Guide to implementing person-centred practice in your health … Website/Resources... · 2016-05-26 · Action Plan What is the problem? How person centred am I? 1. Select an assessment

Person Centred Practice

Guide to implementing person-centred practice in your health service

Photo: © 2008 ABC

Guide to Implementing person-centred care in your health service – July 2008

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Table of contents

Page

Section 1: Concept of person centred practice 1 Philosophy of care 2

- What is person centred practice? 2 - Why is person centred practice important? 2 - Principles of person centred practice 3

- How and when to apply these tools 4 Section 2: Improving person-centred practices 5 How can I become more person centred in my practice? 6 STEP 1 and 2: Assess - How person centred am I? 7 STEP 3 and 4: Objectives – On which area of person centred practice should I work? 8 STEP 5: Action plan - How do I become more person centred in my practice? 10

STEP 6: Evaluation 11

Section 3: Resource Section 12 Where can I find out more on person centred practice? 13

- How to find relevant resources 14 - Some resources that have been found for you 15

Barriers and enablers 16 Section 4: Supplements Supplement 1: Person centred Practice Assessment Instruments Supplement 2: Other Person-centred Practice Resources Bibliography


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Section 1: The concept of person centred practice

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Major concepts: • Definition for person centred care • “We are human beings; our patients or

clients are human beings; and it is shared humanity that should be the basis of the relationship between us” (Curtin, 1979).

• The assessment and delivery of person centred practice will be different for each individual, team and organisation.

Philosophy of care The philosophy that underpins the information presented in this toolkit is that of person centred care. The National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission (2008) has recommended ‘people and family centred care’ as the first principle for guiding the delivery of health care. It describes this as health care that is responsive to the individual differences, cultural diversity and the preferences of people receiving care, and is achieved partly through providing choice in health care. In addition, it is recommended that pathways of care should be easy to navigate and care should be provided in the most favourable environment (National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission, 2008).

What is person centred practice? Person centred practice for older persons is treatment and care provided by health services [that] places the person at the centre of their own care and considers the needs of the older person’s carers (Victorian Government Department of Human Services, 2003). It is also known as person centred care, patient-centred care and client-centred care. Person centred practice is treating patients/clients, as they want to be treated. This might include considering concepts such as dignity and respect. Curtin encapsulated this when he wrote we “are human beings, our patients or clients are human beings, and it is shared humanity that should be the basis of the relationship between us” (Curtin, 1979). Individuality of person centred practice. Culture change is a long-term effort. It starts with analysing individual, team or organisation practice to identify areas requiring development. For this reason, this document does not contain recipes, but rather tools to allow each individual, team and organisation to take the journey improve in the areas that are important to them. By the end of reading this document, you will have identified unique needs to work on, and designed unique action plans – just as when you are working with patients and clients you will assess their unique needs and deliver unique treatment plans.


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Why is person centred practice important?

It makes sense that…

…when you get to know the patient or client well, you can provide care more specific to their needs and therefore better care. …by promoting and facilitating greater patient and client responsibility, patients and clients are more likely to engage in treatment decisions, feel supported to make behavioural changes and empowered to self manage.

A recent literature review found that person centred practice could make a positive difference to health outcomes, patient and client satisfaction and can improve one’s sense of professional worth (Department of Human Services, 2006).

Principles of person centred care 1.Getting to know the patient or client as a person: This focuses on building a relationship between the clinician and the patient/client and carers. Health professionals need to get to know the person beyond their diagnosis. 2. Sharing of power and responsibility: This focuses on respecting preferences. It includes treating patients / clients as partners when setting goals, planning care and making decisions about care, treatment or outcomes.

3. Accessibility and flexibility: This focuses on meeting patients and clients individual needs by being sensitive to values, preference and expressed needs. It also focuses on giving the patient / client choice by giving timely, complete and accurate information in a manner they can understand so they can make choices about their care. 4. Coordination and integration: This is about teamwork. It includes working together to minimise duplication and providing each patient / client with a key contact at the health agency. It also involves service providers and systems working “seamlessly” behind the scenes to maximise patient outcomes and provide them with a positive experience. 5. Environments: The environment refers to both the physical and the organisational / cultural environment. This is focused on having an environment that enables staff to be person centred in the way they work.

