Government of Citizens, Not Money

Americans Are United for the 28th Amendment

Government of the People Secure Free and Fair

Elections

Fellow Americans-

We offer this report, Government of Citizens, at a time of great danger and opportunity for our nation. America faces many challenges. We believe many of these arise from a root crisis of concentrated money and special interests controlling our political system. Big donors are well- represented; most Americans are not.

As a result, American trust in our institutions -- and in each other -- is collapsing. Powerful interests profit from dividing voters and preventing practical solutions that will help hard-working Americans. On the left and the right, the few who believe in and can afford to participate in the pay-for-play system trade millions of dollars in campaign contributions for billions of dollars in tax money as the government picks winners and losers.

The appropriate response to this crisis offers a historic opportunity for national re-dedication to our core uniting principles. This response is an amendment to the United States Constitution to secure effective, comprehensive and lasting reform. This Constitutional amendment -- it will be the 28th Amendment -- will empower citizens and their leaders to establish and maintain open and fair elections and governance while making sure that power and money do not overwhelm the voices (speech) of the people.

Americans today defy conventional wisdom. We are not as hopelessly divided, as some want us to believe. We are capable of big things as a nation.

• We are united, not divided, in our determination to return government to

the people and restrain the corrupting influence of big money in politics.

• We are going big, not small; we will pass and ratify a Constitutional amendment to ensure transparency, prevent corruption and guard against the buying of access to or influence over representatives.

• We are active, not passive, shaping fate rather than accepting national

failure.

We know this 28th Amendment will not be easy. Under Article V of the Constitution, 2/3 of each house of Congress must vote for an amendment and 3/4 (38) of state legislatures must ratify it. But we are on our way. Nineteen states have formally called for some form of 28th Amendment by significant cross-partisan majorities. 800 cities and towns across the nation have done the same. At the same time, Congressional resolutions are gaining momentum with hundreds of co-sponsors in the House and Senate.

Please review this report to learn more. Now is the time to renew our national commitment to government of the people, by the people and for the people. The 28th Amendment will help us do that.

Jeff Clements John Pudner Steve Lipscomb President,AmericanPromise

ExecutiveDirector,TakeBackOurRepublic

ManagingDirector,FixItAmerica.org

Jeffc@americanpromise.net Johnp@takeback.org FIAdemocracy@gmail.com

Introduction............................................................................................................................1ConstitutionalCrisis:Howdidwegethere?......................................................................................2WhyAConstitutionalAmendment?.................................................................................................3Theproblemiscross-partisan;thesolutionmustbetoo..................................................................7

AreAmericansReallyUnited?.................................................................................................8ReadyforChange...........................................................................................................................10WidespreadRepublicanSupportForAddressingtheInfluenceofMoneyinPolitics.......................11TimeforCongresstoStepUp.........................................................................................................12TimeToAct....................................................................................................................................12

AppendixI:RepublicansCallforthe28thAmendmentAppendixII:RepublicancriticsoftheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsaboutmoneyinpoliticsHistoricRepublicancriticsofuncheckedcorporatepowerandcorporateparticipationinpolitics,predatingCitizensUnitedAppendixIII:ConstitutionalAmendmentsAreHowAmericansKeepOurRepublic

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Introduction In September 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia signed the proposed Constitution and left Independence Hall to seek its ratification by the states and the American people. Stepping out, Ben Franklin famously answered a citizen’s question about what kind of government the Constitutional founders had created: “A republic, if you can keep it.”

Franklin knew well the challenges facing a government by the people, including foreign intrigue, concentrated power, factionism, division, corruption, erosion of civic virtue, and more. Today, these threats are as present as they have ever been in our short history.

Among the most urgent threats is the take-over of elections and policy decisions by a small group of wealthy elites and the entities they control. The problem is not new, but it has recently reached epic proportions. Since 2010, election spending has skyrocketed - with more than $40 billion spent to define the outcomes of federal and state elections. Most of that money comes from less than 1% of Americans. A new, self-selected, wealthy donor class now call the shots, not the people.

Too many of our representatives are spending half or more of their time calling wealthy donors and raising money. And almost all Americans are locked out of this new big money political system. The new, self-selected wealthy donor class now has a dominant impact on policy, with most citizens having no impact at all.1 Literally, issues that have near universal

1Gilens,M.,&Page,B.I.(2014).TestingtheoriesofAmericanpolitics:Elites,interestgroups,andaveragecitizens.

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agreement have virtually no chance of becoming law if they are not supported by the new donor class. Money continues to pour into elections in record amounts2. Voter turnout is low.3 Satisfaction with candidates,4 elected officials,5 and the direction of the country generally are also low.6 More than 80% of Americans - including most business executives - agree that unfettered political spending leads to political inequality and democratic corruption.7

Constitutional Crisis: How did we get here?

How did this happen? An “activist-minded Supreme Court” changed the rules of the game.8

In a series of decisions over the past few decades, the Supreme Court abandoned traditional Constitutional caution of checks and balances in favor of a reckless experiment that now allows unlimited money to be raised and spent in elections. With a theory that money spent in elections -- no matter the amount or source of funds -- is simply freedom of speech and cannot be balanced by other rights and interests of Americans, the Court has repeatedly struck down campaign finance and election laws. This reckless step rejects the core American value that your wealth should not define your rights as a citizen. The result: the new self-selected donor class’s demands are met and public needs are neglected. To be competitive, politicians are forced to spend much of their time raising money from and catering to big donors, while ordinary citizens and the issues that truly matter are seldom even addressed.

PerspectivesonPolitics,12(3),564-581.DOI:10.1017/S15375927140015952http://pewrsr.ch/2CO1ULL;https://www.ft.com/content/5060844a-0420-11e7-ace0-1ce02ef0def93http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/15/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/4http://pewrsr.ch/2F0vGCT5https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/congressional_job_approval-903.html6http://news.gallup.com/poll/196388/satisfaction_remains_low_leading_election.aspx7Demoshttp/:www.demos.org:;CommitteeonEconomicDevelopmenthttp://www.ced.org/8“Underourconstitutionalsystem,especiallywithanactivist-mindedSupremeCourt,thejudiciarymaybethemostimportantinstrumentforsocial,economicandpoliticalchange.”MemorandumtotheUSChamberofCommerce,August1971,fromLewisPowell.Soonthereafter,PowellwasappointedtotheCourtandauthoredmanyofthedecisionscreatingnewConstitutionalrightsforlargecorporationsandmoneyinpolitics.

“Theoriginalframerswerehighlydistrustfulofthepowerofcorporations.IsuspectthattheframerswouldbeappalledatCitizensUnited.WethePeople—eachofus—areonlythemostrecentgenerationofAmericanswhohavebeencalledupontodefendtheframers’visionofaConstitutionalgovernmentOfthePeople,BythePeople,andForandthePeople.Thatresponsibilityisnowours.”

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The Supreme Court has had ample opportunity to correct its mistake, but it has not done so, and shows no inclination to do so. That leaves it up to us, the American people, to use the Constitutional amendment process to correct the Court, as Americans have done eight times before.

The 28th Amendment will protect the integrity of American elections and secure equal rights of Americans as citizens in our republic by addressing the problems inherent in dark money in elections and governance. The Amendment may also put an end to partisan gerrymandering – which allows politicians to choose their voters rather than the other way around.9

As Benjamin Franklin said, it is “a republic. If you can keep it.” Well, we can keep it, but we need to act now.

Why A Constitutional Amendment?

American democracy is in crisis, and it is a Constitutional crisis. Political inequality and the grip that unlimited dark money has taken on our political institutions -- legislative, executive and judicial -- threatens the very nature of our government. Most Americans correctly perceive that they are excluded from meaningful representation and participation.

The Supreme Court’s 2010 Citizens United ruling codified a decades’ long assault on the checks and balances of American politics. The Court has repeatedly struck down state and federal election laws under a theory that campaign spending to influence elections is “free speech” – whether spent by people, corporations, unions,

9SeveralversionsofeffectiveamendmentresolutionshavebeenintroducedandhavesignificantsupportinCongress.AmericanPromiseisleadingacross-partisaninitiativetoensurethatwehavethemosteffectivelanguageandanopportunityforallAmericanstohaveavoiceinthatprocess.MoreinformationaboutWritingthe28thAmendment:http://www.americanpromise.net/writing_the_28th_amendment.

EIGHT AMENDMENTS CORRECTING THE SUPREME COURT The 11th Amendment corrected the Supreme Court’s decision in Chisholm

v. Georgia, which damaged our federalism by allowing creditor suits against the States in federal courts. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments nullified the

notorious decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford, which had declared African Americans to have no rights, and precipitated the Civil War. The 16th

Amendment nullified Pollock v. Farmers Loan & Trust Co., which had struck down the progressive income tax. The 19th Amendment overruled the Court’s

conclusion in Minor v. Hapersett that women had no right to vote. The 24th Amendment declared taxes on voters (the poll tax) unconstitutional and the 26th Amendment empowered 18, 19 and 20 year-olds with the right to vote,

both of which the Supreme Court had denied in Breedlove v. Suttles and Oregon v. Mitchell, respectively.

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Super PACs, billionaires, etc. And that right allows any of those groups/entities to spend unlimited money in elections.

• Billions of dollars now are flooding our elections at an unprecedented rate -

unprecedented in the history of the world.

• Most of the money comes from less than 1% of Americans.

• Foreign money and influence has infiltrated the election process through corporate subsidiaries and dark-money Super PACs.

• The “speech” of most Americans has been drowned out by the bullhorn of

dark money -- effectively denying all but a self-selected few from having a meaningful say in our electoral process.

• Well-intended legislators are forced to participate in a money arms race each

election cycle or face abandoning the people they serve and the important issues for which they fight.

• Time spent raising money takes away from the important task of running our

state and federal government.

• The interests of the new self-selected donor class are often at odds with the interests of the citizenry and the country as a whole.

• More and more, public needs and the national interest are being neglected.

• Citizens are justifiably dispirited and angry. They are beginning to distrust all

institutions and dismiss even well intentioned individuals as “elites.” • Many citizens are simply checking out or being lured further and further to the

extremes.

• The problem transcends party affiliation. Front groups and dark money are well documented on all sides of the aisle. And the money arms race is on. The US Chamber of Commerce, the Democratic Governors Association & the Republican Governors Association have funneled a combined $700 million of special interest money into our elections in recent years.

“TheSupremeCourt“hasgeneticallyalteredourdemocraticDNA,pushingAmericanpoliticsinanoligarchic,corporatistdirection.TheConstitutionbegins'Wethepeople'not'Wethecorporations.'”

