKv

t AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, Aóg cÖKvk t RyjvB 2008, c„ôv t 106) GUv

Z…Zxq Ljxdv Dmgvb ivwhAvjøvû Avbûi weiæ‡× weiæ×ev`x‡`i GKUv

lohš¿ gvÎ|

3. Iqvnx †jLK gyAvweqv ivwhqvjøvû Avbû m¤ú‡K© gI ~`x wj‡Lb,

ÒnhiZ gyqvweqv iv.-i kvmbvg‡j GKwU wbK…óZg †e`AvZ Pvjy nq|

wZwb wb‡R Ges Zvi Mfb©iMY wg¤v‡i `vwo‡q LyZevq nhiZ Avjx

iv.-i Dci cÖKv‡k¨ Mvj-g›` ïiæ K‡ib|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x,

†LjvdZ I ivRZš¿, Abyev` t †Mvjvg †mvenvb wmwÏKx, XvKv t

AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, 8g cÖKvk t RyjvB 2008, c„ôv t 171) GUv wQj

gyAvweqv ivwhqvjøvû Avbû I Zuvi Mfb©i‡`i Dci kxAv1i mvRv‡bv

GKUv RNb¨Zg wg_¨v Acev`| (`ªóe¨ t eyLvix kixd, evey gvbvwK‡e

Avjx ivwhAvjøvû Avbû)

4. wZwb Av‡iv wj‡Lb, ÒMbxg‡Zi gvj e›U‡bi e¨vcv‡iI nhiZ gyqvweqv

iv. wKZveyjøvn& Ges mybœv‡Z ivm~‡ji ¯úó weav‡bi weiæ×vPiY K‡ib|Ó

(Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x, †LjvdZ I ivRZš¿, Abyev` t †Mvjvg †mvenvb

wmwÏKx, XvKv t AvaywbK cÖKvkbx, Aóg cÖKvk t RyjvB 2008, c„ôv t

172) gI`~`x †h NUbvi Dci wfwË K‡i gyAvweqv ivwhqvjøvû Avbûi

Dci GZ eo wg_¨v Acev` Av‡ivc Ki‡jb BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv

Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, D³ NUbvq gyAvweqv ivwhqvjøvû Avbû wKZveyjøvn&

I mybœv‡Z ivm~‡ji weavb‡K mgybœZ K‡i‡Qb Ges GUv Zuvi

†M․i‡ev¾j KxwZ© wnmv‡e MY¨| (gyLZvmvi Zvix‡L Be‡b AvmvwKi,

gyAvweqv ivwhqvjøvû Avbûi Rxebx Aa¨vq)

mybœv‡Z ivm~‡ji Dci AvµgY

mKj gymjgv‡bi Rvbv Av‡Q †h, bex mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg I

mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi gZ `uvwo ivLv Bmjv‡gi Ask| wKš‘ gI`~`x Zuv‡`i gZ

eo `uvwo ivLv‡K mybœvZ †Zv gv‡bbB bv, eis Zvi g‡Z G‡K mybœvZ g‡b

Kiv GK k³ we`AvZ Ges `x‡bi wec¾bK weK…wZ| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb,

ÒDm&Iqv, mybœvZ Ges we`AvZ cÖf…wZ cwifvlvi †hme A_© Avcbv‡`i

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16

†mw`‡K mvaviYfv‡e cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K Avwg åvšÍ, eis Øx‡bi

weK…wZKvix g‡b Kwi| Ôim~j mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg h‡Zv j¤^v `vwo

