GRAIN CROPS Meeting Human needs with Plants. OBJECTIVES: 1) Name Grain Crops, grain uses, and...
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GRAIN CROPS Meeting Human needs with Plants. OBJECTIVES: 1) Name Grain Crops, grain uses, and leading grain production states 2) Describe how to select
OBJECTIVES: 1) Name Grain Crops, grain uses, and leading grain
production states 2) Describe how to select grain crops and
varieties 3) Explain cultural requirements of major grain crops,
including corn, wheat, rice, and grain sorghum 4) Name and describe
cultural practices with minor and emerging grain crops, including
amaranth, barley, oats, quinoa, rye, teff, triticale, and wild
rice
Slide 3
CROPS AND USE: Grain- the seed of a cereal grain plant Kernel-
part of an individual grain within the seed coat (contents provide
nutrients for human and livestock feed)
Slide 4
GRAIN CROPS GROWN: Major grain crops in the U.S. Corn, Wheat,
and Rice Other grain crops in the U.S. - oats, barley, rye, and
grain sorghum Minor grain crops in the U.S.- amaranth, buckwheat,
millet, quinoa, teff, triticale, and wild rice
Slide 5
GRAIN USE: Grown for human food primarily Animal feed
Manufacturing of products Alternative fuel sources
Slide 6
SELECTING CROPS AND VARIETIES: Most have more than one variety
Selecting crops depends on 5 areas climate, soil and water, market,
technology, and personal skills and preferences To plant or not to
plant ?
Slide 7
CLIMATE average weather condition over a period of time Crop
variety selection should focus on climate as a factor Climate
affects the number of growing days in a region Some crop varieties
need a longer growing season of warm weather Other crops such as
winter wheat can survive winter an mature in the spring
Slide 8
SOIL AND WATER must be within the range of the requirements of
the crops to be grown. Crop variety selection should focus on soil
and water as a factor Soil fertility and moisture content of the
soil have a huge impact on the productivity and the quality of crop
production Certain crop varieties require large amounts of water
availability and in turn a soil with good water holding capacity,
like rice, it has to be flooded during much of the growing
season.
Slide 9
MARKET grain crop sales depend on a market to be sold if you
have no market your crops are useless Know where I could sell some
corn?Nope, got any Wheat?
Slide 10
TECHNOLOGY the use of science or the products of science in the
growing of a grain crop Equipment Fertilizer Improved seed Pest
control Other technology such as good roads, crop consultants, cell
phones, and computers
Slide 11
SKILLS AND PREFERENCES your background and experience should
help guide your crop variety choice along with other
considerations: I knew I shouldnt have planted those soybeans under
this bridge!
Slide 12
CORN PRODUCTION: Corn is much more important to the U.S. than
anywhere else in the world because we produce near half of the
entire worlds corn supply about 70mil acres worth every year
Slide 13
TYPES OF CORN: Dent corn- major type grown for grain (aka field
corn) flat grains with an indention in the crown Flint corn-
rounded grains hard outer cover, soft interior Floury corn- soft
corn can be white, blue, or other shades of colors Sweet corn-
planted for human food, high sugar content and lower starch content
Popcorn- grown commercially for popcorn market, harvested in the
fall when it has matured and the moisture content is low, the
little moisture inside the grains turns to steam when heated which
causes the kernel to explode.
Slide 14
VARIETIES Corn varieties sold for large scale production are
hybrids Bred for local conditions Vary in height, number of ears
per stalk, days to maturity. Etc. This is very cornfusing!
Slide 15
PLANTING Timing insures crop germination, growth, and harvest
within a limited time frame Soil temperature is also a factor, must
be above 50 F at a depth of 2
Slide 16
DEGREE DAYS (Growing Degree Days) Measure of the temperature
requirements for the best crop growth. The maximum temp. + The
minimum temp. in a day / 2 50 Low of 60 F high of 86 F the GDD
would be: 60 + 86 = 146 / 2 = 73 50 = 23 GDD
Slide 17
SEEDBED Earth prepared for seeding using a moldboard or chisel
plow and followed by a disc harrow Rows planted at around 30 inches
(2.5 ft) apart 2 inches deep Moldboard plowChisel plow Disc
harrow
Slide 18
PLANT POPULATION Between 24k and 32k is normal Ft/ac divided by
row spacing divide by desired number of plants yields seed drop
spacing 43,560 / 2.5 = 17,424 / 32,000 = 05.5 inches apart Hey stop
crowding me! Stay in your own row!
