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VZ¶ : ~mnao! åhUOo BVH§$ g§hV Amåb nmdgmVyZ n¥Ïdrda nS>V§! ‘J ¶mMo Xþîn[aUm‘Va IynM hmoV AgVrb!

n¥Ïdr : (CgiyZ) ho H$m¶ gm§Jm¶bm hd§? Ë¶mÀ¶m‘wio YmVy J§OVmV, KamMr H$m¡b§’w$Qy>Z {daKiVmV, PmS>§, ‘mgo ‘aVmV Am{U {nH$m§dahr Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘ hmoVmo.

nmD$g Am{U n¥Ïdr (XmoK§ {‘iyZ) : Am{U ho gJi§ Vwåhm ‘mUgm§‘wio!(VZ¶ Km~ê$Z ‘mJo gaH$Vmo.)n¥Ïdr : Vw‘À¶m MmaMmH$s JmS>çm§‘Ybm Omo ñnmH©$ ßbJ AgVmo Zm, Ë¶mVyZ {R>UJr

noQ´>mobda nS>Vo Am{U JmS>r MmbdÊ¶mgmR>r D$Om© {Z‘m©U hmoVo nU hçm

‘mZd{Z{‘©V òmoV Z¡g{J©H$ òmoV

àXÿfH§$ hdoV{‘giVmV

hdoVrbYwbrH$Um§‘Ü¶ohràXÿfH§$ {‘giVmV

àXÿfH§$ dmVmdaUmV{‘giVmV

nmdgmÀ¶m T>Jm§‘Ü¶oàXÿfH$m§Mm gmR>m

Amåbdfm©

NOX

NOX

SO2

10 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

N>moQ>çmem {R>UJr‘wio {gqbS>a‘Yë¶m hdoVë¶m Zm¶Q´>moOZM§ Am°³grH$aUhmoD$Z Zm¶Q´>rH$ Am°³gmB©S> dm¶y V¶ma hmoVmo. JmS>rÀ¶m CËgO©ZZ{bHo$VyZZm¶Q´>rH$ Am°³gmB©S> dm¶y ~mhoa nS>Vmo AZ² dmVmdaUmV {‘giVmo Am{UnmdgmV {daKiyZ Zm¶Q´>rH$ Amåb V¶ma hmoV§. Vwåhr Vw‘À¶m M¡ZrgmR>r OmñVOmñV JmS>çm ~ZdVm åhUOo AmoKmZoM Zm¶Q´>rH$ Am°³gmB©S> dm¶y Am{UZm¶Q´>rH$ AmåbgwÕm !

VZ¶ : ({dMma H$aV) hmo@@ Am{U XþMmH$s Am{U [ajmgwÕm! ‘r amoO emioV OmVm¶oVm Q´>°{’$H$ Om‘ / AS>bobr ahXmar nmhVmo Zm! nU AmVm JmS>çm§Mr àXyfUMmMUr Va Ho$br OmVo Zm?

nmD$g : hmo! nU VodT>§ nwaog§ Zmhr¶o ! Am{U Zm¶Q´>rH$ AmåbmBVH§$M Ia§Va Ë¶m§À¶mnojmWmoS>§ OmñVM J§YH$måbhr (gëâ¶w[aH$ Amåb) V¶ma hmoV§.

O§Jb : Ia§M Amho Vo!VZ¶ : nU ‘J ho J§YH$måb H$g§ V¶ma hmoV§?O§Jb : (amJmZo) Vo gwÕm Vwåhm ‘mUgm§‘wioM!n¥Ïdr : gJù¶m gOrdm§‘Ü¶o J§YH$ ho ‘ybÐì¶ AgV§. gOrd Ooìhm ‘¥V hmoVmV Voìhm

hçm J§YH$mMm O{‘ZrV Ordmí‘ê$nmV gmR>m hmoVmo. Vwåhr Or XJS>r H$moigm,

I{ZO Vob Aer O¡dB§YZ dmnaVm Vr Vwåhr Ordmí‘mVyZM {‘idVm. ImUrVyZH$moigm, I{ZO Vob {‘idÊ¶mÀ¶m à{H$¶oV {Z‘m©U hmoUmao Zm¶Q>moOZ, hm¶S>moOZAm{U H$mhr à‘mUmV Am°³grOZ ho dm¶y WoQ> dmVmdaUmV {‘giVmV. J§YH$

g§dmXmV Amboë¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m§Mr gyÌo

1) 2 2 2 2CO H H CO+ �

H$m~©ZS>m¶ + hm¶S´>moOZ H$ma~m°{ZH$ AmåbAm°³gmB©S>

2) 2 2 34 3 2 4NO O H O HNO+ + →

Zm¶Q´>rH$ + Am°³grOZ + nmUr Zm¶Q´>rH$ AmåbAm³gmB©S>

3) 3 2 4 4 2 2CaCO H SO CaSO H O CO+ → + +

MwZIS>r + gëâ¶w[aH$ Amåb H°$pëe¶‘ + nmUr + H$m~©Z S>m¶gë’o$Q> jma Am°³gmB©S> dm¶y

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 11

‘mÌ Vg§M amhV§ Vwåhr Ooìhm B§YZ dmnaVm Ë¶mdoiog J§YH$mM§ Am°³grH$aUhmoD$Z gë’$aS>m¶Am°³gmB©S> (SO2) dm¶y V¶ma hmoVmo. hm dm¶y OoìhmdmVmdaUmÀ¶m daÀ¶m ñVamV OmVmo Voìhm Ë¶mM§ AmUIr Am°³grH$aU hmoCZgë’$aQ´>m¶Am°³gmB©S> (SO3) hm dm¶y V¶ma hmoVmo. hm dm¶y nmdgmÀ¶mnmÊ¶mV MQ>H$Z {daKiVmo d J§YH$måb V¶ma hmoVo.

VZ¶ : ~mnao! hçm gJù¶m Amåbm§Mo n¶m©daUmda ’$maM ^¶mZH$ n[aUm‘ hmoVAgVrb Zm?

O§Jb : (amJmZo) AmÎmm Vwbm H$ib§ Zm?n¥Ïdr : (g‘OmdV) Ia§Va hm nmD$g eoVO{‘Zrda nS>Vmo H$s Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmnamÀ¶m

qH$dm {Zdmgr O{‘Zrda nS>Vmo ¶mdahr Vmo Anm¶H$maH$ Amho H$s CnH$maH$Amho ho R>aV§. Oa O‘rZ AëH$Y‘u Agob Va AmåbmM§ CXm{gZrH$aU hmoV§Am{U Ë¶mMo ’$mago Xþîn[aUm‘ hmoV ZmhrV. O{‘ZrV Oa MwZIS>rMo à‘mUOmñV Agob Va nmdgmVë¶m gëâ¶w[aH$ AmåbmMr Ë¶mÀ¶m~amo~a A{^{H«$¶mhmoD$Z H°$pëe¶‘ gë’o$Q> jma d nmUr V¶ma hmoV§. gë’o$Q> jmam§Mm IVm§n«‘mUoCn¶moJ hmoVmo d O{‘ZrMm nmoV gwYmaVmo.

nmD$g : gëâ¶w[aH$ Amåb Am{U Zm¶Q´>rH$ Amåb {H$Vrhr H$‘r à‘mUmV Agbr VarVr nmÊ¶mV nQ>H$Z {daKiVmV.

n¥Ïdr : hr Amåb§ YwH§$ qH$dm X{hdamÀ¶m Xdq~Xÿ‘Ü¶o gwÕm {daKiVmV. Xdq~XÿAmH$mamZo bhmZ AgVmV Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mVë¶m AmåbmMr (g§hVVm/Vrd«Vm?) nmdgmÀ¶mnmÊ¶mnojm {H$VrVar OmñV AgVo H$mhrdoim Va XhmnQ> BVH$s OmñV!

O§Jb : Aem Amåb¶wº$ Yw³¶m‘wio PmS>m§da Xþîn[aUm‘ hmoVmV. O‘©ZrV emókm§ZmAg§ {XgyZ Amb§¶ H$s Zm¶Q´>rH$ Amåb¶wº$ [h‘dfm©dm‘wio nmB©Z d¥j Zï> hmoVMmbboV!

VZ¶ : åhUOo Amåb {h‘gwÕm AgV§?O§Jb : (amJmZo) hmo. AemZ§ EImXo {Xder Amåb-‘mZdM ~Zob! ‘J Vw‘À¶m Vm|S>M§

nmUr niob! Voìhm doirM gmdY ìhm!

O§Va‘§Va OmZo.-’o$~w«.-2012 ‘YyZ gm^ma

boIH$ : ~mbmOrAZwdmX : d¡embr S>m|Jao, à¶mg D$Om© JQ>mV gh^mJr.

12 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

Amåb dfm© åhUOo Zm¶Q´>rH$ Am{U gëâ¶warH$ Amåb¶wº$ dfm©. nmUr, {h‘, YwH§$ AemH$moUË¶mhr ñdê$nmV Amåbdfm© hmoD$ eH$Vo.H$maUo : gS>H$m nmbmnmMmoim, Ádmbm‘wIrMm CÐoH$ ¶mVyZ H$mhr agm¶Z§ ~mhoa nS>VmVAm{U Ë¶m‘wio Amåbdfm© hmoVo. nU Amåbdf}gmR>r ‘mZdr H¥$îUH¥$Ë¶ OmñV O~m~XmaAmhoV. Ordmí‘ B§YZ, H$moií¶mM§ ÁdbZ, H$maImZo Am{U ñd¶§M{bV dmhZo ¶mVyZgë’$aS>m¶Am°³gmB©S> Am{U Zm¶Q´>moOZ Am°³gmB©S>g dmVmdaUmV {‘giVmV. hçmamgm¶{ZH$ dm¶w§Mr nmUr, Am°³grOZ Am{U BVa nXmWmª~amo~a à{H«$¶m hmoVo Am{Ugëâ¶w[aH$ Am{U Zm¶Q´>rH$ Amåb V¶ma hmoV§. dmè¶m~amo~a Vo eoH$S>mo ‘¡b Xÿa dmhÿZZobo OmVmV. nmÊ¶m~amo~a ({h‘ Am{U Yw³¶mVyZhr) Vo O{‘Zrn¶ªV nmoMVmV. O{‘ZrdarbnmÊ¶mV {‘gibo OmVmV. AJXr yObmn¶ªVhr nmoMVmV.n[aUm‘ : Amåbdf}Mm g§nyU© n¶m©daUmda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo nU gJù¶mV OmñV n[aUm‘hmoVmo Vmo Pao, Vbmd, XbXb, ZXçm, g‘wÐ Aem Obr¶ n¶m©daUmda. Amåbdf}‘wionmUr AmåbY‘u hmoV§. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o A°ë¶w{‘{Z¶‘ emofb§ OmV§ Am{U ObMa àmÊ¶m§gmR>rAg§ nmUr {dfmar hmoV§. H$mhr àOmVr AmåbVobm Vm|S> XoD$Z VJ Yê$ eH$VmV. nUnañnamdb§~r n¶m©daUmV EH$m àOmVrda g§H$Q> Amb§ Va Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘ BVa gdmªdahmoVmo. AÞgmIirVyZ hr {dfmar Ðì¶o AJXr njm§n¶ªVhr nmoMVmV.Amåbdf}Mm à^md O§Jbmdahr hmoVmo. {deofV: C§M S>m|JamdaÀ¶m dZñnVrdJm©da OmñVn[aUm‘ hmoVmo. O{‘ZrVrb nmofH$ Ðì¶m§À¶m OmJr A°ë¶w{‘{Z¶‘ gmoS>b§ OmV§ Ë¶m‘wioPmS>m§Zm nmUr {‘iy eH$V Zmhr. PmS>mÀ¶m ImoS>mnmZm§dahr Amåbdf}Mm n[aUm‘hmoVmo. dmVmdaU ~Xb, Vmn‘mZ, amoJm§Mm àmXþ^m©d ¶m§À¶mer bT>Ê¶mMr PmS>m§Mre³Vr H$‘r hmoVo. PmS>m§Mr nwZ{Z{‘©Vrj‘Vmhr ImbmdVo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr O{‘ZrVrbBVa jmam§‘wio AmåbVoM§ CXm{gZrH$aU hmoV§ nU Á¶m O{‘ZrMr à{VamoYZ j‘Vm H$‘rAmho {VWo AmåbVoMo J§ ra n[aUm‘ hmoVmV.Cnm¶ : Amåbdf}Mr H$maU§ ‘m{hVr Pmë¶mZo Ë¶mda Cnm¶ H$aUo e³¶ Amho. Amåbdf}bmH$maUr yV R>aUmar àXÿfH§$ {Z‘m©U hmoD$ Z¶oV åhUyZ H$miOr ¿¶m¶bm hdr. O¡{dH$B§YZmMm H$‘rVH$‘r dmna H$aUo, n¶m©¶r B§YZ emoYUo, Ago H$mhr Cnm¶ ¶moObo OmVAmhoV. Ë¶m§Zm g§{‘l à{VgmX {‘iVmo Amho. AmO Oar Amåbdfm© AmnU WmondyeH$bmo Var Ë¶mMo KmVH$ n[aUm‘ Zï> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ df} bmJUma AmhoV.àË¶oH$mZo ì¶º$sJV nmVirda D$Om©~MV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. drO d B§YZmMm H$‘rVH$‘r dmna, OdiÀ¶m A§VamgmR>r MmbV OmUo, gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sMm dmna, dmhZm§Mr{Z¶{‘V XoI^mb Aem amoOÀ¶m N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm Jmoï>rVyZ àXÿfU H$‘r H$aUo JaOoMoAmho. hçm gd¶r ‘wbm§Zm bhmZnUmnmgyZ bmdm¶bm hì¶m. Ë¶mgmR>r gmo~V {Xbobmg§dmX EH$m§{H$Ho$À¶m ê$nmV ~gdyZ dJm©V gmXa H$aVm ¶oB©b.

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 13

emioV {dkmZ hm {df` {eH$dVm§ZmAmOH$mb à`moJm§da â {Xbm OmVmo H$maUË`m‘wio {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ‘ZmVrb g§H$ënZmA{YH$ ñnï> hmoVmV. {dkmZmÀ`m àËòH$nmR>çnwñVH$mV YS>çmbm AZwê$n Ago à`moJd àH$ënhr gwMdbobo AgVmV ho nmhÿZMm§Jbo dmQ>Vo, nU Xwgè`mM jUr AgodmQy> bmJVo "Aaoƒm `mV H$mhrVar JS>~S>Km oQ > mim Amh o'. H$maU H$m oUË`mhrà`m oJmgmR>r à‘m{UV gm{hË`mMr dCnH$aUm§Mr `mXr {Xbobr ZgVo. KaJwVrgm{hË`mbm d ì`dñWobm Va A{O~mV ñWmZAm{U àmoËgmhZ {Xbobo ZgVo. Agohr bjmVòVo H$s EH$Xm à`moJ H$ê$Z {‘iUmam{ZîH$f© nwÝhm VmoM à`moJ H$ê$Z nS>VmiyZnm{hbm OmV Zmhr. VgoM {ejH$m§Zm‘mJ©Xe©Zna ‘m{hVr {Xbobr ZgVo. AergJir à{VHy$b n[apñWVr Agbr VargwÕm‘bm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s Vemhr n[apñWVrV{ejH$m§Zm {dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z à`moJ H$adyZ¿`mdogo dmQ>V AgVo. Ë`m§Zm `m H$m‘mV

WmoS>r Oar g§Yr gmnS>br Var Vo Ë`m§À`m‘ZmVrb H$ënZm ‘moR>çm Iw~rZo A§‘bmVAmUVmV. ‘bm Amboë`m {H$Ë` oH$AZw^dmVyZM {ejH$m §Mm gH$mamË‘H$Ñ{ï>H$moZ ‘mÂ`m ‘ZmV Ka H$ê$Z am{hbm.‘bm Ambobm AgmM EH$ AZw d ‘r AmVmVw‘À`mnwT>o> ‘m§S>Uma Amho.

JwOamW amÁ`mVrb Ya‘nya {OëhçmVembo` {ejUImË`mV ‘r H$m‘ H$aVmo.`mM {OëhçmVrb EH$m Aml‘emioV ‘rJobmo AgVm§Zm VoWrb EH$ {ejH$mZo ‘bm{dMmabo, "ga, hm`{S´>bm hr H$m` ^mZJS>Amho?' `mda ‘r Ë`m {ejH$mbm bJoM{dMmabo "AmO Aer AMmZH$M Vwåhmbmhm`{S´>bmMr AmR>dU H$m Ambr?' Am‘Mmhm g§dmX Mmby AgVmZm VoWo hOa AgboboEH$ {dkmZ {ejH$ d EH$ {e{jH$m Am‘À`mg§dmXmV gm‘rb Pmbo. Ë`mn¡H$s {dkmZ{ejH$ åhUmbo, "Vgo H$mhr Zmhr ga,Ë`m§Zr CJrMM {dMmabo'. nU Ooìhm ‘rË`m§Zm AJXr ImoXyZ ImoXyZM {dMmabo Voìhm

boIH$ : H$mby am‘ e‘m©AZwdmX : Jmo.b. bm|T>o

hm¶{S´>bmMmà¶moJ

14 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

Ë`m§Zr ‘bm gm§{JVbo' "ga, ghmdrÀ`m{dkmZmÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb EH$ à`moJH$ê$Z nhmÊ`mgmR>r Amåhmbm hm`{S´>bmMrJaO ^mgVo, nU Amåhmbm hm`{S´>bmM‘mhrV Zmhr'

‘r {dMmabo "Oa Vwåhmbm hm`{S´>bm‘mhrV Zmhr Va Vm o à`m oJ V w åhrhm`{S´>bm{edm` H$gm H$aVm?' `mda{ejH$m§Zr ‘bm gm§{JVbo "ga à`moJ VaVgmM hmoVmo' ‘bm dmQ>bo H$s ho {ejH$hm`{S´>bmEodOr Xwgar EImXr nmUdZñnVrdmnarV AgVrb nU Ooìhm ‘r `mà`moJm{df`r AmUIr H$mhr àý Ë`m§Zm{dMmabo Voìhm Ë`m§Zr {Xboë`m CÎmam§‘YyZ^bVmM {ZîH$f© {ZKmbm. emioV dmnaë`mOmUmè`m ghmdrÀ`m {dkmZ nmR>çnwñVH$mMoOoìhm ‘r nÕVera AdbmoH$Z Ho$bo Voìhm‘mÂ`m Ago Ü`mZmV Ambo H$s à`moJm{df`rnwñVH$mVrb ‘m§S>UrMr nÕV Aer AmhoH$s Ë`m‘wio à`moJ èñdr Pmbm H$m`

Am{U Aèñdr Pmbm H$m` - H$mhr ’$aH$nS>V Zmhr. {dÚmÏ`mªZm à`moJ H$R>rU dmQy>Zò d à`moJm~Ôb Ë`m§Zr OmñV {dMmaH$ê$ Z o Ago YmoaU S>moù`mnwT>o R>odyZ Aem"gm o`rñH$a' {dkmZ {ejUmgmR > rMnwñVH$mMr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br hmoVr. åhUyZMà`moJmÀ`m eodQ>r àým§Mr CÎma ogwÕmN>mnbobr hmoVr. Ë`m‘wio Oar à`moJ Ho$bmZmhr Var à`moJmMo {ZîH$f© dmMVm òVhmoVo. Iao nmhVm Aem gXmof nÕVr‘wio{dkmZ {ejUmVrb à`moJmMo ‘hÎd H$‘rhmoVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va {ZarjUmdê$Z {ZîH$f©H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m {H«$ obm ~mYm oVo.

{ejH$m§~amo~a Ooìhm ‘r {‘Ìmgma»`m‘Z‘moH$ionUmZo Jßnm Ho$ë`m Voìhm EH$gË` COoS>mV Ambo H$s hm`{S´>bmMm à`moJ{dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z H$adyZ KoVbm OmV ZìhVm.hm`{S´>bmMr CnbãYVm ZìhVr EdT>oMHo$di ZgyZ à`moJmgmR>r bmJUmao gm{hË`d CnH$aUo, Ë`m§À`m Cn`moJmMr ZìhVr

Á¶m YS>çmMm BWo C„oI Ho$bm Amho Vmo 2007 gmbr B¶Îmm ghmdrgmR>r JwOamVEggrB©AmaQ>rZo àH$m{eV Ho$boë¶m {dkmZ nwñVH$mV Amho.¶m nwñVH$mVë¶m EH$m "‘yi§, ImoS>§ Am{U nmZmM§ H$m¶©' ¶m YS>çmV à¶moJmVyZ Ag§{gÕ Ho$b§ Amho H$s àH$me g§íbofU {H«$¶oV Am°³grOZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ¶m à¶moJmVhm¶{S´>bmMm C„oI Ho$bm Amho. nU hm¶{S´>bm H$m¶ Amho, Ë¶mbm H$g§ AmoiIm¶M§?Ë¶mM§ ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoVb§ Zmd H$m¶? ¶m{df¶r H$mhrM {b{hbob§ Zmhr.¶m à¶moJm{df¶r ‘wimVM H$mhr g‘ñ¶m AmhoV. Ë¶mVbr CnH$aU§ {H$Vr doiCÝhmV R>odm¶Mr, ~rH$a‘Ü¶o {H$Vr nmUr ¿¶m¶M§ ¶m~Ôb ZrQ> ‘m{hVr {XbobrZmhr. Am°³grOZÀ¶m Img JwUmVyZ à¶moJmMm nS>Vmim ¿¶m¶Mm Amho Vo gwÕm{Xbobo ZmhrV.

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 15

hohr Ë`m‘mJMo EH$à‘wI H$maU AmhoAg § AmT >i yZAmb§.

àW‘ Amåhrhm`{S ´ >bm `mn mUdZ ñ nV rM mn[aM` H$ê $Z¿`m`Mo R >adbo.Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m Aml‘-emioÀ`m g‘moarbZXrda OmD$Z Vr nmUdZñnVr emoYÊ`mMmAmåhr ~oV Ho$bm.

‘r ‘mÂ`m {ejH${‘Ìm §Zm KoD$ZVm~S>Vmo~ ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmè`mda Jobmo.ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mV {H$Ë oH$ àH$maÀ`m dZñnVrCJdboë`m {Xgë`m. Ë`mV eodmù`mMoà‘mU ânya hmoVo. WmoS>çm Imob nmÊ`mH$So>Amåhr nm{hbo Va VoWo EH$m dZñnVrÀ`mnmZm§Mm Jw§Vm V`ma Pmë`mgmaIm {XgbmVoìhm {ejH$m§Zm ‘r gm§{JVbo "hrM Vrhm`{S´>bm dZñnVr'. nmÊ`mVrb hm`{S´>bmdZñnVrMr EH$ ’$m§Xr Amåhr nmÊ`mVyZ~mhoa H$mT>br d Ë`m ’$m§XrMo {ZarjU Ho$bo.Ë`mdoir EH$ {ejH$ Amü © d IoX wº$ñdamV ~mobbo "H$mIoV H$igm AZ² Jmdmbmdigm Ago H$moUrVar åhQ>bo Amho Vo AJXr~amo~aM Amho'. {ejH$m§gmR>r hmoUmè`mà{ejUmÀ`m H$m`©H«$‘mV, {H$ËòH$ doimà`moJ ZwgVm dmMyZ XmIdVmV d åhUVmV"Mbm, à`moJ Pmbm'.