†i‡L‡Qb ZZ j¤^v `vwo ivLvB n‡jv mybœv‡Z im~j ev DmIqv‡q im~jÕ,

Avcbvi G aviYvi A_© GB `uvovq †h Avcwb im~‡ji Af¨vm‡K ûeû

im~‡ji †mB mybœv‡Zi mggh©v`v m¤úbœ g‡b K‡i‡Qb, hv Rvwi I cÖwZôv

Kivi R‡b¨ bex cvK mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avw¤qv‡q

wKivg †cÖwiZ n‡qwQ‡jb| Avgvi g‡Z GUv †h mybœv‡Zi mwVK msÁv bq

ïay ZvB bq, ei G m¤ú‡K© Avgvi AvKx`vB n‡jv, G ai‡bi wRwbm‡K

mybœvZ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv Ges Zvi Abymi‡bi R‡b¨ evovevwo Kiv GKUv

gvivZ¥K ai‡bi we`AvZ Ges GUv Øx‡bi GKUv wec¾bK weK…wZ hvi g›`

cwiYwZ c~‡e©I cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges fwel¨‡ZI cÖKvk nIqvi AvksKv

i‡q‡Q|Ó (Aveyj Avjv gI ~`x, ivmv‡qj I gvmv‡qj, cÖ_g LÐ, Abyev` t

Ave`ym knx` bvwmg, XvKv t kZvãx cÖKvkbx, lô gy`ªY t †m‡Þ¤i 2008,

c„ôv t 182-183)

cxi-AvDwjqv I ZvmvD‡di Dci AvµgY

ZvmvDd ev Bn&mvb (cxi-gywi`x) Øx‡bi Ask hvi Acwimxg ¸iæZ¡ KziAvb

I nv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ gI ~`x G e¨vcv‡i wj‡L‡Qb, ÒeZ©gv‡b whwb

ZvR`x‡` `x‡bi KvR Ki‡Z PvB‡eb Zuv‡K Aewk¨ mywd‡`i fvlv-cwifvlv,

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Kvi‡Y Zvi mvwn‡Z¨ A‡bK K_v fyj Ges R ygûi Djvgv‡q Avn&‡j mybœv‡Zi

cwicš’x|

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23

Z`ycwi wZwb Zvi iPbvejx‡Z c~e©m~wi Djvgv‡q wKivg GgbwK mvnvev

ivwhAvjøvû Avbûg m¤ú‡K© mgv‡jvPbvi †h So Zz‡j‡Qb Zv RNb¨Zg

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G‡Z kixK nIqv welcvb Zzj¨| ZvB gymjgvb‡`i Dci IqvwRe nj

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Acivci gymjgvb‡`i‡K Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx‡Z AskMÖnY Kiv †_‡K weiZ

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Avjøvgv †Mvjvg MvDm nvhviex ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

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wgR©v †Mvjvg Avngv` Kvw`qvbxi c‡i cvK-fvi‡Z Av‡iv eû wdZbv cq`v

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wkKv‡i cwiYZ n‡q e‡m| Øxb m¤ú‡K© AÁ Bs‡iwR wkw¶Z †jv‡KivI

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gynvwχm Kvexi Avjøvgv BEmyd we‡bœŠix ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

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Ggb ai‡bi fq¼i ZË¡ I e¨vL¨v we`¨gvb hØviv wbqgvbymv‡i Bj&‡g `x‡bi

AwfÁZv †_‡K ewÂZ bZyb eskai †Kej ¸givn& I c_åóB n‡e bv eis

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GkvAvZzj Dj~g, c„ôv t 4]

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gI ~`xi Kg©m~wPi cÖwZ Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡j I Zvi iPbvejx n‡Z hv

cÖgvwYZ nq Zv nj wZwb GK bZzb Bmjvg gymjgvb‡`i m¤§y‡L †ck Ki‡Z

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AvKvB` Øviv mvaviY gymjgvb †_‡K c„_K GKUv wdiKv|

2. Zv‡`i‡K †Kvb cÖKvi mvnvh¨ Kiv Rvwqh bq|

3. Zv‡`i mv‡_ AvZ¥xqZv Kiv •ea bq|

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4. Ggb e¨w³‡K Bgvg evbv‡bv Rvwqh bq|

hw` †Kvb gvmwR‡` G AvKx`vi Bgvg _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K eiLv¯Í Kivi †Póv

