Early GreeceEarly Greece Chapter 4: 1-2Chapter 4: 1-2

Essential Questions:1. Identify the major city-

states in Greece and their contributions to Western civilization.

2. Compare and Contrast the results of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars with regard to Athens.

Cities Cities ●●– Athens– Sparta– Byzantium– Thebes– Delphi– Troy– Mycenae– Knossos

Bodies of WaterBodies of Water– Aegean Sea– Black Sea– Mediterrane

an SeaBattle Locations *

ThermopylaeMarathonSalamis

RegionsIonia – RedMacedonia –

GreenGreece –

YellowCrete – PinkAsia Minor -

Purple

Geography of Geography of Early GreeceEarly Greece

Seas provided a link for to the outside world through trade

Mountains isolated Greeks into communities with their own way of life.

This made it difficult for Greece to become a unified empire.– Greeks had city-states

called the polis with an acropolis or high city on a hilltop with temples (often surrounded by a wall or fortified).

– These small communities encouraged participation in political affairs and often resulted in wars.

Minoan Civilization (1750BC-1500BC)

Named for King Minos of Crete, the civilization was based on trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia not conquest.

Had a royal palace at Knossos:

– Evidence of matriarchal society and athletic contests

1400BC civilizations disappears: natural disasters and invaders possible.

How was the Minoan Civilization different from other civilizations that we have discussed? Think about government, economy, architecture, art, writing, religion, society, and geography.

Early Civilization Early Civilization ActivityActivity Pretend you are a time traveler that Pretend you are a time traveler that

was transported back to the Minoan was transported back to the Minoan civilization. Write one journal entries civilization. Write one journal entries with at least 6 sentences of the with at least 6 sentences of the wonders you experienced there so that wonders you experienced there so that you will remember the details of your you will remember the details of your journey when you return to our time. Be journey when you return to our time. Be sure to address: sure to address: government, society, roles of men and government, society, roles of men and

women, entertainment, and the economy.women, entertainment, and the economy.

Time Line of Early Time Line of Early Civilization in GreeceCivilization in Greece

Mycenaean Life and Mycenaean Life and Culture (1400BC-Culture (1400BC-1200BC)1200BC)

Indo-European invaders created the first Greek state.

Sea traders with City-states ruled by warrior kings

Mycenaean states fought one another, and major earthquakes caused widespread damage.

In the Twelfth century BC, Greek speaking invaders moved into Greece from north.

Trojan WarTrojan War Trojan War 1250

BC:– Trade conflict

between Mycenae and Troy over a strait, narrow water passage, that connects Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Legend: – Trojan prince

Paris kidnapped Helen, Greek queen. Fought for 10 yrs and ended with the Greeks sneaking into the city in a horse.

– Heinrich Schliemann proved that there was a war.

Age of HomerAge of Homer After the collapse of Mycenaean After the collapse of Mycenaean

civilization, Greece entered into civilization, Greece entered into a difficult period in which the a difficult period in which the population population declineddeclined and food and food production production droppeddropped. .

– Historians call this period the Dark Historians call this period the Dark Age, because few Age, because few records records of what of what happened exist.happened exist.

Oral Record of history Oral Record of history – Homer 750BC= blind poet told Homer 750BC= blind poet told

stories of heroes.stories of heroes. Epics: Epics: Iliad , about the Trojan War, , about the Trojan War,

and and Odyssey, about Odysseus’ return , about Odysseus’ return home form the war. home form the war.

both were stories about what both were stories about what happened in Greece, their values of happened in Greece, their values of honor, courage, and eloquence, and honor, courage, and eloquence, and beliefsbeliefs

They gave Greece an They gave Greece an idealideal past with a past with a cast of heroes to serve as a model for cast of heroes to serve as a model for future future generations.generations.

Early Greece QuizEarly Greece Quiz

1.1. Tell two ways that the Tell two ways that the Minoan civilization was Minoan civilization was different from other different from other civilizations we have civilizations we have studied so far.studied so far.

2.2. What was Trojan War What was Trojan War really about?really about?

3.3. How is information How is information passed down during a passed down during a dark age?dark age?

4.4. ____________ wrote two ____________ wrote two epic poems, the ________ epic poems, the ________ and _______ about the and _______ about the Trojan War and Trojan War and Odysseus’ journey home.Odysseus’ journey home.

New Types of New Types of GovernmentGovernment Monarchy:

– a government in which a king or queen has complete control

Aristocracy: – Government controlled

by a landowning elite Oligarchy:

– Government in which power lies in the hands of a few such as the business class.

Democracy: – Type of government

that develops in Athens in which the people (citizens) hold ruling power.

Athens and Athens and SpartaSparta By 750 BC, the city-

state, became the central focus of Greek Life

Two of the most important city-states in Greece are Athens and Sparta.