H$go Var H$ê$Z Amåhr hm`{S´>bmMrAmoiI Va H$ê$Z KoVbr. Ë`m dZñnVrMr‘wio nmÊ`mVM Va§JV AgVmV H$s O{‘ZrVKwgbobr AgVmV ho emoYÊ`mMo Am‘Mo à`ËZgwê$ Pmbo. Ë`mgmR>r hm`{S>bmÀ`m {H$VrVar’$m§Úm nH$Sy>Z nmÊ`m~mhoa AmoTy>Z H$mT>ë`m VoìhmbjmV Ambo H$s `m dZñnVrMr H$modirnm§T>ar ‘wio ZXrÀ`m Vimer Agboë`m aoVr wº$JmimV AS>H$bobr AgVmV Am{U ’$m§Úm§À`mdoQ>moù`m§Zr dZñnVrMo ImoS> ~Zbobo AgVo.

nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb Vmo à`moJB`Îmm ghmdrÀ`m {dkmZmÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mVAgm CëcoI AmT>ibm H$s nmZm§Mm Omo {hadma§J AgVmo Vmo gy ©àH$memÀ`m ApñVËdmVàmUdm y {Z‘m©U H$aVmo. ho {gÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>rEH$ à`moJ gwMdbobm Amho. à`moJmgmR>rbmJUmao gm{hË` åhUOo H$mMoMo EH$ M§MwnmÌ,H$mMoMo EH$ Zagmio (’$Zob) - Vo M§MwnmÌmV~amo~a ~gUmao Agmdo Am{U H$mMoMr EH$narjmZir Ago ‘moOHo$ gm{hË` bmJVo AgoåhQ>bo Amho. Amåhr Aml‘emioV OmD$Z

16 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

nm{hbo Va {dkmZ à`moJmbm bmJUmao gd©gm{hË` VoWo hmoVo Ago AmT>ibo.

à`moJ H$aÊ`mV n{hbr AS>MU AerAmbr H$s M §M wnmÌ Am{U Zagmioßc ° pñQ >H $M o hm oV o åhUO o H$ mM oÀ`mCnH$aUm§À`m VwbZoV Ë`mMr nmaXe©H$VmH$‘r Agë`mZo hm`{S´>bmÀ`m nmZm§MràmUdm`y V`ma H$aÊ`mMr {H«$`m H$‘r

à‘mUmV Am{U gmdH$me hmoUma ho AmoKmZoAmboM. åhUOo Oar hm`{S´>bm dZñnVr{‘imbr Var gm{hË`mÀ`m da {Xboë`m`mXrZwgma M§MwnmÌ d Zagmio `m§Mr ‘mno{‘iVrOwiVr AmhoV H$s ZmhrV `mdaà`moJmMo è Adb§~yZ AgUma.

Xwgar g‘ñ`m nwñVH$mVrb à`moJmMo{MÌ nmhÿZ CX²^dbr. Oa nwñVH$mVrb

AmÎmm Hw$R>o g‘Ob§hm¶{S´>bm hr EH$ ObdZñnVr Amho. nmÊ¶mda H$mhr {R>H$mUr nmZ§ Va§JVmZm{XgVmV. H$mhr PmS>m§Mr ImoS>§, ’$m§Úm Am{U nmZ§hr hdoda PwbVmZm {XgVmV.hm¶{S´>bmMr nmZ§ nmÊ¶mV AgVmV nU Ë¶mMr ’w$b§ ‘mÌ nmÊ¶mÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda¶oVmV. nm§T>ar, N>moQ>r N>moQ>r ’w$b§ Am{U Ë¶m§Zm nmVi bm§~ Xm§S>o AgVmV. hm¶{S´>bm{H$Vr Imob nmÊ¶mV Amho Ë¶mZwgma XoR>mMr bm§~r R>aVo. Imob nmÊ¶mVë¶mhm¶{S´>bmMo Xm§S>o OmñV bm§~ AgVmV. hm¶{S´>bmMr nmZ§ ImoS>mda JmobmH$manÕVrZo ¶oVmV. ¶m‘Ü¶o nmVq~Xy ñnï>nUo {XgVmV. EH$m nmVq~Xÿnmer XmoZ VoAmR> nmZ JmobmH$mamV {XgVmV. nmZ§ N>moQ>r, Q>moHo$ar AgVmV. nmZm§‘Ü¶o g‘m§Vaeram AgVmV. ho EH$~rOnÌr PmS> Amho.hm¶{S´>bm ~KyZ {ejH$ åhUmbo, "hr dZñnVr Va Amåhr nm{hbr Amho. nUAmåhmbm dmQ>b§ B§J«Or Zmd Amho Va Vo PmS> BW§ H$g§ {‘iob'

Am°³grOZ dm¶y

narjmZir

hdoMo ~wS>~wS>o

hm¶{S>bm dZñnVr

Zagmio

nmR>çnwñVH$mVà¶moJmgmR>r {Xboë¶m{MÌmV H$mhr ÌwQ>rAmhoV. Ë¶m Vw‘À¶mbjmV ¶oV AmhoV H$m?

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 17

{MÌmà‘mUo CnH$aUmMr OwiUr Ho$br VaàmUdm`y O‘m hm oD$ eH$V ZìhVm.{MÌmà‘mUo àW‘ nmUdZñnVr Zagmù¶mVR>odm`Mr, Z§Va Zagmio M§MwnmÌmV R>odm`Mo.Ë¶mV daÀ`m ZirVyZ nmUr âm`Mo d Ë`mZirda nmÊ`mZo âbobr narjmZirH$miOrnyd©H$ CbQ>r R>odm`Mr Aer H¥$VrH$amdr bmJV hmoVr. {ejH$m§Zr gm§{JVboH$s Oa {MÌmV XmIdë`mà‘mUo AmåhrM§MwnmÌmVrb nmÊ`mMr nmVir nwñVH$mVXmIdë¶mBVH$s R>odbr Va narjmZirnmÊ`mZo ^ê$Z CbQ>r R>ody eH$V Zmhr,Voìhm nwñVH$mV {Xboë`m gyMZm§‘ÜòM’o$a’$ma H$aÊ`mMo Amåhr R>adbo.

{Vgar g‘ñ`m {Za{Zamù`mà`moJm§‘Yrb A§Vgª~§Ym§{df`r hmoVr.dZñnVtH$Sy>Z àmUdm y CËnÞ H$aÊ`mMm dË`mMm JwUY‘© OmoIyZ nhmÊ`mMm à`moJ{dkmZmÀ`m ghmdrÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mV {XbmAmho. na§Vw amgm`{ZH$ {H«$ oZo àmUdm y V`maH$aÊ`mMm d Ë`mMo JwUY‘© nhmÊ`mMm à`moJgmVdrÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mV {Xbobm Amho.`mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s nmR>çnwñVH$mÀ`m{Z{‘©VrÀ`m doir à`moJ Am{U g§H$ënZm`m§Mm A§Vgª~§Y AgVmo, `m ~m~rH$So>S>moioPmH$ Pmbr Amho. àmUdm yMo JwUY‘©VnmgyZ nhmÊ`mMm WmoS>mgwÕm CëcoIghmdrÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mV H$moR>ohr AmT>iVZmhr. Ë`m‘wio ghmdrMo {dÚmWu hm à`moJH$aÊ`mnydu àmUdm`yÀ`m JwUY‘m©{df`r

AZ{^k AgVmV.`m à`moJmVrb gdmªV ‘hÎdmMm n¡by

Agm Amho H$s AmnU nmÊ`mÀ`m {dñWmnZmZoàmUdm y O‘m H$aVmo. `m nÕVrV nmÊ`mZoâbobr narjmZir M§MwnmÌmV nmbÏ`mR>odboë`m Zagmù¶mda CbQ>r R>odmdr bmJVo.OgOgm àmUdm`y narjmZirÀ`m daÀ`mQ>m oH$mbm O‘m hm oD$ bmJVm o VgVgonarjmZirVrb nmUr M§MwnmÌmV T>H$bboOmVo. hm`{S´>bmÀ`m `m à`moJmV nmÊ`mÀ`m{dñWmnZ nÕVrMmM Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo.

{ejH$m §Z r ‘bm gm § {JVb o H$ samgm`{ZH$ {H«$ oZo àmUdm y V`ma H$aÊ`mMrOr nÕV gmVdrÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mV {XbobrAmho Ë`m nÕVrZo àmUdm`y V`ma H$ê$ZË`mMo JwUY‘© nhmVm òVmV. Ë`mdê$ZMAmåhmbm Ago g‘Obo H$s àmUdm`yÁdbZmg ‘XV H$aVm o . Am{U h og‘OÊ`mgmR>r nwñVH$mV AmUIr EH$ gmonmà`moJ {Xbobm Amho. `m à`moJmV EH$mnarjmZirV WmoSo> nmoQ>°{e`‘ na‘±JZoQ>¿`m`Mo d Vr narjmZir Ja‘ H$am`Mr.narjmZirbm nwîH$i CîUVm {‘imë`mZ§VanarjmZirÀ`m Vm|S>mer noQ>bobr CX~ÎmrYam`Mr EdT>oM H$m‘ H$amdo bmJVo.

Amåhr Ooìhm narjmZirVrb nmoQ>°{e`‘na‘±JZoQ> Ja‘ H$ê$ bmJbmo Voìhm narjmZirOmñV Vmnë`m‘wio ’w$Q>br. `m g‘ñòdaVmoS>Jm H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Amåhr B§OoŠeZÀ`m{gatOMm Cn`m oJ H$ê $Z nm {hbm.

18 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

~mbd¡km{ZH$ à¶moJEH$bì¶ g§ñWoÛmam "~mbd¡km{ZH$' ho B¶ÎmmgmVdrgmR>rMo nwñVH$ Amho. Ë¶mV - "PmS>mM§nmofU' Agm EH$ YS>m Amho. Ë¶mV hm¶{S´>bmAg§ Z åhUVm - nmÊ¶mV CJdUmar H$moUVrhrdZñnVr ¿¶m. ’$m§Úm nmÊ¶mV R>odyZM AmUmåhUOo gwH$Uma ZmhrV - Ag§ gm§{JVb§ Amho.EH$ {M‘yQ> a Im¶Mm gmoS>m Ë¶mV Kmbm Ag§hrgwMdb§¶.à¶moJ gm{hË¶ ì¶dpñWV bmdë¶mda EH$Vmg CÝhmV R>odm Aer gyMZm Amho nU ¶mo½¶VodT>m dm¶y Z {‘imë¶mZo Amåhr Vmo {XS>Vmg CÝhmV R>odbm. Ooìhm B§Oo³eZÀ¶m{gatO‘Ü¶o dm¶y O‘m hmoD$ bmJbm VoìhmnS>Vmim ¿¶m¶M§ R>adb§. {gatO A§JR>m Yê$Z~mhoa H$mT>br Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶mOdi CX~ÎmrZobr Va {VMr Á¶moV Oiy bmJbr. à¶moJ¶eñdr Pmë¶mM§ Amåhr ñdV: nm{hb§.

{MÌ : aUOrV ~mb‘wMw

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 19

B§OoŠeZMr {gatOgwÕm ’$ma Ja‘ PmbrVa ’w$Q>Vo. Var nU narjmZirÀ`m VwbZoV{gatO OmñV ‘O~yV Am{U ñdñV AgVo.nm oQ > ° {e`‘ na‘ ±JZ oQ > âboë`m (dVmndboë`m) {gatOÀ`m Vm|S>mer OoìhmAmåhr OiVr CX~Îmr Yabr Voìhm VràIaVoZo noQ>Vo Ago AmT>ibo.

Ë`mM~amo~a Amåhr B`Îmm gmVdrÀ`m"~mbd¡km{ZH$' ‘Ü o {Xbobm à`moJhr Ho$bm.`m à`moJmV nmÊ`mÀ`m {dñWmnZmZo àmUdm y{‘idyZ Ë`mMo JwUY‘© nhmVm oVmV. hmà`moJ Ho$ë`m‘wio Amåhmbm àmUdm yMo H$mhrJwUY‘© g‘Obo.

hm`{S´>bmnmgyZ àmUdm`yemioVrb à`moJgm{hË` nm{hë`mda AgodmQ>bo H$s gm{hË` Va Amho, nU Vo `mà`moJmÀ`m Cn`moJmMo Zmhr. `m à`moJmMoè M§MwnmÌ Am{U Zagmù¶mÀ¶m gma»`m‘mnmda (M§MwnmÌmÀ`m VimMm n[aK Am{UZagmù¶mÀ`m Vm |S>mMm n[aK gmaImAgÊ`mda) Adb§~yZ Amho. emioVrbgm{hË` hmVmibo Voìhm nmbWo ZagmioM§MwnmÌmV ZrQ> ~gV ZìhVo Ago AmT>ibo.~hþVoH$ emim§‘YyZ M§MwnmÌ d ’$Zobßc°pñQ>H$MrM AgVmV. Vr nyU©nUo nmaXe©H$ZgVmV åhUyZ Amåhr H$mMoMo M§MwnmÌ dH$mMoMo Zagmio KoD$Z OwiUr Ho$br.Zagmù¶mMr Zir Oam OmñV bm§~rMrdmQ>br, Vr Amåhmbm M§MwnmÌmÀ`m {heo~mZoH$mnyZ bhmZ H$amdr bmJbr.

à`moJ gm{hË`mbm n`m©`gÜ`mMo H$m‘ Va H$goVar H$ê$Z Pmbo. nU{ejH$m§Zm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo H$s Oa gd©MemioVrb {dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z hm à`moJ H$adyZ¿`m`bm nm{hOo Agob Va M§MwnmÌ Am{UZagmio `m gm{hË`mEodOr n`m© r gm{hËèmoYm`bm nm{hOo. {H$ËòH$ {ejH$ `memoY‘mo{h‘oV gm‘rb Pmbo Am{U Cnm`gwMbm Vmo Agm - ßc°pñQ>H$À`m ~mQ>brMmCn`moJ H$am`bm H$m` haH$V Amho?

hëcr ßc°pñQ>H$À`m ~mQ>ë`m ânya{‘iVmV. gdm©Zw‘Vo Ago R>abo H$s nmaXe©H$~mQ >brMm daMm ^mJ H$mnmdm. Vm oZagmù¶mgmaIm Cn`moJr nSy> eHo$b. VgoMnarjmZirEodOr B §O oŠeZMr {gatOdmnabr. Am{U ho gd© CnH$aU EH$mnmVoë`mV R>odyZ à`moJmMr V`mar nyU© Pmbr.

bdH$aM Aml‘emioVrb {ejH$

20 e¡j{UH$ g§X © A§H$ - 76

lr. Y‘}e nQ>ob Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§ZrAgm à`moJ H$ê$Z nm{hbm Am{U {gatO‘Ü oânya àmUdm`y O‘m Pmbm Ago Ë`m§ZmAmT>ibo. àmUdm`yMo JwUY‘©hr Ë`m§ZrVnmgyZ nm{hbo.

Aml‘emi oVrb X wgè`m H$ mhr{ejH$m§Zr H$mhr {XdgmZ§Va nwÝhm hm à`moJH$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nU Vmon ªV ZXrMonmUr AmQ>ë`mZo Ë`m§Zm hm`{S´>bm dZñnVrCnbãY hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§ZrXwgè`m {R>H$mUmhÿZ eodmio AmUyZ à`moJHo$bm. hm`{S>bmÀ`m m à`moJm‘wio AmåhmbmBVŠ`m gmè`m g‘ñ`m§Zm EH$mM doir Vm|S>XoÊ`mMr g§Yr {‘imbr. emoYH$ Ñï>rZo n`m© r

gm{hË` emoYVm oVo Am{U Ë`mMm `mo½àrVrZo dmna H$ê$Z AmnU à`moJ H$ê$Z{ZîH$f© H$mTy> eH$Vmo Aer ImÌr Pmbr.nwñVH$mV {Xboë`m gyMZm§Mo H$‘©H$m§S> H$ê$ZH$gm Var à`moJ H$am`MmM Ago AmìhmZAm‘À`mg‘moa ZìhVo. Va em§V ‘ZmZoà`moJmVrb AS>MUr g‘OyZ KoD$Z d Ë`mAS>MUtda ¶mo½¶ [aVrZo ‘mV H$ê$Z à`moJèñdr H$am`Mm hoM Iao AmìhmZ hmoVo.Amåhr Oo Ho$bo Vo Am‘À`m ‘ZmÀ`mg‘mYmZmgmR>r Ho$bo. Ë`mV Xwgè`m H$moUmbmIwf H$aUo hm Am‘Mm A{O~mV CÔoe ZìhVm.AmVm hm à`moJ {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWuXadfu H$ê$ eH$Vrb.

Aml‘emioVrb EH$m {ejH$mZo ßb°pñQ>H$À¶m ~mQ>brMm daMm mJ H$mnyZ Ë¶mMm à¶moJmV dmnaHo$bm. narjmZirÀ¶m EodOr B§Oo³eZMr [aH$m‘r {gatO KoVbr. hm¶{S´>bmgH$Q> ho gJi§ gm{hË¶

EH$m nmUr aboë¶m ‘moR>çm nmVoë¶mV R>odb§.

boIH$ : H$mby am‘ e‘m©, Ya‘nya JwOamV ¶oWrb OemoXm ZamoÎm‘ Q´>ñQ>‘Ü¶o embo¶ {ejUmdaH$m‘ H$aVmV. boIZmV éMr.AZwdmX$ : Jmo. b. bm|T>o, {Zd¥Îm àmMm¶©

g§X © A§H$ 75 ‘YyZ gm^ma.

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 21

J{UVr à¶moJ Am{U IoiboIH$ : {H$aU ~d}

"J{UVmVbo à¶moJ åhQ>ë¶mda Oam Amü¶©M dmQ>Vo Zmhr? nU J{UVmVhr nwîH$ià¶moJ AgVmV. qH$~hþZm BVa emóm§BVHo$M à¶moJ AgVmV. Ë¶mVbo H$mhr AJXr gmonoà¶moJ AmnU ~KUma AmhmoV.' eoIa XmXm Zoh‘rà‘mUo JwJbr Q>mH$Uma ¶m V¶marV gJiohmoVo.

"à¶moJ H«$. 1 : Q>o{b’$moZMo H«$‘m§H$ dm JmS>çm§Mo H«$‘m§H$ ¶m§Mo AmH$S>çm§V ê$nm§VaH$ê$Z Ë¶mVrb JwUY‘© emoYUo.' - B{V eoIaXmXm

"àW‘ 24458538 hm XÿaÜdZr H«$‘m§H$ ¿¶m. hçmV 2 Xm 4, 2 Xm 5, 2 Xm 8 AmboAmhoV. EHo$H$Xm 2 Am{U 3 Ambo AmhoV. Vo gm‘mÝ¶ {ZarjU Pmbo. n{hbm AmH$Sm ×Xþgam AmH$S>m = nmMdm AmH$S>m (8)

n{hbm AmH$S>m (2) × {Vgam AmH$S>m (4) = AmR>dm AmH$S>m 8n{hë¶m XmoZ AmH$S>çm§Mr ~oarO 2 + 4 = 6 = 3 × 2{Vgè¶m d Mm¡Ï¶m A§H$m§Mr ~oarO = 9 = 3 × 35 ì¶m A§H$m§Mr + 6 ì¶m A§H$m§Mr ~oarO = 13(9 + 4 = 13 XmoZ dJm©Mr ~oarO = ‘yi g§»¶m !)3 + 8 = 11 naV EH$Xm ‘yi g§»¶m.Xþgam AmH$S>m (XÿaÜdZr H«$. ¿¶m) 24105320. àW‘ Xe©Zr Ago dmQ>ob H$s hm

Zrag AmH$S>m Amho. nU Vgo ‘wirM Zmhr. hçmVrb A§H$ MT>Ë¶m ^mOUrV {b{hbo H$s00122345. Hw$R>ohr ’$Q> R>odm¶bm OmJm Zmhr. Amho Zm J§‘V! AmVm

2 + 4 = 6,1 + 0 = 1,5 + 3 = 8,2 + 0 = 2.1, 2 Am{U 6 Am{U 8.2 × 3 = 6 Am{U 2 × 4 = 8.

22 e¡j{UH$ g§X © A§H$ - 76

1 × 1, 2 × 1, 3 × 2, 4 × 2 Amho H$s Zmhr ‘‚mm!' eoIaXmXmMo nwT>Mo ~mobUoJm|YimVM {dê$Z Jobo. "Amåhr {‘Ì' Amnmnbo b±S> bmBZ H«$‘m§H$ KoD$Z ‘moR>çmZo"{dMma' H$ê$ bmJbo Am{U VmdmVmdmZo EH$ Xþgè¶mbm ‘mÂ¶mM H«$‘m§H$mV OmñV J§‘VAmho Ago gm§Jy bmJbo.

Xþgè¶m {Xder Zoh‘rnojm bdH$aM "Amåhr {‘Ì' hOa Pmbo. eoIaXmXm ¶m¶MmhmoVm. dmK H$mH$m§Zr AmnwbH$sZo "Amåhr {‘Ìm§'Mr hOoar KoVbr åhUOo ì¶m¶m‘, ImUo,Aä¶mg, BVa bmoH$m§Zm Amdí¶H$ Voìhm AmnwbH$sZo ‘XV H$aVm H$m dJ¡ao dJ¡ao. {VV³¶mVeoIaXmXm AmbmM. Amë¶m Amë¶m Ë¶mZo {h‘m§Jrbm {VMm ‘mo~mBb H«$. ( «‘UÜdZrH«$.) {dMmabm.

""Vwbm ‘mhrV Amho H$s.'' B{V {h‘m§Jr. ""Vwbm gm§JVm ¶oV Zmhr H$m?'' gwöX""9822242628'' EH$X‘ gJù¶m§Mr Q>çy~ noQ>br.""³¶m Z§~a h¡ ¶ma?'' gJio åhQ>bo. ""98 À¶m Z§Va 22, 24, 26, 28 '' {h‘m§Jr,

""H$gM§ H$gM§'' ""{VÀ¶m ~m~m§Zr {‘idyZ {Xbm Agob.'' {h‘m§JrMm Moham WmoS>mCVabm, dmKH$mH$m§H$S>o Vm|S> Am{U eoIaXmXmH$S>o ZOa H$aV Vr nwQ>nwQ>br, ""n¡go^ê$Z''! dmKH$mH$m åhQ>bo ""H$mhr haH$V Zmhr.'' eoIaXmXm åhQ>bm, ""~g, BVHo$M.''gJio Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o d {h‘m§JrH$S>o ~Ky bmJbo. eoIaXmXm jUâmZo KmB©KmB©Zo CÎmabm,""JwUY‘©? hçm H«$‘m§H$mMo JwUY‘©? 9 + 8 = 17 ‘yig§»¶m AmVm ‘bm gm§Jm Caboë¶mA§H$mÀ¶m ~oaOoV {H$Vr ‘yi g§»¶m AgVrb?'' Am^m åhQ>br, ""EH$hr Zmhr. H$maUgJio A§H$ g‘ AmhoV.'' eoIaXmXm CX²Jmabm, ""emã~mg!''

