GPC 126 Physiological Psychology Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2015 The Senses: Our windows to the world

GPC 126GPC 126

Physiological PsychologyPhysiological Psychology

Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCCDean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC

METU-NCCMETU-NCC

Spring 2015Spring 2015

The Senses: Our The Senses: Our windows to the windows to the

worldworld

Lecture 7This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in Chapter 6-7of the text

Foundations of Physiological PsychologyFoundations of Physiological Psychologyby

Neil R. Carlson

All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text.

Plan for the day

3. Review the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs

2. Review the fundamentals of sensation and sensory activation

4. Review major categories of sensory disturbance and disease

1. Selection of presentation dates

Presentation DateTeam 28 April 5 May 12 May

Bobcats X

Canaries X

Cheetahs X

Eagles X

Evil X

Indians X

Panthers X

Reindeer X

Sphinx X

Squirrels X

Tulips X

Venus X

But first…….But first…….

http://www.birdcheck.co.uk/whackthepenguin.htm

Where are you at this moment??

How do you know that??

What information are you using to make that decision???



Our sensesOur senses

Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) is generally credited with the classification system we use today recognizing the 5 basic senses…

HearingSmell

TasteTouch

Vision

Our sensesOur senses

We come to know our world through our innate abilities to perceive physical and chemical events around us……

Physical senses: Vision, Hearing and Touch

Chemical senses: Taste and Smell

Sensation: the process by which we Sensation: the process by which we interact with our environment.interact with our environment.

Sensory receptorSensory receptor: Specialized type of neuron that has evolved to respond to environmental events…stimuli inside and outside of the individual

Sensory transductionSensory transduction: Physical stimuli impinging upon the sensory receptor trigger an electrical potential (receptor potential)

Anatomy of the Visual SystemAnatomy of the Visual System

Vision

The Eye

VisionVision

Anatomy of the eyeAnatomy of the eye


Hue: wavelength Brightness: intensity Saturation: purity

The Eye is a wonderfully adapted organ designed The Eye is a wonderfully adapted organ designed to respond to light…..so what is “Light”….to respond to light…..so what is “Light”….

Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation


Key Terms: AccomodationKey Terms: Accomodation


Key Terms: AccommodationKey Terms: Accommodation


Key Terms: Retina


Key Terms: Photoreceptor

A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.


Key Terms: Photoreceptor

The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and

cones, each of which makes a contribution to sight. The rods are more sensitive to photon stimulation and are distributed more evenly across the retinal field. The cones are sensitive to a broad spectrum of light frequencies and are concentrated in high numbers in the fovea.

A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s:] the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.

Anatomy of the eyeAnatomy of the eyeKey Terms: Rods and Cones

Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by as few as 6 photons. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.

Dark adaptation: The process of enhanced visual sensitivity to light in low light environments….may take up to 30 minutes to achieve maximum light sensitivity…….


Pupillary reflexThe pupillary light reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retina of the eye, thereby assisting in adaptation to various levels of darkness and light, in addition to retinal sensitivity. Greater intensity light causes the pupil to become smaller (allowing less light in), whereas lower intensity light causes the pupil to become larger (allowing more light in). Thus, the pupillary light reflex regulates the intensity of light entering the eye.

Anatomy of the eyeAnatomy of the eyeKey Terms: Rods and Cones

Night Vision

Anatomy of the eyeAnatomy of the eye Key Terms: Rods and Cones

Cones require significantly brighter

light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light.

Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. S, M, & L are the three types of cone cells and they respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths.



The human retina contains:

Approximately 120 million rod cells

6 million cone cells.

The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal.


Key Terms: Optic disk

The optic disc or optic nerve The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive There are no light sensitive rods or cones at this exit rods or cones at this exit point and so this area is a point and so this area is a blind spot in the visual field.blind spot in the visual field.

The optic disk represents the The optic disk represents the beginning of the optic nerve.beginning of the optic nerve.

Can you find your “blind spot”?Can you find your “blind spot”?


Key Terms: Bipoloar/ ganglion Cells

A bipolar neuron functions to transmit information from the photoreceptor cells to the ganglion cell which, in turn, converge to form the optic nerve exiting the eye at the location of the optic disk.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajnsDVsP0Uk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajnsDVsP0Uk


Key Terms: FoveaKey Terms: Fovea

More properly, the fovea centralis. That region of the macula which provides us with sharp, central vision necessary for things like reading, driving, sewing….etc.