Major concept: Principles of person centred practice 1. Getting to know the patient or client as a

person 2. Sharing of power and responsibility 3. Accessibility and flexibility 4. Coordination and integration of care by the

service provider 5. Having an environment that is conducive to

person centred care both for the service providers and service users

(Victorian Department of Human Services, 2006)


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How and when to apply these tools The information in this chapter can be used to assist individuals, teams or organisations to make changes to their practice. Listed are some suggestions on how you may approach this for different intended outcomes. Also listed are some key considerations to achieve a successful outcome.

Key factors for success • Receiving active executive support • Planning is important and should be

ongoing via critical reflection and evaluation and refinement of action plans

• Appoint a project champion • Draw attention to the need for

change • Create a sense of urgency • Work across teams; involve staff

from multiple disciplines & levels • Make dedicated time initially to

assess practice and develop some objectives, to avoid the increasing work loads for clinicians

• Use every team meeting to reinforce the principles and importance of person centred care

• Use person centred practice principles when measuring performance within the organisation

Possible approaches to reviewing person centred practice Approach Outcome Actions

• During team planning • As a team building exercise • To review / assess current practice

Teams or organisation make changes in their practice

• Individual clinicians complete an assessment instrument on their own. A team member or facilitator collates the results for the entire team

OR Complete an assessment instrument in a group, as a team • Discuss the results of the assessment as a team and develop objectives and an action plan together

• During performance appraisals

Individual to make changes in their own practice

• Individual clinicians complete an assessment instrument on their own • Individual clinicians develop a personal action plan and shares this with supervisor

• To assist performance management

Individual to make changes in their own practice

• Individual and supervisor complete assessment instrument together

OR Individual and supervisor complete the assessment instrument separately • Discuss the results of the assessment together and compare to previous times

• Education / information sharing

Culture change

• Using principles of person-centred practice placed as screen savers or emails • Place emotive posters of older people and caring health professionals on walls • Conduct workshops for example the Enhancing Practice Program (see supplement 2) • Embed this culture by highlighting it at all staff orientation programs


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Section 2:

Improving person centred practice in practice

© ABC 2008


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How can I become more person centred?

First you need to decide who will participate in a review on person centred practice. This is important, as the assessment you choose will need to suit the individuals, teams or organisation chosen. Then, follow the steps below to help you, your team or your organisation, become more person centred in practice.

How will I know if my practice is more person centred? 6: Evaluate. This might involve using the assessment instrument you used in step 2. Some other ideas for evaluation are discussed in this section.

What area should I address to become more person centred in my practice? Reflect on the findings from your assessment. Consider the impact you would like to make in relation to person centred care and how achievable it will be to make that impact. Now: 3: Write objectives and 4: Prioritise them

Step 3 and 4 Objectives

Step 6 Evaluation

Step 5 Action Plan

What is the problem? How person centred am I? 1. Select an assessment instrument that best fits your role.

2. Complete the assessment to determine your current strengths and weaknesses in terms of person centred practice.

How do I become more person centred in practice? 5: Develop an action plan for your high priority objectives. This involves identifying the steps you might need to take to become more person centred in your chosen area of practice. One of your actions might be to find resources on a particular subject. The resource section will help you with this.

Step 1 and 2 Assess


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Step 1 and 2: Assess How person centred am I?

Tools to assess the strengths and weaknesses of you and/or your team in relation to person centred practice can have three main purposes:

1) To help identify particular areas in which you and/or your team might like to improve, and to direct you to resources that might help;

2) For comparison purposes to evaluate how far you may have come once you have changed your practice; and

3) To allow for benchmarking with like services.

Note: The more reflective and honest you are when completing these assessment instruments, the more useful your results will be.

There are a few approaches that can be taken to assess how person centred your practices are: - Self assessment - Observation - Client feedback - Other approaches such as evaluating practice process,

health behaviours and health status. When deciding which assessment instrument to use, consider: - The target: are the participants at an clinical, team or the

organisation level? - Time: how much time would you like participants to spend

on the assessment? - Purpose: For some ideas see page four. If you plan to complete an assessment of person centred practices at an organisation or team level, then use of the ‘Strategies for Leadership: A hospital Self- Assessment Inventory’ is recommended. If you plan complete an assessment of person centred practices at an individual or team level, then use of the ‘Person Centred Practice: Benchmarking Survey’ is recommended. Other self-assessment including ones that focus on the environment, nurse practices and attitudes are summarised in Supplement 1. Measurement instruments that use an observation, client feedback or other approach are also summarised in Supplement 1. Many of these are identified in the Cochrane review on interventions that promote a patient-centred approach (Lewin, Skea, Entwistle, Zwarenstein, & Dick, 2001).