""2 + 2 = 4, = 2 × 2,2 + 4 = 6, = 2 × 3,2 + 6 = 8 = 2 × 4,2 + 8 = 10 = 2 × 5, nU 10 Mo Iao åhUOo 0 + 1 = 1.'' eoIaXmXmZo

concluding remarks {Xbo. nU AmO Am^mbm Mod MT>bm hmoVm.9 × 8 = 72 = 9 = 32 ,2 × 2 = 4 = 22,2 × 4 = 8 = 23,2 × 6 = 12 = 22 × 3,2 × 8 = 16 = 24

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 23

""Wonderful '' Amåhr {‘Ì Am{U eoIaXmXm CX²Jmabo. dmKH$mH$m ‘mÌ H$mH$moUmg R>mD$H$, ""EH§$ gV² {dàm: ~hþYmdXpÝV'' Ag§ åhUmbo.

9423012034, MT>Vr ^mOUr 001223344 (!) 9 (!!)9 + 4 = 13 = ‘yi, 2 + 3 = 5 = ‘yi, 0 + 1 = 1 {d{eï> g§»¶m (‘yi

dm g§¶wº$ XmoÝhrhr Zgbobr EH$‘od), 2 + 0 = 2 (‘yi, EH$‘od g‘ ‘yi hçmdagdmªMoM EH$‘V hmoVo Am{U 3 + 4 = 7 (‘yi), PH$mg, PH$mg H«$‘m§H$ Amho hm?(H$moUmMm ~ao? H$moUVohr AÝ¶ ‘mJ© Z dmnaVm {‘imbobm) Amåhr {‘Ìm§n¡H$sÁ¶m§À¶mÁ¶m§À¶mH$S>o «‘UÜdZr hmoVo Ë¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m H«$‘m§H$mda, Am{U Am¶m© d BVabhmÝ¶m§Zr AmB©, ~m~m§À¶m ’$moZda à¶moJ gwê$ Ho$bo.

H$) JmS>rÀ¶m H«$‘m§H$mdaMo à¶moJ : Ago eoIaXmXmZo åhUVmM Am¶m© {dMmaVrPmbr ""AmVm hçmV gJio AmH$S>o Hw$R>o AmhoV?'' eoIaXmXm gai M|Sy> naV nwT>À¶mH$moQ>m©V Q>mH$V åhUmbm, ""Ajam§Mo AmH$S>çm§V ê$nm§Va H$am.'' AmVm Am¶m©bm ‘mhrVhmoVo, ""AJmoXa Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo

A, G, M, S Y À¶m OmJr 0 0 1 2 3 4 5C, I, O, U À¶m OmJr 2 A B C D E F

Ago Q>mH$m¶Mo. G H I J K L

M N O P Q R

S T U V W X

Y Z

eoIaXmXmbm hr nÕV ‘mÝ¶ hmoVr nU AOyZ gmonr EH$mg EH$ g§JVr Agbobr nÕVhdr hmoVr. jUâmZo (1/1&& goH§$Xm@Z§Va) gdmªMrM Q>çy~ noQ>br. A - 0, B - 1,

C - 2, D - 3,........Z - 25 "emã~mg' B{V eoIaXmXm.MH 1207 EH$ AmH$f©H$ AmH$S>m. MH 1207 — 1207 1207

MH12 AF 5123 — 12 / 07 / 12 / 00 / 05 / 51 23

g§nyU© JmS>rÀ¶m H«$. Mo 14 A§H$s AmH$S>çmV ê$nm§Va! "‘ZmgmaIm (ânya A§H$s){‘io gd§JS>r (AmH$S>m) (J{UVr) Ioimbm ‘J AdrQ> JmoS>r!!'

1 + 2 — 03, 07 — 7, 12 — 3, 00 — 0, 05 — 5, 51 — 6,2 + 3 — 5 = 037000657 A§H$s AmH$S>çmV ê$nm§Va, 0 Am{U 6 dJiVm gd© {df‘ ‘yi g§»¶m.2 Xm 3, 2 Xm 5, EHo$H$Xm 0, 6, 7;

24 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

1 × 2 = 2, 0 × 7 = 0, 1 × 2 = 2,0 × 0 = 0, 0 × 5 = 0, 5 × 1 = 5, 2 × 3 = 6, MT>Ë¶m ^mOUrV

0002256 hçmVrb A§H$m§Mr ~oarO 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 2 + 5 + 6 = 15= 3 × 5 åhUOo n{hë¶m XmoZ {df‘ ‘yi g§»¶m§Mm JwUmH$ma

AmVm Xþgao CXmhaU ~Ky.MH14 — W8011 / 12 07 14 22 80 11

hçmV 07 × 2 = 14, 11 × 2 = 22, ho JwUY‘© bJoMM {XgVmV.1 + 2 = 3, 0 + 7 = 7, 1 + 4 = 5 (gd© ‘yi)2 + 2 = 4 = 22

8 + 0 = 8 = 23,1 + 1 = 2 = 21 Amho H$s Zmhr H$‘mb!'""XodZmJar Ajao AgVrb Va H$m¶ H$amb?'' hçm eoIaXmXmÀ¶m àýmda "Amåhr

{‘Ì' CX²Jmabo, ""AgoM H$ê$ AgoM H$ê$.'' ""JmUo ZH$mo J{UV hdo'' {h‘m§JrÀ¶mVm|S>mda Ambo hmoVo Ago H$m {dMmam¶Mo nU ^S>H$m CS>mbm AgVm Am{U ‘w»¶ åhUOo‘Om ¶oV hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio a§JmMm ~oa§J Z H$aUoM lo¶ñH$a Agm {dMma {VZo Ho$bm.

A Am B B© C D$ E Eo Amo Am¡ A§ A:00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11H²$ I² J² K² L²> M² N²> O² P Äm12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Q> R> S> T> U V² W² X² Y² Z²22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

AmH$S>çm§VyZ JwUY‘© emoYUmè¶m J{UVVkm§Mm ‘oê$‘{U VËH$m{bZ Wmoa {~«{Q>eJ{UVr àm.Or.EM. hmS>u AmOmar Agboë¶m am‘mZwOZbm ôQ>m¶bm BpñnVimVJobo. am‘mZwOZbm Vo åhUmbo, ""‘r Ambmo Ë¶m Q>°³grMm H«$‘m§H$ A{Ve¶M CXmgH$aUmam hmoVm. AJXrM ~oMd 1729'' VËjUrM am‘mZwOZ CX²Jmabo,""N>o, N>o, 1729 = 103 + 93, = 123 + 13

Aem VèhoZo 2 KZm§À¶m ~oaOoÀ¶m ñdê$nmV XmoZ àH$mao {b{hbr OmUmar g§»¶mCXmgdmUr H$er Agob àmo’o$ga?'' àmo. hmS>u naV EH$Xm am‘mZwOmÀ¶m A’$mQ>~w{Õ‘ÎmonwT>o {dZ‘« Pmbo.

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 25

n² ’²$ ~² ^² ‘² ¶² a² b² d² e² g² h² i j k32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46kmZXod = k² + Am = km — 46 + 00 = 46Z = Z + A — 31 + 00 = 31X² + E = Xo — 29 + 06 = 30AmVm hçmV EH$ Amho, Xo - 30 Am{U Y² — 30 ‘J ñdam§Zm 50À¶m nwT>Mo AmH$S>o

{Xbo H$s hm àý gwQ>ob. ‘JA Am B B© C D$ E Eo Amo Am¡ A§ A:50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61AmVm ‘§{Oar gào412, Zmam¶U noR>‘§{Oar ‘² + A§, O² + B, a + B©

36 + 60, 19 + 52, 38 + 53‘§{Oar - 96 71 91gào — g² + A, n² + a² + E — 42 + 50 = 92

32 + 38 + 56 = 126gào — 92 126412 — 040102, Z² + Am, a² + Am, ¶² + A, U² + A31 + 51 = 82, 38 + 51 = 89, 37 + 50 = 87, 26 + 50 = 76Zmam¶U — 82 89 87 76 noR> — 8873ho nU g§nyU©nUo EH$mg EH$ nÕVrZo V¶ma Ho$bobo Zmhr. nU {Xboë¶m AmH$S>çm§dê$Z

CbQ>o Om¶Mo Agë¶mg H$‘r n¶m©¶ CaVmV Am{U H$mhr àý {dMmê$Z Zmd Am{U nÎmm{Z{üVhr H$aVm ¶oVo. dmKH$mH$m CR>bo Am{U åhQ>bo, ""BWo doi Kmbdy ZH$m, AmVmBVam§Zm {eH$dm.'' "Amåhr {‘Ì' WmoS>çm ZmIwerZoM CR>bo Am{U nwT>rb CÚmoJmbmbmJbo. Vwåhrhr B§J«Or Am{U ‘amR>r Ajam§Mo A§H$mV ê$nm§Va H$am. Amboë¶m A§H$m§MoJwUY‘© nhm. ¶m IoimV Z¸$sM ‘Om ¶oVo. Vw‘Mr J§‘V Am{U {ZarjUo Amåhmbm Oê$aH$idm.

boIH$ : {H$aU ~d}, J{UV {eH$dÊ¶mMr AmdS> ‘mo. : 9423012034

26 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

Xhr, VmH$ Am{U gyú‘Ord

Am_Mr _wbJr H$mË`m`Zr \$º$ gmV{Xdgm§Mr hmoVr Am{U {Vbm A{VgmamMmÌmg hmoD$ bmJbm. {Vbm BVHo$ Owbm~Pmbo H$s {VÀ`m earamVb§ nmUr H$_rPmb§, Vr _byb Pmbr. Amåhr Va IynMKm~ê$Z Jobmo. {VMo S>m °ŠQ>a - S>m °.{MH$ma_mZ|Zr {Vbm bJoMM gbmB©Z bmdb§.{VMr er Vnmgm`bm nmR>dbr. VnmgUrVAmT>ib§ H$s {VÀ`m nmoQ>m_Ü o E.hist `mgyú_O§Vy§Mr bmJU Pmbr Amho.

{Vbm à{VO¡{dH$m§Mr Iyn _moR>r _mÌmÚmdr bmJbr Am{U EH$XmMr Vr `mgJù`mV yZ ~ar Pmbr. _J S > m ° .{MH$ma_mZ|Zr {VÀ`m nmoQ>mV XwYmÀ`mnMZmbm _XV H$aUmao b°ŠQ>mo~°{gbggyú_Ord OmoS>bo.

Cn¶w³V gyú‘Ord?Ë`m§À`m àg§JmdYmZm_wio Am{U AZw dmZo{gÕ Pmboë`m kmZm_wio Am_Mr H$mË`m`ZrdmMbr Am{U Z§Va H$mhr {XdgmVM EH$gwÑT> hga§ ~mi Pmbr. AOyZhr Vr VerMAmho - {ZamoJr.

`m àg§Jm_wio EH$ Jmoï> H$ibr -ZwH$Ë`mM OÝ_boë`m ~mimMr AÞZ{bH$mgwédmVrbm [aH$m_r (sterile {ZOªVwH$)AgVo. Z§Va Ë`mV H$mhr Cn wº$ Va H$mhrCnÐdr gyú_Ordm§Mr dmT> hmoVo. S>m°.{MH$ma_mZ |Zr h oM H o $b § - CnÐdrgyú_Ordm§Zm nidyZ bmdyZ {VWo Cn`moJrgyú_Ord gmoS>bo.

Bbm`m _°ŠZrH$moìh m a{e`Z emókmZo1905 _Ü o EH$ à`moJ Ho$bm. Ë`mMm {ZîH$f©

Ambm H$s Xhr ImU§h o Amam o ½`mgmR > rA{Ve` Cn` wº $Amho. H$maU XhçmVyZb°ŠQ>mo~°{gbg Am{U{~ {\ $S > r` mg m aI oCn` wº$ g yú_OrdAmnë`m nm o Q > mVòVmV.

{daObob§ XyY

Cn¶wº$ gyú‘Ord CnÐdr gyú‘Ord

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 27

(åhUOo Xhr) ho _°ŠZrH$moìhÀ`m _Vo O¡{dH$nwadR>m H|$Ð (probiotic) Amho. Ë`mVboKQ>H$ _mZdr earambm AÞ nMdÊ`mgmR>r,à{VH$maeº$s dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Am wî`dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aVmV. `m nWXeuemoYmgmR>r _°ŠZrH$moìhbm 1908 gmbM§Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ {_imb§.

VoìhmnmgyZ Amnë`mbm _m{hVr Pmb§H$s _mZdr AÞZ{bH$m ho gyú_Ordm§M§ AmJaAmho. AmÎmmn ªVÀ`m g§emoYZmVyZ Ë`m§Mrg§»`m 1014 AWm©V 10000 Id© BVH$sAmho, åhUOo Amnë`m earamVrb EHy$UnoetÀ`m g§»òÀ`m {H$_mZ XhmnQ>rnojmOmñV! Xwgè`m eãXmV Amnë`m àË oH$mÀ`mearamVrb EHy$U noetÀ`m 90 Q> o$ noergyú_Ord AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m Aem 500{d{dY OmVr earamVë`m pñWa Am{U nmofH$_mÜ`_mV dmT>V AgVmV.

ZdOmV ~mbH$mMr AÞZ{bH$mgwédmVrbm {ZOªVwH$ AgVo. Z§Va ~mhoaÀ`mdmVmdaUmer g§nH$m©VyZ, AÞ XoÊ`mÀ`mnÕVrVyZ, Amamo½`mÀ`m {d{dY nmVit_YyZgyú_Ordm§Mr dmT> hmoV amhVo. åhUOoM_mZdr AÞZ{bH$m ho gyú_Ordm§À`m (Cn wº$Am{U CnÐdr XmoÝhr) amhÊ`mgmR>r EH$ mo½`n`m©daU Amho.

Ago H$m?nU ho gyú_Ord AÞZ{bHo$V H$m AgVmV?Ë`m§M§ H$m_ H$m`? Vo Cn wº$ AmhoV, CnÐdrAmhoV H$s ZwgVoM \w$H$Q>o AmhoV? `m gd©

àým§Mr CÎma§ Amnë`mbm Joë`m Xhm dfm©V{_iy bmJbr Amh oV. h o g yú_OrdAmnë`mbm AZoH$ H$m`m©Ë_H$ gmo r CnbãYH$ê$Z XoVmV. Á`m AmnU CËH«$m§V hmoVmZm{_idboë`m ZmhrV.

Xwgè`m ^mfoV AmnU _mZd Am{Ugyú_Ord EH$ÌM CËH«$m§V hmoV AmhmoV.Oam doJù`m VèhoZ§, H$m°åß wQ>aÀ`m ^mfoVg_OmdyZ KoD$. Vwåhmbm drg dfmªnyduMrKQ>Zm AmR>dVo H$m? A_o[aHo$Zo ^maVmbmgwnaH$m°åß`wQ>a XoÊ`mM§ ZmH$mab§. VoìhmAmnë`m emókm§Zr H$m` Ho$b§? Ë`m§ZrAZoH$ H$m°åß wQ>g© EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>bo Am{UEH$ Omi§ {Z_m©U Ho$b§. àË oH$ H$m°åß wQ>aË`mbm {Xbob§ Ë`mM§ H$m_ H$aV Ago, Ë`mM~amo~a BVam§er XodmU-KodmU Am{U ghH$m ©H$aV Ago. `m Aem EH$mMdoir EH$ÌAm{U ñdV§Ì Aem XmoÝhr nÕVtZr g_m§Va[aVrZo H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§nyU© à{H«$ obm -na_ g§JUH$ Ag§ Zmd {_imb§. Vmo EH$gwna H$m°åß wQ>a Pmbm.Ë`mMà_mUo Amnë`m earamV Á`m Jmoï>rAmnU ñdV: H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Ë`m `mgyú_Ordm§H$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m OmVmV. àË oH$ OUñdV§Ì[aË`m H$m_ H$aV H$aV g§nyU© à{H«$`mMnwT>o Ý`m`bm _XV H$aVmo.

gyú_Ordm§Mr OmoS>UrH$m ho Zo_H§$ CbQ>§ Amho? Amnë`m

earamVrb àËòH$ gyú_Ord Amnë`mnoetH$Sy>Z H$m_ H$ê$Z KoVmV. H$mhr Agmo,

28 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

ho EH$ àH$maM§ ghOrdZM AgV§. `mVXmoÝhr ~mOy§Mm \$m`XmM AgVmo. AmnUAmnë`m AÞnMZmVyZ Oo aoUy {Z_m©U H$aVmoVo gyú_Ordm§À`m dmT>rgmR>r Am{U Ë`m§À`m{Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ AgVmV VaË`m§À`m M`mnM`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao aoUyyAmnë`mbm Cn`moJr R>aVmV.

Xhr ho `mM§ EH$ CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho.XhçmÀ`m gyú_Ordm§Zr Ho$boë`m {dKQ>ZmVyZb°ŠQ>rH$ Am{U BVa g§~§{YV aoUy {Z_m©UhmoVmV. Vo Amnë`m dmT>rgmR>r Cn`moJrAgVmV. ho gyú_Ord AmnU {Z_m©U Ho$boë`maoUy§da OJVmV.

Amnë`m AmhmamVrb V§Vy_` nXmW© hogwÕm AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU. Ooìhm AmnUYmÝ` Am{U e|JdJu` ^mÁ`m (Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi,~mbu, S>mir, e|Jm) ImVmo Voìhm Ë`m§Mo gd©KQ>H$ AmnU nMdy eH$V Zmhr. H$mhr ZnMbobr H$~m}XH§$ VerM amhVmV. hoMgyú_Ordm§M§ AÞ AgV§. Ë`m§À`m_wioM `m ZnMboë`m H$~m}XH$m§nmgyZ Amnbr gwQ>H$m hmoVo.

g_W©H$ O¡{dH$s Am{U nmofH$ O¡{dH$s(probiotic and prebiotic)

AmnU m gyú_Ordm§Zm qH$dm Ë`m§À`m aoUy§Zmg_W©H$ Am{U nmofH$ gyú_Ord Ag§åhUy`m. Cn`wº$ gyú_Ord ho g_W©H$gyú_Ord AmhoV Va Amnë`mbm Z nMboë`mAÞmMo aoUy ho nmofH$ gyú_Ord AmhoV, H$maUË`m§À`mdaM Cn wº$ gyú_Ord nmogbo OmVmV.

Ë`m§À`m{edm` AmnU H$mhr nmofH$ Ðì`

V`ma H$ê$M eH$Uma Zmhr. CXmhaUmW©OrdZgËd H$. {nÎm måbmM § nMZ,H$moboñQ>oam°b Am{U H$mhr pñZ½ÝYmåbm§M§nMZhr Ë`m§À`m_wioM hmoV§. CnÐdr OrdmUyAm{U {dfmUy§À`m {déÕ Vo g¡{ZH$ noetM§H$m_ H$aVmV.

AmnU H$m` Amhma KoVmo ho A{Ve`_hÎdmM§ Amho, H$maU Ë`mdaM Amnë`mearamVrb Cn wº$ gyú_Ordm§Mr Cn wº$VmAdb§~yZ AgVo. ^maVr` Amhma nÕVrVAJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZM YmÝ`, S>mirAm{U e|JdJu` ^mÁ`m§Mm dmna Ho$bmOmVmo. àmMrZ H$mimVrb Amhmam~Ôb S>m°.gmaZ_, E_. lrYa Am{U ghH$mè`m§Zrcurrent science À`m Owb¡À`m A§H$mVEH$ N>mZ boI {b{hbm`. Ë`m §À`måhUÊ`mZwgma g_W©H$ gyú_Ord àW_nmgyZM Amnë`mbm Cn wº$ R>abo AmhoV.Amnë`m AÞZ{bH o $Vrb M`mnM`{H«$ ogmR>rM Zmhr Va Amnbr à{VH$maeº$sdmT>dUo, H$moboñQ>oam°b {Z §{ÌV H$aUo Am{UhmS > m §Mr jmamMr Amdí`H$VmnwadÊ`mgmR>rhr Vo Cn`moJr AmhoV.

S>m°. {MH$ma_mZ|À`m Am¡fYmonMmamVyZhoM gJio \$m`Xo H$mË`m`Zrbm {_imbo.Am{U hr gmÜ`m XhçmnmgyZ gwê$ PmbobrH$hmUr Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$mn ªV nmoMbr.

"X qhXÿ'-Owb¡ 2010 ‘YyZ gm^ma

AZwdmX : ¶elr nwUoH$a

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 29

‘wbm§Zm dJm©V {dkmZ åhUyZ Oo {eH$db§OmV§, Ë`m H$ënZm§nojm ‘wbm§À`m ‘ZmV{ZamirM H$ënZm V`ma Pmbobr AgVo.AZoH$m§Zr `mda g§emoYZ Ho$b§ . {ejH$ Oo{eH$dVmV Vg§M ‘wbmÀ`m ‘ZmV {H$VrCVab§ OmV! ~hþVoH$ doim ‘wbm§À`m A`mo½`H$ënZm§‘Ü o {ejH$mÀ`m {eH${dÊ`mZo ~XbhmoVmo Iam; nU hm ~Xb `mo½` H$ënZmMCËnÞ H$aVmo Ago Zìho. `mVrb Mm§Jbr~m~ hr H$s ~Xb hmoVmo nU dmB©Q> ~m~Aer H$s {ejH$mbm Oo H$mhr ‘ZmV AmhoVo ‘mÌ KS>V Zmhr.

‘wbm§Zm H$m` dmQ>V§, H$m` åhUmd`mM§Amho `mMm Ym§S>moim KoUmao H$mhr OUAgë`mZo ‘wbm§À`m ‘ZmVrb g§H$ënZm§Mm

A§XmO Amnë`mbm òVmo. {ejH$m§Zr Oo{eH${db§ Vo Am{U ‘wbm§À`m ‘ZmV Oo CVab§Vo `mVrb Xar {H$Vr {dñV¥V d Imob Amho`mMm A §XmO Ambm H$ s n wT >À`m{eH${dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr nyd©V`marH$aU§ {ejH$mbm gmon§ OmV§.

BVH$s df} {ejH$m§~amo~a H$m‘ Ho$ë`mdaAmü ©M{H$V H$aUmè`m AZoH$ ~m~r ‘bmOmUdë`m. ‘wbm§À`m ‘ZmVrb g§H$ënZm§Mm,Ë`m§À`m ‘ZmV H$m` Mmbb§ mMm H$gbmhr‘mJ‘yg ZgUmao AZoH$ {ejH$ nm{hbo H$s‘r W¸$ hmoVo. Amü © dmQ>V§ Am{U Ag§ H$mhmoV§ `m~Ôb IoXhr dmQ>Vmo.

