Grammar_Book1.pdf

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Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One

The three vowel markings

fathah - -hdhamma kasrah -(a)(u)(i)

-Sukoon

-shaddah

:at-tanween

-fathataan-(an)

(-dhammataan-(un

- kasrataan -(in)When vowel markings are doubled at the end of a word they are called

(tanween). The additional vowel at the end of a word represents a

(noon saakinah). The is not written but is only pronounced. e.g.

-


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The Arabic language is made up of (words) and these words areof three types they are known as:

-Particle/Letter

-Action/Verb

-Noun

-house -went,/to go-to

: He went to a house:ceSenten

The table below shows the properties of an (noun):

Examples Translation Properties

Masculine, feminine

Singular, dual, plural

Intellect, non-intellect

Indefinite, definite

is when an ism is indefinite or not specific, it is general i.e., the ism

.a book this can be any book from the different types of books

is when an ism is definite or specific, it is not general i.e., the ism

the book or Muhammads book, here the book isa particular book not just any book in general.

An ism in the Arabic language can be

(dual) meaning it shows upon

two i.e., the ism means two students this is done by adding (alif and noon)at the end of an ism.


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An ism can be possess intellect such as humans, angels and jinns or

it can be .possess no intellect such as animals, objects, trees e.t.c

The

(Asl) origin of an ism is that it carries

- two dhammas(tanween) on the last letter of the word. The tanween generally is also a

sign showing that the ism is (indefinite), however there is anexception to this because you will find that Arabic male names

such as accept tanween but they are (definite).The tanween is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the Englisha/ an.


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()

is a houseThis

- Letter to bring to attention or alert

is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the

person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to (nouns of indication).

- noun of indication

is pronounced as ., but it is written without the first alif

The

is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects

things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that

have meaning such as opinion or knowledge.

This is beneficial knowledge


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The table below shows the properties of the ))

Indicates,points to

the near

The masculine the singular

The is (definite).

It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect

or

things that do not possess intellect .

- Interrogative or Questioning Noun

The Interrogative Noun is used to ask a question about something

that does not possess intellect and it always comes at thebeginning of a sentence. When a word comes at the beginning of a

sentence it is called in Arabic

.

?is thisWhat

-

Particle/Letter of interrogation or questioning or also known as theInterrogative Hamzah.

The comes at the beginning of the sentence as do all thenouns or particles of questioning. It can be used to ask a question about

those possessing intellect as well as the things that do not possess

intellect.


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?this a houseIs

Is this a boy?

- Letter of answer or reply

- Letter/particle of answer and negation

The particle of reply is used to reply to a question with affirmation

whereas the particle

is used to reply to a question with negation.

Is this a pen?

.Yes this is a pen

Is this a shirt?

No, this is a pen.

Noun of interrogation/questioning

This interrogative noun is used to ask a question about those who possess

intellect

?Who is this man

- Question mark


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)(

-

Noun of indication/pointing

is a mosquethatThis is a house and

is a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people

that are distant or far. can be broken down into three parts:

- Noun of indication

The laam is for the far/distant

- Particle of address

Some of the grammarians say that the

particle of address also

indicates upon far/distant and the shows upon even more orincreased furtherness/distance.

The letter/particle of address is used if the person or object we areaddressing is masculine.


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The table below shows the properties of :

Indicates,points to

The far/distant The masculine

the singular

All the nouns of indication are .definite

is pronounced

but is written without the alif.

Some of the grammarians say that the have three levels

:

For the near/close

- For the far/distant

- For the middle between near and far

The particle of alert/bringing to attention and the laam indicating upon

the distant or far will never come together in a noun of indication i.e;

-this is wrong .


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)(

-

(al) Definite Particle

The definite particle is prefixed to an ism which is (indefinite)

and it causes it to become (definite), and it also causes the tanweenat the end to be dropped. The definite particle (al) corresponds to the

English the.

.doctoraThis is

.doctor is sittingTheThe Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar

Letters , and the other 14 are called Lunar Letters

.In the articulation of the Solar Letters the tip or the blade of the tongue is

involved in the pronunciation. The tip or the blade of the tongue does notplay any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters, (refer to lesson 3,

pg.19 Madinah bk.1).

When is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Solar Letter the laam of

al is not pronounced but is written, and the first letter of the ism takes a

shaddah. For example, (ash-shamsu).

When

is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Lunar Letter the laam of

al is pronounced and written. For example, (al-qamaru).