Sparta and AthensSparta and AthensSparta Both Athens

Government Oligarchy / Monarchy with EphorsMilitary State

Monarchies Monarchy -> Aristocracy -> Tyrany -> Democracy

Education Physical Education and the Art of WarStart at 7

Military, Gods and Gods, Language

Girls little to none, boys learned many subjects in school

Economy Looked down on trade and wealth, took spoils of war

Trade was important and led to wealth and power

Role of Women

Produce healthy sons, health and exercise important, inherit property, obedience

Subordinate to men No share in public life, managed household and raised children

Treatment of Slaves

Brutal and harsh punishments, prisoners of war

Believed Greeks were superior and owned slaves

Debt slavery was common but outlawed by Solon

GreeceGreece vs. vs. PersiaPersia

A map of the Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C. Greek cities on the Aegean coast attempted to free themselves from Persian control by calling on the peninsula Greeks for help. The result was a war in which the Greeks defeated the Persians in two different Persian invasions. In 490 B.C. under King Darius I the first expeditionary force (black line) sailed from Melitus and landed at Marathon (1) where a small Greek force drove them back. Ten years later, Xerxes led an enormous Persian army by land (white line) while his fleet (blue line) followed along the coast. A Greek army under the Spartan general Leonidas held a narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae (2) for days, but a Greek traitor showed Xerxes a route around the pass and from the rear he attacked the Spartans, who fought to the last man. The Persians then destroyed Athens as their fleet entered the Bay of Salamis (3), but Themistocles, the Athenian leader of the combined Greek fleet, drew the Persian ships into a trap and annihilated them in a historic battle. Then in 479 the Greek forces under the Spartan Pausanias smashed the last Persian army at Plataea (4). Following that victory, Athens entered into its "golden age."

Persian Wars: Largest empire Persian Wars: Largest empire in the world vs. small city-in the world vs. small city-states of Greecestates of Greece

Greek settlers in Asia Minor start a revolt

– Persians decide to attack city-states

– Sparta and Athens push the Persians back through a series of battles

1.1. Marathon: 490BCMarathon: 490BC– Greeks, out numbered 2-Greeks, out numbered 2-

1 defeat the Persians.1 defeat the Persians. Pheidippides ran 26.2 ran 26.2

miles to proclaim the miles to proclaim the victory.victory.

ThemistoclesThemistocles urged urged Athens to build a navy to Athens to build a navy to protect their coasts.protect their coasts.

2.2. Thermopylae: 480 BCThermopylae: 480 BC– King Leondias and a small

Spartan force held the Persian Immortals led by Xerxes I off at a pass in between two mountains

– The Persians overtake them, however it bought the other city-states time to build larger armies

3. 470s BC– Salamis: Athenian navy

destroys Persian navy and claims victory for the war.

– Plataea: A few months later they formed the largest Greek army up to that time and defeated the Persian Army.

Greek City States QuizGreek City States Quiz

1.1. Greeks built their temples on fortified hill tops Greeks built their temples on fortified hill tops called________________called________________

2.2. Greeks often fought in a __________________ or a rectangular Greeks often fought in a __________________ or a rectangular formation used by hoplites to create a wall of shields.formation used by hoplites to create a wall of shields.

3.3. Which form of government did the Spartans have?Which form of government did the Spartans have?4.4. Which group of people in Athenian society were citizens with Which group of people in Athenian society were citizens with

full political rights?full political rights?5.5. What was one result of Greek colonization?What was one result of Greek colonization?6.6. Which political reformer outlawed debt slavery?Which political reformer outlawed debt slavery?7.7. What was Clisthenes most important reform?What was Clisthenes most important reform?8.8. Women had more rights and freedom in ____________.Women had more rights and freedom in ____________.9.9. What are two things that the Athenians and Spartans had in What are two things that the Athenians and Spartans had in

common?common?Matching:Matching:10.10. SpartaSparta11.11. AthensAthens12.12. PersiaPersia

A. Won the Battle at MarathonB. Built a bridge across the Hellespont made

from boatsC. Lost at Thermopylae despite a brave stand

City-State and City-State and Government ActivityGovernment Activity

The Greek city-states had a The Greek city-states had a variety of different types of variety of different types of government over the years. government over the years. Create an advertisement for Create an advertisement for your assigned city-state. your assigned city-state. Include the following Include the following Information:Information:– Government Government

How were they chosen?How were they chosen? What were the pros and cons? Etc.What were the pros and cons? Etc.

– Way of LifeWay of Life Education, Women, etc.Education, Women, etc.

– Illustration Illustration

Age of PericlesAge of Pericles

Following the Persian Wars, Athens dominated the Greece and was at the height of its power.

– Delian League: alliance between Greek city-states formed as a result of the Persian Wars to protect against future attacks

Pericles established a direct democracy in Athens.