Amnb§ {eH$dU§ H$g§ Amho `mdaVr Vadarb àíZmM§ CÎma Adb§~yZ Amho.

{dkmZ dJm©V ‘wbm§Zm"g‘OyZ' KoVmZm

boIH$ : Á¶moËñZm {dOmnyaH$a AZwdmX : ZmJoe ‘moZo

30 e¡j{UH$ g§X © A§H$ - 76

¶mo½¶ CÎmagm‘mÝ`V: dJm©V, {ejH$ àíZ {dMmaVmV,Ë`mM§ CÎma XoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ‘wbm§Mo hmVda hmoVmV. n¡H$s EH$mbm CÎma {dMmaboOmVo, ~amo~a CÎma ñdrH$mabo OmVo Am{UJmS>>r nwT>§ OmVo. àíZmbm "`mo½`' CÎma AgVo.Ia§Va nmR>çnwñVH$mV {Xbob§ CÎma "`mo½`CÎma' ~ZVo. H$mhr doiog CÎma emoYÊ`mMrH$bm AgUmar ‘wb§ "AJXr `mo½`' CÎmaXoVmV Am{U {ejH$m§Zm Iye H$aVmV.‘wbm§À`m embo OrdZmV, {ejH$m§Zm IyeH$aUo, {ZXmZ Vo amJmdUma ZmhrV BVnVg‘mYmZr R>odUo mbm ’$maM ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZAgVo. àíZ {dMmaÊ¶mÀ`m nÕVrVyZ,AmdmOmVrb MT>CVmamdê$Z, {ejH$m§À`mXoh~mobrVyZ ‘wb§ àíZmM§ CÎma§ "emoYyZ'H$mT>VmV. àíZ Oar CÎmamn ªV OmÊ`mMm‘mJ© {X½X{e©V H$arV Zgbo Var.dmZJrXmIb nmMdrÀ`m dJm©Vrb ho CXmhaUnhm.- Vw‘À`m n¡H$s Hw$Ur gy`©njr nm{hbm

Amho H$m`?- hmV C§MmdyZ AZoH$ OU åhUmbo "hmo hmo'- Hw$R>ë`m a§JmMo AgVmV?- "{ndù`m' (`mo½` A§XmO, gy © {ndim‘J gy ©njr {ndioM hdoV)- dm! {H$Vr ‘moR>m AgVmo hm njr?

AmVm H$mhr ‘wb§ hmVmZ§ gm§Jm`bmbmJbr, EdT>m EdT>m åhUyZ. ‘mÂ`mMohè`mdê$Z `mo½` A`mo½`Mm A§XmO KoVKoV hmVmMo AmH$ma bhmZ ‘moR>o ìhm`bmbmJbo. ‘r H$mhr ‘mÂ`m Mohè`mda ^mdàH$Q> hmoD$ {Xbo ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mr n§MmB©Vìhm`bm bmJbr.

IynXm Ag§M qH$dm `m àH$maoM KS>V§.‘wb§ CÎma XoVmV (Vohr H$mhr {d{eï> ‘wb§M- Ë`mVhr hþema {dÚmWu) Am{U {ejH$EoH$VmV. BVa ‘wb§ `m ‘wbmÀ`m CÎmamMr,Ë`mÀ`m gm§JÊ`mMr XIb KoV ZmhrV.BVH§$M H$m`, Amnë`m {dMmamer, ‘ZmVë`mCÎmamer Vo CÎma OwiV ZgVmZmhr ‘wb§ JßnamhVmV. ‘wbm§Zr dJm©À`m dmVmdaUmer Ag§

O wid yZ K oVb ob § AgV §.Amnë`m Am{U Amnë`meoOmaÀ`m/{‘Ìm§À`m ‘wbm§erAmnU ‘moR>çm bmoH$m§Zr g§dmXR> odm`bm hdm. ‘wb§ {H$Vr~mobVmV? H$R>rU AWdm Iao‘‘©J«mhr Ago àý {dMmaVmVH$m? ho g‘OyZ ¿`m`bm hd§.‘wbm§M§ Z¡g{J©H$ Hw$Vyhb Am{U

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 31

{Okmgm {Od§V R>odm`bm hdr Vr ‘mê$ZQ>mH$m`bm ZH$mo.

g§Yr XoD$Z ~Ky~mobbob§ gmè`m§Zr EoH$m`bm hd§, Ë`mbmà{VgmX Úm`bm hdm Am{U ‘wbm§Zr Amnbr‘V§, {dMma H$ënZm ‘m§S>m`bm hdoV mgmR>rË`m§Zm ào[aV H$am`bm hd§. dJm©V H$mhr‘wb§ "bmOar' AgUma, H$mhtZm ag ZgUma,{ejH$mM§ bj IoMyZ KoUmar H$mhrAmH«$‘H$ ‘wb§ AgUma, gmè`m§Zm gh^mJrH$ê$Z ¿`m`bm hd§.

dJ ©g §ñH ¥ $Vr {dH${gV H$am`bm{ejH$m§Zr à`ËZ H$am`bm hdoV. Ia§ VaË`mgmR>r AJXr Iyn H$mhr H$am`bm bmJV§Ago Zìho, Ia§ Va Oo H$am`bm bmJV§ VoVg§ {H$aH$moi ñdê$nmM§M AgV§. VarhrË`mMo gm‘Ï © ‘moR>o AgV§ hohr Ia§M.

Amnbr n§MmB©V gmè`m§À`m g‘moa hmoB©b`m ^rVrZo AZoH$ {dÚmWu g‘yhmg‘moa~mobÊ`mg YOmdV ZmhrV. Hw$UmÀ`mhrHw$R>ë`mhr CÎmamg dm àíZmg Hw$Ur hgm`MoZmhr Agm EH$Xm {Z`‘ H$am`bm hdm. ‘Jnhm `m {Z`‘mMm n[aUm‘ {H$Vr Am{UH$gm hmoVmo Vo. H$mhr doiog IamoIaM hgy`mdo Aer pñWVr oVo. Iar qH$dm AJXrhmñ`mñnXM ~m~ g‘moa oVo Var XoIrb‘wbm§er Oam doJim, M‘ËH¥$VrnyU© nUAmZ§X XoUmam g§dmX KS>dyZ n[apñWVrV ~XbH$aVm oVmo.

Á`m§Zm ag Zmhr Ë`m§Mohr ~mobUo, ‘V

{ZpíMVM EoH$bo OmUma Amho `mMr Ë`m§ZmH$ënZm XoD$Z d Vgo H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm "gm‘rb'Ho$bo H$s Ë`m§Zmhr ag dmQy > eH$Vmo.{ejH$m§Zm, ‘wbm§Zm H$mhr ~mobmd`mMoAgë`mg Ë`m§Zr Vg§ H$amd§ d AemdoirBVam§Zr em§VnUo Ë`m§M§ åhUU§ EoHy$Z ¿`md§Aer nÕV nmS>br H$s H$m‘ gmon§ hmoV§.Aer nÕV AmnU Oa KmVbr Zmhr Va‘wb§ BVam§M§, {ejH$m§M§ gm§JU§ ’$mQ>çmda‘maVmV, Xwb©j H$aVmV. ‘wbm§‘wbm§‘Yrbg§dmXhr AW©nyU©, hoVybm Yê$Z, ‘yi {df`mgAZwgê$Z hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr ‘Ü`ñWrH$am`bm hdr, Ë`m g§dmXmbm {Xem Úm`bmhdr.

àË oH$mZ§ ~mobm`bm hd§ Am{U Verg§Yr àË` oH$ ‘ wbmbm {Xbr OmUmaAgë`mMr H$ënZm EH$Xm H$m ‘wbm§Zm {Xbr,Vrhr gwédmVrbm {Xbr H$s "bj doYyZK oUma o AmH « $‘H$' ‘dmi hm oVmV."BVam§à‘mUoM AmnU' Aer Ë`m§Mr ‘ZpñWVrìhm`bm ‘XV hmoVo.àË oH$ VmgmV àË oH$ doir àË oH$ ‘wbmbmAer g§Yr XoVm òUma Zmhr hr ~m~hrIar. ‘wbm§Zm Aer g§Yr {‘imbr H$s bJoMVo g§Yr KoVmV Agohr Zìho. nU hiyhiy H$mhmoB©Zm ‘wb§ Aem g§dmXmV gh^mJr hmoVmVho {ZpíMV. ‘VmÀ`m, gyMZm§À`m {déÕ‘V AgVmZm ‘r Oo gh‘V AmhoV Ë`m§ZmhmV da H$am`bm bmdVmo. Á`m§Zm Zmhr hmVda H$am`Mm Ë`m§Mohr ñdmV§Í` OnUo ‘hÎdmMo

32 e¡j{UH$ g§X © A§H$ - 76

boIH$ : Á¶moËñZm {dOmnyaH$a, hmo‘r ^m^m g|Q>a ’$m°a gm`Ýg EÁ wHo$eZ oWo H$m ©aV.dJm©Vrb AÜ`mnZmÀ`m à`moJm§da AmYm[aV Aä`mgH«$‘ ~ZdUo `m àH$ënmV H$m‘ H$aVmV.AZwdmX : ZmJoe ‘moZo, gm§Jbr ¶oWrb H$m§Vrbmb ehm àembmMo ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$, J{UV d {dkmZ{eH$dVmV.

AgVo. "H$go Omdo `mo½` CÎmamH$So>?' Ago{dMmam Am{U ‘J ~Km dJm©V {dkmZ H$goAdVaVo Vo!

‘ZmVbo OmUyZ KoD$AmnU ‘V, {dMma {Xë`mMm H$mhr"ZH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘' hmoUma Zmhr AerImÌr hmoD$ Úm Ë`m§Mr, ~Km "H$ënZm§À`memoYmMr' H$er gwédmV hmoVo Vr. EImXmMwUMwUrV ‘wbJm gd© eŠ`Vm {dMmamVKoD$Z CÎm‘ CÎma XoVmo. Aem doir Ë`mMoH$m¡VwH$ H$aÊ`mAJmoXa BVa ‘wbm§Zm "VwåhmbmH$m` dmQ>Vo' Ago {dMmê$Z nhm. AÝ`WmHw$Ur {dMma H$aV Zmhr Am{U ñdào[aVamhmV ZmhrV. AWm©V gdmªMo/BVam§Mo gm§JyZPmë`mda ‘yi {dÚmÏ`m©bm em~mgH$sÚm`bm {dgê$ ZH$m.

Aem àH$maM§ dmVmdaUAgUmè`m dJm ©Vrb{ejH$mbm, ‘wb§ H$m` {dMmaH$aVmV Vo H$iV§. ‘wb§ H$gmAm{U H$m` {dMma H$aVmVho R>mD$H$ H$embm H$ê$Z¿`m`M§? Aä`mgH « $‘,nmR>çnwñVH§$ Oo {b{hVmVAWdm V`ma H$aVmV VodJm©Ü`mnZmnmgyZ IynXm Iyn

Xya AgVmV. `m gmIirVrb gdm©V eodQ>AgUmao nU Varhr AË §V ‘hÎdmMo AgUmao{ejH$ "H$m` Mmbob Am{U H$m` nSo>b'`m~m~V gOJ R>odm`bm hdoV. gJù`m`§ÌUoV ñdV:Mr IarIwar "AZw^dm§VrMr‘V§' {ejH$m§IoarO AmUIr H$moU XoUma?dJm©Vrb CÎm‘ dmVmdaU ho ‘wbm§Zm{eH$Ê`mV Jw §VdyZ R> odVo Am{U CÎm‘dmVmdaU amIÊ`mMo ho gdmªV ‘hÎdmMo d‘moR>o ’$i Amho. Amnë`m ‘Vmbm qH$‘VAmho, AmXa Amho `m Ë`m§À`m AZw dmZo Vo~m¡{ÕH$ àíZ hmVmiÊ`mg g‘W© hmoVmV,ñdV:Mr d BVam§Mr CÎmao {M{H$ËgH$nUoñdrH$maÊ`mg {eH$VmV."{dkmZ' åhUyZ Oo H$mhr Amho Ë`mÀ`mAmZ§XXm`r, Amü ©M{H$V H$aUmè`m emoYàdmgmg Ë`m§Mr gwédmV hmoVo.

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 33

`wamonr` ZdH$boMm ^maVmV àdoe

boIH$ : am‘ WÎmo

{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma §^mn` ªVnmümË`H$boMm àgma ^maVmV ânyaà‘mUmV Pmbm hmoVm VWm{n Vr Ë`mdoiMr18-19 eVH$mn`ªV Agbobr àM{bVAer {dÚmb`rZ d Vm§{ÌH$ nÕVr hmoVr.19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V `wamon‘ÜòÑH$àË``dmX (impressionism),àË``dmX (phovism), A{^ì`º$sdmX(expressionism), d 20 ì`meVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg KZdmX (cubism),A{VdmñVddmX (surrealism) BË`mXrAZoH$ g§àXm` CX`mgAmbo. ‘w§~B©À`m ga Oo.Oo. ñHy$b Am°’$ AmQ>©‘Ü oñWmnZo nmgyZ Vmo AZoH$df} VgmM Aä`mgH«$‘Mmby hmoVm. 1935 À`mg wédmVrg O o. O o .M oË`mdoiMo g§MmbH$ lr.Mmb©g² OoamS©> øm§Zr H$mhrà‘mUmV AmYw{ZH$ wamonr`H$boMm lrJUoem Ho$bm.øm d oi on` ªV AZ oH $^maVr` {MÌH$ma naXoem§Và{ejU KoD$Z Ambo hmoVo.

Ë`m§Zr {d{dY H$bmg§àXm`mZwgma òWoZdH$boMo ~rOmamonU Ho$bo. ZdH$boVrb V§Ì‘§Ì d ^maVr¶ H$boMr gm§JS> Iyn OUm§ZrKmbÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. Ë¶mV àm‘w»`mZoór {MÌH$Vu A‘¥Vm eoa{Jb hmoVr. `m{‘Zram°` ømZr ~§Jmbr e¡brMr gmW gmoSy>ZOmo‘Xma Am{Xdmgr H$boÀ`m AmYmamdadmQ >Mmb H o $br. A{VdmñVddmXrAË`mYw{ZH$ g§àXm`mÀ`m nwT>o OmD$Z H$m‘Ho$bo Vo adrÝÐZmW Q>mJmoam§Zr. ‘hmamï´>mVhrlr. ~|Ðo, hoã~a, hwgoZ øm§Zr nU Amnmnbr

34 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

e¡br {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z OmJ{VH$ {H$Vu g§nmXZHo$br.

`m{‘Zr am°¶m{‘Zr am°¶ ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ B.g. 1887 gmbrPmbm. 1903 gmbr H$bH$Îmm H$bm‘hm{dÚmb`m‘Ü o àdoe KoD$Z Aä`mgH«$‘nyU© Ho$bm. nmümË` A°H$So>{‘H$ H$bme¡brMmAä`mg Pmë`mZ§Va Vo V¡ba§JmV ì`º$s{MÌoa§Jdy bmJbo. Z§Va AdZtÐZmWm§À`m e¡br‘Ü oZì`m ~§Jmbr e¡brV {MÌo H$mTy> bmJbo.~aoM H$m‘ Ho$ë`mZ§Va 1925 À`m gw‘mamgH$mirKmQ> bmoH$H$bm e¡brV Vo {MÌ {Z{‘©VrH$é bmJbo. g§Vmi O‘mVrÀ`m Am{XdmgrOrdZmVyZ ñ’y$Vu KoD$Z Ë`m§Zr ñdV…MrOmo‘Xma Aer e¡br {Z‘m©U Ho$br. nwT>o nwT>o

Va {dbm`Vr a§Jm§Mm ({MZr- wamonr`) dmnaH$aUo gmoSy>Z XoD$Z Vo dZñnVtnmgyZ ñdV…~Zdbobo a§J dmnê$ bmJbo. g‘W© OmoaH$gaofm, gwñnï> ~mømH$ma, gmYo gai AmH$ma,‘moOHo$ a§J, maVr` dó yfoMm dmna øm‘wioË`m§Mo Zmd naXoemV nU JmObo d VoWrbg§J«hmb`m‘Ü o Ë`m§Mr {MÌo PiH$br.

A‘¥Vm eoa{Jb^maVr` {MÌH$bobm AmYw{ZH$VoMo diUd {Xem XmIdUmè`m ‘hmZ H$bmd§VmVA‘¥Vm eoa{Jb hçm n§Om~À`m {MÌH$VuMoZmd Amho. h§Jo[a`mV ~wS>mnoñQ> oWo h§Jo[a`Z‘mVm d {eI {nË`mMo ho AnË`. d`mÀ`m

Am{Xdmgr e¡brVrb {MÌ

‘mVm nwÌ

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 35

nmMì`m dfmªnmgyZ Vr {VÀ`m AmB©Zogm§{JVboë`m Jmoï>tZm {MÌê$n XoV Ago dVr Oba§JmV a§Jdbobr AgV. n°argbmEH$mob Xr ~moPmQ>© hçm H$bm{dÚmb`mV1929 ‘Ü o {VZo àdoe KoVbm. VrZ dfmªÀ`mAd{YV {VZo 60 hÿZ A{YH$ {MÌo V¡ba§JmVa§Jdbr. ’«$mÝgÀ`m emgH$s` àXe©ZmV(Grand salon) {VMr {MÌ§ à{gÕ Ho$brJobr. 1934 ‘Ü o ^maVmV naVyZ ^maV«‘U H$aV {VZo ^maVr¶ H$boMm Aä¶mg

Ho$bm. ¶wamo{n¶ H$bohÿZhr ^maVr¶ H$boMr{MÌo A{YH$ ‘m¡ë`dmZ AmhoV Ago {VbmOmUdbo. ^maVr` na§namJV AmH$f©U dnmümË` H$boVrb M¡VÝ` hçmV H$m`{ZdS>mdo hm àýM hmoVm, nU ‘Z {ÛYmdñWoV Z R>odVm, XmoÝhr H$bm§Mm g‘Ýd` H$ê$Z

Amnbr d¡ {º$H$ H$bme¡br {VZo {Z‘m©UHo$br. ~§Jmbr e¡brVrb g§H w ${MVXoem{^‘mZm{déÕ ~§S> H$aUmar hrM n{hbr{MÌH$ma.

pìhÝg|Q> ìhmZ, nm°b JmoJ°, hçm{MÌH$mam§À`m ÑH²$àË``dmXmMm {VÀ`mdaà^md hmoVm.^maVmV Amë`mda VrZ VéU ‘wbr,{‘Ì‘¡{ÌUr, Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mr ì`{º${MÌo{VZo a§Jdbr.{deofV: JmoaJ[a~m§Mo OrdZ{M{ÌV H$aÊ`mH$So> {VMm AmoK hmoVm.Ë`m§À`m X[aÐr OrdZmV {Vbm AmJiodoJioM gm¢X © AmT>ibo. gy ©’w$bo KoVbobr‘wbJr, ‘Xa B§{S>`m, {hb‘oZ {hbdw‘oZ B.

{MÌo 1934 À`m AIoarg a§Jdbr.goë’$ nmoQ´>oQ> {MÌ

’$i {dH«o$Vo

36 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

X{jU ^maVmV {’$aë`mZ§Va H$mT>bobr‘moR>çm AmH$mamMr dYyMm g§gma, ~mOmambm{ZKmbobo Jm§dH$ar d ~«÷Mmar hr VrZ {MÌoCËH¥$ï> AmhoV. ‘mZdr AmH$mamMr gmYr‘m§S>Ur, R>gR>erV Omo‘Xma aoIm§H$Z, ewÕd doYH$ a§J `moOZm, g‘Vmob AmH¥${V~§Yho {VZo {Q>nbo.

EoZ VméÊ`mVM d`mÀ`m 29 ì`m dfuhçm à{V^membr {MÌH$VuMm ‘¥Ë y Pmbm.

adrÝÐZmW Q>mJmoaH$bH$Îmm ehamVrb "OmoS>mgm§H$mo' øm OwÝ`mdmS>çmV 7 ‘o 1861 amoOr lr. adrÝÐZmWm§MmOÝ‘ Pmbm. Ë`m OwÝ`m dmS>çmer d VoWrb~mbnUrÀ`m AZw dmer Ë`m§À`m OrdZmÀ`m{MaH$mbrZ ñ‘¥Vr {ZJS>rV Amho. Vo åhUV"‘r Iyn qhS>bmo, {’$abmo, AZoH$ {R>H$mUroQ>r {Xë`m, ‘mUgm§er ‘¡Ìr Ho$br, na§Vw

gdm©V OmñV ‘mÂ`m AmR>dUrV H$m`‘Mmam{hbobm ^mJ åhUOo "OmoS>mgm§H$mo' ømdmS >çmVrb {Vgè`m ‘Oë`mdarb

J ƒ r d a À ` mImobrMm.'

1861 ho df©~§JmbÀ`m B{VhmgmVIynM ‘hÎdmMo hmoVo.^modVmbr Agboë`mgm‘m{OH$, amOH$s`d gm §ñH ¥ $ {VH$dmVmdaUmVyZM Ë`m§Mog§ñH$maj‘ ‘Z KS>V

Jobo. amOm am‘‘mohZ am` d Ho$edM§Ð goZøm§Zr Ym{‘©H$ H$R>moanUm{déÕ P|S>m amodbmhmoVm.Ë`m§Mo dS>rb XodoÝÐZmWM ñdV…am‘‘mohZ am° m§À`mZ§Va øm gm‘m{OH$ ~§S>mMoAÜd w© ~Zbo. gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmZo ^mfoMoOwZonU Q>mHy$Z ZdZdrZ à`moJ H$aÊ`mggwédmV Ho$br hmoVr. amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr nUhçmM H$mimV Pmbr. H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Zr{~«Q>re gÎmo{déÕ ZwgVo ~§S> nwH$mabo ZmhrVa nmümË` AmH«$‘Um{déÕ Vo ~§S> hmoVo.{VÝhr joÌmV AJ«oga Agboë`m Q>mJmoaHw$Qw>§~mZo hçm MiditZm ZdrZ diU {Xbo.

