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Groundwater & Climate
71% of Earth is covered by water
97% of water is salt water
2.8% is fresh water
2.2% is in glaciers
0.6% is actually available for use
I. Water Cycle
A. Constant circulation of water from ground to atmosphere and back
B. Sun provides the energy neededC. Evapotranspiration
1. Process that gets water into atmosphere2. Evaporation – changing from liquid to
gas (ocean is largest source of water)3. Transpiration – process plants use to
put water into atmosphere
I. Water Cycle
D. Where rain goes:1. Evaporation
2. Infiltration – water moving into grounda. Depends on
1) Amount of water in soil
a) If soil is full = no water going in = runoff
2) Slope of land
a) Gentle slope = infiltration, Steep = runoff
I. Water Cycle
3. Runoffa. Water flowing over the surface
b. Rainfall rate is > infiltration rate
c. Soil is saturated – pores filled with water
d. Slope of surface is too great to allow time for infiltration
e. Ground cover slows run-off and increases infiltration
f. No infiltration occurs in frozen soil = runoff
Evaporation
CondensationPrecipitationCondensation
TranspirationRun-off
Infiltration
Ocean/Water Table
II. TermsA. Porosity
1. Amount of empty space in soil
B. Permeability1. How fast water moves into the soil
C. Capillary Water1. Water that is retained by sticking to soil
particles2. Thin coating of water around soil in zone
of aeration
II. Terms
D. Capillary Action1. Upward movement of water against
gravity through narrow passages2. Greatest in narrower passages3. Greatest in smaller soil particles
E. Sorted Soil1. All particles have the same size
F. Unsorted Soil1. Mixture of different sized particles
III. Effects of Particle SizesA. Porosity
1. If particles are sorted, porosity is NOT effected by particle size
Particle Size
Por
osity
2. If unsorted, porosity is less because small particles fill the space between large particles
III. Effects of Particle Sizes
B. Capillarity (retained water)1. If particles are sorted, capillarity
DECREASES as size INCREASES
Particle Size
Cap
illar
ity
III. Effects of Particle Sizes
C. Permeability Rate1. If particles are sorted, permeability rate
INCREASES as size INCREASES
Particle Size
Per
m R
ate
Particle Size
Per
m T
ime
IV. Climate
A. Average weather conditions of a region over LONG period of time
B. Based on temperature and precipitation1. Polar – cold all year
2. Tropical – warm all year
3. Temperate – warm summers, cool winters
V. Factors Determining Climate
A. Climate Ratio1. Ratio of precipitation (P) to potential
evapotranspiration (Ep)
2. Formula: P / Epa. Arid (desert) = less than 0.4
b. Semi-arid = 0.4 – 0.8
c. Sub-humid = 0.8 – 1.2
d. Humid = greater than 1.2
3. Syracuse = 1.4 = humid
V. Factors Determining Climate
Type of climate = aridLocation = N. Hemisphere; warmest in July;
mid-latitude (has seasons)
Jan July Dec
DEFICITSURPLUS
Temp (Ep)
P (precip)
V. Factors Determining Climate
Type of Climate = HumidLocation = N. Hemisphere; close to polar area
(coastal)
Jan July Dec
SURPLUSDEFICIT Temp (Ep)
P (precip)
V. Factors Determining Climate
B. Latitude1. Temperature
a. As latitude increases, temp decreases
Latitude
Tem
pera
ture
V. Factors Determining Climate
2. Precipitationa. Equator, 60 ºN, 60 ºS
1) Belts of LOW pressure
2) Rising air, wetter climates
b. 30 ºN, 90 ºN, 30 ºS, 90 ºS
1) Belts of HIGH pressure
2) Sinking air, drier climates
V. Factors Determining Climate
C. Nearness to large body of water1. Marine climate
a. Near water
b. Cooler summers and warmer winters
c. Small yearly temp range
d. More humid
2. Continentala. Inland areas
b. Hotter summers and colder winters
c. Large yearly temp range
d. Drier
V. Factors Determining Climate
D. Wind Belts1. Control flow of moisture
2. Storm tracks (SW to NE)
E. Ocean Currents1. Warm current = warm temp, more moist
2. Cold current = cooler temp, less precip
V. Factors Determining Climate
V. Factors Determining Climate
F. Elevation1. High elevation =
cooler and more precipitation
G. Orographic effect1. Windward side –
cooler and more moist
2. Leeward side – warmer and drier