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With the elimination of the lines and buffers between powerful economic forces and our political process, money is pouring into our federal, state and local elections in an attempt to buy legislation that serves the interests of a self-selected few over the many. The result is unequal representation, extreme polarization, anger and destabilization of the American republic.

The unfortunate consequences of this brave new Supreme Court enabled world abound.

• Pharmaceutical companies lobby for legislation that bolsters profits from illicit drug sales while fueling the opioid addiction crisis. They deploy hundreds of millions of dollars in political spending to make billions by keeping drug prices the highest in the world.

• Wall Street donors lobby for and receive preferential financial and tax regulations, resulting in some of the people who make the most money in our country paying fewer taxes than the hard-working American middle class.

• We see subsidies for the powerful, low wages for American workers,

healthcare that is unaffordable for many Americans and a government that does not respond to the needs of far too many.

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• Big money donors fuel gerrymandering strategies that divide Americans into Congressional and Statehouse districts such that many votes don’t matter and moderate views on both sides are unrepresented.

• Corporate prisons and big prison guard unions use political spending to block

common sense criminal justice reform, while keeping more Americans incarcerated at huge tax-payers’ expense.

• Some legislators who represent the new self-selected donor class rather than

their constituents, all too often sponsor and pass unread laws written by corporate lobbyists.

The Supreme Court’s aggressive role in striking down basic anti-corruption and fair election rules has had profound consequences for states’ rights and our federalist system. States that have long safeguarded their own elections now face unprecedented court challenges.

• For example, Montana had barred corporate election spending since

1912. A century later, without even a hearing, the US Supreme Court summarily overruled Montana’s own Supreme Court and struck down the Montana law so that global corporations could make unlimited expenditures to influence Montana elections.10 Laws in more than 20 other states have suffered a similar fate.

• In Alaska, a longstanding law requiring campaign money for Alaska elections to come from the people of Alaska was attacked in court as a violation of the claimed free speech rights of wealthy out-of-state interests.11

10AmericanTraditionPartnershipv.Bullock,132S.Ct.2490(2012)11Thompsonv.Hebdon

“IthoughtitwasanoutragethattheSupremeCourtcantellusthatwecanturntheseelectionsovertowhoever’sgotthemostmoney.”Ifsomethingisnotdone,“itwillchangeelectionsforever.”

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• In Arizona and Maine, small-donor, public-funded clean election systems

were attacked as violating the “free speech” rights of SuperPACs and big business to drown out the free speech of those with less money.12

Unlimited control of elections and politicians by those with a lot of money is not what free speech means. It is not what the First Amendment – which is for all Americans – means. And, it is not what our federalist system of respecting the States means.

The problem is cross-partisan; the solution must be too The crisis of money undermining our political system has been brewing for some time. Beginning with Buckley v. Valeo, in the 1970s, an “activist-minded Supreme Court” (in the words of Justice Lewis Powell) increasingly equated unlimited spending by a new self-selected donor class and the groups they control to influence elections as simply “free speech.” This Constitutional overreach by the Court was supported by Justices appointed by both Democratic and Republican Presidents. It certainly was not a case of conservative versus liberal. Both sides got us into this mess. And principled Supreme Court Justices on each end of the spectrum warned of the consequences and tried to stop the Court’s reckless activism.

12ArizonaFreeEnterpriseClub’sFreedomClubPACv.Bennett

“Peopleofgoodconsciencefromallpoliticalspectrumsmuststandupnow.Whatwecareaboutaseverydaypeopleisinperilifwedon’tgetconcentratedmoneyoutofAmericanpolitics.WecanregainpowerinarepresentativedemocracythroughtheConstitutionwiththe28thAmendment.”

“WeneedtorepairtheConstitutionalfoundationforelectionspendingreformsothatallAmericansmayparticipateinself-governmentasequalcitizens.Whenafewindividualsandextremelywell-fundedorganizations‘ownthemicrophone,’theaveragecitizen’svoiceisdrownedout.IhopeallAmericanscancometogetherwithAmericanPromisetohelpintheurgent,cross-partisanworktobringaboutfundamentalchange.”

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Conservatives such as Justice William Rehnquist supported campaign finance limitations and opposed putting American democracy up for sale to the highest bidder through all new judicially created “free speech” rights.

And liberals such as Justice Harry Blackmun – author of Roe v. Wade – opposed campaign finance limits and supported new rights for corporations.

Our elected representatives are forced to face the brunt of this unfair new system created by ill-advised Supreme Court activism. They must spend forty to fifty percent or more of their time raising money. But, the money arms race and the people and issues they care about make them hold their noses and move forward. In the same way, most middle class and wealthy donors long for a day when they are not hounded every election cycle, feeling the need to counter spending by the new self-selecting donor class that the Supreme Court has unleashed on the country. The problem is not one side of the aisle, nor the many representatives who entered public service to make our country better. The problem is a broken system.

A Constitutional amendment will correct the problem, and create a sound foundation for successful reform and the welcome renewal of our republic. To pass a Constitutional amendment into law, we will have to be united. And we are.

Are Americans Really United? The issue of a Constitutional amendment to address money in our political system has often been incorrectly portrayed as a partisan issue. We hear that Democrats support an amendment and Republicans must be against it (or the other way around), unimaginatively fueling the easy “conservative” versus “progressive” narrative. Or we hear that Americans are too divided to do the heavy lifting of a Constitutional amendment. Both are wrong.

Across the board, in every state, Americans - regardless of party affiliation or no affiliation - agree that we must pass and ratify the 28th Amendment. Poll after poll,

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year in and year out, shows how united Americans are on the call for the 28th Amendment.

Sources 13

And, when presented with the chance to vote for a Constitutional amendment to regulate election spending, citizens consistently support it with deep cross-partisan margins. For example, in Colorado and Montana, 75% of voters have approved ballot initiatives formally calling for a 28th Amendment.14 Washington and California joined this list in 2016. Voters in Massachusetts, Wyoming, Florida and many other states are working as we write this report to follow suit.

In total, as of early 2018, nineteen states have formally enacted some form of a 28th Amendment resolution either through citizen ballot initiatives or by legislative action. Twenty more states had resolutions pending in 2017. More than 800 cities and towns across the nation have passed 28th Amendment resolutions. These communities have acted regardless of whether they are in so-called “red states” or “blue states,” and when theyhave done so through the voice of the voters in ballot initiatives, the cross-partisan support is overwhelming, with results of over 80% in favor of a common result.

Many Republican lawmakers have already joined their Democratic counterparts in supporting the 28th Amendment movement. We list more than 100 elected Republicans

13PeterHartPoll(2010/11)(79%ofAmericans,including68percentRepublicans,82%Independents,87%ofDemocratssupportanAmendmentoverturningtheCitizensUnitedruling);AP(2012)(83%ofallAmericans,including81%ofRepublicans,78%ofindependents,and85%ofDemocratsbelieve“thereshouldbelimitsontheamountofmoneycorporations,unions,andotherorganizationscancontributetooutsideorganizationstryingtoinfluencecampaigns);LakeResearchPartners(2014)(RepublicansopposeCitizensUnitedrulingbya2-1margin);BloombergNews(2015)(80%ofRepublicansand78%ofallAmericanssupportaconstitutionalamendmentoverturningtheCitizensUnitedruling.)14https://ballotpedia.org/Colorado_Corporate_Contributions_Amendment,_Amendment_65_(2012)

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who have taken this stand for the good of the Constitution and the Country in Appendix I. And there are many more in every state ready to lead in rebuilding our republic’s Constitutional foundations of distributed powers, equal citizenship, and effective self-government by the people.

Ready for Change

Although citizen support across the country is widespread and truly cross-partisan, in Washington DC, the situation is different. So far, with a few notable exceptions, in Congress the Democrats and Independents have been more vocal and active in co- sponsoring legislation that would lead to the 28th Amendment. That needs to change.

Many elected officials in both major parties do recognize the need to ensure that Americans have the right to enact campaign finance laws and reasonable limits on money in elections. Only with a Constitutional amendment can we protect the integrity of our elections, our government and reinstate a fair and level playing field for all American citizens. And only with cross-partisan support can we ratify the 28th Amendment.

To succeed, and for the good of the country and our common future, cross-partisan support is not only desirable, it is essential. By design, a Constitutional Amendment can only succeed when Congress unites over a single issue (a 2/3 vote of Congress is 67 Senators and 290 House members) and support is sufficient for ratification in no fewer than 38 States.

As the Appendix to this Report makes clear, many Republicans in the country support the 28th Amendment and we hope that Republicans in Congress begin to act on that. This requires leadership, independence and work from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress. We have recommendations below for each side of the aisle, and for all Americans to get this done, and we stand ready to assist in any way.

“Inordertoachievethewidestpossibledistributionofpoliticalpower,financialcontributionsshouldbemadebyindividualsandindividualsalone”

BarryGoldwater,U.S.Senator(1953-1965)RepublicannomineeforPresident(1964)

“Itistimetoacceptthehistoricalgravityofoursituation.ItistimeforAmericansofallpoliticalviewpointstocometogethertowinthe28thAmendment—andtorenewU.S.democracyagain.”

DorisKearnsGoodwin,PresidentialHistorian,PulitzerPrize-winningAuthor

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Widespread Republican Support For Addressing the Influence of Money in Politics

America’selectionsshouldnotshouldnotbepermittedtogotothehighestbidder,andyetthisistheriskthatrisesfromtheashesoftheCitizensUniteddecision.”

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Time for Congress to Step Up Republicans and Democrats in Congress, your constituents have spoken! It is time to find new and better ways to work together to pass the 28th Amendment. Appendix 1 contains a list of hundreds of Republican lawmakers in Congress and state legislatures around the country who have either already voted for 28th Amendment resolutions or voiced their support for a Constitutional amendment to address the issue of money in our politics. Broad support from Democratic lawmakers is evident as well. Republicans and Democrats at every level, currently in office and after a lifetime of service, have stated publicly again and again that money in politics is a real problem and that we must stem the tide in order to preserve our union. American Promise is leading a process to build a cross-partisan coalition that is helping identify acceptable language for the 28th Amendment. Constitutional attorneys, scholars, judges, political leaders and citizens across the political spectrum are participating. We ask Democrats and Republicans in Congress to join us. We ask you to co-sponsor one of the Amendment bills that have already been introduced, and at the same time, work with us to construct an alternative version that all sides can support. This is one of those rare opportunities for a united effort around an issue that so many of us agree needs to be fixed. We look forward to working together to get the job done.

Time To Act

Constitutional amendments have preserved our republic since the Bill of Rights amendments were ratified in 1791. They have never been achieved by one party, one group or by the politicians alone. They require all American citizens to get in the game. That is what we must do once again. We ask all to join us.