Q>mJmoa Hw$Qw > §~mV {^Þ g§ñH¥$VrMm,{dMmam§Mm d AmMmam§Mm EH$OrdnUm hmoVm.Ë`m§Zr {~«Q>rem§Mr ‘Ou g§ miyZ amOXa~mar‘moR>o ñWmZ {‘idbo hmoVo. g§nÎmr, gm‘m{OH$XOm©, g§ñH¥$Vr joÌmV Q>mJmoa Hw$Qw>§~ AJ«ogahmoVo. ~§JmbrVrb CÎm‘ gm{hË`, g§JrV,Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>H$ d {MÌH$bm hçmV nm¡dm©Ë` dnm{ü‘mË` nÕVr Q>mJmoa Hw$Qw>§~m§Zr AmË‘gmV

ZddYyMm l¥§Jma

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 37

H$ê$Z KoVë`m hmoË`m.adtÐZmWm§À`m ‘mVmolr Ë`m§À`m d`mÀ`m

14ì`m dfuM {ZYZ nmdë`m‘ wi obhmZnUmnmgyZM ZmoH$aMmH$am§Mm ÑT>ghdmg adtÐZmWm§Zm bm^bm. Ë`m‘wioË`m§À`mH$So> ‘mUgm‘mUgmVrb ZmVr gmYrhmoVr. gdmªÀ`m gwIXw:Imer g‘agVm hmoVr.d`mÀ`m Xhmì`m dfm©n ªV adtÐZmWm§Zr H$YrZXrMm {H$Zmamhr ~{KVbm ZìhVm."Om oS > mgm §H $ m o ' dmS >çmVrb {Vgè`m‘Oë`mdarb Jƒr Agboë`m ImobrÀ`mpIS>H$sVyZ bm§~da {XgUmar ^mVmMr eoVr~KUo d {XgUmam AmH$memMm VwH$S>m ZOaoZo{Q>nUo hm Ë`m§Mm bhmZnUmnmgyZMm {da§JwimhmoVm. ñdV:Odi Vo {Zù`m H$mJXm§Mr dhrgVV ~miJV d ‘ZmV C‘Q>boboVa§J eãXê$nmV H${dVoV ‘m§S>U§ hmMË`m§Mm N>§X. A{Ve` Vab Ago^md{dœ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m OrdZâ~miJbo. adtÐZmWm §Zm{eH${dÊ`mgmR>r Iyn à`ËZ Ho$boJobo. gH$mir CRy>Z Hw$ñVr, X§S>~¡R>H$m,B§J«OrMo Cƒma d ñnoqbJ, ì`mH$aU,earaemó dJ¡ao dJ¡ao. nU hçmgdmªnojm adtÐZmWm§da n[aUm‘ Ho$bmVmo ~mobnya oWrb {ZgJm©Zo. oWoMnwT>o "em§Vr{ZHo$VZ'Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr.

1873‘Üò Xod|ÐZmW N>moQ>çmadtÐZmWmZm KoD$Z {h‘mb`mV Jobo.Ë`m AmYr Ë`m§Zr ~mobnwamV ‘w $m‘

Ho$bm. VoWrb {ZgJm©Zo, PmS>mPwS>nm§ZradtÐZmWm §da ‘m o{hZr KmVbr hm oVm.d{S>bm§À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV W§S> nmÊ`mZo A§KmoiH$aUo, Zrag§ XyY {nUo, Cn{ZfXm§Mo ldUH$aUo, {’$amd`mg OmUo, Xwnmar OodU,gm §H$mir g§JrV, ~«÷ g‘mOmMr am‘‘mohZam°`m§Zr {b{hbobr H$dZo åhUUo amÌrdS>rbm§Zr XmIdbobo AmH$me ZjÌo J«hhçm§Mm Aä`mg Ago EImÚm F$ftÀ`mAml‘m§V {‘iUmao {ejU adtÐZmWmZr XmoZdf} KoVbo.

H$mì¶mVyZ A{^ì¶³Vr1875 gmbr H$bH$Î`mbm naVë`mda ~§JmbAH$mX‘r g|Q> Po{dà H$m°boO‘Ü o {ejUKoVbo. Kar EH$ {ejH$ H$mbrXmgmMo ‘oKXyV

38 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

KaQ>§ {dUUmè¶m ‘w§½¶m

d Xwgam EH$ {ejH$ eoŠg{nàMo ‘°³~oW{eH$dm`Mm. Kam‘Üò H$m |S y >Z R> od yZË`m§À`mgmR>r H$mhr Jmoï>r mfm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>rXoÊ`mV oV AgV d Ë`mMo ~§JmbrV mfm§VaHo$ë`m{edm` gwQ>H$m Zgo. 16 ì`m dfu^mZwqgh ZmdmZo nXmdbr N>§XmV Ë`m§À`mH${dVm à{gÕ Pmë`m AmhoV. Vo 1878gmbr B§½b§S>bm {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r admZmPmbo nU 1880 ‘Ü o {ejU AY©dQ> gmoSy>Z^maVmV naVbo. VoWrb dmVmdaUm§V{b{hbobr nÌo "^maVr'V à{gÕ Pmbr.1881 gmbr Ë`m§Mm "g§Ü`mg§JrV' ZmdmMmH$mì`g§J«h à{gÕ Pmbm. 1884 gmbrË`m§À`m d{hZr lr. Á`moqVÐZmWm§Mr nËZrH$mX§~arXodr {hMm ‘¥Ë w åhUOo Ë`m§À`mdaMm‘moR>m AmKmVM hmoVm. H$maU Ë`m Ë`m§À`m"’«|$S>, {’$bmogm°’$a Am{U JmBS>' hmoË`m.Ë`m§Zr aqdÐZmWm§À`m md{dœmbm Omonmgbo,nm ogb o. Ë`m Ë`m §Zm {Za{Zamù`mgm{hË`H¥$VtMo dmMZ H$ê$Z XmIdV AgV.gm{hpË`H$ MMm© H$aV AgV. Ë`m§À`m

‘¥Ë y‘wio aqdÐZmWm§Zm AVrd Xw:I Pmbo.Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMr {Xem ~Xbbr.

1899 nmgyZ Vo gVV dma§dma ~mobnyaoWo OmD$ bmJbo d VoWrb {ZgJm©V a‘‘mU

hm oD$ bmJbo. 1893 gmbr Ë`m §Mm‘¥Um{bZrer {ddmh Pmbm. OrdZmV dem§{V{ZHo$VÀ`m ñWmnZoV Vi‘irZo gmWXoUmè`m ‘¥UmbtZr XodtMo 1902 ‘Ü o {ZYZPmbo. nmR>monmR> 1903 ‘Ü o bhmZ ‘wbJmg{‘ÐmMm ‘¥Ë`w Pmbm. ‘¥Ë`wZo ‘m§S>boë`mhçm W¡‘mZmV 1910 gmbr "JrVm§Obr'à{gÕ Pmbr. JrVm§Obr ‘Yrb ~arMerH$mì` AZm{‘H$ ‘¥Ë wZo J«mgboë`m ‘ZmZo{b{hbr AmhoV. `mM H$mì`mgmR>r 1913‘Üò Ë`m§Zm OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarb Zmo~obnm[aVmo{fH$ {‘imbo. ‘J Ago ho H$dr,boIH$ EH$X‘ {MÌH$boH$So> H$go dibo hoEH$ Amü ©M Amho.

{MÌmVyZ A{^ì¶º$sadtÐZmWm§À`m ~«e‘YyZ aofm d AmH$ma hoEImÚm àdmhmgmaIo {ZKV. Ë`m§À`m

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 39

H${dVm§À`m AmOw~mOyÀ`mOmJoV Ë`m§Zr H$mT>bobra oIm{MÌ o hr A‘ yV ©AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr H$mT>bobon{hbo {MÌ ho Ë`m§À`md`mÀ`m 66ì`m dfu. nUË`m §À`m n§Mo{Ð`m §V’}$Ë`m§Zm {‘imbobo AZw d,Ë`m§À`m OrdZàdmgm§V Ë¶m§Zr ~{KVbobm{ZgJ© hm bhmZnUmnmgyZM Ë`m§À¶m gmo~VhmoVm. AmVm H$mì`, ZmQ>ç, gm{hË`, g§JrVgmoSy>Z Vo AZw d ~«eÛmao a§Jm‘Ü o CVê$ bmJbo.Ë`m§Zr O‘m Ho$boë`m AZw dm§À`m H$moR>mamVyZ{ZKmbobm hm EH$ N>moQ>mgm àdmh hmoVm.

1927 nmgyZ Vmo WoQ> Ë`m§À`m ‘¥Ë wn ªVË`m§Zr {Za{Zamir {MÌo H$mT>br. Ë`mV aoImQ>ZoAmhoV, ì`{º${MÌo AmhoV, H$m±nmo{PeZAmhoV, {ZgJ© {MÌo AmhoV. ì`º$s{MÌoË`m§À`m gmo~V Agboë`m ‘mUgm§MrM Amho.

Ë`m§À`m OJmÀ`m àdmgmV {nH$mgmo, ìhmZJmo, H±$S>rñH$s, OmboÝñH$s dJ¡ao O‘©ZrVrbAm{dîH$madmXr hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m~amo~a MMm©Ho$ë`m‘wio Ë`m§Mo AZw d{dœ IynM dmT>bo.

Amnë`m {MÌH$bo{df`r Vo åhUVmV,"‘mÂ`m hñV{bpIV H$mì`n§º$s ‘YrbH$moÊ`m ‘moH$ù`m OmJoV ‘r Or aoIm§H$ZoHo$br Vr OUy ‘bm ‘wº$sMr mMZm H$aVmV.Ë`m§Zm b`~Õ nyUm©H$ma XoÊ`mVM ‘mPm ‘mJ©

boIH$ : am‘ AZ§V WÎmo, {eënH$ma, AqOR>m ¶oWrb Jw§’$m§Mm {deof Aä¶mg, "AqOR>m' ho nwñVH$Aja‘wÐm àH$meZÛmao àH$m{eV. _mo. : 9422253745.

gmnS>Vmo. Ë`m§Zm nyUm©H$ma XoVmZm ‘bm EH$gË` C‘Obo Vo Ago H$s hçm gmH$ma{dœm‘Ü o {ZË`{Z`‘m§Zr aofm-aMZm§Mr EH$Z¡g{J©H$ {ZdS> Mmby Amho AZ Á`mV ZmX‘`n[anyU©Vm AgVo VrM doMbr OmVo. hrMIar H$bmË‘H$ gO©ZmMr n[aUVr Amho.

bmoH$ nwîH$iXm ‘mÂ`m {MÌm§Mm AW©{dMmaVmV. ‘r ñVãY amhVmo. ‘mÂ`m{MÌm§à‘mUo. hr {MÌ ^md ì`º$ H$aVmV.Vr H$moUVmhr Ame` àH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>rZmhrV.' Agm Agm‘mÝ` {MÌH$maAmnë`mVyZ 1941 gmbr {ZKyZ Jobm.adtÐZmWm§À`m {MÌm§Mr àXe©Zo OJâmV,A‘o[aH$m, B§½b§S>, ’«$mÝg, O‘©Zr oWo 1942Vo 1977 n ªV âbobr AmhoV.

nmíMmË` e¡br Am{U ^maVr` àmMrZna§nam `m§Mm AZmoIm g§J‘ `m {VÝhr{MÌH$ma m §‘Ü` o AmT >iVm o . ^maVr`{MÌH$boÀ`m àm§VmV Ë`m§Mm ’$ma ‘moR>m R>gmC‘Q>bm Amho.

40 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

gm°ëQ> A dëS>© {hñQ>ar

‘rR> H$‘r qH$dm OmñV Agob Va OodUmMrMd {~KS>Vo, hm AZw d AmnU àË¶oH$mZoMH$Yr Zm H$Yr KoVbobm AgVmo. Amnë¶mearambm {d{eï> à‘mUmV ‘rR> Amdí¶H$AgVo, hohr Amnë¶mbm ‘mhrV AgVo.{dkmZmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmV ‘rR> åhUOo gmo{S>A‘³bmoamB©S>, VgoM Ë¶mMr ñ’${Q>H$s g§aMZmhr ‘yb yV ñ’${Q>H$s g§aMZm§n¡H$s EH$ AmhoB.B. ‘m{hVrhr ZOaoImbyZ Jobobr AgVo.nU AJXr nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZ OJmÀ¶màË¶oH$ ^mJmV {VWë¶m ‘mZdr g‘mOmÀ¶mOS>UKS>UrV, B{VhmgmV {‘R>mMr ‘hÎdmMr^y{‘H$m Amho, Ago Oa H$moUr Vwåhmbmgm§{JVbo, Va Vwåhr {dœmg R>odmb H$m?{‘R>mMm OmJ{VH$ B{Vhmg ¶m {df¶mdagw‘mao 500 nmZm§Mo nwñVH$ nm{hë¶mda

‘bmhr àW‘ Amü¶© dmQ>bo hmoVo. nU nwñVH$dmMm¶bm gwédmV Ho$br, Am{U AmnUEImXr am o‘m §MH$ àg§Jm §Zr âbobrCËH§$R>mdY©H$ H$mX§~ar dmMVmo AmhmoV H$sH$m¶ Ago dmQ>m¶bm bmJbo. àË¶oH$àH$aUmVyZ A{Ve¶ gmoß¶m Am{U AmoKdË¶me¡brV doJdoJù¶m H$mimVbm Am{Un¥ÏdrÀ¶m nmR>rdaÀ¶m doJdoJù¶m mJmVbm{‘R>mÀ¶m B{VhmgmMm Am{U B{VhmgmVë¶m{‘R>mMm nQ> CbJS>V Jobm. {‘R>mMoagm¶Zemó, ImUt‘YyZ Am{U g‘wÐmVyZ‘rR> {‘idÊ¶mÀ¶m doJdoJù¶m H$mimVdmnaë¶m Joboë¶m nÕVr, doJdoJù¶mH$mimV Ho$bo Jobobo Ë¶mMo doJdoJio Cn¶moJ,~è¶mMem Cn¶moJm§À¶m ‘Zmoa§OH$ H¥$Vr,{‘R>mÀ¶m ì¶mnmam‘mJMo amOH$maU Am{UAW©H$ maU B.B.B. {d{dY A§Jm §Zr{‘R>m{df¶rÀ¶m ‘m{hVrMm I{OZmM ¶mnwñVH$mV XSbobm Amho, Am{U ho gmao‘wimnmgyZM dmMÊ¶mV ‘Om Amho.

MrZ‘Ü¶o {¼ñVnyd© AmR>eo dfmªnyduÀ¶mEH$m boIZmV nwamVZ H$mir MrZ‘Ü¶o

gm°ëQ> A dëS>© {hñQ>ar boIH$ : ‘mH©$ Hw$abmÝñH$s,qH$‘V : 510/- àH$meH$ : pìhÝQ>oO ~w³g b§S>Z

nwñVH$ n[aM¶

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 41

Imè¶m nmÊ¶mnmgyZ ‘rR> H$go ~Zdbo OmVhmoVo, ¶mMr H¥$Vr {Xbobr Amho. ¶mdê$Z‘rR> V¶ma H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m V§ÌmMm emoY MrZ‘Ü¶obmJbm Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b. ho ‘rR> g‘wÐmÀ¶mnmÊ¶mnmgyZ Zmhr, Va EH$m Imè¶mVù¶mÀ¶m nmÊ¶mnmgyZ ~Zdbo OmV hmoVo.ho ‘rR> ¶m nmÊ¶mV O{‘ZrImbÀ¶m {‘R>mÀ¶mI{ZO gmR>çmVyZ ¶oV hmoVo.

AÞnXmW© {deofV: ‘mgo {Q>H$dÊ¶mgmR>r{‘R>mMm dmna hmoVmo. ho OJmÀ¶m doJdoJù¶m^mJmV bmoH$m§Zm ‘mhrV hmoVo, nU ¶mVyZ{‘R>mMr MdM AÞnXmWm©À¶m MdrMm‘hÎdmMm ^mJ ~Zbr, AZoH$ nmH${H«$¶mAm{U MrO, bmoUMo AemgmaIo Zdo nXmW©Ë¶mVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo.

EHo$ H$mir {‘R>mMm dmna MbZ åhUyZHo$bm OmV Ago. H$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm åhUyZhr‘rR> {Xbo OmB©. g°bar ¶m B§J«Or eãXmMogm°ëQ> ¶m eãXmer Agbobo gmYå¶© hm¶moJm¶moJ Zmhr. {dœmg Am{U ‘rR> ¶m§MoEH$‘ oH $ m §er Agbob o ZmV o AZ oH $g§ñH¥$Vt‘Ü¶o doJdoJù¶m ê$T>t‘YyZ {XgyZ¶oVo. Amnë¶mH$S>ohr Imëë¶m {‘R>mbmOmJUo, ¶mgmaIo dm³àMma AmhoV.

¶wamon‘Yrb doJdoJù¶m Xoem§‘YrbamOH$s¶ Am{U Am{W©H$ MT>mAmoT> hràm‘w»¶mZo ‘mem§À¶m ì¶mnmamda dM©ñd{‘idÊ¶mgmR>r hmoVr, Am{U OmñVrV OmñVA§Vamn¶ªV Amnbo ‘mgo VmÁ¶m ñdê$nmVnmoMdÊ¶mgmR>r H$‘rV H$‘r IMm©V Mm§Jë¶m

XOm©Mo ‘rR> CnbãY AgUohr Amdí¶H$hmoVo. ¶mVyZ AZoH$ ZdrZ V§Ìo {Z‘m©U Pmbr,Am{U Zì¶m Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWmhr nwT>o Amë¶m.¶wamonr¶ Xoem§‘Yrb ì¶mnmar dM©ñdmÀ¶mMT>mAmoT>rVyZ ¶wamo{n¶Zm§Mm gm‘«mÁ¶dmXOmJm Pmbm, Am{U nwT>o Am{e¶m Am{UAm{’ « $H$m I§S >m §À¶m B{Vhmgmda ¶mgm‘«mÁ¶dmXmMm à^md nS>bm.

CÎma Am{U X{jU A‘o[aHo$‘Ü¶oPmboë¶m ¶wÕmV X{jU A‘o[aHo$bm I{ZO‘rR> nwadUmao CÚmoJ Zï> H$aUo hm CÎmaA‘o[aH$s ¶wÕZrVrMm EH$ ‘hÎdmMm ^mJhmoVm, Am{U ¶m ¶wÕZrVrÀ¶m ¶emZo X{jUA‘o[aHo$À¶m nam^yV hmoÊ¶mV ‘hÎdmMry{‘H$m ~Omdbr hmoVr.

^maVmÀ¶m B{Vhmgmbm H$bmQ>Ur XoUmarEH$ KQ>Zm åhUOo ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrMr Xm§S>r¶mÌm Am{U {‘R>mMm gË¶mJ«h. embo¶B{VhmgmV hm C„oI dmMbobm hmoVm, nUË¶mMo Zo‘H$o$ ‘hËd H$YrM C‘Jbobo ZìhVo.gm°ëQ> ho nwñVH$ dmMë¶mZ§Va Jm§YrOtZrZo‘H$m {‘R>mMmM gË¶mJ«h H$m Ho$bm, Am{UEH$m ‘mUgmZo g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdaMo {M‘yQ>â‘rR> CMbë¶mZo gmao {~«{Q>e gm‘«mÁ¶ H$mhmXabo, ¶m àíZm§Mr CÎmao ‘bm {‘imbr.Vwåhmbmhr hr CÎmao {‘iVrb, "‘rR> Am{U‘hmË‘m' ¶m gm o~VÀ¶m AZ wdm{XVboImdê$Z. nU Ho$di hm boI dmMyZWm§~y ZH$m, ‘yi nwñVH$hr Oê$a dmMm.

nwñVH$ n[aM¶ : {à¶X{e©Zr H$d}

42 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

‘rR> Am{U ‘hmË‘mAZwdmX : ‘rZm H$d}

{~ « {Q >em §Zr {‘R > mÀ`m ì`mnmamdaH¥${Ì‘arË`m ~§YZo KmbÊ`mnydu ^maVmVgdmªZm nadS>Ê`mgmaIo ‘rR> ghOnUoCnbãY hmoVo. XmoÝhr gmJar {H$ZmanÅ>çm§da,{edm` H$mhr ‘Ü`dVu ^mJmV g¢Yd{‘R>mÀ`m ê$nmV Va H$mhr {R>H$mUrAgboë`m Imè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m gamodam§nmgyZ^maVmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Z¡g{J©H$arË`m‘rR> V`ma H$aÊ`mMr d {‘R>mMm ì`mnmaH$aÊ`mMr na§namM hmoVr. n§Om~‘ÜòIS>H$m§‘Ü o ânya {‘R>mMo gmR>o hmoVo, nUH$S>ì`m qhXy Y‘u`m§Mr "IS>H$m§‘Yrb ‘rR>nwaogo ewÕ ZgVo' Aer mdZm hmoVr. CH$iyZHo$boë`m {‘R>m~Ôbhr Ë`mÀ`m ewÕVo{df`rË`m§Zm ImÌr ZìhVr. gy`©àH$mem‘wio~mînr^dZ hmoD$Z V`ma Pmboë`m {‘R>mbmMYm{‘©H$ H$maUmgmR>r qhXy bmoH$m§Mr ‘mÝ`VmhmoVr. {edm` Vo ghOnUo H$aVmhr òVAgo. AmVm nm{H$ñVmZMr gr‘ma ofmAgboë`m n{ü‘ {H$Zmè`mda Am{U nyd}bmH$bH$Î`mÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rda ‘moR>çm ZÚm§À`m

‘wIm§er ~amM XbXbtMm àXoe Amho. {VWogy`©àH$mem‘wio g‘wÐr Imè`m nmÊ`mMo~mînr^dZ hmoD$Z {‘R>mMo nmnwÐo V`ma hmoVAgV.

n{ü‘ {H$Zmè`mdarb JwOamV‘YrbH$ÀN>À`m aUmVrb 8000 Mm¡ag ‘¡bm§À`mXbXbrÀ`m àXoemV 5000 dfmªnmgyZ ‘rR>V`ma Ho$bo OmV Ago. hm XbXbrMm àXoeg‘wÐmÀ`m nmÊ`mZo ì`mnbobm AgVmo Am{UAm°JñQ> Vo gßQ>|~a hçm nmdgmù`mÀ`mH$mimV ZÚm§À`m nmÊ`mZo ^ê$Z OmVmo.{S>g|~a‘Ü o CÎmaoH$Sy>Z oUmè`m W§S> H$moaS>çmdmè`m§‘wio Imè`m nmÊ`mMo ~mînr^dZìhm`bm gwédmV hmoVo.

Xoer {‘R>mMo CËnmXZnyd©{H$Zmè`mda Amo[agm‘Ü o {‘R>mMo CËnmXZhmoV Ago. 320 ‘¡b bm§~r Am{U 10Vo60 ‘¡b é§Xr Agbobm hm {H$Zmam Z¡g{J©H${‘R>mÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r AJXr `mo½` hmoVm.oWrb {‘R>mÀ`m ImMam§Zm "Ibmar' åhUV

AgV. hr ImMao CÝhmù`mVrb âVrZo

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 43

n yU ©nU o âm`Mr. Ë`m‘ wi o O o ìhm~mînr^dZm‘wio nmUr CSy>Z OmB© Voìhm VoWrb‘mVr jmamZo g§n¥º$ hmoV Ago. Aem àH$maoZ¡g{J©H$ gm¡a ~mînr^dZm‘wio hmoUmè`m{‘R>mbm "H$Q>©H$' åhUV AgV. Xwgè`màH$maÀ`m {‘R>mbm "nm§Jm' åhUV AgV.jmamZo g§n¥º$ ‘mVrV g‘wÐmMo Imao nmUr{‘giyZ Vo CH$idyZ ho ‘rR> V`ma H$aVAgV. ‘rR> ho H$m`‘M nwZ{Z{‘©Vrj‘ nXmW©Agë`m‘wio {H$Zmè`mMm hm nÅ>m ’$º${‘R>mMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>rM `mo½` AgmhmoVm. {VWo Xwgao H$mhrM H$aVm oV Zgo.Amo[agmV AJXr Jar~ eoVH$arhr Ibmarda‘rR> V`ma H$aV Ago. Vo Vmo ñdV: dmnaVAgo Am{U Ë`mMr {dH«$shr H$aV Ago.