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jywaqvbex ivn&., Avn&mvbyj dvZvIqv (D ~©), cÖ_g LÐ, w`jøx t evsjv

BmjvwgK GKv‡Wwg, wØZxq cÖKvk t gvP© 1998 Cmvqx, c„ôv t 329]

gvIjvbv Avãyj nK ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

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Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx BwZnv‡m GKUv RNb¨Zg wdZbv| Gi g‡a¨ GKvav‡i

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i‡q‡Q| GUv Kvw`qvbx wdZbv A‡c¶vI gvivZ¥K, m~²`k©x Avwjg-Djvgv

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GKUv bZzb ag©, Bmjv‡gi bv‡g GKUv Bmjvg‡`ªvnx Awfhvb| G‡`i

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fviZ, cvwK Ívb Ges evsjv‡`‡ki kxl© ’vbxq nv°vbx Avwjg-Djvgv,

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_vK‡Z mKj‡K Av‡e`b Rvbv‡bv Avgvi agx©q KZ©e¨ g‡b KiwQ| [Avjøvgv

gynv¤§v` Zvwni ivn&., Bmjv‡gi bv‡g GKwU b~Zb ag©, KwjKvZv t g`bx

wgkb eyK wW‡cv, cÖKvkKvj t 1975 Bs‡iwR, c„ôv t 118-119]

gvIjvbv kvgmyj nK dwi`cyix ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

gayi bv‡g wel

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djwU wQj wZ³-welv³ wele„‡¶i weldj, †jsov Avg bq| wKš‘ Avgvi

gZ ’~j`k©x AÁ hviv Zviv g‡b Kij †h Lye fvj nj, Avgiv mn‡R mywgó

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bv|

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AbyKiY-AbymiY Kiv hv‡e bv| (` Í~‡i Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx)

K_v KwU KZ my›`i! Avgiv g‡b Kijvg wki&K-we`Av‡Zi me AÜKvi `~i

n‡q †Mj, ZvInx‡`i Av‡jv‡K RMZ Av‡jvwKZ n‡q DVj| wKš‘ m~²`kx©

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†`vlPP©v bv Kwi, KviY mvnvev ivwhqvjøvû Avbûg‡`i cªwZ cÖMvp fw³ Ges

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mvaviY cvVKw`M‡KI g Í eo †auvKv w`‡Z AccÖqvm K‡i‡Qb| [gvIjvbv

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kvgmyj nK dwi`cyix ivn&., fyj ms‡kvab (evsjv), XvKv t BmjvwgK

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Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó †h †KD †Kvb GKRb mvnvexi wg_¨v †`vlPP©v K‡i‡Qb, Zvi

Aek¨ Dc‡iv³ wbq‡g ZvIev Ki‡Z n‡e| [gvIjvbv kvgmyj nK dwi`cyix

ivn&., fyj ms‡kvab (evsjv), XvKv t BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, `kg

ms¯‥iY t Ryb 2010, c„ôv t 124]

AvKvwe‡i D¤§v‡Zi me©m¤§Z dvZIqv

[1951 Lªx÷v‡ãi 1jv AvM÷ Rwgq‡Z Djvgv‡q wn‡›`i w`jøx ’ Kvh©vj‡q

AbywôZ Djvgv-gvkvB‡Li m‡¤§j‡b gI ~`x I Zvi gZev` m¤ú‡K©

me©m¤§Zfv‡e wbgœwjwLZ wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| G‡Z Dcw ’Z AvwjgM‡Yi

g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb 1. gydZx wKdvqvZzjøvn& ivn&., 2. kvqLyj Bmjvg

mvwq¨` ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx ivn&., 3. nvKxgyj Bmjvg Kvix Zvwq¨e