American Promise Take Back Our Republic FixItAmerica.org JeffClements,President

JohnPudner,ExecutiveDirector

SteveLipscomb,ManagingDirector

Jeffc@americanpromise.net Johnp@takeback.org FIAdemocracy@gmail.comwww.americanpromise.net www.takeback.org www.fixitamerica.org

AppendixI,page1

AppendixI:RepublicansCallforthe28thAmendment_________________________________________________________________________________________________AlSimpson,USSenator,(R-Wyoming)(1979-1997);AmericanPromiseAdvisoryCouncil-2016-present

“Peopleacrossthenation,regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliation,aremakingclearthatcorporationsorunionsshouldnotbeabletospendinternalfundstoinfluenceelections.Iurgeyoutosupportthecallfora28thAmendmenttotheConstitutionthatrestoresthefundamentalpromiseofourRepublic:governmentof,byandforthepeople.”1Money’sdominanceoverpoliticsisatopproblemournationfaces.Itpreventsusfromtacklinganythingelse…IamcommittedtoworkingwithWyomingitesandAmericanstopassa28thAmendmenttoourConstitutionsopeople—notmoney,corporations,unionsorspecialinterests—governAmerica.”2

LindseyGraham,U.S.Senator(R-SouthCarolina)(2003-present)

“WhatIworryaboutisthatweareturningcampaignsovertoabout100peopleinthiscountry,andtheyaregoingtobeabletoadvocatetheircauseattheexpenseofyourcause.”3HeaddedthataftertheSupremeCourt'sCitizensUniteddecisionthatallowedunlimitedpoliticalspendingbygroups,stoppingthatcashflowwouldrequireaconstitutionalamendment."Ithinkthere'sawaytogetthere,"hesaid,adding,"thatwouldbeapriorityforme."4

JohnMcCain,U.S.SenatorfromArizona,(1987-present),formerRepublicannomineeforPresident(2008)

“WhattheSupremeCourtdidisacombinationofarrogance,naiveteandstupiditythelikesofwhichIhaveneverseen.RussFeingoldandIwentovertowatchtheargumentsbeforetheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.Icouldn’tbelievehowlittlethesejusticesunderstoodabouttherealitiesofpoliticalcampaigns....Theywereincrediblynaive.Sincewhenisacorporationaperson?...Whatithasdoneisithasunleashedafloodofmoney...“AndbythewayyouknowSheldon[Adelson],theLasVegascasinoowner,whoownsacasinoalso,casinosinMacau,he’scontributingIthinkover$20million

AppendixI,page2

rightnow,soforeignmoneyalreadyisintoAmericanpoliticalcampaigning,inaroundaboutway,butitis.“Ipromiseyouthis.Ipromiseyoutherewillbehugescandals,becausethere’stoomuchmoneywashingaround,toomuchofitisyoudon’tknowwhocontributed,andthere’stoomuchcorruptionassociatedwiththatkindofmoney.Therewillbemajorscandals.“Wewillgooutthereagain,we’llfightagain,andwe’llcontinuetofight,becauseit’snotfairtotheAmericanpeople.ThissystemisnotfairtotheAmericanpeople...Igrieverightnowfortheaveragecitizen,fortheaveragevoter.”5

~“IbelievethathistorywillshowthattheCitizensUniteddecisionbytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtwasoneoftheworstinhistorysayingthatcorporationsarepeopleandmoneyisspeech--aviolationofeverythingthatIbelieve,certainlyinthe20thcenturywhatwebelievedasfarasfinancingofelectionsisconcerned.”6

~“WeneedalevelplayingfieldandweneedtogobacktotherealizationthatTeddyRoosevelthadthatwehavetohavealimitontheflowofmoney,andthatcorporationsarenotpeople.“That'swhywehavedifferentlawsthatgoverncorporationsthangovernindividualcitizens.Andsotosaythatcorporationsarepeople,again,fliesinthefaceofallthetraditionalSupremeCourtdecisionsthatwehavemade--thathavebeenmadeinthepast.”7

~“Icondemnthem[SuperPACs]onallsidesandIcondemntheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtfortheirnaiveteintheCitizensvs.United[sic],adecisionwhichisanoutrage.”8

~Votedinfavorofa28thAmendmenttoenableregulationofcampaignfinance9

OlympiaSnowe,U.S.Senator,Maine(1995-2013);AmericanPromiseAdvisoryCouncil

“It’sonethingtohaveavigorousexchangeofideas.Butwhenaselectfewindividualsandorganizations‘ownthemicrophone,’theaveragecitizen’svoiceiseffectivelydrownedoutbyacacophonyofhigh-pricedmediablitzes.Thisimbalanceiscompoundedbytheexplodingphenomenonof‘outside’organizationsthatpourextraordinaryfinancialresourcesintoastatetoinfluenceanelectionnotbasedontheinterestsofthatstate,butontheparochial,politicalobjectivesofthatgroup.Oftentimes,outsidegroupsspendmoreoncampaignsthanthecandidatesthemselves,andthat’snotright.”10

AppendixI,page3

“ItisessentialthatCongressrevisittheissueofcampaignfinancereformtocounterthemassiveamountsofthird-partyadvertisingthataredisproportionatelyandtoooftenanonymouslyinfluencingourelectionsandfuelingthefiresofpartisandiscourse.ItmustexploreandexaminenewmeansofachievingthisendthatwillprotectFirstAmendmentrightstofreespeechwhilepreservingtheintegrityofcampaignsandelections.“11

WalterJones,U.S.Representative,3rddistrictofNorthCarolina(1995-present)

“Thecitizenisalmostleftout(ofthepoliticalprocess)...Ifeelverystronglythatmoneydrivespolicyanditshouldnotbethatway.”12

Repeatedco-sponsorof28thAmendmentinCongressCo-SponsorofH.J.Res48(inthe114thand115thCongress)Co-sponsoredH.J.Res.21(inthe113thCongress)andH.J.Res.88(inthe112thCongress),identicalbillstoamendtheU.S.Constitutiontomakeitclearthatcorporationsdonothaveconstitutionalrights,asiftheywerepeople.13

JohnKatko,U.S.Representative,24thdistrictofNewYork(2015-present)

KatkosaidhewouldsupportaconstitutionalamendmenttooverturntheSupremeCourt’s2010inCitizensUnited,explaining,“Theonlywayyou’regoingtolimit[moneyinpolitics]isthroughaconstitutionalamendment.”14

JimLeach,U.S.Representative,R-Iowa(1977-2007),Chair,NationalEndowmentfortheHumanities(2009-2013),AmericanPromiseAdvisoryCouncil,2016-present

“CitizensUnitedhasgeneticallyalteredourdemocraticDNA,pushingAmericanpoliticsinanoligarchic,corporatistdirection.TheConstitutionbegins'Wethepeople'not'Wethecorporations.'”

“Acorporationisanartificialcreationofthestate,whichinturnisacreationofthepeople.Tovestwithconstitutionallyprotectedpoliticalrightsaninanimateentitymakesmockeryofourindividual-rightsheritage...Thereisgreatinequalitybetweencorporations,noequalityofindividualandcorporate“personhood,”andnoequalityofindividualswhenonewithmanycorporatetiesmayhavemorecapacitytoinfluencedecision-makingthanonewithnoneorjustafew...ThereisnoescapingtherealitythatthepreceptofcorporatepersonhoodpushesAmericanpoliticsinanoligarchicdirection...

AppendixI,page4

Thecourt’slaw-makingjudgmentcannotbechallengedbyCongressbecauseanactivist5-to-4majorityhaspresumptuouslyheldthatthemoneyedspeechpowersithasgrantedcorporationsareprotectedbytheFirstAmendment...moneyed“speech”mustnotbeallowedtoweakenthevoicesofthepeople.TheConstitutionbegins“Wethepeople...”not“Wethecorporations...””15

"Buddy"Roemer,Governor,R-Louisiana(1988-1992)

TestimonyatahearingoftheU.S.SenateJudiciarySubcommitteeontheConstitution,on"TakingBackOurDemocracy:RespondingtoCitizensUnitedandtheRiseofSuperPACs,"July24th,2012:

"...itismybeliefthatWashingtonDCisnotjustbroken.Itisbought,rented,leased,ownedbythemoneygivers.Specialinterests,thebundlers,PACs,SuperPACs,lobbyists,theWallStreetbankers,thepharmaceuticals,thecorporategiants,theinsurancecompanies,organizedlabor,theGSE’slikeFannieandFreddie,energycompanies,onandonandonandon.Andthisisnotaboutonepartyversustheother,oraboutonepersonoranother.Itisaboutsystemicandinstitutionalcorruptionwherethesizeofyourcheckratherthanthestrengthofyourneedorideadetermineyourplaceinline..."

"AnappropriateConstitutionalAmendmentcouldberequiredasweworkthroughthiscomplexproblem.16

JohnBohlinger,LieutenantGovernor(R-Montana)(2005-2013)

“ManypeopleassociatetheonslaughtofSuperPACsanddarkmoneycontributionsfromatinyhandfulofbillionaireswithRepublicanstrategistslikeKarlRoveandconservativedonorsliketheKochbrothersandothers.ButthereisagrowingmovementinstatesallacrossthecountryofRepublicansstandinginoppositiontoCitizensUnitedandthesteadyerosionoftherightsofcitizenstoenforcecommonsenseregulationsoncampaignspendingthroughagovernmentthat,lasttimeIchecked,isof,by,andforthepeople.Allthepeople;notjustawealthyfew.Andnotthecorporations.”17

~“I'mJohnBohlinger,Montana'sLieutenantGovernor,andI'maRepublican.Now,RepublicansandDemocratsdon'talwaysagreeonpolicymatters,butthere'sonethingwedoagreeon,andthatis:corporatemoneyshouldnotinfluencetheoutcomeofanelection.”18

~AtapressconferenceonMay3rd,2012endorsingMontana’sballotinitiativeI-166,callingforaconstitutionalamendment:"Thisisagovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,andcorporationsarenotpeople."19

Atthesamepressconference:

AppendixI,page5

"TheCorruptPracticesAct:thatwasadoptedbythepeopleofMontanain1912,puttingsomelimitsandboundariesontheinfluenceofmoneyontheoutcomeofelections.ThisisaquestionthatIthinkgoesbeyondpartisanmattersofpolitics.It'snotaquestionof,well,thisisaRepublicanissueorthisisaDemocratissue.Thisisanissueaboutfairoutcomesofelections."20

VernerBertelsen,SecretaryofState,(R-Montana)(1988-1989)

May3rd,2012endorsingMontana’sballotinitiativeI-166,callingforaconstitutionalamendment:"WithoutanamendmenttotheU.S.Constitution,clarifyingthatcorporationsarenotpeople,andthatmoneyisnotspeech,policiesaimedatcleaningupelectionsandreducingtheundueinfluenceofmoneyinpoliticswillremainunderathreat."21