Slide 19
FERTILIZATION: Good yields require nutrients especially corn
Soil test should be taken to determine the need for soil amendments
Well have the Nitrogen please
Slide 20
PEST CONTROL IPM should be used to control pests Common pests
include: weeds, insects, nematodes, diseases Can be somewhat
controlled by planting resistant varieties
Slide 21
HARVESTING Should be timed for maximum yield Alfatoxins could
be a problem during storage if humidity is too high, this is a
poison produced by a fungus and can be deadly in large amounts
Slide 22
WHEAT PRODUCTION: Most important cereal grain crop Types grown:
Based upon time of planting, color and kernel hardness Two main
classes Spring- planted spring, grows summer, matures fall Winter-
planted fall, establishes winter, grows rapidly spring Spring
Winter
Slide 23
WHEAT PRODUCTION: Color- two main classes red (predominated the
U.S.) and white preferred for flour making) Hardness- determined by
the endosperm allows different wheat to have different purposes.
Hard Red Winter WheatHard White
Slide 24
VARIETIES: Wheat varieties should be selected for climate
adaptation and yield Vary in height, and winter hardiness
Slide 25
PLANTING: Three important factors Date: season of the wheat
winter or spring Seedbed: conventional or no-till Seeding: Wheat is
drilled at 6in spacing, 12k to 20k seeds per lb. and generally 20
to 100 lb. per acre higher end of that figure is for grazing
Slide 26
FERTILIZATION: Good yields require nutrients and wheat responds
well as it is a grass Soil test should be taken to determine the
need for soil amendments Show me the nitrogen!
Slide 27
PEST MANAGEMENT: IPM should be used to control pests Common
pests include: insects, weeds, and diseases Can be somewhat
controlled by planting resistant varieties Cultural practices can
be used to avoid certain pest
Slide 28
HARVESTING: Should be timed for maximum yield wheat will be
golden brown Shattering could be a problem during harvest if the
kernels fall from the head before they are harvested. Wheat in
danger of shatter
Slide 29
RICE PRODUCTION: Types grown: Based upon grain length in three
lengths short, medium, and long Two cultural methods of growing
Low-land- planted in large low flat fields Up-land- planted on hill
sides called rice paddies
Slide 30
VARIETIES: Rice varieties should be selected for climate
adaptation and yield Vary in grain length, and chosen according to
region that best supports their growth and production Paddy in
Japan Rice field in Arkansas
Slide 31
PLANTING: Three important factors Date: depends on air temp. so
the water will not too hot or cold Seedbed: land needs to be
leveled be loose at the surface but tight below to hold water,
terraces may also be necessary to slow water and avoid erosion
Seeding: Rice is drilled or broadcast on wet or dry seed beds and
flooded after planting
Slide 32
WATER MANAGEMENT: Rice requires large amounts of water and is
measured in acre-inches An acre of land is covered in water that is
1 in deep So a field that has 3 in deep water has 3 acre in per
acre
Slide 33
FERTILIZATION: Good rice yields require fertilizer especially
nitrogen and since rice is grown in an aquatic environment nitrogen
is often lost to denitrification of the saturated soil Soil test
should be taken to determine the need for soil amendments
Slide 34
PEST MANAGEMENT: IPM should be used to control pests Common
pests include: insects, weeds, and diseases Some small aquatic
animals also cause problems Can be somewhat controlled by planting
resistant varieties Cultural practices can be used to avoid certain
pest
Slide 35
HARVESTING: Should be timed after draining the fields and they
have had adequate time to dry to support the weight of a combine
Rice kernels should be at 18 to 22 percent moisture
Slide 36
GRAIN SORGHUM (MILO) PRODUCTION: Ranks fifth in worldwide grain
production and 3 rd in U.S. grain production Types grown: 4 types,
grain sorghum, sweet sorghum (forage), broom corn, and grass
sorghums (Johnson grass, sudan grass) 4 basic colors, yellow,
white, brown, mixed
Slide 37
VARIETIES: Varieties should be selected for climate adaptation
and yield and must meet market requirements Vary and should be
chosen according to region that best supports their growth and
production Those bound for human consumption must be of the white
variety Stop Please dont eat the Johnson Grass!