ivn&., mv‡eK gyn&Zvwgg, `viæj Dj~g †`Ie›`, 4. gvIjvbv Avãyj jZxd

ivn&., mv‡eK gyn&Zvwgg, gvhvwniæj Dj~g mvnvivbcyi, 5. gvIjvbv nvwdh

hvKvwiqv ivn&., kvqLyj nv`xm, gvhvwniæj Dj~g mvnvivbcyi, 6. gydZx

mvC` Avngv` ivn&., gvhvwniæj Dj~g mvnvivbcyi, 7. Avjøvgv mvC`

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30

Avngv` †`njex ivn&., 8. kvqLyj Av`e Bhvh Avjx ivn&., `viæj Dj~g

†`Ie›`, 9. gIjvbv nvexeyi ivngvb jywaqvbex ivn&., 10. Avjøvgv mvwq¨`

gynv¤§v` wgqv ivn&. cÖgyL|]

gI ~`x I ÔRvgvqv‡Z BmjvgxÕi mvwnZ¨ mvaviY gvby‡li Dci Ggb cÖfve

we Ívi K‡i †h, wn`vqv‡Zi BgvgM‡Yi AbymiY †_‡K ¯vaxb I m¤úK©nxb

K‡i †`q hv Zv‡`i Rb¨ aŸsm I ¸givnxi KviY n‡q _v‡K| Øx‡bi mv‡_

m¤úK© ’vcbKvix gvby‡li Rb¨ mvnvev‡q wKivg I c~e©eZx© eyhyM©‡`i mv‡_

†h m¤úK© eRvq ivLv Acwinvh© Zv‡Z wkw_jZv G‡m hvq| GQvovI

gI ~`xi A‡bK M‡elYv, Z_¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e fyj Ges Zvi wPšÍv-†PZbv †_‡K

bZzb Av½x‡K Av‡iK wdZbvi m„wó n‡q‡Q hv wbtm‡›`‡n gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨

Awbevh© ¶wZKi| G Kvi‡YB Avgiv Zvi wPšÍv-†PZbvi Øviv cwiPvwjZ

Av‡›`vjb‡K åvšÍ I gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ ÿwZKi g‡b Kwi| Gi mv‡_

Avgv‡`i mK‡ji m¤úK©nxbZviI †NvlYv w`w”Q| [gvwmK `viæj Dj~g

(D ~©), hxKvÕ`v 1370 wnRix; ‣`wbK Avj-RwgqZ (D ~©), 3 AvM÷ 1951

Cmvqx]

Zvbhx‡g Avn&‡j mybœvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZ evsjv‡`k

[msMVbwUi c¶ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki kxl© ’vbxq 617 Rb Avwjg gI ~`x I

Zvi gZev‡` wek¦vmx ÔRvgvqv‡Z BmjvgxÕ m¤ú‡K© me©m¤§Zfv‡e wbgœwjwLZ

wm×všÍ †ck K‡ib]

gI ~`xcš’x Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx Avn&‡j mybœvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZ ewnf~©Z

GKUv †Mvgivn& wdiKv| G †Mvgivn& wdiKvq †hvM`vb Kiv, me© cÖKvi

mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv I mg_©b Kiv Ges Bgvg wbhy³ Kiv, G‡`i mv‡_

AvZ¥xqZv Kiv, G‡`i‡K Bmjv‡gi bv‡g †fvU †`qv ev †fvU †`qvi mg_©‡b

K_v ejv kixAv‡Zi `„wó‡Z m¤ú~Y© bvRvwqh| ... ... ... GB gZev‡`i

aviK-evnK I G‡`i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z mKj mn‡hvMx kw³ nKcš’x Djvgv-

gvkvwq‡L wKiv‡gi `„wó‡Z †Mvgivn& Ges Zviv gvivZ¥K cÖZviYvi wkKvi|Ó

(Djvgv-gvkv‡q‡Li AvnŸvb t gI ~`xcš’x RvgvZ-wkwei wdZbv †_‡K

mZK© _vKzb, cÖKvkK t Avjøvgv kvgmyÏxb Kvwmgx ivn&. I gvIjvbv b~i

ûmvBb Kvwmgx, cÖKvkKvj t Rvbyqvwi 1996, c„ôv t 37-39)