~BillingsGazette,“Standagainstunlimitedcampaignspending,voteforI-166,”October15th,2012:“Onyourballot,you’llseestateinitiativeI-166.YoushouldvoteFORit.AvoteFORI-166showsthatyoustillbelieveit’speople,notcorporations,whoshouldcalltheshotsinourpoliticalsystem.I-166callsonourleaderstoamendtheU.S.Constitutionandre-institutelimitsonpoliticalspending.Itwouldassertthatcorporationsaren’tpeople,theyshouldn’tbegrantedthesamerightsaspeople,andtheycertainlyshouldn’tbeallowedtobuyelections.I-166isachancetofightbackagainstthebadCitizensUniteddecisionbytheU.S.SupremeCourtandmorerecentdecisionsthatthreatentoundoMontana’scentury-oldlawsagainstpoliticalcorruption.It’saninitiativesupportedstronglybyMontanaRepublicansandDemocratsalike.IamalifelongRepublicanandIservedasMontanasecretaryofstatefrom1988to1989...Corporationsaren’tpeopleandmoneyisn’tspeech.CEOsofcorporationsmaychoosetopersonallycontributetopoliticalcampaigns,buttheyshouldn’tbeallowedtouseshareholders’moneytodoso.”22

PhilBoyle,StateSenator,NewYork(2013-present)andKempHannon,StateSenator,NewYork(2013-present)

InajointlywrittenlettertoCongressfollowingtheirvoteswhichmadeNewYorkthe16thStatecallingonCongresstoamendtheConstitutionandoverturnCitizensUnited:

AppendixI,page6

“ItisvitallyimportantthatallAmericansmaintainfaithintheirelectoralsystem.Wecannotallowexorbitantcampaignspendingbyunions,corporations,andwealthyindividualsdiminishthatfaith.”

“WebelievethatthelargeinfluxofcampaignmoneyrelatesdirectlytotheU.S.SupremeCourt’s2010CitizensUnitedv.FederalElectionCommissiondecision,amongothers.TheCitizensUniteddecisiondeclaredthatartificialentities-unions,corporations,andandassociations-havethesamerightsasThePeoplewithregardtoelectionspending.Thisdecisioneffectivelytopplesdozensofstateandfederallaws-anddecadesofjudicialprecedentthatallowedregulationofexpendituresinpoliticalcampaigns.”23

JimCox,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2007-present)

LeadsponsorofHR357.Text:AConcurrentResolutioncallingforaFreeandFairElectionsAmendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesviaaConventionofStates,pursuanttoArticleVoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,toauthorizethestatestoapplydisclosurerulesandreasonableguidelinesonelectioncampaigncontributionsandexpenditures.

HR357Republicansponsors:BryanCutler,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2007-present)MarkGillen,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2011-present)RickIrvin,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2015-present)AaronKaufer,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2015-present)ChristopherQuinn,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2016-present)JackRaderJr.,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2015-present)CurtisSonney,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2005-present)JeffWheeland,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2015-present)HarryLewisJr.,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2015-present)StephenBarrar,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(1997-present)ThomasMurt,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2007-present)DanMoul,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2007-present)TarahToohil,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2011-present)NickMiccarelli,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2009-present)JamesSantora,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2015-present)PaulSchemel,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2015-present)GarthEverett,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2007-present)EricNelson,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2016-present)AdamHarris,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2003-present)BrianEllis,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2005-present)KurtMasser,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2011-present)JesseTopper,StateRepresentative,R-Pennsylvania(2014-present)

AppendixI,page7

DavidStockman,Director,U.S.OfficeofManagementandBudgetunderPresidentReagan(1981-1985)

On“Moyers&Company,”March9th,2012at31:55

"Nowwehaveanentitledclassinthiscountrythatisfarworsethan,rememberthe"welfarequeens"thatRonaldReaganusedtotalkabout?WenowhaveanentitledclassofWallSt.financiersandcorporateCEOswhobelievethegovernmentistheretodo...whateverittakestokeepthegamegoingandtheirstockpricemovingupward."...

"Howdowesolveit?Ithinkwecanonlysolveitby...aConstitutionalAmendment,soIdon'tsaythislightly,butIthinkwehavetoeliminateallcontributionsabove$100.-andgetcorporationsoutofpoliticsentirely.Bancorporationsfromcampaigncontributionsorattemptingtoinfluenceelections.NowIknowthatrunsintocurrent"freespeech,”sotheonlywayarounditisaConstitutionalAmendmenttocleanseourpoliticalsystemonaone-timebasisfromthisenormouslycorruptinginfluencethathasbuiltup.AndIthinknothingisreallygoingtochangeuntilwegetmoneyoutofpoliticsanddosomeradicalthingstochangethewayelectionsarefinancedandthewaytheprocessisinfluencedbyorganizedmoney."24

DanFurphy,StateRepresentative,R-Wyoming(2017-present)

SponsorofHJR0010urgingCongresstoproposeaconstitutionalamendmentensuringfreeandfairelections.25

TylerLindholm,StateRepresentative,R-Wyoming(2015-present)SponsorofHJR0010PatSweeney,StateRepresentative,R-Wyoming(2017-present)SponsorofHJR0010DanZwonitzer,StateRepresentative,R-Wyoming(2005-present)SponsorofHJR0010MichaelMikeMadden,StateRepresentative,R-Wyoming(2006-present)GaryStevens,PresidentoftheStateSenate(2009-2012),andStateSenator,(R-Alaska)(2003-present)KevinMeyer,StateSenator,(R-Alaska)(2009-present)

Voted“Yea”on3/21/12topassbill#SJR1326

CatherineCloutier,StateSenator,R-Delaware(2000-present)

Joinedcross-partisanletterofDelawarelegislaturecallingonCongresstopassthe28thAmendmenttoreverseSupremeCourtandpermitlimitationsofmoneyinelections.

“TheUnitedStatesofAmerica’selectionsshouldnotshouldnotbepermittedtogotothehighestbidder,andyetthisistheriskthatrisesfromtheashesoftheCitizensUniteddecision.”27

AppendixI,page8

ChrisSteineger,StateSenator,(R-Kansas)(1997-2013)

Co-sponsoredbill#SCR161728

KarenMcConnaughay,StateSenator,(R-Illinois)(2013-present)

Co-sponsoredbill#SJR2729

VotedwiththemajoritytopassSJR27onMay14th,2013:"Thattherightstoinfluenceourpoliticalprocessbybigbusiness,bycorporationsandwealthyindividuals,ourforefathersneverintendedforthattotrumptherightsofusasindividuals."30

PamelaJ.Althoff,StateSenator,R-Illinois(2003-present)

Co-sponsoredbill#SJR27andvotedwiththemajoritytopassSJR27onMay14th,201331

DavidBurns,StateSenator,R-Maine(2012-present)RonaldF.Collins,StateSenator,R-Maine(2010-present)

CosponsoredSP548,JointResolutionMemorializingTheUnitedStatesCongressToPassAConstitutionalAmendmentToReverseTheRulingOfTheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtInCitizensUnitedV.FederalElectionCommission32

RogerKatz,StateSenator,R-Maine(2010-present),BrianLangley,StateSenator,R-Maine(2010-present)TomSaviello,StateSenator,R=Maine(2010-present)EdwardYoungblood,StateSenator,R-Maine(2012-present)

SenatorsKatz,Langley,Saviello,andYoungbloodalsovotedwiththemajoritytopassSP54833

Inaddition,SenatorYoungbloodappearedatarallyinsupportofthisresolution,onJanuary22nd,2013,asreportedinaBangorDailyNewsstory.

...YoungbloodsupportsaconstitutionalamendmenttooverturnCitizensUnitedandhassubmittedlegislation...YoungbloodsaidTuesdaythatheexpectsitwilldrawDemocrats,Republicansandindependentsasco-sponsors.“TherehastobeawaytosecureFirstAmendmentrightstospeechandstillcontroltheamountofdollarsspentoncampaigns,”hesaid.“Itshouldbeplaintoeveryoneaftertheelectionwe’vejusthad,whichbrokerecordsforspending,thatthesystemisn’tgettingbetter.”34

AppendixI,page9

RodneyWhittemore,StateSenator,R-Maine(2010-present)VotedwiththemajoritytopassSP54835

SeanNienow,StateSenator,R-Minnesota(2011-present)

Votedwiththemajoritytopassbill#SF1736

RonArthun,StateSenator,R-Montana(2011-present)EdwardButtrey,StateSenator,R-Montana(2011-present)JenniferFielder,StateSenator,R-Montana(2013-present)LlewJones,StateSenator,R-Montana(2011-present)AlanOlson,StateSenator,R-Montana(2011-present)ScottSales,StateSenator,R-Montana(2013-present)BruceTutvedt,StateSenator,R-Montana(2009-present)ChasVincent,StateSenator,R-Montana(2011-present)

Voted“Yea”onbill#SJ1937Billtextisonrecordat:http://leg.mt.gov/bills/2013/senjoint/SJ0019_2.pdf

KevinMullin,StateSenator,R-Vermont(2003-present),VincentIlluzzi,StateSenator,R-Vermont(1981-2013),DianeB.Snelling,StateSenator,R-Vermont(2002-present),RichardWestman,StateSenator,Vermont(2011-present),and:WilliamT.Doyle,StateSenator,R-Vermont(1969-present)

Votedinsupportofbill#JRS1138

BobLynn,Chair,CommitteeonStateAffairs,andStateRepresentative,R-Alaska(2003-present)DougIsaacson,StateRepresentative,R-Alaska(2013-present)

Describedonpressreportassupportingbill#HJR839

TheHouseStateAffairsCommitteeheldahearingyesterdayonHouseJointResolution8,sponsoredbyAnchorageRepresentativeLesGara.

HJR8asksCongresstoamendtheU.S.constitutiontoprohibitcorporationsandunionsfromunlimitedspendingonpoliticalcampaigns.