In the definite particle (al) the (a) is known as theConnecting Hamzah. If it is not preceded by a word it will be


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pronounced with the vowel marking - (fathah). If it is preceded by aword it is dropped in pronunciation, though remains in writing.

: The student is sitting and theteacher is standing, (wa l-mudarrisu).

is a beneficial sentence ) ( , and it is made up of

2 parts known as (al-mubtada wa l-khabar).

(1) is from the Arabic word meaning the beginning orstarting, and from its origin is that it comes at the beginning of thesentence.

(2) is an ism that is the subject of talk or discussion.

(3)

is

(marfoo) meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataanon the last letter of the ism.

(4) in its (origin) precedes (the khabar).

(5) in its (origin) is .((definite


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(1)

is that which comes after

in its

(origin).

(2) gives information or news about , and by which it

completes a benefit with .

(3) in its (origin) is (indefinite).

(4) is (marfoo) meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataanon the last letter of the ism.

The mosque is near.


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()

)1( is a Letter/Particle that enters upon an ism only.

(2)

changes the state of the ism to

(majroor), meaning

the ism takes kasrah/kasrataan on the last letter.

(3) can have many meanings and its meaning is not known orcomplete until it enters upon a sentence. Then its exact meaning is

known from the context of the sentence.

-Particle of Jarr

From- -On/Above -In


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the houseinMuhammad is

Noun of Questioning for Place

is an ism which is used to ask a question about the

whereabouts of someone/something.

?is the bookWhere

It is on the desk/table?

-Detached Pronoun

(1)

is a type of ism that is used to indicate upon the

(Absent), or the (Addressed), or the (Speaker).

(2) .you can begin a sentence with it

-I

-You

-It/She

-He/It

-You


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(3) is a type of a

(4) is .((definite

5) The dhameer and can be used for those who possess intellectand things that do not possess intellect. If they are used for the latter they

will have the meaning it.

?Where is Aaisha

is in the roomShe

?Where is the watch

bedis on theIt


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The table below shows the properties of (the DetachedPronouns):

Number

Gender

Indicates upon

Detached Pronoun

(1)

Male

-The Absent -It/He

(1)

Female

-The Absent -She/It

(1)

Male

-The Addressed -You

(1)

Female

-The Addressed -You

(1)

-The Speaker -I/Me


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(Prevented from Tanween) is a Termthat is used for aparticular group of nouns which do not accept tanween and when they are

in a state of (kasra) they take Fathah.This particular group of nouns further divides up into many categoriesand from them is the category known in the Arabic language as:

Female Names Without Alif

This category contains Female Names which do not accept tanween but

there is a condition '

' for them not accepting tanween and that is, thatthe names are made up of more than 3 letters. This category of names isdivided up into into 3 types withregards to their femininity.


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The (Round Taa) is a letter that is added at the end of an ism

and it signifies femininity of a word.

The diagram above shows that there are 3 categories of femininity infemale names without alif:

1) In wording and meaning - names which are feminine in theirwording i.e. they end in taa marboota and in their meaning i.e. they

are names which are used for females.

2) In meaning - names which are used for females but not feminine in

wording.

3)

In wording - names which are feminine in wording but notmeaning, they are names which are used for males.

The origin of nouns ending with the (Round Taa) is only todistinguish the feminine from the masculine. And you will mostly find

that with the (Adjectives) i.e. / (Generous, Noble).

-Femininity

(In)Wording- (In)Meaning- -(In)Meaning and Wording


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:The Definition

- .The Past Verb-that which indicates upon an event/happening taking placein the time which is before the time of speaking/conversation.

Where is Abbaas?

to the head teacherHe went

For every action we have a doer or the one who performs the action. In

Arabic the doer of the action is called (al-faail).

:The Definition

.

(the Doer) is an ism which is takes dhammah or

dhammataan on the last letter and mentioned before it is its verb.

-The Verb/Action

The Past VerbThe Present VerbThe Command Verb

-He Wrote -He Writes -( ou)Write!


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Haamid went to the mosque

You will find that

is not always apparent after the verb

. That

is because in the past-tense verbs for the Male Absent if is not

apparent then the (pronoun) '' (He) will be . And this

dhameer is known as (The Hidden Dhameer), you will notsee it in writing or pronounce it even though it is there.

Where is Muhammad?

left from the mosqueHe


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The four signs of an ism

There are 4 signs by which an ism is known, and you will not find thesesigns entering upon the verbs or particles/letters, so they are specific to

the nouns. These 4 signs can be used to distinguish between the

(nouns) and the (verbs) and (particles).