Sparta and Athens, former allies against Persian turn on each other in the Peloponnesian War

Peloponnesian Peloponnesian WarWar

After their defeat of the Persians, Athens and others broke with tradition and formed a permanent union, the Delian League (green areas), to prevent further Persian attacks. In a few years, the more powerful Athens turned the league into its own empire, which changed forever the ancient Greek political ideal. Sparta and its allies (yellow areas) looked on such a coalition as a threat to their safety which, according to the Athenian historian Thucydides, "drove them to war." The result was a drain on the resources of both sides, and the beginning of a series of destructive, internecine wars. The weakened cities easily succumbed to King Philip of Macedon when he invaded Greece in 338 B.C.

A map of the Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C. From their beginnings, the Greek city-states had tenaciously protected their individual independence, and only with reluctance had they formed an alliance against the Persians.

Peloponnesian Peloponnesian WarWar

Sparta allies with Persia and crushes Athens

– Spartan victory hurts democracy and ends Athenian Greatness

– Sparta was defeated by Thebes

Results:– Weakened Greek

city-states invaded by the Macedonians.

– Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great come to power.

Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War ActivityActivity The Spartans and Athenians are The Spartans and Athenians are

campaigning to gain support for their campaigning to gain support for their side during the Peloponnesian War. side during the Peloponnesian War. Create propaganda posters for each side Create propaganda posters for each side detailing why various city-states detailing why various city-states throughout Greece should join either throughout Greece should join either side. Make sure to illustrate your posters side. Make sure to illustrate your posters and tell the public at least three of the and tell the public at least three of the strengths of the city-state. Make sure you strengths of the city-state. Make sure you create one for Athens and one for Sparta. create one for Athens and one for Sparta.

The Culture of The Culture of Classical GreeceClassical Greece

Essential Question: How do the achievements of Essential Question: How do the achievements of Classical Greece influence Western art and Classical Greece influence Western art and thought today?thought today?

Chapter 4 Section 4Chapter 4 Section 4Pages 127-133Pages 127-133

ReligionReligion Affected every area of Affected every area of

life life It was necessary to the It was necessary to the

well-being of the statewell-being of the state There were twelve chief There were twelve chief

gods and goddesses that gods and goddesses that were thought to live on were thought to live on Mt. OlympusMt. Olympus

Define rituals: Define rituals: Who was worshiped at Who was worshiped at

Olympia? Delphi?Olympia? Delphi?

Gods and GoddessesGods and Goddesses

Classical GreeceClassical GreeceArt and Architecture Based on reason and harmony

Often found on pottery

Lifelike statues of nude males were common

Sculptors achieved a standard of ideal beauty

Temples are best examples of architecture

Parthenon the most famous temple built to honor Athena at the acropolis in Athens

HistoryHerodotus, the father of history, wrote about the Persian Wars from the point of view of the Greeks.

Thucydides, non-biased, wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars and tried to show both sides of the conflict.

He emphasized the accuracy of facts not the gods and goddesses.

PhilosophyPythagoras: Mathematician that calculated the sides of a right triangle.

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are perhaps the most famous Greek philosophers

Socrates: Socratic method of examining things through critical questioning, “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Plato: Wrote the Republic

Aristotle: Alexander’s teacher, thought government needed strong and virtuous leader

Drama Greeks created drama as it is known today in Western culture including:

Tragedy = plays about human suffering

Sophocles: Oedipus Rex

Story about a man doomed to kill his father and marry his mother

Comedy = plays that mocked society and government

Art and Art and ArchitectureArchitecture

Classical Greece Classical Greece ActivityActivity Use poster board or large chart paper to Use poster board or large chart paper to

create a giant chart of the Greeks create a giant chart of the Greeks contributions to later civilizations in the areas contributions to later civilizations in the areas of religion, drama, philosophy, history, and of religion, drama, philosophy, history, and art and architecture. In one column list the art and architecture. In one column list the contributions with a detailed description. In contributions with a detailed description. In the second column give examples from later the second column give examples from later civilization, including our own, where this civilization, including our own, where this influence can be found. Finally in a third influence can be found. Finally in a third column place an illustration of that column place an illustration of that contribution.contribution.

Alexander and the Alexander and the Hellenistic WorldHellenistic World

Essential Questions:Essential Questions:

1.1. Who was Alexander the Great and Who was Alexander the Great and what was his greatest achievement?what was his greatest achievement?

2.2. Compare and contrast the similarities Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between art and and differences between art and drama of the Classical and Hellenistic drama of the Classical and Hellenistic ErasEras

MacedoniaMacedonia Following the Following the

Peloponnesian War, the Peloponnesian War, the city-states of Greece were city-states of Greece were weakened.weakened.