Committeechair,BobLynnofAnchorage,saidthathesupportstheresolutionsincecompanieswithaforeignboardofdirectorscaninfluencedomesticpolitics;NorthPoleRepresentativeDougIssacsonalsobackedtheresolution.40

DonaldBlakey,StateRepresentative,R-Delaware(2006-present)MichaelRamone,StateRepresentative,R-Delaware(2008-present)

AppendixI,page10

JoinedamajorityofstatelegislatorsinsigningalettertoCongresscallingforanamendment

JoshHarms,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(2012-present)DavidHarris,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(2010-present)MichaelMcAuliffe,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(1996-present)SandraPihos,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(2002-present)RobertPritchard,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(2003-present)PamRoth,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(2011-present)JimSacia,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(2002-present)MichaelTryon,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(2004-present)BarbaraWheeler,StateRepresentative,R-Illinois(2012-present)

VotedwiththemajorityofStateRepresentativestopassbill#SJR27

DennisKeschl,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2010-present)

Co-sponsoredSP54841…andalsovotedwiththemajorityofStateRepresentativestopassit42

RepresentativeKeschlwasalsoquotedinaBangorDailyNewsStorydescribinghisreasonsforsupportingSP548.43

InaHousefloorspeech,Rep.DennisKeschl,R-Belgrade,said,“Unions,corporationsandotherwealthyspecialinterestgroupsshouldnotbeabletousetheirmoneytodrownoutthevoicesofthepeople.”

AlexanderWillette,AssistantRepublicanLeaderandStateRepresentative,Maine(2010-Present)BernardAyotte,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2006-present)MichaelBeaulieu,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2006-present)TylerClark,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2008-present)DavidCotta,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2006-present)LarryDunphy,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2010-present)BrianDuprey,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)JamesGillway,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2010-present)LanceHarvell,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2009-present)JonKinney,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)GaryKnight,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2006-present)SharriMacDonald,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)JoyceMaker,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2010-present)RichardMalaby,StateRepresentative,Maine(2010-present)DonMarean,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)MattPouliot,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)RogerReed,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)BethTurner,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2011-present)

AppendixI,page11

TomTyler,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)AmyVolk,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2010-present)WindolWeaver,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2006-present)CoreyWilson,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)EllenWinchenbach,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2012-present)SteveWood,StateRepresentative,R-Maine(2010-present)

VotedwiththemajorityofStateRepresentativestopassSP54844:RonGeorge,StateDelegate,R-Maryland(2007-present)

JoinedamajorityofstatelegislatorsinsigningalettertoCongresscallingforanamendment

LizBangerter,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2011-present)

Votedinfavorofbills#HJ10(in2011)and#HJ6(in2013)45

LilaWalterEvans,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2011-2013)DanielSalomon,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2011-present)BobWagner,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2009-2013)

Votedinfavorofbill#HJ1046

ChristyClark,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2011-present)SteveGibson,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2011-present)SarahLaszloffy,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2013-present)DennisLenz,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2013-present)JesseO'Hara,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2007-present)NicholasSchwaderer,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2013-present)RayShaw,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2013-present)KirkWagoner,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2013-present)JeffreyWelborn,StateRepresentative,R-Montana(2009-present)

Votedinfavorofbill#HJ647

DavidBickford,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(1996-2006,2008-2010,2012-present)TimothyComerford,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2008-present)SusanEmerson,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2000-2002,2004-present)CarolynGargasz,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2000-present)RichardGordon,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2012-present)JamesGrenier,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2012-present)StephenHolmes,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2012-present)DanielItse,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2000-present)DavidKidder,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2004-present)HerbertRichardson,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire(2002-2006,2008-present)

AppendixI,page12

VotedwiththemajorityonMay15,2014topassbill#SB30748AndvotedwiththemajorityonMarch20th,2013topassbill#HCR249

JamesBelanger,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2010-present),RonaldBelanger,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(1992-present),ReginaBirdsell,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2010-present),GeneCharron,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2004-present),LarsChristiansen,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(1996-present)GaryDaniels,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(1996-2000,2006-present)RalphDoolan,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2012-present)RobertElliot,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2006-present)BeverlyFerrante,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2008-present)DonaldFlanders,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2000-present)JackHayes,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2012-present)LauraJones,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2010-present)PriscillaLockwood,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(1998-present)RobertLuther,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2010-present)DavidMurotake,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2012-present)RobertNigrello,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2012-present)ElisabethSanders,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2004-present)JohnSedensky,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2008-present)StevenSmith,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2010-present)KevinSt.James,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2012-present)JordanUlery,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2004-present)KarenUmberger,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2008-present)KennethWeyler,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(1990-2008,2010-present)

VotedwiththemajorityonMay15,2014topassbill#SB30750

SusanEmerson,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2000-2002,2004-present),RichardGordon,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2012-present),StephenHolmes,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2012-present),HerbertRichardson,StateRepresentative,NewHampshire(2002-2006,2008-present)

VotedwiththemajorityonMarch20th,2013topassbill#HCR251

JackCiattarelli,StateAssemblyMember,NewJersey(2011-present)

VotedwiththemajorityonOctober18th,2012topassbill#AR8652

DonTripp,StateRepresentative,NewMexico(1999-present)

VotedwiththemajorityonJanuary31st,2012topassbill#HM453

AppendixI,page13

MichaelMontesano,StateAssemblyMember,NewYork(2010-present)JoinedamajorityofStateAssemblyMembersinsigningaJune2014lettertoCongresscallingforanamendment54Co-sponsoredbill#K101655

CliffordCrouch,StateAssemblyMember,NewYork(1995-present)ChadLupinacci,StateAssemblyMember,NewYork(2013-present)DavidMcDonough,StateAssemblyMember,NewYork(2002-present)

JoinedamajorityofStateAssemblyMembersinsigningaJune2014lettertoCongresscallingforanamendment56

DanMoul,StateRepresentative,Pennsylvania(2007-present)MarkMustio,StateRepresentative,Pennsylvania(2003-present)RoseMarieSwanger,StateRepresentative,Pennsylvania(2007-present)

Co-sponsoredbill#HR55657

BobFaehn,formerStateHouseMajorityLeaderandformerStateRepresentative,SouthDakota(2005-2011)

Co-sponsoredbill#HCR101858

MarkKirkeby,formerStateRepresentative,SouthDakota(2007-2012;StateSenator,2013-present)

Votedforbill#HCR101859

DennisDevereux,StateRepresentative,Vermont(2007-present),AdamHoward,StateRepresentative,Vermont(2009-2013)PattiKomline,StateRepresentative,Vermont(2005-present)OliverOlsen,StateRepresentative,Vermont(2010-2013)KurtWright,StateRepresentative,Vermont(2001-present)

Votedwiththemajoritytopassbill#JRS1160

MikeHope,StateRepresentative,WashingtonState(2009-present)

Co-sponsoredbill#HJM400161

JanAngel,StateRepresentative,WashingtonState(2009-present)

Votedforbill#HJM400162

AppendixI,page14

JohnEllem,StateDelegate,WestVirginia(2000-present)Co-sponsoredbill#HR8in201263

DelegateEllemisalsoquotedinapressreportdescribinghisreasonsforsupportingbill#HR9,in2013.

DelegateJohnEllem,R-Wood,dustedoffthehistorybooksandpointedouttheDutchEastIndiaCompany,thefirstmulti-nationalcorporation,wascreatedtodobigbusinessandhadpowerstodeclarewarandtotry,imprisonandexecutepeople.But,Ellemsaid,timeshavechanged.

"Itwasatool,"hesaid."Corporationsexistedbeforethe1stAmendment.Theyexistedbeforeourconstitution.Sinceacorporationisatoolforcommerce,Istronglybelievebeingatoolwecreated,wehavethepower,weasthelegislativebody,andtheSupremeCourthaschimedinonit,butwehavetherighttoimposerestrictions."64

BillHamilton,StateDelegate,WestVirginia(2003-present)

Co-sponsoredbill#HR865

MichaelAbbott,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMarcAbear,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshirePatrickAbrami,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireGlenAldrich,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMaryAllen,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKeithAmmon,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireLinoAvellani,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBradBailey,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRichardBarry,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDavidBates,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshirePhilipBean,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireStevenBeaudoin,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJamesBelanger,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBarbaraBiggie,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireSkylarBoutin,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMartinBove,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMichaelBrewster,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDuaneBrown,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnBurt,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireFrankByron,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnCarr,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireFrancisChase,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRickChristie,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireEdComeau,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire

AppendixI,page15

AllenCook,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireAnneCopp,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireGlennCordelli,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMichaelCostable,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKarelCrawford,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDavidDanielson,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireStephenDarrow,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireGlenDickey,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshirePatriciaDowling,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJessEdwards,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJ.TracyEmerick,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireElizabethFerreira,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRobertFesh,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDennisFields,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireLisaFreeman,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireWilliamFriel,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireLarryGagne,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBettyGay,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRichardGordon,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnGraham,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRobertGraham,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDennisGreen,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJamesGrenier,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBarbaraGriffin,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireGeraldGriffin,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMaryGriffin,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJosephGuthrie,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJosephHagan,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireCarolynHalstead,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBonnieHam,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshirePeterHansen,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMichaelHarrington,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireSteveHellwig,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireErinHennessey,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireGregoryHill,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRichardHinch,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJ.R.Hoell,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKathleenHoelzel,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireGaryHopper,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJamesHorgan,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireWernerHorn,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRaymondHoward,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnHunt,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDanielItse,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnJanigian,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJasonJanvrin,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire

AppendixI,page16

TiffanyJohnson,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireThomasKaczynski,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshirePhyllisKatsakiores,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireAboulKhan,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnKlose,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireWalterKolodziej,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireFrankKotowski,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBillKuch,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireNealKurk,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRobertL'Heureux,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRickLadd,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireTimothyLang,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRichardLascelles,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireThomasLaware,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnLeavitt,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDonaldLeBrun,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMariellenMacKay,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireNormanMajor,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRichardMarple,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireHenryMarsh,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireWilliamMarsh,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireCarolynMatthews,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMichaelMcCarthy,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMarkMcConkey,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJamesMcConnell,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireCarolMcGuire,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBetsyMcKinney,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMarkMcLean,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireCharlesMcMahon,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJodyMcNally,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireTroyMerner,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDavidMilz,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMichaelMoffett,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireCraigMoore,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJoshMoore,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireSeanMorrison,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnMullen,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKeithMurphy,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJimNasser,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireSteveNegron,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBillNelson,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRobertNigrello,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJeanineNotter,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnO'Connor,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnO'Day,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireLynneOber,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire

AppendixI,page17

RussellOber,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBillOhm,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJasonOsborne,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireShermanPackard,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireReedPanasiti,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireHowardPearl,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireAnthonyPellegrino,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDavidPierce,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJosephPitre,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnPlumer,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireAndrewProut,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireAndrewRenzullo,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireSkipRollins,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireClaireRouillard,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireLaurieSanborn,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireFrankSapareto,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireStephenSchmidt,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMatthewScruton,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKevinScully,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBrianSeaworth,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireCarlSeidel,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireStevenSmith,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKathleenSouza,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshirePeterSpanos,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMatthewSpencer,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireFranklinSterling,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireVictoriaSullivan,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMichaelSylvia,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJohnSytek,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDaveTesterman,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRobertTheberge,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDouglasThomas,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireFranklinTilton,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshirePeterTorosian,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireRichardTripp,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireChrisTrue,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireLeonardTurcotte,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireTimothyTwombly,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireJordanUlery,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKarenUmberger,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireHerbertVadney,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshirePeterVarney,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKevinVerville,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireMichaelVose,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireScottWallace,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireThomasWalsh,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire

AppendixI,page18

JamesWebb,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire`DavidWelch,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireNatalieWells,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKennethWeyler,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireBrendaWillis,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireDanWolf,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireTerryWolf,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshireKurtWuelper,StateRepresentative,R-NewHampshire

Votedinfavorofbill#HB1524inFebruary201866SanderRue,StateSenator,R-NewMexicoJamesDines,SateRepresentative,R-NewMexicoSarahMaestasBarnes,SateRepresentative,R-NewMexico JamesSmith,SateRepresentative,R-NewMexico

Votedinfavorofbill#HJM10inFebruary201867

Notes,AppendixI

Notes,AppendixI1http://www.americanpromise.net/who_we_are#ap_advisory_council2http://bit.ly/tribunesimpson3http://wapo.st/2F0lV7G4http://cnn.it/2oB3wmU5Reuters,March28th,2012:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNZU-vlfAs06MSNBC,TheDailyRundown,August27,2014http://on.msnbc.com/2EWeiz0at8:507PBSNewsHour,June14th,2012:http://to.pbs.org/2CqZwPd8PBSNewsHour,June14th,2012at9:56http://to.pbs.org/2CqZwPd9“MeetthePress,”January29th,2012at9:40http://nbcnews.to/2CNkcMS10Snowe,FightingforCommonGround:HowWeCanFixtheStalemateinCongress,pp.258-25911Snowe,p.26012TrumpShouldFollowClinton’sLeadonCitizensUnited.http://bit.ly/JonesCharlotteObserver13http://bit.ly/Cong113HJR21andhttp://bit.ly/2FbOkqE14http://bit.ly/SyracuseKatkoDeploreMoneyPoliticsspeakingwiththeeditorialboardofTheSyracusePostStandard,October31st,201615http://bit.ly/GlobeOct142012DemocracyforSaleBostonGlobe,“DemocracyForSale,”October14,201216https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/CHRG-112shrg86915.pdfhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/12-7-24RoemerTestimony.pdf17http://bit.ly/TheHill20130609Bohlinger18http://youtu.be/ditFMj2EhUQ19http://youtu.be/opemPbg2gkw20http://youtu.be/ZWSH07ksqbo21http://youtu.be/opemPbg2gkw22http://bit.ly/VernerBertelsenBillingsGazette2012101523http://www.ny4democracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Republican-Amendment-Letter.pdf24http://billmoyers.com/segment/david-stockman-on-crony-capitalism/25http://legisweb.state.wy.us/2017/Introduced/HJ0010.pdf26http://bit.ly/AlaskaSJR13in27thLeg27http://united4thepeople.org//wp-content/themes/united/resolutions/DE.pdf28http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2011_12/measures/documents/scr1617_00_0000.pdf29http://bit.ly/IllinoisSJR27_2013_98th30http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20130417/news/704179644/31http://bit.ly/IllinoisSJR27_2013_98th32http://www.mainelegislature.org/LawMakerWeb/sponsors.asp?ID=28004883333http://www.mainelegislature.org/LawMakerWeb/rollcalls.asp?ID=28004883334http://bit.ly/EdYoungbloodBangorNews2013012235http://www.mainelegislature.org/LawMakerWeb/rollcalls.asp?ID=28004883336http://www.senate.leg.state.mn.us/journals/2013-2014/20130502048.pdf37http://bit.ly/MontanaSJ0019RollCall201338https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2012/J.R.S.1139http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_bill_text.asp?hsid=HJR008A&session=2840http://radiokenai.net/41http://www.mainelegislature.org/LawMakerWeb/sponsors.asp?ID=28004883342http://bit.ly/MaineSP548RollCall43http://bit.ly/KeschlBangorNews2013_04_3044http://bit.ly/MaineSP548RollCall45http://bit.ly/MontanaHJ10&http://bit.ly/MontanaHJ646http://bit.ly/MontanaHJ1047http://bit.ly/MontanaHJ648http://legiscan.com/NH/rollcall/SB307/id/36469449http://bit.ly/NH_HCR2_2013_RollCall50http://legiscan.com/NH/rollcall/SB307/id/36469451http://bit.ly/NH_HCR2_RollCall52https://org2.salsalabs.com/o/7003/images/NJ%20AR86%20roll%20call%2010-18-12.pdfRollcallalsoavailable

Notes,AppendixI

http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/bills/BillView.asp53http://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/12%20regular/votes/HM004HVOTE.pdf54http://www.ny4democracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/AssemblyLetter.pdf55http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=K01016&term=201156http://www.ny4democracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/AssemblyLetter.pdf57http://bit.ly/Penn_HR556_201258http://sdlegislature.gov/Legislative_Session/Bills/Bill.aspx?Bill=HCR1018&Session=201059http://legis.sd.gov/Legislative_Session/Bills/RollCall.aspx?Vote=7679&Session=201060https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2012/J.R.S.1161http://apps.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?bill=4001&year=201362http://apps.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?bill=4001&63http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Bill_Text_HTML/2012_SESSIONS/RS/Bills/hr8%20intr.htm64http://www.statejournal.com/story/21820476/wv-house-resolution-seeks-to-overturn-citizens-unitedThetextofHR9isonrecordat:http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Bill_Text_HTML/2013_SESSIONS/RS/Bills/hr9%20intr.htm65http://www.legis.state.wv.us/Bill_Text_HTML/2012_SESSIONS/RS/Bills/hr8%20intr.htm66http://bit.ly/NH_HB1524RollCall67https://legiscan.com/NM/rollcall/HJM10/id/700683&https://legiscan.com/NM/rollcall/HJM10/id/696669

AppendixII,page1

AppendixII:RepublicancriticsoftheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsaboutmoneyinpoliticsHistoricRepublicancriticsofuncheckedcorporatepowerandcorporateparticipationinpolitics,predatingCitizensUnited_________________________________________________________________________________________________RobMcKenna,AttorneyGeneralofWashingtonState(2005-2013),MarkShurtleff,AttorneyGeneralofUtah(2001-2013)LawrenceG.Wasden,AttorneyGeneralofIdaho(2003-present)

InanamicusbriefbeforetheU.S.SupremeCourtinAmericanTraditionPartnershipv.Bullock,filedbytwenty-twostateAttorneysGeneralincludingRepublicansMcKenna,Shurtleff,Wasden.1“Inparticular,theamiciStatesbelievethattheCourtshouldreexaminetheassertioninCitizensUnitedthatindependentexpenditures,nomattertheirsizeorcircumstances,rarelycausecorruptionortheappearanceofcorruptionoffederalofficeholders,aswellastheholdingthatthefederallawatissueinthatcasecouldnotbesupported,inwholeorinpart,bygovernmentinterestsinpreventingdistortionofpoliticalcampaignsandprotectingshareholdersfromtheuseofcorporatefundsforpoliticalcommunicationstheydonotsupport.”

“TheStateshaveregulatedcorporateparticipationinpoliticsforoveracentury.”

“TheStates’legislativeresponses[totheCitizensUniteddecision],however,evidencetheircontinuinginterestinensuringthatcorporateexpendituresdonotthreatentheintegrityoftheirdemocraticprocesses.”

“TheStateshaveacompellinginterestinpreventingdominationofstateandlocalelectionsbynonresidentcorporateinterests.”

“...theanti-corruptioninterestisnottheonlycognizablegovernmentinterestthatcansupportrestrictionsoncampaignexpenditures:apolityalsohasacompellinginterestinregulatingelectoralinfluencebynonresidents.”

AppendixII,page2

“Andnonresidentcorporations,duetotheirlargeaggregationsofwealthanddiscreteeconomicinterests,presentthegreatestriskofdominationordistortionofstateandlocalelectionsbynonresidents.”

JonHuntsman,formerGovernorofUtah(2005-2009),formerU.S.AmbassadortoChina(2009-2011)

Slate,January6th,2012:"Ofcoursecorporationsarenotpeople,"jokedHuntman[sic]."Whowouldsaysuchanoutlandishthing!"2

KSL.com,August7th,2012:"ThepartyhasbecomeaholdingcompanyforsuperPACs,"hesaid,describingtheCitizen'sUnitedSupremeCourtcase,whichopenedthedoortounlimited,secretmoneyincampaignsasdisastrous.

HuntsmansaidhelongedforthepartyofLincoln,whoelevated"thenotionofindividualliberty,"ofRoosevelt(Teddy,notFranklin),whostooduptotoo-largecorporations"inthenameoffairnessandequality"andEisenhower"whobuiltourinfrastructure."3

RonPaul,formerU.S.Representative,22ndthen14thdistrictofTexas(1979-1985;1997-2013)

InaninterviewwhilecampaigningforthepresidencyinAugust,2011:

Interviewer:“WhatdidyoumakeofMittRomney’sstatementthatcorporationsarepeopleyesterday?”

RonPaul:“Wellobviously,theyarenot.Peopleareindividuals,they’renotgroupsandthey’renotcompanies.Individualshaverights,they’renotcollective.Youcan’tduckthat.Soindividualsshouldberesponsibleforcorporations,andtheyshouldn’tbeanewcreatureso-to-speak.Rightsandobligationsshouldbealwaysbacktotheindividual.”4

WarrenRudman,lateformerU.S.SenatorfromNewHampshire(1980-1993)

InacolumnhewroteintheWashingtonPost,publishedFebruary3rd,2010,"Republicanslosingtheirwayoncampaignfinancereform"

"...lawslimitingcorporatemoneyinfederalelectionsandrequiringstrictdisclosureofcampaignfunds...weredealtaseriousblowby[the]SupremeCourtdecisioninCitizensUnitedv.FederalElectionCommission.Thatsucharashandimmoderaterulingcouldcomefromachiefjusticeoncecommittedtorespectingprecedent,andwinpraisefromleadersofmyparty,isbeyondmycomprehension…

AppendixII,page3

SupremeCourtopinionnotwithstanding,corporationsarenotdefinedaspeopleundertheConstitution,andfreespeechcanhardlybecalledfreewhenonlytherichareheard."5

TrevorPotter,formerCommissioner(1991-1995),FederalElectionCommission

InavideointerviewwithBillMoyers,“TrevorPotteronFightingBigMoneyinthe2012Election”:

“...theCitizensUniteddecision,...thatIandIthinkmanyotherpeoplethinkwasabigmistake...”