‘rR> H$aUmao hçm IbmarÀ`m eoVmVyZPmS§>-PwS>n§, JdV, ‘wi§ B. CnQy>Z eoV§gm’$ H$ê$Z CnQ>boë`mM ‘mbmMo ~m§YKmbyZ dm’o$ qH$dm ImMao V`ma H$ê$Z R>odV.Ë`m‘wio âVr Agob Voìhm Ë`m‘Ü o nmUroD$Z Vo {VWo gmMyZ ahmV Ago. {VWë`m

‘mVrV jma gmRy >Z ahmV, Z§Va naVCÝhmù`mVë`m âVr‘Üò AmUIr nmUrË`m{R>H$mUr gmMV Ago. jma wº$ ‘mVr‘Ü oho Ambobo nmUr {‘gië`mZo g§n¥º$ {MIbV`ma hm oV Ago. Vm o {MIb Cä`mam §OUm§‘Üò ^ê$Z Ago 200 am §OUEH$‘oH$m§Zm OmoSy>Z {MIbmV qbnyZ Ë`mMrKw‘Q>mÀ`m AmH$mamMr ^Å>r V`ma H$arV.^Å>rÀ`m CÎmaoÀ`m Q>moH$mbm EH$ d X{jUoÀ`m

44 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

Q>moH$mbm EH$ Aer hdm OmÊ`mgmR>r ^moHo$R>odV. Ë`m‘wio AmVrb {dñVd Mm§JbmnoQ>Vm amhÿZ am§OUmVrb bJÚmMo ~mînr^dZgwê$ hmoB©. Vo hmoV AgVm§ZmM ho H$m‘Jma -`m§Zm ‘bm§Jr åhUV - àËòH$ am§OUmVAmUIr bJXm {‘giV ahmV. Aem àH$maohr {H«$`m nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va àË oH$ am§OUmV3/4 am§OU {‘R>mMo jma {eëcH$ ahmV.hçm {‘R>mMo ~mhoa T>rJ bmdyZ Vo hdodaR>odV. ho T>rJ ‘bm§Jr CnQy>Z H$mT>boë`mbìhmù`m§Zr PmHy$Z R>odV Aem arVrZo Ho$bobohoo nm§T>ao ew « ‘rR> ^maVmVrb gdmªV CÎm‘àVrMo Am{U Varhr AJXr H$‘r IMm©VV`ma hmoUmao ‘rR> g‘Obo OmB©.

hçm nm§Jm {‘R>mbm n{ü‘oH$S>rbàm§VmVyZ Iyn ‘mJUr hmoVr. ‘hmZXr Am{U{VÀ`m CnZÚm§‘YyZ hçm {‘R>mMr ~moQ>t‘YyZdmhVyH$ Ho$br OmB©. ‘Ü` maVmVrb ì`mnmarho ‘rR> IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r oV qH$dm Amnë`mOdirb V§~mIy, A’y$, Jm§Om, YmÝ` AemdñVy§À¶m ~Xë`mV ho ‘rR> KoV Am{U~¡bJmS>çmV bmXyZ KoD$Z OmV.

~§Jmb‘Yrb {~«{Q>egwÕm ho ‘rR> {dH$VKoD$Z OmV. 18ì`m eVH$mV {~«{Q>em§Mr’«|$Mm§~amo~a Or wÕo Mmbbr hmoVr Ë`m‘Ü odmnaÊ`mV oUmè`m Xmê$Jmoù`m‘Ü o ho ‘rR>Vo dmnaV AgV.

nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZ ~hþVm§e ^maVmV{‘R>mda WmoS>çm’$ma à‘mUmV H$a bmdbmOmV Ago. {~«{Q>em§Mo ^maVmV amÁ`

oÊ`mnydu ~hþVm§e maVmda ‘amR>çmMo amÁ`hmoVo. Amo[agmV amÁ` H$aUmè`m ‘amR>ramOm§H$Sy >Z {‘R>mMm ì`mnma H$aUmè`mì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Z boìhr åhUyZ H$a dgyb Ho$bmOmB©. hm ì`mnma BVH$m ‘moR>çm à‘mUmdaMmbV Ago H$s AJXr WmoS>m H$a bmdbmVarhr amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm ânya CËnÞ {‘iVAgo. Amo[agmVrb {‘R>mMr qH$‘V BVam§À`mVwbZoV OmñV dmTy> Z XoÊ`mgmR>r hm ~oVmMmH$a ~g{dbobm Ago. hçm H$amMm Cn`moJamÁ`H$V} {‘R>mÀ`m ì`mnmamMr ââmQ>ìhmdr d Ë`mbm CÎmoOZ {‘imdo åhUyZH$aV AgV.

18ì`m eVH$mV Moemà‘Ü o {‘R>mMoCËnmXZ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV gwê$ Pmbo Am{Uho ‘rR> {dH$Ê`mgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zm ~mOmanoR>m§MrJaO ^mgy bmJbr. na§Vw {bìhanyb oWrb‘rR,> qH$‘V Am{U JwUdÎmm àV hçmXmoÝhrVhr Amo[agmÀ`m {‘R>mer ñnYm© H$ê$eH$V ZìhVo. B.g. 1790 ‘Ü o {~«{Q>em§ZrAmo[agmVrb gd© ‘rR> {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>rnadmZJr ‘m{JVbr. Ë`mdoir aKyOr mogbmhm ‘amR>m gaXma Amo[agmMm amÁ`nmb hmoVm.Ë`mZo hr nadmZJr ZmH$mabr. Aer nadmZJr‘mJÊ`m‘mJo Amo[agmVrb gd© ‘rR> ZmhrgoH$ê$Z {~«{Q>e {‘R>mMm ^md H¥${Ì‘arÀ`mdmT>dÊ`mMm {~«{Q >em §Mm S>md Ë`mZ oAmoiIbm. Voìhm {~«{Q>em§Zr ~§Jmb‘ÜòAmo[agmVrb {‘R>mda ~§XrM KmVbr.

~§Jmb Am{U Amo[agmÀ`m gr‘oda

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 45

KZXmQ> O§Jb hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio {VWo nhmamXoUo A{Ve` AdKS> hmoVo. {‘R>mdarb~§Xr‘wio ~§Jmb‘Ü o Amo[agmVyZ ‘rR> ZoUmè`mVñH$am§À`m Q>moù`m g{H«$` Pmë`m. Ë`m‘wio~§Jmb‘Ü o ñdñVmV {‘iUmè`m hçm {‘R>mMrEdT>r aobMob Pmbr H$s {~«{Q>e ‘rR> Ë`mnwT>o‘wirM {Q>H$md Yê$ eH$V ZìhVo. B.g. 1803‘Üò hçm VñH$am§Mm ~r‘moS> H$aÊ`mÀ`mZmdmImbr {~«{Q>em§Zr g¡Ý`mMm dmna H$ê$ZAmo[agm àm§VM Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm Am{U~§Jmber OmoSy>Z KoVbm.

{~«Q>rem§Mo {‘R>m{df¶r YmoaU1 Zmoìh| 1804 ‘Üò EH$m H$amamZwgmaAmo[agmÀ`m {‘R>mda {~«{Q>em§Mr g§nyU©‘mbH$sM àñWm{nV Pmbr. ImOJr{‘R>mÀ`m {dH«$sda ~§Xr KmVbr Jobr.Á`m§À`mH$So> {‘R>mMo gmR>o hmoVo Ë`m§Zr VoVm~S>Vmo~ R>amdrH$ {H$‘Vrbm {~«{Q>egaH$mabm {dH$Ê`mMo ’$‘m©Z {ZKmbo.{‘R>mÀ`m dmhVwH$sda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr.

EdT>oM Zmhr, Va àdmgmbm {ZKUmè`m~moQ>tdarb godH$m§gmR>r ~amo~a KoÊ`mVoUmè`m {‘R>mÀ`m gmR>çmdahr {~«{Q>em§Mr

gº$ ZOa amhm`bm bmJbr. 10 dfm©V{~«{Q>e gaH$maIoarO ImOJrarË`m Hw$Urhr‘rR> V`ma H$aUo ho ~oH$m`Xoera R>abo.hçmda ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r anya nJma XoD$ZH$m‘Jma Zo‘Ê`mV Ambo.

{‘R>mÀ`m CÚmoJmMm Zme Pmë`m‘wioAmo[agmVrb O{‘ZXmam§H$Sy>Z {~«{Q>em§Zmn{hbm {damoY Pmbm. {~«{Q>em§À`m AJmoXaCÎma Amo[agmVrb ‘rR> V`ma H$aUmao ‘bm§JrVoWrb O‘rZXmam§À`m A{YnË`mImbr H$m‘H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio ‘bm§JrZm {H$aH$moi‘Owar XoD$Z {‘R>mÀ`m {dH«$sVyZ O‘rZXmam§Zmânya ’$m`Xm hmoV Ago. O‘rZXmam§Zm Ë`m§À`mg‘wÐ {H$Zmè`mdarb O{‘ZrMm dmnaH$aÊ`mgmR>r ho H$m‘Jma ânya ^mSo> XoVAgV AZ² ‘rR>hr ñdV:À`m IMm©Zo V`maH$arV AgV. {edm` O‘rZXmam§Zm ñdV:À`m

46 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

dmnamgmR>r ’w$H$Q>mV ‘rR> {‘iV Ago.VargwÕm {~«{Q>em§À`m 1804 ‘Üò

Amboë`m ‘ºo$Xmarnojm ‘rR> H$m‘Jmam§ZmO‘rZXmam§À`m A{YnË`mImbr H$m‘ H$aUoOmñV gmo rMo hmoV Ago. {~«{Q>e ‘bm§JrZm‘rR> H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmJmD$ n¡go XoV AgV,Ë`m‘wio ‘bm§Jr A{YH$m{YH$ H$Om©V ~wS>VAgV. ho H$O© ’o$S>Ê`mgmR>r ‘bm§Jr{~ « {Q >em §À`m ‘rR > {d^mJmMo J wbm‘Agë`mgmaIoM am~V AgV. hOmamo bmoH$H$m°bamgma»`m gmWrÀ`m amoJmZo Xadfu ‘aVAgV.

gwédmVrbm O{‘ZXmam§Zr ‘bm§JtZm{~«{Q>em§er ghH$m`© H$ê$ ZH$m Agogm §Jm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. ‘bm§JtZr~oH$m`Xoera[aË`m ‘rR> V`ma H$am`bmgwédmV Ho$br. Ë`m‘wio hOmamo ‘bm§JtZmH¡$X H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 1817 ‘Üò ~§S>hmoD$Z ‘bm§JtZr {~«{Q>e ‘rR> CËnmXZmÀ`mOmJm, JwXm‘o VgoM Ë`m§À`m EO§Q>m§da hëcoH$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm nidyZ bmdbo.

na§Vw ho ~§S> eñdr hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr.Varhr ~aoM ‘bm§Jr y{‘JV[aË`m hm CÚmoJH$arV hmoVo. ~arM Hw$Qw>§~o Aem ~oH$m`XoeraCÚmoJmda Amnbr JwOamU H$arV hmoVr.{~«{Q>em§À`m {‘R>m{df`rÀ`m YmoaUm‘wio^maVr` bmoH$ A{Ve` {MS>bobo AmhoVhçmMr B§½b§S>‘Ü o gdmªZm H$ënZm hmoVr.

19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrbm{‘R>mdarb H$amMm ’$m`Xm {‘imdm d

{‘R>mMr VñH$ar amoIbr Omdr åhUyZ B©ñQ>B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ~§Jmb‘Üò {R>H${R>H$mUrVnmgZmH$s C^mabr. 1834 ‘Ü` oOr.EM.pñ‘W ZmdmMm A{VCËgmhrA{YH$mar H$ñQ>åg {d^mJmda H${‘eZaåhUyZ Zo‘Ê`mV Ambm. Ë`mÀ`m 20 dfmªÀ`mH$maH$sXuV g§nyU© ~§Jmb‘Üò "H$ñQ>ågbmBZ' Mr H$m`m©bò àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mVAmbr. hr gr‘maofm Amobm§S y >Z ‘rR>Z oÊ`mgmR>r H$a âmdm bmJ o. H$‘r‘hÎdmÀ`m H$mhr dñVy§daMm H$a H$mTy>ZQ>mH$Ê`mV Ambm. hçmV V§~mIyMm gwÕmg‘mdoe hm oVm. Ë`m‘wio H$ñQ>ågÀ`mH$‘©Mmè`m§Zm ’$º$ {‘R>mda bj H|${ÐV H$aVmòV Ago. hçm H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm Zoh‘rà‘mUoOmñV A{YH$ma Am{U H$‘r nJma Agm`Mm.Ë`m§Zm Vmã`mV KoVboë`m {‘R>mda ânyan¡gm {‘io. Ë`m§À`m hmVmV PS>Vr KoÊ`mMr,‘mb Oá H$aÊ`mMr Am{U AQ >H$H$aÊ`mMrgwÕm A‘`m©X gÎmm hmoVr. bmMXoÊ`mMr Am{U «ï>mMmamMr àWm Va gd©ÌhmoVrM. B.g. 1840 ‘Ü o hçm H$aàUmbrMoH$mQ>oH$moanUo nmbZ ìhmdo åhUyZ B©ñQ> B§{S>`mH§$nZrZo A{VCËgmhmZo EH$ H$mQ>oar Hw§$nUC^mam`Mo R>adbo. hçm Hw§$nUmMr C§Mr 14’y$Q> Am{U é§Xr 12 ’y$Q> hmoVr. ho Hw§$nUXmQ> H$mQ>oar PmS>mPwS>nm§Mr bmJdS> H$ê$Z~Zdbo hm oV o . {‘R > mÀ`m VñH$a m §Z mamoIÊ`mgmR>r ~§JmbÀ`m n{ü‘ gr‘oda hoàW‘ V`ma Ho$bo Jobo. 1857 À`m ~§S>mZ§Va

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 47

{~«{Q>e gaH$maMr gÎmm ÑT> Pmë`mZ§VaH$ñQ>ågMr hr gr‘maofm {h‘mb`mnmgyZ VoAmo[agmn ªV OdiOdi 2500 ‘¡bm§n ªVdmT>dÊ`mV Ambr.

{‘R>mdarb OmMH$ H$aH$mQ> oar ~m^yi VgoM EH$‘oH$mV Jw§VyZdmT>Umè`m ~m§~y§À`m bmJdS>r H$ê$Z ho KZXmQ>Hw§$nU V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. hçm Hw§$nUmbm‘Üò H$mhr R>amdrH$ A§Vamda H$ñQ>‘A{YH$mè`m§À`m Mm¡Š`m V`ma H$aÊ`mVAmbo. ’$º$ hçm Mm¡Š`m§VyZM ho Hw§$nUAmobm§S>Vm òV Ago, AÝ`Wm Ë`mVyZHw$Umbmhr Om- o H$aUo AeŠ` hmoVo. 1870n ªV hçm H$ñQ>‘aofoda {‘R>mMm H$a JmoimH$aÊ`mgmR>r 12,000 ‘mUgm§Mr Zo‘UyH$H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

gwédmVrbm {~«{Q>em§Zm nyU©nUo ñdV:À`mA{YH$mamImbr Amo[agm‘Üò ‘rR> V`maH$am`Mo hmoVo d Vo ~§Jmb‘Ü o AmnU R>adyË`m {H$‘Vrbm {dH$m`Mo hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>rË`m§Zr g‘wÐ{H$Zmè`mbm bmJyZ AgbobrO§Jbo PmSo> VmoSy>Z gm’$ H$ê$Z ‘rR> V`maH$aÊ`mMo joÌ dmT>dÊ`mMo R>adbo. nU{~«{Q>e ‘rR>-ì`mnmè`m §Zr ~§JmbÀ`m~mOmamV ñnYm© {Z‘m©U hmoB©b hçm rVr‘wionmb©‘|Q>‘Üò Amnë`m JQ>mÀ`m X~mdmZoAmo[agmVrb {‘R>mÀ`m CËnmXZmda hiyhiy~§Xr AmUm`bm gwédmV Ho$br. 1836 ‘Ü o^maVr` {‘R>mda Am{U Am`mV Ho$boë`m{‘R>mda gmaImM H$a hmoVm. Ë`m‘wio ‘rR>

ñWm{ZH$ V`ma Ho$bobo Amho H$s Am`mVHo$bobo `mMr gaH$mabm A{O~mV ndm©ZìhVr, H$maU Ë`m§Zm H$amÀ`m ê$nmVXmoÝhtnmgyZ gmaIoM CËnÞ {‘iV hmoVo.

Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m Am{U OmMH$ gaH$marImŠ`m‘wio ñWm{ZH$ ‘rR> hçm ñnY}V {Q>H$mdYê$ eH$V ZìhVo. Vo Vm~S>Vmo~ {dH$boOmV Zgo, Ë`m‘wio H$bH$Î`mOdi JmoXm‘mVgmR>dyZ R>odmdo bmJo. {VWo Vo X‘Q>nUm‘wionmKiÊ`mMr ^rVr Ag o. {~ « {Q >edgmhVdmXr ZmoH$aemhrZo Amo[agmVrb ‘rR>hbŠ`m àVrMo d CËnmXZmgmR>r ‘mÌ OmñVIM© oUmao Amho Ago R>adyZ Amo[agmVrbAZoH$ ‘rR> CËnmXZ H$aUmar H|$Ðo ~§X nS>br.1845 ‘Üò hçm gaH$maZo AmYrÀ`mdfuÀ`m {Zåå`mda Mmby dfm©Mo CËnmXZAmUyZ R>odbo.

Amo[agmMo H${‘eZa E.Oo.E‘.{‘ëghçm§Zr dgmhVrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm {‘R>mMoCËnmXZ Oa H$‘r Ho$boV Va BWbo eoVH$argaH$maÀ`m {dam oYmV OmVrb AgmYmoŠ`mMm Bemam {Xbm. H$maU hçm{‘R>mÀ`m CËnmXZjoÌmVrb ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§ZmXwgam Hw$R>bmM CÚmoJY§Xm ‘mhrV ZìhVm.

{‘R>mMm Y§Xm OmoamV Mmbbm hmoVmË`m H$mimV gwÕm ‘bm§Jr bmoH$ {‘R>mÀ`mAmJam§Odirb IoS>çm§‘Ü o A{Ve` IS>VaAm wî` OJV AgV. nwéf, {ó`m d ‘wbo- gJio Hw$Qw>§~M hçm {‘R>mJamV EH$ÌH$m‘ H$aV AgV. H$mhr nwéf Amnbo Jmd,

48 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

Hw$Qw> §~ gmoSy>Z XyaÀ`m AmJam§‘Üò H$m‘H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmV. dfm©Vbo 5-6 ‘{hZo{‘R>mJam§Odi VmËnwaË`m PmonS>çm KmbyZVo ahmV AgV.

{‘R>mMr dmhVyH$ H$aVm §Zm qH$dmgmR>dUrV Pmboë`m ZwH$gmZrgmR>r {~«{Q>eH$‘©Mmar ‘bm§JrH$Sy>ZM ânmB© H$ê$Z KoV.Ia§ åhUOo ‘rR> V`ma H$aUmè`m hçmH$m‘Jmam§Mm dmhVwH$ser H$mhrhr g§~§Y Zgo.{‘R>mÀ`m H$m‘Jmam§Mr ‘Owar dmT>dmdr åhUyZ{‘R>mMo ì`mnmar {~«{Q>e ZmoH$am§da N>mnnmS>Ê`mMo à`ËZ H$arV, nU {~«{Q>egaH$ma‘mÌ {‘R>mMo CËnmXZ H$‘r ìhmdohçm hoVyZo H$m‘Jmam§Mo nJma {Xdg|{XdgH$‘rM H$aV AgV.

{‘R>mJam§À`m Odi O§Jb Agmdo,H$maU Ë`m‘wio OiUmgmR>r bmH$S>mMmOdiM nwadR>m hmoB©b ho {~«{Q>em§Mo YmoaUhmoVo. nU H$mbm§VamZo {‘R>mJam§Mo joÌdmT>dÊ`mgmR>r hr O§Jbo Zï> H$aÊ`mVAmbr. Ë`m‘wio dmK, {MÎmo, Añdbo hçm§Mrg§»`m EH$m {R>H$mUrM OmñV Pmë`m‘wio‘bm§JtZm O§JbmV bmHy$S> VmoS>Ê`mgmR>rOm`Mr ^rVr dmQy> bmJbr. 1846 ‘Ü o{‘R>mÀ`m EH$mM h§Jm‘m‘Ü o 22 ‘bm§JtMrdmKm§Zr hË`m Ho$br. Ë`m‘wio ‘J hçm O§JbràmÊ`m§Mr {eH$ma H$aUmè`m§Zm {‘R>mÀ`m{d^mJmH$Sy>Z d H$aImË`mH$Sy>Z anya ~{jgoXoÊ`mV oD$ bmJbr. Oar hr ~{jgmMra¸$‘ ‘moR>r hmoVr Varhr Ë`mà‘mUmV O§Jbr

OZmdam§Mr g§»`m H$mhr H$‘r hmoV ZìhVr.1863 ‘Ü o {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo ñWm{ZH$

{‘R>mMo CËnmXZ bdH$amV bdH$a ~§X H$amdoAgm {‘R>mÀ`m CËnmXH$m§Zm Bemam {Xbm.{‘R>mMo CËnmXZ ~§X Pmë`mnmR>m onmR>Amo[agm‘Ü o 1866 gmbr ^rfU XwîH$minS>bm. Ë`m‘Üò gJù`mV OmñV ‘¥Ë`w‘bm§Jr g‘mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mo Pmbo. H$maUË`m§À`mH$So> Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMo gmR>dboboYmÝ` ZìhVo. gaH$maÀ`m hçm YmoaUm‘wio~§Jmb‘Ü o {‘R>mMm VwQ>dS>m ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV^mgy bmJbm.

hçmda Cnm` åhUyZ {~«{Q>em§Zr H$Q>©H${‘R>mMo CËnmXZ ñdV: H$am`bm gwédmVHo$br. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm ñdñV ^mdmZo‘rR> XoVm `mdo, {edm` Ë`m§Zm WmoS>m’$maamoOJma {‘imdm hm Ë`m‘mJMm CÔoe hmoVm.ho YmoaU BVHo$ èñdr R>abo H$s Ë`mnwT>o{bìhanyb ‘rR> {Q>H$md YaoZmgo Pmbo. åhUyZ‘J 1893 ‘Ü o hr ñWm{ZH$ {‘R>mJao ~§XH$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$maU {~«{Q>e {‘R>mÀ`mCËnmXZmnojm gag H$m‘{Jar H$aUo ho Zoh‘rM{Z`‘mV ~gUmao ZìhVo.