Actions

STEP1: Select an assessment instrument - Organisations and teams: consider using the

“Strategies for Leadership” instrument - Individuals and teams: consider using the “Person

Centred Care Benchmarking Survey” - For additional assessment instruments, see

supplement 1

STEP2: Complete the assessment instrument


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Step 3 and 4: Objectives On which area should I work?

Actions

STEP 3: Determine your objectives

STEP 4: Determine priority of objectives Highest priority will be given to objectives that: - currently have poor performance, - will have a large impact on patient care, and - can be realistically achieved.

should consider what is within your “sphere of influence”. This means selecting an objective that you really can achieve. You should also identify who has the authority to make / endorse a change in your area of interest. You might like to talk over your idea with your supervisor / manager or other team members, as this will increase your power or “influence” to make the change. You also need to consider what is feasible to tackle with available resources.

Relevant: The objective needs to be relevant to your patient / client group, your team and your health service. In this case it should also be relevant to the principles of person centred practice

Timeframe: These will help keep the project on track

SMART objectives

Specific: To be specific, include detail on exactly what you are hoping to achieve

Measurable: Consider how you will know if you have achieved the objective

Achievable: To determine if an objective is achievable, you

Not everyone will have the same strengths and weaknesses when it comes to person centred practice. Reflecting on the results or themes that arose from the assessment instrument you have just completed may help you to define some objectives. What is an objective? An objective is essentially what you hope to achieve, or what you would like to be different as a result of your actions. It is generally the longer-term result or outcome you would like to obtain. It can be helpful to state your objectives in “SMART” terms, that is, an objective should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and have a Timeframe.


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Feasibility Difficult to

achieve Somewhere in

between Easily achieved

Minor Impact

Leave it for later Leave it for later Plan for it soon

Moderate Impact

Leave it for later Plan for it soon Plan for it soon

Impa

ct o

n pa

tient

High Impact

Plan for it soon Act on it now Act on it now

On which objectives should I work first? It is recommended you prioritise highly those objectives that:

- will have a large impact on patient care, and

- you are able to achieve (sits within you sphere of influence).

To help you prioritise, you may choose to use the matrix provided. Using a matrix may help you combine information on the feasibility of an objective and the impact achieving it will have on patient care, to determine what priority level to assign each objective.


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Step 5: Action plan - How do I become more person centred in my practice?

Action

STEP 5: Develop an action plan

Action plans are used to help you think through and document the steps you might need to take to achieve a change in practice. An action plan provides a timetable of events that sets out exactly how an objective will be achieved. Once you have identified the area of person centered practice upon which you would like to work, you need to establish some manageable tasks that will help you achieve an improvement in this area. Each task should be small enough to be completed in one sitting. Fill in the template below. An example of an action plan is also provided. If the problem is at a team or organisational level, the action plan should be completed with your team.

Action Plan Template Problem

On which area do you want to work?

Objective What do you hope to learn / achieve?

Actions What are the steps you need to take? What are the time frames to achieve these steps?

Resources Who are the people and what are the resources you need? (Consider information, time and cost.)

Evaluation How will you know that you have achieved your goal?

Difficulty getting patients to name a goal

Set collaborative goals with each patient at the first assessment & review them weekly

11th Jan: Speak with supervisor for advice 20th Jan: Research collaborative goal setting 30th Jan: Share knowledge of collaborative goal setting with my team 14th Feb: Meet with team to discuss new format for case conference that supports collaborative goal setting

Information: NARI website has work place examples People: Manager Time: Two hours to look at goal setting information. Meet with supervisor fortnightly to review progress Cost: nil

‐ I set collaborative goals with all of my clients and can report on them at each patient’s first case conference ‐ I score better on this section of the assessment instrument


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Step 6: Evaluation - How will I know if my practice is more person centred?

Action

STEP 6: Evaluate

Evaluation will be built into each action plan. While you are planning how you will makes changes to practice, you will also be planning how you will evaluate the impact of those changes. The evaluation for each objective will be specific to each objective.