“ItseemstomethattheSupremeCourtmajorityandCitizensUnitedignored,essentially,ahundredyearsofAmericanhistory,goingbacktodateTheodoreRooseveltandhisfirstclarioncall,thatbigmoneyandWallStreetnotdominatethepresidentialelection.AndhisurgingofCongresstolimitcorporatecontributions…”

“Sotosaythattherightthingtodoinademocracyishaveacorporationspendmoneyinwaysthatwillgivethemthemostprofit,nevermindwhathappenstoanyoneelseortherestofthecountry.Itis,Ithink,anexampleofwhyyoudon'treallywantcorporationsparticipatingdirectlyinelections.”

“Theyhaveaverynarrowinterest.Whichissupposedtobetheirshareholders.Butwewantvotersandcitizenstohaveabroaderinterest.Tothinkaboutthenextgeneration,tothinkaboutthegreatergood.There'saninterestingquotefromtheheadofExxoninanewbookoutonExxonwherehesays,‘ExxonisnotaU.S.corporation,wedonotactinthebestinterestoftheUnitedStates.’”

“Well,itisaU.S.corporation,butwhathemeantis,theyhaveshareholdersallovertheworld,theyhaveinvestmentsallovertheworld,andit'snothisjobtodothingsthataregoodforAmerica,it'shisjobtodothingsthataregoodforhisinternationalshareholders.”6

~FeaturedinavideobyTheAtlantic,“StephenColbert’sLawyerExplainstheDangerofSuperPACs”:

Interviewer:“HowradicallywouldyousaythatthecampaignfinancelandscapehaschangedsincetheCitizensUniteddecision?”

Potter:“Ithinkit’ssafetochangethattodaywe’reprobablyatthelowestplaceIhaveseeninmylegalcareer.”…

AppendixII,page4

Interviewer:“Whatconcernsyouabouttheideaofunlimitedcorporatedonationsinpolitics?”

Potter:“Ithinkthefundamentalbeliefhereisthatcitizens,whoare,afterall,voters,shouldbetheonesparticipatinginelectionadvocacybecauseyouandIhaveawholerangeofreasonstovoteforsomeoneortogivetoacandidate.Butintheory,inlaw,inreality,acorporationonlyhasonereason,whichistomaximizetheirprofits.”7

LisaMurkowski,U.S.Senator,Alaska(2002-present)

InWashingtonPostOp-EdbySenatorsMurkowskiandRonWyden(D-OR),publishedDecember27th,2012,“Ourstatesvouchfortransparentcampaignfinancing”:

“TakeitfromtwoUnitedStatessenatorsfrombothsidesoftheaislewhohavedecadesofexperienceinpubliclife:Campaign-financeruleshaveatremendousimpactonthepublicpolicyagendainCongress.Contrarytothepopularperception,theprospectofgetting—ornotgetting—acheckfromanindividualorpoliticalactioncommitteedoesnotdrivethetypicaldecisiononCapitolHill.Butdecision-makingisoftencoloredbytheprospectoffacing$5millioninanonymousattacksadsifamemberofCongresscrossesaneconomicallypowerfulinterest.”

“ThisinfluxofunregulatedpoliticalcashstemmingfromtheSupremeCourt’s2010CitizensUniteddecisionspawnedaparticularlyvitriolicpoliticalcycle.Groupsonbothsidesdumpedsome$6billionintotearingdowncandidatesforpublicoffice.Theanonymityofmuchofthisspendingencouragesadsthatlowerthelevelofpoliticaldiscourseandmakesitharder,noteasier,forAmericanstomakeinformeddecisions.Mostofall,thisspendingensuredthatthoseelectedinNovemberwouldcarrythatpressureforstrictandabsolutepartisanshipbacktoWashington,hobblingoureffortstogovernforanothertwoyears.”

“Theresultingpoliticalgridlockispreventingprogressinanumberofareas—apparentinthe“fiscalcliff”negotiations—butmostsignificantlyonfundamentalcampaign-financereforms...

AlongwithmanyAmericans,weareuncomfortablewiththeCitizensUniteddecision.Unlimitedcorporateandindividualspendingiscorrosivetodemocracyandunderminesthepoliticalprocess...”8

NewtGingrich,formerSpeaker,U.S.HouseofRepresentatives(1995-1999),andformerU.S.Representative(1979-1999)

InaguestappearanceonTheColbertReport,November13th,2012:

AppendixII,page5

Gingrich:"IthinksuperPACsassuchareinfactverydangerousinthelongrun.WhenyouseeMayorBloombergputamillionsevenhundredthousandintoademocraticdistrictinCaliforniatobeatsomebody,there'ssomethingfundamentally,profoundlywrongaboutwhat'shappening,andit'shappeninginbothpartiesandinthelongrunit'sgoingtobeverynegativeandverydestructiveofoursystem."...9

~Gingrich:"Ihadonebillionaire,agoodfriendandapersonwho'sdeeplypassionateabout..."

Colbert:"Greatfriendtohave.Billionairesaresomeofthebestfriendstohave."

Gingrich:"I'dlovetohavehadtenor15.Romneyhadabout26.Itturnedout26billionairesbeatone.Thiswasagreatrevelationtous.SoIthinkRomney..."

Colbert:"Thatwouldmakeagreatrealityshow:BillionaireFight"

Gingrich:"Thereyougo.Wejusthadit.Itwascalledtheelection."10

RichardPosner,Judge,U.S.CourtofAppealsfortheSeventhCircuit(1981-present),nominatedbyPresidentReagan

SpeakingattheUniversityofChicagoLawSchoolonJuly12th,2012,asreportedinTheDailyBeastinthispiece,whichalsodescribesPosneras“themostinfluentialconservativejudgeoutsidetheSupremeCourt”:

"OurpoliticalsystemispervasivelycorruptduetoourSupremeCourttakingawaycampaign-contributionrestrictionsonthebasisoftheFirstAmendment."

“wealthypeopleessential[ly]bribelegislators”[withcampaigncontributions]11

RobertDold,U.S.Representative,10thdistrictofIllinois(2011-2013)

TheNewYorkTimes,“MauledbyAds,IncumbentsLooktoDeclawOutsideGroups,”October23,2012:

“Ithinkwhatwe’regoingtofindashistorytakesalookisthattheCitizensUnitedcasedilutedthevoiceoftheaveragevoterwiththeamountofadvertisingfromoutsidegroups.Therearegoingtobethosethatsaythatwasagoodthing,butIdothinkthepeopleofthe10thDistrictdeservedbetter.”12

AppendixII,page6

MichaelSteele,formerChairman,RepublicanNationalCommittee(2009-2011)

InaRepublicReport.orgvideopostedApril6th,2012:

"Ithinkthatthere’sgoingtobeamovementifyouwilltosomehowfixorcorrectthismarketthatwecurrentlyhaveforcampaignfinancewithrespecttoCitizensUnited.AndI’mfinewiththat.”13

SueKelly,formerU.S.Representative,19thDistrictofNewYork(1995-2007)

QuotedonherappearanceatBostonUniversityonSeptember24th,2012:

“Ithinkthemoneysituationiscorruptingthepoliticalprocess,”KellysaidinresponsetoastudentquestionaboutflawsinAmericanpolitics.“There’ssomuchmoney[inpolitics]now.”

KellyreferredtotheCitizensUnitedSupremeCourtcase,inwhichthecourtruledthattheFirstAmendmentpreventsthegovernmentfromlimitingtheamountofmoneycorporationsorunionscanspendonpoliticalcampaigns.14

ArturDavis,formerU.S.Representative,7thdistrictofAlabama(2003-2011);Republicansince2012

InterviewedinTheWashingtonTimes,October2nd,2012:

"IremainoftheopinionthattheSupremeCourtgotitwronginCitizensUnited.TheCourt’sconceitthatthefinancingofindependentexpenditurescreatesnoappearanceofcorruptionorinfluencepeddling,whiledirectcontributionsdo,isthekindofdistinctionthatonlyacourtwhosemembershaveneverrunforsomuchascitycouncilcouldcontemplate.WhileIrecognizethatmostconservativesdisagree,Isubscribetoanolderviewthatpreservingtrustinpublicinstitutionsisaconservativevalueinitsownright.Ithinkovertime,conservativeswilllamenttheruling,astheleftinvariablyusesittomaximizeitsownspecialinterestinfluence."15

JimClancy,Chairman(2013-present),andpreviouslyCommissioner(2010-2013),TexasEthicsCommission

InterviewedinTheTexasTribune,February5th,2013:

TT:“WhathasCitizensUnitedmeantforthewatchdogroleoftheEthicsCommission?”

AppendixII,page7

Clancy:“CitizensUnitedcreateduncertaintyforthepeoplewhohavetofollowourrules.Therearealotofverygood,well-intentionedpeopletryingtofindoutwhattodoincertaincircumstances.Oneofchallengeswehaveisthatthosepeoplewhocometous,whotrytodisclose,aretypicallytheoneswhoarefined.Peoplewhodon’treport,whoignorethedisclosuresystem,thosefolksarerarelyinvolved.Thereasonwhyyouseearealpushbackwhenyoustarttalkingaboutsomeexpandedpowers,moredisclosure,morefines,isbecausethere’safeelingthatthosepeoplewhotrytocomplyarepunishedfordoingso.”16

MichaelEllis,President,WisconsinStateSenate(1982-present)

QuotedintheAppletonPost-Crescent,Elliscitedoneofhislongtimecrusades—campaignfinancereform:“We’vehadroadblocksbecauseoftheSupremeCourtdecision,”hesaid.“CitizensUnitedshiftspressurefromindividualstocollectivisms.Collectivismscanspendasmuchastheywant,renderingtheindividualcitizenofourstatenullandvoid.WehavetodowhatwecanwithintheconfinesoftheSupremeCourtdecision.”17

BillBrock,FormerChairman,RepublicanNationalCommittee,(1977-1981)

QuotedinBloombergView,May25,2014:

“BillBrock,oneofthemostsuccessfulchairmenoftheRepublicanNationalCommittee,hassaidtheproblemgoeswellbeyondbribery:‘Theappearanceofcorruptioniscorrosiveandisunderminingourdemocracy.’”18

VanceMcAllister,U.S.Representative,5thDistrictofLouisiana,(2013-present)

QuotedinThinkProgress,June10,2014:

“MoneycontrolsWashington,”accordingtoCongressmanVanceMcAllister(R-LA),whoalsotoldanaudienceofLouisianaaccountantsthatCongressiscaughtina“steadycycleofvotingforfundraisingandmoneyinsteadofvotingforwhatisright.”19

JackDanforth,U.S.Senator,Missouri(1976–1996)

InremarksattheTrumanPresidentialLibraryonreceivingtheHarryS.TrumanPublicServiceAwardinJune2015:“IbelievethattheSupremeCourt’sdecisioninCitizensUnitedunderminesourrepublicanformofgovernmentandshouldnotstand.That’salongshot,

AppendixII,page8

becauseoverrulingitwouldrequireadramaticchangebytheCourt,whichIdon’tforesee,oraConstitutionalamendmentwhichisexceptionallydifficult.But,howeverdifficult,weshouldn’tforeclosethinkingaboutcampaignfinancereform.”20

HistoricRepublicanCriticsofUncheckedCorporatePowerandCorporateParticipationinPolitics,predatingCitizensUnited

TheodoreRoosevelt,PresidentoftheUnitedStates,1901-1909

Inhis“NewNationalism”speech,1910:

"Foreveryspecialinterestisentitledtojustice,butnotoneisentitledtoavoteinCongress,toavoiceonthebench,ortorepresentationinanypublicoffice.TheConstitutionguaranteesprotectiontoproperty,andwemustmakethatpromisegood.Butitdoesnotgivetherightofsuffragetoanycorporation."