{‘R>mJao ~§X Pmë`m‘wio ‘bm§JtMrCnmg‘ma hmoD$ bmJbr. H$maU Vo Ë`m§MoEH$‘od CËnmXZ hmoVo. {‘R>mJamV VoAmnmoAmn V`ma hmoB©. Ë¶m§À¶mOdiMo VoM‘H$Umao {‘R>mMo nmnwÐoo, OUy Ë`m§Zr VoH$mT>mdo Am{U {dH$mdo hçmMrM dmQ> ~KVhmoVo. nU Vo nmnwÐo ZwgVo IadS>Uo hm gwÕm

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 49

‘moR>çm {ejobm nmÌ Agm JwÝhm R>adbmJobm hmoVm. {‘R>mer g§~§{YV Hw$R>brhr H¥$VrH$aÊ`mMr Amo[agmVrb bmoH$m§da ~§XrKmbÊ`mV Ambr. Amnë`m Cnmer ~m`H$m-nmoam§Zm gmoSy>Z Vo H$m‘mÀ`m emoYmV XoemÀ`mAÝ` ^mJmV OmD$ bmJbo. {VWo Ë`m§ZmXmQ>rdmQ>rZo AZmamo½`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV ahmdobmJyZ nSo>b Vo H$m‘ H$ê$Z n¡go {‘idmdobmJV hmoVo - Ë`mVboM n¡go Amnë`mHw$Qw>§~mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm nmR>dmdo bmJV hmoVo.WmoS>çmM H$mimV Amo[agm‘YyZ ‘bm§JrbmoH$ OdiOdi ZmhrgoM Pmbo. Oo Hw$UrJar~ bmoH$ Amo[agmV am{hbo Ë`m§Zm {VWo‘rR>gwÕm {‘iUo AeŠ` Pmbo.

{‘R>mgmR>r ~§S>{‘R>mÀ`m YmoaUm{damoYmV n{hbr gmd©O{ZH$g^m Amo[agmV 1888 gmbr Am`mo{OVH$aÊ`mV Ambr. ‘hmZXrda H$Q>H$ hçm~§XamÀ`m Jmdr CËH$b g^m hçm amOH$s`njmZ o hr g^m Am`m o {OV H o $br.qhXwñWmZmVrb Jar~ OZVodabmXÊ`mV òUmam H$a hmB § ½b §S >‘Yrb OZV odaAgUmè`m H$amnojm 30%A{YH$ Amho. hm ‘wÔm hçmgôV CR>dÊ`mV Ambm.{‘R > mdarb H$a hm"gm‘«mÁèmhrZ o OZVodaWmonbobm AÝ`m`M Amho',H$maU ho H$a abobo gd© ‘rR>

naXoemVyZ Am`mV Ho$bobo Amho. gaH$maZo{‘iH$VrÀ`m CËnÞmdarb H$a dmT>dmdmAm{U B§½b§S>‘YyZ ^maVr` ZmJar godoVH$aÊ`mV òUmè`m H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVrWm§~dyZ n¡gm dmMdmdm. {‘R>mdarb H$a~§X Ho$ë`mZo hmoUmar VyQ> hçm dmMboë`mn¡emVyZ ê$Z H$mT>Vm oB©b, Aem àH$maMmw{º$dmX hçm g oVrb {ZXe©H$m§Zr Ho$bm.

20ì`m eVH$ mÀ`m g wédmVrbmqhXwñWmZmV gd©Ì {~«{Q>em§À`m {‘R>mÀ`mYmoaUmda H$S>mSy>Z Q>rHo$Mm hëcm MT>dÊ`mVAmbm. 1923 ‘Üò ~OoQ>‘Üò CËnÞdmT>dÊ`mgmR>r {‘R>mdarb H$a XwßnQ>H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ^maVr` bo{Oñbo{Q>ìhAg|ãbrZo hçm àH$ënmg g§‘Vr XoÊ`mgZH$ma {Xbm. nU Varhr ìhm°Bgam° bm°S©>arqS>J `m§Zr {S>H«$s H$mT>br d {~«{Q>em§Zrhçm YmoaUmg ‘§Oyar {‘idbr. 1927 ‘Ü obo{Oñbo{Q>ìh Ag|ãbrZo {‘R>mMm hm H$a{Zå‘m H$amdm Ago ‘V ‘m§S>bo, Ë`mVrb

50 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

H$mhtZr Va Vmo nyU© aÔ H$amdm Agohr ‘V{Xbo. Varhr {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo Ë`mg ‘mÝ`Vm{Xbr Zmhr.

1929 ‘Ü o bo{Oñbo{Q>ìh Ag|ãbrVrbgXñ` n§. ZriH§$R> Xmg hçm§Zr Amo[agmVrb{‘R>mMo CËnmXZ nydugmaIo gwê$ H$amdo d{‘R>mdarb H$a H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdm Aer ‘mJUrHo$br. hçmda Jar~ bmoH$ ’$º$ hçm H$amÀ`mê$nmVM gaH$mabm H$mhrVar XoVmV Agmw{º$dmX gaH$maV’}$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

{~«{Q>e gaH$ma ho àH$aU Jm§^r`m©ZoKoVM ZìhVo. maVmVrb A§S>agoH«o$Q>ar bm°S©>qdQ>abm°Z hçm§À`m ‘Vo hr Jmoï> A{O~mVXIb KoÊ`mOmoJr ZìhVr. ‘mÌ B§½b§S>À`mnmb©‘|Q>‘Yrb gdmªZmM Ë`m§Mo ho åhUUo‘mÝ` hmoVo Ago Zmhr. {VWo nmb©‘|Q>‘Ü oga hoÝar H«$mBH$ hçm§Zr {‘R>mÀ`m YmoaUm‘wio{Z‘m©U Pmboë`m H$ï>Xm`H$ n[apñWVr‘wio^maVmV {~«{Q>em§{déÕ CR>md hmoD$Z H$R>rUn[apñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoB©b Ago ‘V ‘m§S>bo.H$mhr g^mgXm §M o åhUUo nS>bo H$s{‘R>mdarb H$am‘wio {~«{Q>e gm‘«mÁ`mbmHw$R>bmhr YmoH$m Zmhr. bo~a nmQ>uÀ`mg^mgXm§Zr ‘mÌ ^maVmVrb {‘R>mdarbH$am‘wio Am`[ae n[apñWVrgmaIrMg‘ñ`m C^r amhrb Agm YmoŠ`mMm Bemam{Xbm.

1930 ‘Ü o Amo[agm‘Ü o CKS>CKS>~§S> nwH$mabo Jobo.

‘mohZXmg H$a‘M§X Jm§Yr hçm ñd §{gÕ

ì`º$sZo hçm ~§S>mbm {‘R>m{déÕMo ~§S> Agoñdê$n {Xbo.

Xm§S>r¶mÌm1929 ‘Ü o maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«og njmÀ`mbmhmoa oWrb g o‘Ü o {‘R>mÀ`m gË`mJ«hmMrH$ënZm nwT>o Ambr. ^maVmVrb H$mhr^mJmVM {‘R>mMm {df` hm YJYJVm hmoVm.Amo[agmVrb ~§S> d H$mhr BVa OmJrM hrMidi Mmby hmoVr. Jm§YrÀ`m OdiÀ`mH$mhr bmoH$m§ZmgwÕm {‘R>mMm gË`mJ«h hmñdmV§Í`bT>çmMm mJ Agy eH$Vmo hm Ë`m§Mm{dMma EoHy$Z Amü © dmQ>bo. nU maVmVrbgd© OmVr-O‘mVtZm hmoUmam Ìmg hm{~«{Q>em§À`m J¡aH$ma^mamMo CXmhaU Amho.ho Ë`m§Zr nQ>dyZ {Xbo. àË oH$ OU ‘rR>ImVmo ho Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo, Ia§ åhUOo Joë`m6 dfm©V hçm {‘R>mÀ`m YmoaUm‘wio Jm§YtZr{‘R>mbm ñne©hr Ho$bm ZìhVm.

12 ‘mM© 1930bm Jm§Yr Am{U Ë`m§Mo78 {ZdS>H$ AZw`m`r Aml‘mVyZ ~mhoanS>bo. 240 ‘¡b A§Vamda AgUmè`m Xm§S>roWrb g‘wÐ{H$Zmè`mda Ë`m§Mm nm`r MmbV

OmÊ`mMm hoVy hmoVm. {VWo dmiboë`m {‘R>mMonmnwÐo IadSy>Z ‘rR> Jmoim H$am`Mo d{~«{Q>em§À`m {‘R>mÀ`m H$m`Úmbm AmìhmZÚm`Mo Aer Ë`m§Mr `moOZm hmoVr. Ë`m§À`mAZw m`m§n¡H$s H$mhrOU Aml‘mVbo ZìhVo.hçm‘Ü o 2 ‘wñbr‘, 1 p¼üZ Am{U 2An¥í` OmVrVbo hmoVo.

5 E{àbbm, 25 {Xdgm§Z§Va Jm§Yr

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 51

Amnë`m `mÌoÀ`m {Z`mo{OV {R>H$mUråhUOoM Xm§S>rbm nmohmoMbo. Ë`mdoirË`m§À`m‘mJo gwédmVrMo ’$º$ 78 AZw m`rMZìhVo, Va hOmamo bmoH$m§Mm g‘wXm` hmoVm.hçm g‘wXm`mV Cƒ «y {dMmad§V, Jar~mVJar~, AZoH$ {ó`m - Á`mV ehamVahmUmè`m Cƒ «y {ó`mhr hmoË`m - AgoAZoH$ àH$maMo bmoH$ EH${ÌV Pmbo hmoVo.

Ë`m amÌr Jm§YtZr gd© bmoH$m§~amo~aAa~r g‘wÐmÀ`m bmQ>m§À`m AmdmOmÀ`mnmœ© y‘rda EH${ÌV àmW©Zm Ho$br. nhmQ>onmÊ`mV ñZmZ H$ê$Z Vo ew{M^y©V Pmbo.Z§Va {OWo CÝhmZo dmiboë`m {‘R>mMo WaO‘bobo hmoVo Ë`m{R>H$mUr Vo ñdV: nwT>oJobo, Imbr dmH$bo Am{U Amnë`m hmVmÀ`m‘wR>rV VoWrb ‘rR> CMbbo. Aem àH$mao

Ë`m§Zr {~«{Q>em§À`m {‘R>mÀ`m H$m`ÚmMm §JHo$bm.

Amo[agmVrb bT>m"XmË`mMm {dO` Agmo' Agm EH$M O`Kmofhçm `mÌoH$ê$§Zr Ho$bm. ^maVmV Xwgè`m~mOybm, Jm§Yr Xm§S>rbm nmohmoMÊ`mnyduMAmo[agmVrb bmoH$m§Zr {‘R>mMo {VWo CËnmXZH$am`Mo R>adbo. g§nyU© Xoe Jm§YtMo AZwH$aUH$amo dm Z H$amo, nU Amo[agmVrb bmoH$m§Zr‘mÌ {‘R>mMo CËnmXZ MmbyM R>odÊ`mMm{Zü` Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr H$Q>H$bm EH$ {e{~aMmby Ho$bo. Amo[agmÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmVyZñd §godH$ {VWo EH$Ì hmoD$ bmJbo Am{UË`m§Zr ñdoÀN>oZo {‘R>mMm H$m`Xm VmoS>Ê`mMoR>adbo d Ë`mà‘mUo enW KoD$Z ghçm§MonÌH$M V`ma Ho$bo. {‘R>mÀ`m gË`mJ«hmMo

52 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

ñdê$n d ‘hÎd hçm{df`r VoWo {Z`{‘Vg^m KoVë`m OmD$ bmJë`m. {~«{Q>em§Zrhçm g^m§da ~§Xr AmUbr, Am{U g oVOmhra ^mfUo H$aUmè`m§Zm nH$Sy>Z Vwé§JmVS>m§~Ê`mV Ambo.

gmd©O{ZH$arË`m ‘rR> V`ma H$aÊ`mMrVmarI Jm§YtÀ`m Am§XmobZmbm nmR>t~mXoÊ`mgmR>r 6 E{àb R>adÊ`mV Ambr.ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zr e§IZmX Ho$bm, ’w$bm§À`mnmH$ù`m CYië`m Am{U Amnë`mAqhgH$ H$m`Xo^ §JmÀ`m MidirbmgwédmV Ho$br. hçm bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§Mo nwT>marJmon~§Yy Mm¡Yar hçm§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbrg‘wÐ{H$Zmè`mdê$Z `mÌobm gwédmV Ho$br.Ë`m§À`m ZoË`mbm AQ>H$ Pmbr, Varhr Ë`m§Zr`mÌm Wm§~dbr Zmhr. 13 E{àbbm gH$mir8.30 bm Vo Ë`m§À`m {Z`mo{OV {R>H$mUråhUOoM B§Mwarbm hOmam |À`m g§»òZonmohmoMbo, Am{U Ë`m§Zr H$m`ÚmMm §J Ho$bm.Vo Imbr dmH$bo, Ë`m§Zr ‘yR>â ‘rR> hmVmVKoVbo. nmobrgm§Zr gº$sZo Ë`m§À`m hmVmVrb‘rR> H$mT y >Z KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho $bm.gË`mJ«htMm g‘yh g‘wÐ{H$Zmè`mda YmdVOmB©, ‘rR> hmVmV KoB© Am{U nmobrg Ë`m§ZmnH$Sy>Z KoD$Z OmV. Aem arVrZo AZoH${Xdg hm bT > m Mmb y hm oVm, ‘rR >CËnmXH$m§À`m bmQ>m òV, Ë`m§À`m‘mJyZnmo{bgm§Mr ’$m¡O oB© H$s naV Xwgao ‘rR>CËnmXH$ {VWo òD$Z WS>H$V. bdH$aMgd© Vwé§J H¡$Úm§Zr ê$Z Jobo, Varhr gË`mJ«hr

‘mÌ B §M warV òVM am{hbo. nm obrgË`m§À`mda H$mhr OwO~r Amamon R>odyZ Ë`m§ZmKm~adyZ gmoS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aV hmoVo, nUË`mMm H$mhr Cn`moJ hmoV ZìhVm.

hçm gË`mJ«hmV {ó`m§Mr g§»`m ‘moR>rhmoVr. ‘rR> CËnmXZmMr H$mhr {ZXe©Zo Va{ó`m§ZrM g§`mo{OV Ho$br hmoVr. nmobrgË`m§À`mda ^mbo amoIyZ Mmb H$arV, nUVarhr gË`mJ«hr ‘mÌ AqhgH$M am{hbo.Aem arVrZo {R>H${R>H$mUr {ZXe©Zo Pmë`mZ§VaeodQ>r Ooìhm gË`mJ«htMr Vwé§JmVyZ gwQ>H$mPmbr Voìhm Ë`m§À`mda ’w$bo CYiÊ`mgmR>rd Ë`m§Mm OÒ`H$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 20,000bmoH$ O‘m Pmbo hmoVo.

Jm§YtÀ`m Xm§S>r`mÌo‘wio Ho$di EH$mAmR>dS>çmâmVM hr Midi XoemV gd©Ìgwê$ hmoD$Z Vr EH$ amï´>r` Midi ~Zbr.‘rR> CËnmXZ åhUOo Ia§ Va ‘rR> JmoimH$aÊ`mMr H¥$Vr XyaXyan ªV ngabr. hçmÀ`m~amo~arZo Jm§YtÀ`m {eH$dUrZwgma bmoH$Xmê$Mr XwH$mZo ~§X nmSy> bmJbo. naXoemVyZAmboë`m H$mnS>mMr hmoir H$ê$ bmJbo.‘rR> CKS>nUo añË`m§da {dH$bo OmD$ bmJbo.

p¼.nyd© 300 ‘Ü o ^maVmVrb gdmªV‘moR>çm gm‘«mÁ`mV åhUOo M§ÐJwá ‘m¡ m©À`mgm‘ « mÁ`mV ‘rR > CËnmXZ Á`mA{YH$mè`m§À`m XoIaoIrImbr hmoB© Ë`m§Zm"bdUmÜ`j' åhUV. R>amdrH$ ’$s ^ê$ZË`mgmR>r nadmZm H$mT>Ê`mV òB©. AgmCëcoI MmUŠ`m§À`m "AW©emó' hçm J«§WmV

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 53

AmT>iVmo. {~«{Q>e ^maVmVyZ Joë`mZ§VaOdinmg 50 df} {‘R>mMo CËnmXZgaH$maÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImbrM hmoV Ago.

ñdmV§Í¶mZ§VaMr pñWVr1947 Z§Va ñdV§Ì ^maVm‘Üò {‘R>mMrqH$‘V Zoh‘rM gdmªZm nadS>Ê`mgmaIrMR>odÊ`mV Ambr. ñdV§Ì ^maVmV {‘R>mMoCËnmXZ ghH$mar g§ñWm§‘m’©$V H$aÊ`mVAmbo, nU Vo èñdr hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr.AmVm hm CÚmoJ H$mhr ~S>çm H§$nÝ`m§H$Sy>ZHo$bm OmVmo. gaH$maZo ‘rR> H$m‘Jmam§À`m{hVmMo ajU H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. Ë`mgmR>r‘rR> H${‘eZaMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aÊ`mV òVo.Jm §YtÀ`m Aml‘mOdirb ZXrÀ`mn{bH$S>rb Vramdarb H$m‘Jma ‘mÌ"H${‘eZa Ë`m§Mo {hV ~KÊ`mEodOr ~S>çmì`mnmè`m§MoM {hV ~KVmo' Aer VH«$ma H$arVAgVmV.

n§Om~mVrb IS>H$mVbo ‘rR> ho AmVmnm{H$ñVmZmV Amho. JwOamVMm n{ü‘{H$Zmam d H$ÀN>Mo aU hm ^maVmVrbgJù`mV ‘moR>m ‘rR> CËnmXZ H$aUmam àXoeAmho. Ë`mCbQ> Amo[agmV ’$maM WmoSo> ‘rR>CËnmXZmMo joÌ Amho. hëcrÀ`m H$mirË`mbm ’$mago ‘hÎdhr Zmhr. Odinmg^maVmVbo {‘R>mMo 3/4 CËnmXZ AmVmJ wOamV‘Ü` oM hm oV o . J wOamV‘Yrb{H$Zmè`mdarb ì`mnma-CÚmoJm§‘wio ho{H$Zmè`mdarb bmoH$ AmVm maVmVbo Jar~bmoH$ g‘Obo OmV ZmhrV. nU ‘rR>H$m‘Jmam§Zm BVH$s H$‘r ‘Oyar {Xbr OmVo

H$s ^maVmVë`m BVa ‘mJmg àXoemVrbbmoH$M ho H$m‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r BWo oVmV.Xadfu gßQ>|~a‘Ü o hOmamo naàm§Vr` ho H$m‘H$aÊ`mgmR>r BWo òVmV. 7 {Xdgm§MmAmR>dS>m H$m‘ H$ê$Z Vo CÝhmim g§non ªVJwOamV‘Üò amhVmV. ~hþVoH$ doim amoOEH$m S>m°banojmhr Ë`m§Zm H$‘rM n¡go{‘iVmV. eoH$S>mo H$m‘Jmam§Mr Zm|XM Ho$brOmV Zmhr, H$maU ì`mnmè`m§Zm Ë`m§Zmgm‘m{OH$ ’$m`Xo Va Úm`Mo ZgVmVM,{edm` ~mb‘Owardahr {Z §ÌU R>odbo OmVZmhr. ~aoM H$m‘Jma ho ImbÀ`m OmVrMoAgyZ ‘rR> ì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Z KoVboë`m H$Om©V~wS>mbobo AgVmV. ewîH$ hdo‘Üò àIagy`©àH$mem‘wio {‘R>mÀ`m ñ’${Q>H$m§dê$Znamd{V©V hmoUmè`m {H$aUm§‘wio ~aoMgo ‘rR>H$m‘Jma H$m`‘Mo a§Jm§Y hmoVmV. Ooìhm Vo‘aU nmdVmV Voìhm Ë`m§À`m ‘¥VXohmMoÁdbZhr `mo½` arVrZo hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr H$maUË`m§À`m earamV ‘rR> nyU©nUo {^Zbobo AgVo.

1998 ‘Üò JwOamV‘Üò Amboë`mdmXimV hçm Jar~ H$m‘Jmam§Mm gË`mZmePmbm. Odinmg 1000 Vo 14000H$m‘Jma ‘aU nmdbo. ^maVr` {‘R>mÀ`m{H$‘Vrhr Iyn dmT>ë`m nU df© AIoan ªVXwgam H$m‘Jmam§Mm OÏWm hOa Pmbm Am{U{‘R>mÀ`m {H$‘Vr naV Imbr Amë`m. ñdñVd gdmªZm nadSo>b Aem {H$‘VrV ‘rR>{‘iUo hm àË oH$ ^maVr`m§Mm h¸$M Amho.

AZwdmX : ‘rZm H$d}

54 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

{dkmZ a§OZ ñnYm© - CÎmao

àý 1 : EH$m dm³¶mV CÎmao Úm.à.1 Xhmnojm A{YH$ nmH$ù`m AgUmar \w$bo H$moUVr?CÎma P|Sy>. gy¶©’y$b, ~«÷H$‘i, H¥$îUH$‘i, {earf, Jwbm~, H$_i, hOmar _moJam,

AZ§V Mm’$m, eod§Vr hr Xhmnojm A{YH$ nmH$ù¶m AgUmar ’w$bo AmhoV.

à.2 S>mdm X§S> S>mì`m H$mZmda R>odyZ S>mì`m n§Á`mZo ñdV:Mm COdm H$mZ nH$S>Vm oUoH$moUË`m d`mZ§Va O_Vo?

CÎma d`mÀ`m 6 ì`m dfm©Z§Va.

à.3 Vw_À`m {gb|S>aMr CËnmXZmMr VmarI H$moUVr?CÎma {gb|S>aMr CËnmXZmMr VmarI Cä¶m Xm§S>çm‘mJo amo‘Z {bnrV {bhrbobr AgVo.

Am_À`m KamVrb {gb|S>aMr VmarI Zmoìh|~a 2011.

à.4 Zm`bm°ZMm YmJm Am{U bmoH$arMm YmJm ~{h©Jmob q^JmVyZ ~{KVë`mda H$go{XgVmV Ë`mMo {MÌ H$mT>m.