For 66 yrs. Sparta, Athens, For 66 yrs. Sparta, Athens, and Thebes struggled to and Thebes struggled to dominate Greek affairs and dominate Greek affairs and Macedonia was ignored.Macedonia was ignored.

In 359 BC Philip II of In 359 BC Philip II of Macedonia came to the Macedonia came to the throne and by 338 BC he throne and by 338 BC he had gained control of all of had gained control of all of Greece. Greece. BATTLE OF BATTLE OF CHAERONEACHAERONEA

Philip decided to invade Philip decided to invade Asia in a war with Persia Asia in a war with Persia but died before he could but died before he could complete this task.complete this task.

Philip lost his right eye in battle.

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great What do you know What do you know

about Alexander?about Alexander? What made him What made him

such a great such a great leader?leader?

What was his What was his personality like?personality like?

How did his How did his personality and personality and strategic abilities strategic abilities make Alexander a make Alexander a great leader?great leader?

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great Alexander was the son of Alexander was the son of

Philip II.Philip II. He established an empire He established an empire

that extended from Greece that extended from Greece to Egypt and India.to Egypt and India.

Alexander’s most lasting Alexander’s most lasting achievement was the achievement was the spread of Greek culture.spread of Greek culture.

Macedonia, Syria, Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egypt were Pergamum, and Egypt were the four kingdoms that the four kingdoms that emerged following emerged following Alexander’s death.Alexander’s death.

Hellenistic EraHellenistic Era Alexander’s conquests created the Hellenistic Alexander’s conquests created the Hellenistic

Era, an age that saw the expansion of the Era, an age that saw the expansion of the Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek WorldWorld

Alexandria was the center of the Hellenistic Alexandria was the center of the Hellenistic world.world.

Art and DramaArt and Drama Compare and contrast achievements in art and Compare and contrast achievements in art and

drama between the Classical and Hellenistic eras.drama between the Classical and Hellenistic eras.

Baths, Temples, Theatres

Achieved emotional and more realistic art

Most Drawings on pottery

Never achieved realism but was idealistic

Statues and drawings

Epicureanism= happiness through pleasure, Stoicism= happiness through harmony with the will of God

Athens the center of philosophy

Socrates= SM, Plato= Republic and reality,

Aristotle=school, politics, philosopher king is best

AlexandriaAlexandria

Alexandria was the intellectual capital of the Alexandria was the intellectual capital of the classical Mediterranean world for more than 300 classical Mediterranean world for more than 300 yearsyears– Their lighthouse was one of the ancient wonders of the Their lighthouse was one of the ancient wonders of the

world.world.– It had more than 500,000 scrolls.It had more than 500,000 scrolls.

Activity:Activity:– Pretend that you are a sailor in the dark night of the Pretend that you are a sailor in the dark night of the

Mediterranean.Mediterranean. Write a poem about seeing the light from the lighthouse as a Write a poem about seeing the light from the lighthouse as a

beacon in the night. You may want to use it as a metaphor for beacon in the night. You may want to use it as a metaphor for the knowledge that could be gained from that city.the knowledge that could be gained from that city.

– Create a drawing or painting of what the Great Library at Create a drawing or painting of what the Great Library at Alexandria might have looked like when it contained most Alexandria might have looked like when it contained most of the great writings of the classical world.of the great writings of the classical world.

AlexandriaAlexandria

Hellenistic Era ActivityHellenistic Era Activity

You are a Hellenistic Greek living in You are a Hellenistic Greek living in Alexandria, Egypt. Write a monologue Alexandria, Egypt. Write a monologue detailing why the Hellenistic Era is the detailing why the Hellenistic Era is the height of Greek civilization. Be sure to height of Greek civilization. Be sure to address Alexander’s vast empire as address Alexander’s vast empire as well as the achievements in the areas well as the achievements in the areas of math, science, and philosophy as of math, science, and philosophy as evidence of your greatness.evidence of your greatness.

Make sure you have read chapter four Make sure you have read chapter four and completed the guided reading for all and completed the guided reading for all five sections.five sections.

Day Three: Create a 20 question quiz Day Three: Create a 20 question quiz with four questions from each section. with four questions from each section. – You can use multiple choice, matching, You can use multiple choice, matching,

true/false, crossword, short answer, etc.true/false, crossword, short answer, etc.– Create a key with the correct answers on a Create a key with the correct answers on a

separate sheet of paper. separate sheet of paper. – Make sure your quiz has a title and that you Make sure your quiz has a title and that you

put: Created by and your name at the top of put: Created by and your name at the top of the quiz. the quiz.

– Switch quizzes with a classmate but keep Switch quizzes with a classmate but keep your answer key, complete their quiz and your answer key, complete their quiz and return for the creator to grade. Correct #/20 return for the creator to grade. Correct #/20 should be the grade.should be the grade.