Optic ChiasmaOptic Chiasma


Blurred vision (refractive errors)

Nearsightedness (called myopia) is when you can see clearly up close but blurry in the distance.

Farsightedness (called hyperopia) is when you can see clearly in the distance but blurry up close.

Presbyopia is age related and caused by loss of elasticity of the lens…in ability to focus for older people (after age 40). One in every three people 40 years or older in the U.S. will need glasses to read smaller print.

Astigmatism is another condition that causes blurred vision, but it is because of the shape of the cornea.


Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)AMD is a disease that blurs the sharp, central vision needed to see straight-ahead. It affects the part of the eye called the macula that is found in the center of the retina. The macula lets a person see fine detail and is needed for things like reading and driving.

Risk FactorsType 1 or 2 diabetesPoor control of blood sugar levelHigh blood pressureHigh cholesterolPregnancyBeing African American or HispanicSmoking


GlaucomaThere are different types of glaucoma, but all of them cause vision loss by damaging the optic nerve. The most common type of glaucoma happens because of slowly increasing fluid pressure inside the eyes. Vision loss from glaucoma cannot be corrected. But if it is found early, vision loss can be slowed or stopped.

Anyone can have glaucoma, but some people are at higher risk of developing the disease. Family history is a good indicator.


CataractA cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye. It often leads to poor vision at night, especially while driving, due to glare from bright lights. Cataracts are most common in older people, but can also occur in young adults and children. Cataract treatment is very successful and widely available.

Risk FactorsAge, cataracts are more common after age 60Certain diseases such as diabetesSmoking and alcohol useToo much exposure to sunlight


Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)All people with diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, are at risk for DR. It is caused by damage to blood vessels in the back of the eye (retina). The longer someone has diabetes, the more likely he or she will get DR.

Risk FactorsType 1 or 2 diabetes, poor control of blood sugar level,High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Pregnancy, Smoking

A Little Test for You….A Little Test for You….

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITHTHE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.....

Read the following text and count the number of “F”s you find

How many did you find? 66

Optical illusions/Visual IllusionsOptical illusions/Visual Illusions

1. Ambiguous illusions arise from the mind’s attempt to understand a figure while at least two explanations exist…..

Rubin’s vase


2. Distorting or geometrical-optical illusions are characterized by distortions of size, length, position or curvature. A common example is the Café wall illusion.

Café Wall


2. Distorting or geometrical-optical illusions. Other examples are the famous Müller-Lyer illusion.

Müller-Lyer illusion


3. Paradox illusions present impossible events…..

Penrose Triangle


3. Paradox illusions present impossible events…..

Penrose Stairs

Anatomy of the Somatic Sensory SystemAnatomy of the Somatic Sensory System

Touch

The Skin

It’s more than “Touch”It’s more than “Touch”

The somato-sensory system is a diverse

sensory system comprising the receptors and processing centers to produce the sensory modalities including:

touchtemperatureproprioception (body position) nociception (pain).



sensory system comprising the receptors and processing centers to produce the sensory modalities including:touch

temperatureproprioception (body position) nociception (pain).



sensory system comprising the receptors and processing centers to produce the sensory modalities including:touchtemperature

Proprioception(body position) nociception (pain).


Proprioception(body position)

What's your balance-basedRealAge?

Balance TimeBalance-BasedRealAge

4 seconds 70 years

5 seconds 65 years

7 seconds 60 years

8 seconds 55 years

9 seconds 50 years

12 seconds 45 years

16 seconds 40 years

22 seconds 30-35 years

28 seconds 25-30 years

Balance test….



sensory system comprising the receptors and processing centers to produce the sensory modalities including:touchtemperatureProprioception (body position)

nociception (pain).

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Named after physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen, leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external sign.