Evaluating the broader picture of person centred care as a philosophy of care, takes additional planning. Changes to philosophy of care, or organisational culture, take a long time to achieve. Therefore the evaluation you choose will need to be sensitive to small changes, as the full effect of your actions may not be witnessed until some time in the future. Generally evaluation involves repeating the assessment you initially competed to see if there are different results. The two assessments recommended, the “Strategies for Leadership” assessment and the “Person Centred Care Benchmarking Survey”, both use 5-point scales, which are more sensitive than assessment instruments that only use yes/no answers. However these assessment instruments might only show significant change following a significant amount of time (perhaps a year). Some additional question you may ask to evaluate the changes you have made in the short term could include:

• What actions have taken place in comparison to the objectives and action plans set? • What observations and results (planned and unexpected) have been achieved? • What lessons have been learned that can be applied elsewhere? • How can these lessons be communicated? • What can be done to further improve practice?

If your objective has been achieved, then share the success with your team and start the cycle again by defining a new objective. If you have not completely achieved your objective you may wish assess what has been accomplished and define new objectives to meet remaining needs.


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Section 3: Resource Section

© ABC 2008


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Where can I find out more on person centred practice?

How to find relevant resources

If you have access to a library, the librarian may be able to assist you with finding relevant resources. If not, then below is some information on how to find resources.

Major concepts: • Learn how to search for resources

using database and web search engines,

• Or use the resources provided for you.

To find the most useful resources or information when using a search engine, you need to be clear about what information it is you are seeking to find. Asking the ‘right’ question will help you to determine the keywords you will enter to direct your search. One way of formulating the right question is by using the PICO model.

Not all of the resources available on person centred practice are published. For this reason you may need to perform a web based search as well as a database search

You can find more information on searching for the right resources using databases and an evidence based practice approach at http://www.mihsr.monash.org/cce/pdf/ebpworkbook2006.pdf (Centre for Clinical Effectiveness, 2006).

You can find more information on searching for the right resources using a web browser, by reading your preferred web browsers search guide. Some general tips are:

The PICO model: P Patient / Problem What are the important E.g. aged

characteristics of your care patients / clients?

I Intervention or Indicator Which main intervention, E.g. prognostic factor, or exposure collaborative are you considering? goal setting

C Comparison What is the main alternative E.g. to compare with the therapist intervention? goal setting

O Outcome What can you hope to E.g. patient accomplish, measure, satisfaction

• Choose descriptive and specific keywords. The more keywords, the more specific and relevant your search will be.

improve or affect?

• Use quotes for an exact match. For example, if you enter the words “person centred practice” (with quotation marks) your search should result in web pages in which these three words appear in that order.

• Most web browsers will automatically search for stem variations (for example, using the word “practice” will also search the word “practices”), synonyms, abbreviations and words that might be combined or split.


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http://www.mihsr.monash.org/cce/pdf/ebpworkbook%202006.pdf

Some resources have been found for you

Person centred practice principles

Key elements

1 Getting to know the person

● Patient and family support ● Using a holistic assessment

2 Sharing power and Responsibility

● Goal setting ● Care planning / decision making ● Case conference ● Patients and families as advisors • Patient rights and responsibilities

3 Service flexibility and accessibility

● Information / education for patients and families ● Language and different cultures ● Resource availability to patients and families ● Triage so patient is seen by the best person

4 Coordination and integration

● Charting and documentation / minimising duplication ● Making sense of services including key person and single access point ● Discharge planning and post discharge follow up

5 Environment ● Leadership, mission statement and definition of quality, recruitment / orientation, use of volunteers ● Attitudes and organisation culture ● The physical environment ● Transport

Person Centred Practice TermsTabled below are some resources that provide information on one or more areas of person centred practice. The table is arranged by person centred practice principle and key element. You can find more information on these resources in supplement 2 including:

- A table arranged by target (ie organisation, team or individual focus)

- Reviews of each resource can be found in the Person-centred Practice Section of the Resource Reviews folder


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Person centred practice principles

Key elements Top 3 Resources (resource number and name)

Patient and family support

8 Client Centred Care: Nursing Best Practice Guideline. 16 Planetree organisation website

1 Getting to know the person Using a holistic assessment 9 Essence of Care. Patient-focused benchmarks for clinical governance.

Goal setting 6 Person-Centred Health Care Good Practice website. Care planning / decision making

3 Consumer, Carer and Community Participation Information. (website) 13 Respecting Patient Choices: An Advanced Care Planning Initiative 17 Ottawa Health and Research Unit

Case conference 6 Person-Centred Health Care Good Practice website. Patients and families as advisors and in quality improvement

3 Consumer, Carer and Community Participation Information. (website) 4 Institute for Family Centered Care (website) 2 Developing A New Approach To Koori Hospital Liaison Services Final Report.