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31

Av‡iv †hme wek¦weL¨vZ Djvgv‡q wKivg gI ~`x wdZbv m¤‡Ü gvbyl‡K

mZK© K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb t

01. nvKxgyj Bmjvg Kvix Zvwq¨e ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

02. kvqLyj Av`e GÕhvh Avjx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

03. Avjøvgv mvwq¨` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`ex ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

04. Avjøvgv mvqx` Avng` kvq‡L nvBjvKv›`x ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

05. Avjøvgv gykvwn` evqgcyix ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

06. Avjøvgv gvbh~i bygvbx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

07. wd`v‡q wgjøvZ mvwq¨` Avm&Av` gv`vbx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

08. dL&‡i ev½vj Avjøvgv ZvRyj Bmjvg ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

09. gvIjvbv Avãyj Kixg kvq‡L †KŠwoqv ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

10. gvIjvbv Avãyj gZxb †PŠayix kvq‡L dzjevox ivn&.

11. gvIjvbv gynv¤§v`yjøvn& nv‡d¾x ûRyi ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

12. gvIjvbv ekxi Avngv` kvq‡L evNv ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

13. Avjøvgv kdxKzj nK AvKzbx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

14. gvIjvbv Avãyj nK kvq‡L MvRxbMix ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

15. kvqL Avãyjøvn& nwicyix ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

16. gydZx b~iæj nK kvq‡L RwKMÄx `vgvZ evivKvZzûg

17. gydZx mvqx` Avng` cvjbcyix `vgvZ evivKvZzûg

18. gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx `vgvZ evivKvZzûg

19. gvIjvbv DevB`yj nK ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn, mv‡eK LZxe, evqZzj

gyKvi&ivg, XvKv|

20. gvIjvbv Avngv` kdx `vgvZ evivKvZzûg, gyn&Zvwgg, `viæj Dj~g

nvUnvRvix, PUªMÖvg|

UxKv t 1. kxAvÕi K‡qKwU †gŠwjK AvKx`v

evi Bgv‡g wek¦vm t kxAv m¤cÖ`vq bex Kvixg mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv

mvjøvg cieZ©x 12 Rb e¨w³‡K Bgvg e‡j wek¦vm K‡i, Avi G wek¦vm

Zv‡`i Cgv‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| BgvgMY ivm~j I wb®úvc wQ‡jb|

GgbwK Avjx ivwhqvjøvû Avbûi Dci Cgvb Avbv Avgv‡`i bex mvjøvjøvû

AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøv‡gi DciI IqvwRe wQj| BgvgM‡Yi gh©v`v m¤ú‡K©

Biv‡bi kxAv wecø‡ei †bZv AvqvZzjøvn& iƒûjøvn& †Lv‡gbx wj‡L‡Qb,

ÒAvgv‡`i ag©xq AvKx`v GB †h, Avgv‡`i evi Bgv‡gi D”P gh©v`vi ͇i

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32

Avjøvn&i wbKUeZ©x †Kvb wdwik&Zv I Zuvi †cÖwiZ †Kvb ivm~j †cu․Q‡Z

cvi‡eb bv|Ó (AvqvZzjøvn& iƒûjøvn& †Lv‡gbx, Avj-ûKzgvZzj Bmjvwgqv)

wZwb Av‡iv wj‡L‡Qb, Òg„Zy¨i mgq kvnv`vZvBb I evi Bgv‡gi

¯xKv‡ivw³i ZvjKxb †`qv gy Ívnve|Ó (AvqvZzjøvn& iƒûjøvn& †Lv‡gbx,

Zvnixiæj Iqvmxjv, cÖ_g LÐ, c„ôv t 65)