Source: World Health Organization

More than one type of receptorMore than one type of receptor

Somato-sensory Somato-sensory PathwayPathway

Anatomy of the Olfactory SystemAnatomy of the Olfactory System

Smell(Olfaction)

The nasal membranes

Anatomy of the Olfactory SystemAnatomy of the Olfactory System

1: Olfactory bulb

2: Mitral cells

3: Bone

4: Nasal Epithelium

5: Glomerulus

6: Olfactory receptor cells

Anosmia (loss of olfactory sensation)Anosmia (loss of olfactory sensation)

Risk FactorsDamage to the olfactory system can occur by

traumatic brain injury, cancer, infection, inhalation of toxic fumes, or neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Anatomy of the Gustatory SystemAnatomy of the Gustatory System

Taste

Gustation


Taste

Gustation

The Tongue


Distribution of chemical receptor cells

Anatomy of the Auditory SystemAnatomy of the Auditory System

Audition

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgdqp-oPb1Q

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgdqp-oPb1Q


Audition

Anatomy of soundAnatomy of sound

Sound

Frequency: PitchHertz (Hz)

Intensity: Volume Decibels (Db)


Vestibular System

This system makes all of the following possible…..

Vestibular System

Vestibular System

Controls Balance and Spatial Orientation

This system is the primary source of information about movement and a sense of balance.

The system senses rotations and linear accelerations and sends information to the

eyes and to the muscles that control balance.

Vestibular System

Kinesthesia: Perception of the body’s own movement.

Hearing Loss

Hearing Loss

Presbycusis, gradual age-related hearing loss is Presbycusis, gradual age-related hearing loss is common.common.

1/3 of individuals between 65-75 have some hearing 1/3 of individuals between 65-75 have some hearing lossloss

1/2 over the age of 75 have some hearing loss1/2 over the age of 75 have some hearing loss

Primary causes: Heredity and exposure to loud Primary causes: Heredity and exposure to loud noises are the biggest risk factors.noises are the biggest risk factors.

Source: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hearing-loss/DS00172/DSECTION=risk-factors


Risk Factors

Aging. The accumulated damage over a lifetime of exposure to noise can damage hearing.

Heredity. A history of early hearing loss in your family may pre-dispose you to loss.

Occupational noises. Jobs that expose individual to constant high levels of sound or jobs that may expose an individual to occasional but severely intense sound can lead to damage. (Intensity vs chronicity)……



Risk FactorsRecreational noises.


Safe sound levelsSafe sound levels


30 db

60 db

70 db

Risky sound levelsRisky sound levels


85-90 db

95 db

110 db

DangerousDangeroussound levelssound levels


120 db

185 db

140 db (Pain threshold)


Risk FactorsSome medications. Drugs, such as the antibiotic gentamicin and certain chemotherapy drugs, can damage the inner ear. Temporary effects on your hearing — ringing in the ear (tinnitus) or hearing loss — can occur if you take very high doses of aspirin, other pain relievers, antimalarial drugs or loop diuretics.

Some illnesses. Diseases or illnesses that result in high fever, such as meningitis, may damage the cochlea.


Causes of hearing loss


Genetic causes

Syndromic: Deafness is the result of an illness and hearing loss is only one symptom, among many others, of the disease. (30%)

Nonsyndromic: Deafness is the only result of this genetic defect. (70%)



Illness

Measles (kızamık)



Illness

Meningitis (menenjit)

Mumps kabakulak



Illness

PresbycusisLoss of blood flow to ear..

Chlamydia (STD)Chlamydia



Illness

Fetal alcohol syndrome (64%)

Fetal alkol sendromu



Illness

Syphilis

Frengi

1/3 of Children will

become deaf.

+ many, many more……



Neurological Disorders

Multiple Sclerosis

Strokes

Brain tumors



Medication

This includes some diuretics, aspirin, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),Antibiotics, antimalarials



Chemical ExposureSolvents

toluene, styrene, xylene, n-hexae, ethyl benzene, white spirits/Stoddard, carbon disulfide, fuels, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, p-xylene

Asphyxiants carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide

Metals lead, mercury, organotin compounds (trimethyltin)

Pesticides/Herbicides paraquat, organophosphates



Trauma

Neurological hearing loss

Damage to the earDamage to the brain

Homework Assignment for next weekHomework Assignment for next weekDue 14 AprilDue 14 April

Complete Sleep Log

Return for class on 14 April and bring sleep log…..

and finally, some more housekeeping

Please help me return the classroom to it Please help me return the classroom to it original condition…..original condition…..

1. Take your rubbish with you……

2. Place the student desks in their original order.

Thank you…., Gracias, Merci, Danke, teşekkür ederim, ありがとう , Asante, gratias ago vos,Dank u, Takk skal du ha, спасибо ……

Harika!!

Too many drugs??

Documents

GPC 126 Physiological Psychology Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2015 The Senses: Our windows to the world