(1) The first sign is that the ism accepts (tanween).

(2) The second sign is that

(alif and laam) can enter upon the ism.

(3) The third sign is that (particles of jarr) can enter upon theism.

(4) The fourth sign is that the ism can take (kasrah/kasrataan) on thelast letter.

Muhammad prayed in the mosque

(kasrah)

)(

--

-


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)(

:

.

(al-idhaafah) is a relationship between two nouns with a hidden

particle of jarr, the first noun is called

(mudhaaf) and the second

noun is called (mudhaaf ilaih).

.

This Particular idhaafah gives benefit by giving (to make definite)

to the mudhaaf or (to narrow down/particularise). Meaning, if

the

is

(definite) then the

will become

,if the

is (indefinite) then the will be particularised or not

so general but it will not be .((definite


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This is the teachers book

The Idhafaah construction has a which is omitted/hidden.

This gives meaning to the Idhaafah, there are 3 different

that an Idhaafah can have, (1)

(in),

(from/part of) and

()(for/belonging to).

At the moment we have only taken one meaning of the Idhaafah the

)( which has the meaning of, for/belonging to/possession.

So when we say it literally means, the book belongs to

Muhammad or Muhammads book ( ) .

)

(

Always

Majroor

Does not accept tanween

Does not accept alif laam


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-)over there(-

is a noun which is used to indicate/point to a place that is distant or

far.

:

Where is Muhammads book?

over thereIt is on the table

-(under) / ) (

is a noun of place and the ism that follows it is majroor.

The bag is under the table

The particle (O!) is used when we want to call somebody and theperson we are calling is the ism which comes after this particle and it is

known as

(the one being called). There are 5 types of

, wewill study 3 for now.

-

-

O- Particle of callingAbbaas- The one being called


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)(

:

The first type is when we call

somebody by their name i.e. O Muhammad!, Haamid!, Abbaas!, and so

on.

)( : The second type is when wecall somebody and we intend a particular or specific person i.e. O

Teacher!, Man!, and so on.

)(

:

The third type is when the one

being called is mudhaaf i.e. O Abdallaahi!, O Daughter of Khaalid!,and so on.

It is important to note that the first and the second types of end inone dhamma, not tanween. As for the third type then the Mudhaaf will be

(take Fathah on the last letter).

The words

and

begin with hamzatu l-wasl. When preceded by a

word the kasrah (-)is dropped in pronunciation, i.e.

.


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)(

is an ironThis

- Letter to bring to attention or alert

is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the

person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to

(nouns of indication).

Noun of Indication

is pronounced as .but it is written without the first alif

The

is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objectsthings which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that

have meaning such as principle or advice.

-This advice is beneficial.

The table below shows the properties of .

Indicates,points to

the near the feminine

the singular or (non-intelligent

plurals)


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The is (definite).

It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect or

things that do not possess intellect

.

-Generally words ending in (taa marboota) are regarded as feminine so

when we indicate to them we use the . However thereare exceptions to this, (refer to lesson 4 under types of femininity).

: .This is a car and this is a bike

-Body parts that are in pairs are regarded as feminine.

: This isan ear and this is an eye

-Also words which are particular to females are regarded as feminine.

: This is the engineers sisterand this is the imaams daughter.

-

Particle of Jarr (for, belongs to, )

The particle of jarr enters upon an ism and causes it to take (kasrah).

.YaasirtobelongsThis?is thisWhose


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belongs to AllaahAll Praise

Note that the word becomes by just dropping the alif and no laam

will need to be added to the word.


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)(

- Noun of Indication

.is a nursethatThis a doctor and

is a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people

that are distant/far and feminine.

can be broken down into three parts:

- Noun of indication

The laam is for the far/distant

- Particle of address

Some of the grammarians say that the particle of address also

indicates upon far/distant and the shows upon even more orincreased furtherness/distance.

The letter/particle of address is used if the person or object we areaddressing is masculine.


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The table below shows the properties of :

Indicates,points to

The far/distant The feminine

The singular

All the nouns of indication are .definite

The letter

in

is dropped when joined to the laam and kaaf and the

laam takes a sukoon .


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Al-Iraab-

:

: .

The Definition:

The Iraab is: Changing of the endings of the words because of the

changing of the active elements entering upon them (the change is)apparent or not-apparent.