Slide 38
PLANTING: Date: depends on soil temp. of at least 55 F April or
May Seedbed: conventional or no-till Planting done via row planter
in shallow furrows (listing) at 18 in spacing or like corn in wider
spacing Maybe used as a rotated crop to increases land use and
lower fertilizer cost, ex. Cotton or soybeans Plant population may
be as high as 100,00 ppa Wheres Waldo?
Slide 39
MOISTURE MANAGEMENT: Grain sorghum requires large amounts of
water to produce a crop Grain sorghum is very efficient user of
soil moisture, uses up to 90% for a depth of 35 in Yall thirsty
over there? Nope it rained last month
Slide 40
FERTILIZATION: Grain sorghum efficiently uses existing soil
nutrients, but nitrogen is often applied in split application, once
before planting and once during growth Soil test should be taken to
determine the need for soil amendments, before and after growing
grain sorghum, because it removes nutrients so efficiently they
must be replenished by the producer
Slide 41
PEST MANAGEMENT: IPM should be used to control pests Common
pests include: insects, weeds, diseases, birds, and other animals
birds cause the largest problems Can be somewhat controlled by
planting resistant varieties Cultural practices can be used to
avoid certain pests like crop rotation
Slide 42
HARVESTING: Should be timed after heads have matured and the
stalks have begun to dry grain should be at no more than 20 percent
moisture
Slide 43
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Amaranth- sometimes considered a weed or an
herb, high in protein and lysine. Broadleaf that produces small
seeds similar to sorghum. Prefers slightly higher ph than other
plants, can be combine harvested.
Slide 44
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Barley- very old grain crop, some use in
food and feedstuff, grown primarily for hay and forage, has winter
and spring varieties like wheat, can be combine harvested.
Slide 45
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Millet- used for grain and summer forage,
Proso only variety grown in the U.S. heads out like sorghum but
grains are large and round, often harvested for hay instead of
grain.
Slide 46
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Oats- decline in production due to the
declined use of draft animals; however human consumption has kept
the U.S. oat production at the top of the leader board. The
unground oat grain is called groat, the groat is roasted separated
from the shell and rolled
Slide 47
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Quinoa- grown heavily in south America, cold
tolerant, grows in dry climates, similar to rice, higher oil yield
than corn, grows well at altitudes of around 8,000 ft.
Slide 48
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Rye- growth much like wheat, very hearty
grain, not used much anymore for anything other than a green manure
or cover crop, some planted for hay or pasture
Slide 49
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Teff- widely used grain in foreign
countries, used for human food or animal feed, has few pest
problems but is slow growing
Slide 50
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Triticale- crossbreed of rye and wheat,
higher protein than both its parents, high productivity and
climatic adaptation, grows in cold climates and is resistant to
many diseases Wheat Rye Triticale
Slide 51
OTHER GRAIN CROPS: Wild rice- grains are larger than
traditional rice, shatters easily, has many pests and diseases,
sells for higher price than domesticated rice
Slide 52
SUMMARY: Grain is a major source of human and animal nutrition,
and raw material for product manufacturing. The major grains grown
in the U.S. are: Corn, Wheat, and Rice. Corn is the most
important.
Slide 53
SUMMARY: Selecting grain crops for production involves
decisions based on: climate, soil and water, market, technology,
and skills and preferences. The land must be compatible with the
crop and there is no need to grow a particular crop if there is no
market. No Market =
Slide 54
SUMMARY: Varieties of crops were established to add value and
adaptability to crops, corn is grown primarily for grain while some
is produced for animal forage. Corn is grown most widely in the
U.S. Winter wheat is planted in the fall and is used for spring
pasture. Spring wheat is planted in the spring and harvested in
late summer. Rice is grown in flooded fields. Rice is a staple in
many foreign countries. Rice growing techniques vary depending on
water management.
Slide 55
SUMMARY: There are many minor grain crops, though many of them
are not grown heavily in the U.S. many of them provide foreign
countries with a large part of their nutritional needs. The most
important minor crops are: grain sorghum, barley, and rye. Other
crops are triticale, quinoa, and wild rice.