"Thetruefriendofproperty,thetrueconservative,ishewhoinsiststhatpropertyshallbetheservantandnotthemasterofthecommonwealth;whoinsiststhatthecreatureofman’smakingshallbetheservantandnotthemasterofthemanwhomadeit.ThecitizensoftheUnitedStatesmusteffectivelycontrolthemightycommercialforceswhichtheyhavecalledintobeing."

"Therecanbenoeffectivecontrolofcorporationswhiletheirpoliticalactivityremains.Toputanendtoitwillbeneitherashortnoraneasytask,butitcanbedone."21

WilliamRehnquist,ChiefJusticeoftheU.S.SupremeCourt,1986-2005

InhisdissentinthecaseFirstNationalBankofBostonv.Bellotti,1978:

“Nevertheless,weconcludedsoonthereafterthatthelibertyprotectedbythat[fourteenth]Amendment"isthelibertyofnatural,notartificialpersons."NorthwesternNat.LifeIns.Co.v.Riggs,(1906).”

“…CongressoftheUnitedStates,andthelegislaturesof30otherStatesofthisRepublichaveconsideredthematter,andhaveconcludedthatrestrictionsuponthepoliticalactivityofbusinesscorporationsarebothpoliticallydesirableandconstitutionallypermissible.ThejudgmentofsuchabroadconsensusofgovernmentalbodiesexpressedoveraperiodofmanydecadesisentitledtoconsiderabledeferencefromthisCourt.Ithinkitquiteprobablethattheirjudgmentmayproperlybereconciledwithourcontrollingprecedents,butIamcertainthatundermyviewsof

AppendixII,page9

thelimitedapplicationoftheFirstAmendmenttotheStates,whichIsharewiththetwoimmediatelyprecedingoccupantsofmyseatontheCourt,butnotwithmypresentcolleagues,thejudgmentoftheSupremeJudicialCourtofMassachusettsshouldbeaffirmed.”

“Sinceitcannotbedisputedthatthemerecreationofacorporationdoesnotinvestitwithallthelibertiesenjoyedbynaturalpersons,UnitedStatesv.White,(1944)(corporationsdonotenjoytheprivilegeagainstself-incrimination),ourinquirymustseektodeterminewhichconstitutionalprotectionsare"incidentaltoitsveryexistence."DartmouthCollege,supra,at636.”

“AlthoughtheCourthasneverexplicitlyrecognizedacorporation'srightofcommercialspeech,sucharightmightbeconsiderednecessarilyincidentaltothebusinessofacommercialcorporation.”

“Itcannotbesoreadilyconcludedthattherightofpoliticalexpressionisequallynecessarytocarryoutthefunctionsofacorporationorganizedforcommercialpurposes.AStategrantstoabusinesscorporationtheblessingsofpotentiallyperpetuallifeandlimitedliabilitytoenhanceitsefficiencyasaneconomicentity.Itmightreasonablybeconcludedthatthoseproperties,sobeneficialintheeconomicsphere,posespecialdangersinthepoliticalsphere.”

“Furthermore,itmightbearguedthatlibertiesofpoliticalexpressionarenotatallnecessarytoeffectuatethepurposesforwhichStatespermitcommercialcorporationstoexist.SolongastheJudicialBranchesoftheStateandFederalGovernmentsremainopentoprotectthecorporation'sinterestinitsproperty,ithasnoneed,thoughitmayhavethedesire,topetitionthepoliticalbranchesforsimilarprotection.Indeed,theStatesmightreasonablyfearthatthecorporationwoulduseitseconomicpowertoobtainfurtherbenefitsbeyondthosealreadybestowed.”

“ThefreeflowofinformationisinnowaydiminishedbytheCommonwealth'sdecisiontopermittheoperationofbusinesscorporationswithlimitedrightsofpoliticalexpression.Allnaturalpersons,whoowetheirexistencetoahighersovereignthantheCommonwealth,remainasfreeasbeforetoengageinpoliticalactivity.Cf.Maherv.Roe,(1977).”22

BarryGoldwater,U.S.Senator,Arizona(1953-1965),RepublicannomineeforPresident(1964)

Inhisseminalbook,TheConscienceofaConservative:

AppendixII,page10

“Inordertoachievethewidestpossibledistributionofpoliticalpower,financialcontributionstopoliticalcampaignsshouldbemadebyindividualsandindividualsalone.Iseenoreasonforlaborunions–orcorporations–toparticipateinpolitics.Bothwerecreatedforeconomicpurposesandtheiractivitiesshouldberestrictedaccordingly.”23

Notes,AppendixII

Notes,AppendixII1http://on.ny.gov/2F8Gm1o2http://slate.me/2GPY72H3http://www.ksl.com/?nid=757&sid=216013474http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-xFexgH76ginaninterviewwhilecampaigningforthepresidencyinAugust,2011;OriginallytranscribedatRonPaul.com:http://www.ronpaul.com/2011-08-17/ron-paul-corporations-are-not-people/5http://wapo.st/2ow8KB16http://bit.ly/TrevorPotter_BIllMoyers_2012_09_217http://theatln.tc/2Cqv8UVSeptember19,20128http://wapo.st/2HU8pQS9http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/episodes/ws071h/november-13--2012---newt-gingrich10http://bit.ly/Colbert_Newt_november-13-2012_part_2at3:0011http://thebea.st/2t3doLE12http://nyti.ms/2CKHinj13http://youtu.be/aImNDsdGe-o14http://bit.ly/FreePress_SueKelly_2012_09_2415http://bit.ly/WaTimes_Communities_2012-10-02_ArturDavishttp://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/conscience-realist/2012/oct/2/artur-davis-ron-paul-citizens-united-and-public-se/16http://bit.ly/JimClancy_TexasTribune_2013_02_0517http://postcrescent.newspapers.com/browse/The%20Post-Crescent_772/2012/04/2218https://bloom.bg/2GQcVyk19http://bit.ly/ThinkProgress_2014-06-10_VanceMcAllister20http://www.ci.independence.mo.us/userdocs/CityCouncil/TrumanAward/2015-AwardAcceptanceRemarks.pdf21http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=50122http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/435/765.html23https://press.princeton.edu/titles/8388.htmlpage5

AppendixIII,page1

AppendixIII:ConstitutionalAmendmentsAreHowAmericansKeepOurRepublicConstitutionalamendmentsarenoteasy,norshouldtheybe.UnderArticleVoftheConstitution,amendmentsmustbeproposedby2/3ofCongress(oralternatively,conventioncalledby2/3oftheStates,todate,neverused)andratifiedby3/4oftheStates.TheyoftenrequirethereversalofSupremeCourtdecisions(eightofourconstitutionalamendmentsdidthat).Andtheychallengeandoverturnpowerfulentrenchedinterestsandthreatenoligarchs,fromtheslaveholderstothelargestcorporationsand“robberbarons”thatcontrolledtheUnitedStatesSenatebeforethe17thAmendment,whichimplementedthedirectelectionofUSSenatorsbythepeople.

NearlyeverygenerationofAmericanshasliveduptothechallengeoftheusingConstitutionalamendmentprocesstokeepourrepublic.Indeed,constitutionalamendmentstellthestoryofAmerica.Theyarehowwehaveresolvedandwonourmostepicstrugglesandaspirations.

ü TheBillofRights(1st-10thAmendments)ü Theendofslaveryandanewpromiseoflibertyandequalityforall

Americans(13th-15thAmendments)ü Therightofwomentovote,andlater,menandwomenover18(19thand

26thAmendments)ü TheelectionbythepeopleofUnitedStatesSenators(17thAmendment)ü Civilrightsandtheendofthepolltax(24thAmendment)ü Federalismandchecksonconcentratedpower,overreachingandcorruption

threatsofthefederalgovernment(10th-powersreservedtostatesandpeople,11th-nosuingstatesinfederalcourts)

ü Repealofprohibition(21stAmendment)ü TermlimitsforthePresident(22ndAmendment)ü Congressionalpayraises(27thAmendment)

OurPocketConstitutionshavethirty-fourpagesoftext.Roughlyhalf(16pages)ofthattextwasnotpartoftheConstitutionthatthenation’sfounderssignedinSeptember1787.Thesepagescontainourtwenty-sevenamendments(sofar).

“WeneedtorescuetheFirstAmendmentrightsofAmericansfromagrowingOligarchy.Thenation’sFoundersbasedourRepubliconthebalanceofintereststobearguedforthroughcompetingfreespeech.AllowingunlimitedandsecretorveiledcampaigncontributionstobeusedasagiantblowhornactuallydestroysthefreespeechofindividualsthatourConstitutionshouldprotect.”JohnPudner,ExecutiveDirector,TakeBackOurRepublic

AppendixIII,page2

AmericansratifiedtheFirstAmendmentin1791andtheTwenty-Seventhtwohundredyearslaterin1992,withamendmentsinbetweenacrosseverygeneration.There’snodoubtthatpassingaconstitutionalamendmentisaheavylift,butwhenourrepublicisatrisk,asitistodayfromthethreatconcentratedmoney,werevereourConstitutionalfoundersbyusingthemechanismstheyenshrinedintheConstitutiontocorrectcourse.Americanstodaymustagainrisetothechallengeofprotectingourrepublicandwinthe28thAmendmenttocorrecttheconcentratedpower,disenfranchisement,andcorruptionthatresultsfromunlimitedmoneyofthefewdrivingourelectionsandrepresentatives.