2 Sharing power and Responsibility

Patients rights & responsibilities 15 Rehabilitation Charter Information / education for patients and families

3 Consumer, Carer and Community Participation Information. (website) 14 Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities 8 Client Centred Care: Nursing Best Practice Guideline.

Language and different cultures 10 Centre for Culture, Ethnicity and Health 11 The Picker Institute website

Resource availability to patients and families

6 Person-Centred Health Care Good Practice website 8 Client Centred Care: Nursing Best Practice Guideline. 16 Planetree organisation website

3 Service flexibility and accessibility

Triage 6 Person-Centred Health Care Good Practice website. Charting and documentation / minimising duplication

8 Client Centred Care: Nursing Best Practice Guideline. 9 Essence of Care. Patient-focused benchmarks for clinical governance.

Making sense of services including key person and single access point

11 The Picker Institute website 6 Person-Centred Health Care Good Practice website. 8 Client Centred Care: Nursing Best Practice Guideline.

4 Coordination and integration

Discharge planning and post discharge follow up

18 Incorporating patient and care concerns in discharge plans: …Patient centred checklist.7 Improving Care for Older People. 6 Person-Centred Health Care Good Practice website.

Leadership, mission statements, recruitment, use of volunteers, orientation, quality

16 Planetree organisation website 3 Consumer, Carer and Community Participation Information (website) 1 American Hospital Association website.

Attitudes and organisation culture

12 Enhancing Practice Program 14 Department of Jusitce. Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities

The physical environment 5 Improving the Environment for Older People in Health Services: An Audit Tool. 16 Planetree organisation website 3 Institute for Family Centered Care (website)

5 Environment

Transport 6 Person-Centred Health Care Good Practice website.


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Barriers and enablers to person centred practice

When introducing anything new, or trying to make change in practice, it is useful to consider some of the principles that contribute to successful change. One of the principles of culture change is having organizational support. Major change is most likely to be successful when leaders in an organisation are active supporters (Kotter, 1996). You can make a difference to the kind of care your patient / client will get today. The changes you make to your

practice will impact on their experience in the health care system immediately.

Barriers and enablers to person centred practice are discussed below. They are taken from the literature review “What is Person Centred Care?” (Victorian Department of Human Services, 2006). This literature review also discusses barriers specific to caring people with chronic disease, mental health, dementia, palliative care and neurological disorders. These are important to know about so that you can consider them when you are action planning.

Barriers

● Time • Dissolution of professional power, or staff

experiencing a loss of professional status and decision making power

• Staff lacking the autonomy to practice in this way

• The lack of clarity about what constitutes person-centered care, making it more difficult to practice and to explain to clients

• Clients with communication difficulties • The constraining nature of institutions,

including physically or spiritually impoverished environments of care

Enablers

● Having skilled, knowledgeable and enthusiastic staff, especially with good communication skills • Opportunities for involving the service user, their

carers, family and community [for example, volunteers] in health care

• Providing the opportunity for staff to reflect on their own values and beliefs and express their concerns

• Opportunities for staff training and education, including feedback from service users

• Organisational support for this approach to practice

• Working in an environment of mutual respect and trust

• Physically and emotionally enriched care environments

• Being in the client’s home

Person centred practice

Supplements

Abbreviations

Where the abbreviation will be found

The Its meaning abbreviation

Target O Organisation T Team I Individual

Principles 1 Getting know the person 2 Sharing power and Responsibility 3 Service flexibility and accessibility 4 Coordination and integration 5 Environment

Resource availability

Resource available in toolkit


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Sup

plem

ent 1

Supplement 1:

Photo: © 2008 ABC

Person centred practice assessment instruments


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Index: Assessment Instruments

No. Target

Person centred practice Name principle

1 O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Advancing practise of patients and family centred care: How to get started…

2 O, T 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Strategies for Leadership. Patient and Family Centred Care. A Hospital Self-Assessment Inventory

3 O, T 5 Improving the environment for older people in Health Services: An audit tool.

4 O, T 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Patient Care - Elderly Persons

5 O, T, I 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Essence of Care: Benchmarking person-centred care

6 T, I 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Person-Centred Care – Benchmarking Survey

NOTE: An excel spread sheet for collation of data using this assessment tool is also available in the Toolkit

7 I Attitudes Kogan’s old people scale

8 I Knowledge and environment

Geriatric Institutional Assessment Profile (GIAP

For further information on the above resources, please see the Resource Review Folder for Person-centred Care


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S

uppl

emen

t 2

Supplement 2: Photo: © 2008 ABC

Other Person-centred Practice Resources


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Index: Person-centred Practice Resources No. Target

Person centred practice Name

principle Bold indicates strong focus

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1 O American Hospital Association website. • Patients as advisors

• Organisation culture 2 O 2, 3, 4 Australian Institute of Primary Care Latrobe

University (2004). Developing A New Approach To Koori Hospital Liaison Services Final Report.