KziAvb m¤ú‡K© wek¦vm t G KziAvb Avmj KziAvb bq, eis Zv weK…Z I

fyj| mvnvev‡q wKivg we‡klZ Ave~ evK&i, Dgvi I Dmgvb ivwhqvjøvû

Avbûg Zuv‡`i ¯v‡_© Zv weK…Z K‡i‡Qb (bvEhy wejøvn&)| Avmj KziAvb

m‡Zi nvRvi AvqvZwewkó hv Avn&‡j evq‡Zi Kv‡Q msiw¶Z wQj| Øv`k

Bgvg GUv wb‡q GKUv ¸nvq AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i Av‡Qb| wKqvgv‡Zi c~‡e©

wZwb Zv wb‡q AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡eb| GQvov Zviv Zv‡`i åvšÍ AvKx`vi c‡¶

`jxj¯iƒc KziAv‡bi †ek K‡qKUv Avqv‡Zi Ace¨L¨v K‡i‡Q| (Dm~‡j Kvdx

ªóe¨)

mvnvev we‡Øl t Zv‡`i wek¦vm †h, bex Kvixg mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv

mvjøv‡gi Idv‡Zi ci Pvi Rb mvnvex e¨ZxZ evwK mevB gyiZv` n‡q

wM‡qwQ‡jb| GgbwK cÖ_g wZb Ljxdv Ave~ evK&i, Dgvi, Dmgvb Ges

Av¤§vRvb Avwqkv I nvdmv ivwhAvjøvû Avbûg bex mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv

mvjøv‡gi RxeÏkvqB gybvwdK wQ‡jb| Zv‡`i wKZv‡e Av‡Q, ÒRvnvbœv‡g

Av¸‡bi GKUv K~c Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Av¸‡bi GKUv ev· Av‡Q|

RvnvbœvgxMY Gi Zvc †_‡K cvbvn& Pvq| H ev‡· evi e¨w³ ew›` Av‡Q|

Qq Rb c~e©eZ©x D¤§v‡Zi, Avi evwK Qq Rb G D¤§v‡Zi| c~e©eZ©x D¤§v‡Zi

Qq Rb nj Kvexj, bgiƒ`, wdiAvDb, mv‡jn& AvjvBwnm mvjv‡gi Dóªxi

NvZK I ebx BmivC‡ji `yÕRb Ges G D¤§v‡Zi Qq Rb n‡”Q (bvEhy

wejøvn&) Ave~ evK&i, Dgvi, Dmgvb, gyAvweqv, bvn&ivIqvb I Be‡b

gyjwRg|Ó (gynv¤§v` evwKi gRwjmx, nv°zj BqvKxb, †Znivb t

Bb‡Zkviv‡Z Kvwqg, c„ôv t 503)

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33

gI ~`x wPšÍvavivi åvwšÍ I fqvenZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv Rvb‡Z n‡j co–b

Aviex I D ~© fvlvq iwPZ wKZvevw`

01. Avj D¯Ívhyj gI ~`x

Avjøvgv BEmyd we‡bœ․ix ivn &gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

02. wdZbv‡q gI ~w`q¨vZ

kvqLyj nv`xm gynv¤§v` hvKvwiqv ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

03. gI`~`x ` Í~i AvIi AvKvB` Kx nvKxKZ

kvqLyj Bmjvg mvwq¨` ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx ivn&.

04. Cgvb Iqv Avgvj

kvqLyj Bmjvg mvwq¨` ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx ivn&.

05. gvKZ~‡e wn`vqvZ

kvqLyj Bmjvg mvwq¨` ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx ivn&.

06. Avm‡i nvwhi †gu `xb Kx Zvdnxg Iqv Zvkixn

Avjøvgv mvwq¨` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`ex ivn&.