The cases of the ism

The origin signs of Iraab

Types of Iraab

- /-

-/ -

- / -

The above definition for Iraabmentions the ending of words changingwhat is meant by this is the changing of vowel markings that are on the

end or last letter of a word. It also mentions that it is the active elementsthat enter upon a word that cause the change at the ending of a word, an

example of active elements are the (letters/particles). The active

element is called

(al-aamil) in Arabic and the plural is

.

The definition also mentions that the change of a word can be apparent or

not apparent. What is meant by apparent change is when the vowelmarkings at the end of a word can be pronounced and when the vowel


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markings at the end of a word cannot be pronounced then the change

isnot apparent. This part will be explained in more depth later.

The table above illustrates types ofIraaband its origin signs.

(ar-rafu) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a dhammah or

dhammataan /

(an-nasbu) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a fatha or

fathataan /

(al-jarru) is when the end or last letter of a word takes a khasrah or

khasrataan /

Also when an ism is in the state of (ar-rafu) it is called (marfoo).

When an ism is in the state of (an-nasbu) it is called mansoob).

When an ism is in the state of

(al-jarru) it is called

(majroor).

( )

:

Zayd slaughtered the chickenwith the knife.

) (


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The example above shows the three types of Iraab , is the

(active element) which is causing it to be is the

(past tense verb) , is the (active element)

which is causing it to be

is the

(past tense verb)

,

(knife) is the (active element) which is causing it to

be is the )( .

The words which fall into the definition ofIraabas mentioned above are

known in Arabic as (murab).

((al-binaa

(al-binaa) are words which do not show change in their endings andthey are considered by the grammarians to be the opposite of words

which take

(al-Iraab), as mentioned above. The words which

fall into this category are called(mabni).

: .

Definition of (mabniyy): That which its ending doesnt changebecause of the active elements entering upon it.

The definition explains that words which are their endings do not

change because of the (active elements) entering upon them, butrather they are built upon one ending which doesnt change at all.

However, these words can grammatically have a place inIraabbut they


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will be in the position or state of due to their place inthe sentence. This point will be elaborated upon later.

.....Built upon

Examples

Types of Al-binaa

--

--

-- --

The table above shows that words which are can fall into four types

of endings which do not change due to the entering upon them,rather they are fixed or built upon that particular ending. There are four

possible endings, .

: Whose book is this?

The above example shows that the word is and we knowthat the mudhaaf ilaih is always majroor (takes kasrah), however the word


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(who) is (built upon a sukoon) so the ending will

always show a sukoon even though it is in the position or state of (al-

jarr) due to its place in the sentence. So the (active element) does

not affect the ending of a word that is

(mabni).


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)(

(al-Badal)-

. This man is a trader.

((al-badal

In the above example the ism is grammatically known as (al-

badal), it used in a sentence in order to give (emphasis) and (clarity or explanation) to the word that precedes it. So in the above

example the ism

is giving emphasis and clarity to the word

, itis telling us that the one being indicated to is the man.It can also beunderstood that the badal is the same the thing as the word whichprecedes it, i.e. the man is the one being indicated to and the one beingindicated to is the man.

Another example can be used to explain this, if I had a book in my hand

which I was indicating to and I said to my teacher, this is new '

' . It would be understood that the book is new and if I was tomention the book in my sentence I would say in Arabic, .

By mentioning ' ' , I have put a (extra or additional word in

the sentence which is known as (al-badal). It is important to note


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here that if I were to say in Arabic, this would not beconsidered to be a complete or beneficial sentence. To make it a

beneficial sentence we must add a (khabar), as shown in the example

above. The subject of

and the types of al-badal will be covered later

on inshaallaah.

.The teacher is from America

and the student is from England.

.Hamid went to the hospital.

:

.

Definition: al-ismul-maqsoor, it is an ism murab which has aninseparable or binding alif on its end and the letter before it takes a fatha

and all the vowel markings on it are not apparent.

The words

all end with an binding alif or theletter which looks like the letter (ya) except that it doesnt have the

two dots but it is pronounced as an alif. Also the ismul-maqsoor is

(murab) it takes (al-Iraab) but the Iraab is (taqdeer) notapparent. The examples above illustrate this, the ismul-maqsoor (nouns


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ending with the binding alif at the end) are preceded by but

the change caused by the is not apparent, the case of (al-jarr) cannot be seen. The Ismul-maqsoor falls into one of the categories

or types of words where the Iraab is

(please refer back to thedefinition of Iraab).

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