• Organisation culture

3 O, T 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Consumer, carer and community participation website. • Patient information

• Decision-making • Patients as advisors 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 4 O, T Institute for Family Centered Care website.

• Physical environment • Patients as advisors • Organisational attitudes

5 O, T Improving the environment for older people in Health Services: An audit tool.

5 • Physical environment

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6 O, T, I Person-Centred Health Care Good Practice website. cover most areas well

2, 3, 4, 5 7 O, T, I DHS. Improving Care for Older People website • Organisation culture • Physical environment

• Discharge planning 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 8 O, T, I Registered Nurses Association of Ontario

(2006). Client Centred Care: Nursing Best Practice Guideline.

• Covers most areas well

1, 2, 3, 4 9 O, T, I NHS (2003). Essence of Care. Patient-focused benchmarks for clinical governance. Guidance and Benchmarks.

• Covers most areas well

10 O, T, I 2, 3, 4 Centre for culture, ethnicity and health website. • Language and different

cultures 11 O, T, I 1, 2, 3, 4,5 The Picker Institute

• Organisation culture • Different cultures • Coordination of care 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 12 O, T, I The Enhancing Practice Program • Attitudes and organisation culture 1, 2, 3 13 O, T, I Respecting Patients Choices: An advanced care

planning initiative website. • Decision making 14 O, T, I 2, 3, 4 Department of Justice. Victorian Charter of


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• Organisation culture Human Rights and Responsibilities website. • Information for patients

15 O, T, I 2, 3, 4 Southern health. Patient Rehabilitation Charter for In-patients. • Organisation culture

• Different cultures 16 O, T, I 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Planetree organisation website.

• A model of care 1, 2, 3 17 T, I Ottawa Health and Research Unit (2006).

Ottawa Personal Decision Guide. • Decision making 1, 2, 3, 4 18 T, I Grimmer, K. Moss, J. Felco, J. Kinciness, H.

Incorporating patient and care concerns in discharge plans: The development of a practical patient centred checklist.

• Discharge Planning

For further information on the above resources, please see the Resource Review Folder for Person-centred Practice


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Bibliography Baker, C., Edwards, P., & Packer, T. (2003a). Care monitoring must itself be monitored. Journal of Dementia Care, 11(2), 26-28. Baker, C., Edwards, P., & Packer, T. (2003b). Crucial impact of the world surrounding care. Dementia Care, 11(3), 16-18. Baker, C., Edwards, P., & Packer, T. (2003c). You say you deliver person-centred care: Prove it! Journal of Dementia Care, 11(4), 18-20. Baker, C., Edwards, P., & Packer, T. (2003d). Assessing need and providing person centred support. Journal of Dementia Care, 11(1), 16-17. Centre for Clinical Effectiveness. (2006). Evidence-Based Answers to Clinical Questions for Busy Clinicians Workbook. Unpublished manuscript, Monash Institute of Health Services Research Curtin, L. (1979). The nurse as advocate: A philosophical foundation for nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 1(3), 1-10. Henbest, R. J., & Stewart, M. A. (1989). Patient-Centredness in the Consultation. 1: A Method for Measurement. Family Practice, 6(4), 249-253. Kogan, N. (1961). Attitudes towards older people: The development of a scale and an examination of correlates. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(1), 44-54. Kotter, J. (1996). Leading Change: Harvard Business School Press. Lewin, S. A., Skea, Z. C., Entwistle, V., Zwarenstein, M., & Dick, J. (2001). the Cochrane review: Interventions for providers to promote a patient-centred approach in clinical consultations (Review). (1). National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission. (2008). Principles for Australia's Health System. Victorian Department of Human Services. (2006). What is person-centred health care? A literature review. Victorian Government Department of Human Services. (2003). Improving Care for Older People Policy.


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Documents

Guide to implementing person-centred practice in your health … Website/Resources... · 2016-05-26 · Action Plan What is the problem? How person centred am I? 1. Select an assessment