07. gvIjvbv gI`~`x †K mv_ †gix widvKZ Kx mvi¸hvk&Z

Avjøvgv gvbh~i bygvbx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

08. Avqbv‡q Zvnix‡K gI`~w`q¨vZ

gydZx gvn`x nvmvb ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

09. Zvexi Kx MvjvZx

gvIjvbv Iqvnx`yÏxb Lvb

10. `xb Kx wmqvmx Zvexi

gvIjvbv Iqvnx`yÏxb Lvb

11. Zvn&ix‡K Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx GK Zvn&KxKx gyZvjvqv

W±i Bmivi Avngv`

12. gvKv‡g mvnvev

gydZx‡q Avhg gynv¤§v` kdx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

13. nhiZ gyAvweqv ivwhqvjøvû Avbû AvIi ZvixLx nvKvwqK

gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx `vgvZ evivKvZzûg

14. dvZvIqv‡q gvn&g~w`qv, cÖ_g LÐ

gydZx gvng~` Mvs¸nx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

15. Avn&mvbyj dvZvIqv, cÖ_g LÐ

gydZx ikx` Avngv` jywaqvbex ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

16. GL‡Zjv‡d D¤§vZ AvIi wmiv‡Z gy ÍvKxg

gvIjvbv BEmyd jywaqvbex ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

17. gI`~`x mv‡ne AvKvwe‡i D¤§vZ Kx bhi †gu

gvIjvbv nvKxg gynv¤§v` AvLZvi ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

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gI ~`x wPšÍvavivi åvwšÍ I fqvenZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv Rvb‡Z n‡j co–b

evsjv fvlvq cÖwYZ eBmg~n

01. gvIjvbv gI`~`xi mv‡_ Avgvi mvnP‡h©i BwZe„Ë I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½

iPbvq t Avjøvgv gvbh~i bygvbx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

fvlvšÍ‡i t gvIjvbv b~iæj Kexi Avbmvix

02. Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgxi MVbZš¿ I gI`~`x AvKx`vi ¯iƒc

g~j t kvqLyj Bmjvg mvwq¨` ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx ivn&.

fvlvšÍ‡i t Ave~ mvwei gynv¤§v` Ave`yj øvn&

03. Cgv‡bi Av‡jv‡K bex I mvnvex

Avjøvgv dix` DÏxb gvmE` `vgvZ evivKvZzûg

04. åvwšÍi a~¤ªRv‡j Bmjvg

g~j t gydZx b~iæj nK `vgvZ evivKvZzûg

Abyev` t Zydv‡qj Avngv` †P․ayix

05. mvnvev‡`i gvb

Avjøvgv gynv¤§v` Zvwni ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

06. BwZnv‡mi KvVMovq nhiZ gyAvweqv iv.

g~j t gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx `vgvZ evivKvZzûg, mv‡eK wePvicwZ, mywcÖg

†KvU©, cvwK¯Ívb|

Abyev` t Avey Zv‡ni †gmevn&

07. fyj ms‡kvab

gvIjvbv kvgmyj nK dwi`cyix ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

08. m‡Z¨i gvcKvwV

gvIjvbv Avãyj gZxb †P․ayix kvq‡L dzjevox ivn&.

09. Bmjv‡gi ivR‣bwZK e¨vL¨v

g~j t Avjøvgv mvwq¨` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`ex ivn&.

Abyev` t gvIjvbv Avãyjøvn& dviƒK

10. Djvgv-gvkvB‡Li `„wó‡Z gI ~`x I gI`~`xev`

g~j t nvKxg gynv¤§v` AvLZvi ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

Abyev` t gvIjvbv evnvDÏxb hvKvwiqv

11. gI`~`xev‡`i ¯^iƒc mÜv‡b

g~j t gydZx gvng~` Mvs¸nx ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

Abyev` t bvmxg AvivdvZ I gvIjvbv gynv¤§v` Ave~ g~mv

12. gI`~`x mv‡ne I Bmjvg

g~j t gydZx ikx` Avngv` jywaqvbex ivn&gvZzjøvwn AvjvBwn

Abyev` t gvIjvbv gyRxeyi ingvb Puv`cyix

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