CÎma

à.5 Jm§Sy>imÀ`m A§Jmdarb _moR>o dio Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mnmgyZ {H$Vdo AgVo?CÎma Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mnmgyZ 14 do AgVo d Vo 14, 15 d 16 `m VrZ dim§Mo {_iyZ

EH$ ~Zbobo AgyZ Ë`mZ§Va bJoM 17 do di AgVo.

n.6. Or^-^rO `mVrb O Mo XmoZ Cƒma XmI{dUmao AmUIr XmoZ eãX {bhm.CÎma O_m - _Om amO - Oam OJ - JO JwéOr - OhmO

‘amR>r {dkmZ n[afXoV’}$ ’o$~«wdmar 2012 ‘Ü¶o KoVboë¶m {dkmZ a§OZñnY}Mm ~jrg g‘ma§ 20 E{àb 2012 ‘Ü¶o Pmbm. AZoH$ ñnY©H$m§MmCÎm‘ à{VgmX bm^bm. Amnë¶m ’o$~w«-‘mM© 12 À¶m A§H$mV AmnU ñnY}Mràýmdbr {Xbr hmoVr. ñnY©H$m§Zr {b{hbobr H$mhr AMyH$ CÎmao BWo XoV AmhmoV.

bmoH$aZm¶bm°Z

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 55

àý 2 : CÎmao Úm.

à.1 Z¡F$Ë` _mog_r nmdgmnojm B©emÝ` _mog_r nmD$g OmñV nS>Umao amÁ` H$moUVo?CÎma V{_iZmSy>, ~§Jmb, B©emÝ¶ ^maV ({‘Pmoam‘, AéUmMb àXoe, Amgm‘)

à.2 VihmVmbm \w$Q>Umè`m Km_mV H$moUVo O§VwZmeH$ AgVo?CÎma Lysozym - VihmVmbm \w$Q>Umè`m Km_mVrb O§VwZmeH$

à.3 KS>çmimV Vmg-{_{ZQ>-goH§$X H$mQ>çm§_Üò EH$ g_mZ H$moZ AgUmam doimH$moUË`m?

CÎma 1) 12:00:00 2) 1:05:05 3) 2:10:104) 3:15:15 5) 4:20:20 6) 5:25:257) 6:30:30 8) 7:35:35 9) 8:40:4010) 9:45:45 11) 10:50:50 12) 11:55:55

à.4 gÜ`m eZr H$moUË`m ZjÌmV {XgVmo Ë`m ZjÌmMo nwT>À`m _mJÀ`m ZjÌmgh{MÌ H$mT>m.

CÎma gÜ`m eZr {MÌm ZjÌmV {XgVmo d hçm AmYrMo ñdmVr d Z§VaMo ZjÌ hñVho Amho.

à.5 é{~H$À`m R>moH$ù`mda {H$Vr a§JmMo Mm¡ag AgVmV?CÎma àË oH$r 6 a§JmMo ZD$ `mà_mUo 54 Mm¡ag.

gáfu

eZr

{MÌm

hñV

ñdmVr

nydm©fmT>m

56 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

àý 3 : MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.

à.1 ~m§~ybm Ë`mÀ`m Am wî`mV EH$XmM \w$bo oVmV.CÎma MyH$, nydu ~m§~ybm Ë`mÀ`m Am wî`mV EH$XmM \w$b oVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vw

à^mH$a Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr ~m§~ybm 20-21 dfm©VyZ EH$Xm \w$bo òVmV Ago{ZarjUmVyZ gm§{JVbo Amho.

à.2 n¥Ïdrda BVa gd© J«hm§dê$Z oD$Z CëH$m nS>VmV.CÎma MyH$, n¥Ïdrda eŠ`Vmo bKy J«hm§À`m nÅ>çmV Agboë`m XJS>m§_wio CëH$m

nS>VmV.

à.3 EImÚm XmQ> dñVrV {OVH$s A{YH$ dmVmZwHy$bZ §Ìo AgVrb {VVH$s VoWrbhdm Ja_ hmoV OmVo.

CÎma ~amo~a, dmVmZwHy$b §Ìo AmV W§S>mdm {Z_m©U H$aVmZm ~mhoa CîUVm gmoS>VmVåhUyZ.

à.4 hdm ~mhoa \o$H$Umè`m n§»`mMr nmVr bm§~ AgVmV.CÎma MyH$, hdm ~mhoa \o$H$Umè`m n§»`m§Mr nmVr bhmZ AgyZ WmoS>r dibobr

AgVmV.

à.5 {d{harVyZ CngyZ H$mT>bobo nmUr ho EH$ I{ZO Amho.CÎma ~amo~a.

à.6 Amnë`m earamVrb bmb noer hm EH$ ñdV§Ì Ord Amho.CÎma MyH$, H$maU _mZdmÀ`m earamVrb bmb noet_Ü o Ý ypŠb`g åhUOoM H|$ÐH$

Zmhr.à.7 H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUmVë`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ H$moZm§Mr ~oarO {Vgè`mnojm OmñV

AgVo.CÎma MyH$, H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUmMm H$mQ>H$moZ 900 Mm AgVmo d BVa XmoKm§Mr ~oarO

900 EdT>rM AgVo. hçm H$mQ>H$moZmnojm OmñV ZgVo

àý 4 : g{dñVa H$maUo Úm

1. \$ag~§X ImobrVrb \y$bPmSy>, gmdaboë`m A§JUmVrb Ho$agwUr Va añVmPmS>Ê`mgmR>r IamQ>m dmnaVmV.

CÎma \$ag~§XmVrb H$Mè`mMo à_mU H$_r AgVo d Ë`m H$Mè`mV _moR>çm à_mUmV

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 57

YyiM AgVo. H$‘r Omoa bmdyZ H$‘r Kf©UmV Am{U H$‘r l‘mV H$Mam {ZKmdmåhUyZ Ho$agwUrEodOr \y$bPmSy> dmnaVmV d gmadboë`m A§JUmV H$Mè`mMoà_mU A{YH$ AgVo Ë`m_wio \w$bPmSy> dmnaV ZmhrV VgoM IamQ>çmZo eoUmZogmadboë`mMo nmonS>o {ZKy eH$VmV åhUyZ oWo Ho$agwUr dmnaVmV. añË`mdaMmH$Mam XJS> JmoQ>o, ßb°pñQ>H$À`m {neì`m Aem _moR>çm à_mUmV AgVmo Ë`m_wio\w$bPmSy> AWdm Ho$agwUr Z dmnaVm IamQ>m dmnaVmV.

2. hoS>\$moZ H$mZmbm bmdyZ JmUr EoH$Umè`m§Zm ~{haonU bdH$a oVo.CÎma hoS>\$moZ H$mZmbm bmdyZ JmUr EoH$VmZm _moR>çm AmdmOm_wio H$mZmbm Ìmg hmoVmo

VgoM hoS>\$moZ_Yrb AmdmO namd{V©V Pmë`mda dmVmdaU d AmVrb H$mZ`m§Mm hoS>\$moZ_wio g§nH©$ VwQ>ë`mZo BVaÌ ngaUo eŠ` ZgVo. Aem _moR>çmàH$maÀ`m AmdmOm_wio H$mZmÀ`m nS>Úmbm hmZr nmohMyZ ~{haonU òÊ`mMreŠ`Vm AgVo.

3. EH$mM OmJr ~amM doi C o amhUmè`m ì`º$s¨Zr ~wQ>mV ~moQ>mÀ`m hmbMmbrHo$ë`m nm{hOoV.

CÎma EH$mM OmJr ~amM doi C o amhUmè¶m ì¶º$s¨À¶m nm¶mbm Km‘ ¶oD$Z Ë¶m{R>H$mUr ~waer ¶oÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio nm¶m§Zm ‘w§½¶m ¶oUo, nm¶ ~YrahmoUo Ago hmoD$ eH$Vo. ~moQ>m§Mr hmbMmb Ho$ë¶mZo hdm AmV ~mhoa Pmë¶mZodarb Jmoï>r hmoV Zmhr. ~moQ>m§Mr hmbMmb Ho$ë¶mZo aº$àdmh gd©Ì ¶mo½¶ à‘mUohmoB©b åhUyZ EH$mM OmJr ~amM doi Cä¶m amhUmè¶m ì¶º$s¨Zr ~wQ>mV ~moQ>mÀ¶mhmbMmbr Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV.

4. CÝhmù`mnojm {hdmù`mV bmoH$ a§JrV H$nS>o KmbUo ng§V H$aVmV.CÎma nm§T>am a§J CîUVm namd[V©V H$aVmo Va H$mim a§J emofyZ KoVmo. mZwgma Amnë`mbm

{hdmù`mV CÝhmiçmnojm OmñV CîUVoMr d C~XmanUmMr JaO AgVo åhUyZMCÝhmù`mnojm {hdmù`mV bmoH$ a§JrV d JS>X a§JmMo H$nS>o KmbUo ng§VH$aVmV.

5. h_añË`mÀ`m H$S>obm {ndio-H$mio nÅ>o a§J{dbobo AgVmVCÎma H$maU {ndù`m d H$miçm nÅ>çm§Mr Va§Jbm§~r A{YH$ Amho. {Xdgm H$mim Va

amÌr {ndim a§J CRy>Z {XgVmo VgoM a§J Am§YionUm Agboë`m ì`º$sbmhr{ndim a§J {XgVmo. `m_wio AnKmVmMo à_mU Q>iVo. d àdmg hm gwIH$a hmoVmo.

58 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

6. \$moZda hiy AmdmOmV ~mobUo Mm§Jbo.CÎma H$maU _moR>çmZo ~mobë`mZo Üd{ZàXþfU hmoVo d _moR>çm AmdmOmV ~mobë`mZo Ë`m

gmD§$S> BZOuMo ê$nm§Va BbopŠQ´>H$ BZOuV d nwÝhm BbopŠQ´>H$ BZOuMo ê$nm§Vagm§D$S> BZOuV Mm§Jë`m àH$mao qH$dm ZrQ> hmoD$ Z eH$ë`mZo nwT>À`mbm ~mobUoZrQ> H$iV Zmhr.

7. gVV EH$M EH$ nrH$ H$mT>ë`mda O{_Zr ZmnrH$ hmoVmV.CÎma gVV EH$mM àH$maMo nrH$ H$mT>ë`mg Ë`m O{_ZrV Ë`m {nH$mg Amdí`H$

AgUmar nmofH$Ðì o dmnabr OmVmV. EH$M EH$ {nH$ H$mT>ë`mZo Vr nmofH$Ðì oH$_r H$_r hmoV OmD$Z Ë`m§Mo à_mU IynM H$_r hmoVo d Ë`mA^mdr O{_ZrMmnmoV T>mgiVmo d O{_Zr ZmnrH$ hmoVmV.

8. KZXmQ> AaÊ`mVrb PmS>o C§M dmT>VmV.CÎma KZXmQ> AaÊ`mV PmS>o Iyn Odi Odi dmT>bobr Ë`m_wio eoOmarb C§M

PmS>m§_wio Ë`m§Zm nwaogm gy ©àH$me {_iV Zmhr åhUyZ gy ©àH$me {_idÊ`mgmR>rVr PmS>o C§M dmT>VmV.

9. KamÀ`m AmVë`m q^Vr JwiJwirV Va ~mhoaÀ`m IS>~S>rV AgVmV.CÎma AmVë`m { §Vr JwiJwirV Agmì`mV H$maU Ë`mdê$Z àH$memMo g_m§Va namdV©Z

hmoD$Z àH$me Imobrâ ngaVmo d JwiJwirVnUm_wio nmb, {MbQ>çm§Mm ÌmgH$_r hmoD$Z Omio, Oi_Q>o, Yyi `m§Mr gm\$g\$mB© H$aUo gmono OmVo. KamVrbVmn‘mZ d àH$me ¶mo½¶ à‘mUmV amIë¶m OmVmo. KamÀ`m ~mhoa EdT>r Amdí`H$VmZgVo VgoM IM©hr dmMVmo åhUyZ ~mhoaÀ`m q^Vr IS>~S>rV AgVmV.

5. ñdÀN>VoMm A{VaoH$ H$aUmè`m§Zm nMZmMo amoJ hmoÊ`mMr e³¶Vm OmñV AgVo.CÎma Amnë¶m g^modVr AZoH$ Cn¶yº$ gyú‘Ord AgVmV Oo nMZmgmR>r Cn¶wº$

AgVmV. d¡¶{º$H$ ñdÀN>VoMm A{VaoH$ H$aUmè¶m ì¶º$s¨‘Ü¶o ho Cn¶wº$ gyú‘OrdZmhrgo hmoVmV. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Mr à{VH$maeº$s dmT>V Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio nMZmMo amoJhmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm AgVo.

àíZ 5 : WmoS>³¶mV CÎmao Úm.

5. Q>moH$, e|S>m, [eIa, H$S>, ~mOy, Yma `m eãXm§Mo Zo_H$o$ AW© H$m`?CÎma Q>moH$ : VrúU AJ« mJ (gyB©Mo Q>moH$)

e|S>m : AJ« mJ (PmS>mMm e|S>m){eIa : _mWm (S>m|JamMm {eIa)

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 59

H$S> : {H$Zma (ZXrMr {H$Zma) gmS>rMr H$S>~mOy : (ZmÊ`mMr ~mOy) dñVyÀ¶m gnmQ> n¥ð>^mJm§n¡H$s EH$ ^mJYma : VrúU H$S> (gwarMr Yma)

6. Amnë`m {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mV jma AmhoV H$m ho H$go VnmgVm oB©b?CÎma 1) nr.Amo.Eg. àmogog À`m _XVrZo nmÊ`mV jma AmhoV ho AmoiIVmV.

2) CH$ië`mg (nmUr) ^m§S>çmÀ`m ~mOyZo AWdm nmÊ`mÀ`m da jma Va§JVmV.3) nmÊ`mVyZ VwaQ>r {\$adë`mg jma Vimer gmRy>Z amhVmV.4) nmÊ`mMo {\$ëQ´>oeZ Ho$ë`mg jma {\$ëQ>a_Ü o gmRy>Z amhVmV.5) Q>r.S>r.Eg. _rQ>a `mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo jma AmoiIVm oVmV.

7. AmJJmS>rMm doJ Am{U g_wÐmVrb OhmOmMm doJ _moOUo `mV \$aH$ H$m`?CÎma AmJJmS>rMm doJ hm {H$bmo_rQ>a/Vmg _Ü o _moOVmV Va OhmOmMm doJ Zm°{Q>H$b

‘mB©b / Vmg _Ü o _moOVmV. 1 Zm°{Q>H$b ‘mB©b åhUOo 1.8 {H$bmo_rQ>a. dOhmOmMm doJ hm dmè`mÀ`m {Xeodahr Adb§~yZ AgVmo. dmè`mÀ`m {XeoZoOhmO OmVmZm doJ pñWa amhVmo nU dmè`mÀ`m {déÕ {XeoZo àdmg H$aVmZm doJWmoS>m _§XmdVmo.

8. _mUyg dJiVm àmÊ`m§Zm JaOoÀ`m Z dmQUmè`m nmM _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>r H$moUË`m?CÎma 1) H$a_UwH$sMr gmYZo 2) gm¢X © àgmYZo 3) _mZ-gÝ_mZ 4) {ejU 5)

Mnbm 6) {eOdbobo AÞ 7) F$Vw{Zhm` ñdg§ajUmMr gmYZo (CXm. nmdgmù`mVN>Ìr, {hdmù`mV ñdoQ>a) 8) ^m¡{VH$ JaOm

9. JmB©Jwam§Zm MmaUrbm ZoUo qH$dm OmJodaM Mmam XoUo `mVrb \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o `m§MrVwbZm H$am.

CÎma MmaUrbm ZoÊ`mZo Mmè`mgmR>r hmoUmam IM© dmMVmo d VgoM Ë`m§Zm doJdoJù`mdZñnVr Im`bm {_imë`mZo doJdoJio nmofUÐìò {_iVmV. VgoM Ë`m§Mmì`m`m_hr hmoVmo nU OmJodaM Mmam {Xë`mZo Mmè`mMm IM© dmT>Vmo nU àmÊ`m§MoeoUIV EH$mM OmJoda {_iVo Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm `mo½` dmna hmoVmo d ("Oagr'gma»`m àOmVtda) hdm_mZmMm à{VHw$b n[aUm_ Z hmoVm Ë`m§Mr AÞ emoYÊ`mVD$Om© IM© hmoV Zmhr åhUyZ Vr OmñV XÿY XoVmV nU MmaUrbm Zoë`mZo eoUIVgJirH$S>o ngaVo d Ë`mMm `mo½` dmna H$aVm oV Zmhr.

60 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

10. AmË o-_m_o ^mdS>m§_Ü o {ddmh hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm AnË` Pmë`mg Ë`m AnË`mVË`mÀ`m gm_m{`H$ nUOrMr {H$Vr Q> o$ OZwHo$ AgVrb? AmË`mÀ`m gmgyÀ`mOZwH$mVrb VgoM _m_mÀ`m gmgè`mÀ`m OZwH$mVrb {H$Vr Q> o$ OZwHo$ AnË`mVAgVrb?

{Q>n : AnË¶mbm AmB©H$Sy>Z 50% OZwHo$ d d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z 50% OZwHo$ {‘iVmV.Ë`m§À`m gm_m{`H$ nUOrMr 25% OZwHo$ AgVrb.

_m_mÀ`m gmgè`mMr OZwHo$ - (12.5) AnË` - (12.5) AmË`mÀ`m gmgyVrbOZwHo$(AnË`mV _m_mÀ`m gmgè`mVrb 12.5 OZwHo$ d AmË`mÀ`m gmgyVrb 12.5%OZwHo$ AgVrb.)

AnË¶

CÎma :

25%

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 61

11. Vw_À`m Amg_§VmV H$moUH$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m bhar AmhoV `mMr `mXr H$am.CÎma {dÚwV Mw§~H$s` bhar AVrZrb bhar

Adaº$ bhar àH$me bharao{S>Amo bhar Ñí` bharÜdZr bhar aS>ma bhar>

12. {ZdmgmMo àË oH$s EH$ CXmhaU Úm.CÎma EH$Q>çmZo : _Ja, gmn, Hw$Ìm, _m§Oa, dmK, AOJa

OmoS>rZo : Añdb, H$m§Jmê$, H«$m¢M njrHw$Qw>§~mZo : _mUyg, qgh, ìhob _mgm,H$inmZo : h[aU, {Oam\$, gm§ a, hm`Zmg_whmZo : hÎmr, {MÎmm

13. ~gMo B§{OZ nwT>o AgUo gmo rñH$a H$s _mJo? ñnï> H$am.CÎma ~gMo B§{OZ nwT>o Agob Va MmbH$mbm g‘moê$Z ¶oUmar dmhZo, diUo ¶mMm

A§XmO ¶oD$Z ~g ì¶dpñWV MmbdVm ¶oB©b. B§{OZMo dOZ ~aoM AgVo Ë¶m‘wio‘mJo Agbobo gm‘mZ, ~gbobo àdmgr d dOZ ¶m§Mm g‘Vmob amIbm OmVmo.MT>mdaVr B§{OZ nwT>o Agë¶mZo ~gMm ^ma AmoTy>Z ZoUo gmono OmVo. B§{OZ ‘mJoAgë¶mg ~g MmbdUo AdKS> OmB©b.

14. {Q>ìhrdê$Z àjo{nV hmoUmam H$m ©H«$_ H$moUH$moUË`m ñdê$nmV àdmg H$aVmo?CÎma AmH$medmUr qH$dm XÿaXe©Z H|$ÐmV H$m ©H«$_mÀ`m _w{ÐV (aoH$m{S>ªJ qH$dm ewqQ>J)

Pmboë`m ÜdZr d Ñí` bhatMo An[adV©Z (modulation) ao{S>Amo bhat_Ü oH$aÊ`mV oVo `m ao{S>Amo bhar nwaogo {ddY©Z H$ê$Z AdH$mer`m§_YyZ àjo{nVH$aÊ`mV ((transmit) oVmV. àjonH$m§Ûmao ao{S>Amo bhar AdH$memV ngaÊ`mMoH$m_ Ho$bo OmVo. àjonH$m§à_mUo Xþgè`m ~mOybm ao{S>Amo qH$dm Q>o{bpìhOZg§MmÀ`m A°ÝQ>oZm qH$dm {S>eÛmao `m bhar AS>dyZ Ë`m§Mo g§J«hU Ho$bo OmVo. nwT>og§MmVrb {ddY©H$m§Ûmao bhatMr eº$s dmT>dë`mZ§Va emoYH$mÛmao qH$dm à{H«$`mH$ê$Z An[adV©Z ñdê$nmVrb bhat_YyZ _yi AmdmO qH$dm {MÌ{’$V (pñnH$aAm{U {n³MaQ>çy~À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ) {‘i{dbr OmVo.

62 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

n«íZ 6 : g{dñVa CÎmao Úm

1. ßb°pñQ>H$À¶m {nedrMr OmS>r H$er ‘moOmb? {nedrMr OmS>r d dmna ¶mVH$mhr g§~§Y Amho H$m?

CÎma ßb°pñQ>H$À¶m {nedrMr OmS>r ‘m¶H«$m°Z ¶m EH$H$mV ‘moOVmV. gamgar ßb°pñQ>H$À¶m{nedrMr OmS>r 0.52 ‘m¶H«$m°Z EdT>r AgVo. ¶mV H$Mè¶mÀ¶m {nedrMrOmS>r 0.20 ‘m¶H«$m°Z Va XþYmÀ¶m {nedrMr 0.50 ‘m¶H«$m°Z EdT>r AgVo.

ßb°pñQ>H$À¶m {nedrMr OmS>r d dmna ¶mV g§~§Y Amho. OmS> {nedr AmnU‘moR>çm dñVy§Mr Zo-AmU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r dmnaVmo. d ßb°pñQ>H$À¶m {nedrMo {dKQ>ZË¶mÀ¶m OmS>rda Adb§~yZ Amho. AVrOmS> VgoM AVrnmVi ßb°pñQ>H$À¶m{nedrMo {dKQ>Z bdH$a hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZM emgZmZo n«Ë¶oH$ àH$maÀ¶m {nedrMrOmS>r {ZpíMV Ho$br Amho.

2. 2 brQ>aMo nmVoë¶mV 1brQ>a nmUr KoD$Z Ë¶mda nopÝgbZo Q>mobo XoD$Z Va§Jm§Mo{ZarjU H$aUo.

CÎma Ooìhm AmnU 2 br. j‘VoÀ¶m nmVoë¶mV 1 brQ>a nmUr KoVmo d Ë¶mda nopÝgbZoXa nmM goH§$XmZr Q>mobo ‘maVmo Voìhm nmÊ¶mV CR>Umè¶m Va§Jm§Mr C§Mr H$‘r AgVonU bm§~r OmñV AgVo. OgOgo AmnU XmoZ Q>moë¶m§‘Yrb H$mbmdYr H$‘r H$aVOmD$ åhUOoM Xa Mma/VrZ/XmoZ/EH$ goH§$Xmbm Q>mobo XoD$ Voìhm hiyhiyVa§JmMr bm§~r H$‘r hmoV OmVo d C§Mr dmT>V OmVo. nmM goH§$Xm§Zr ‘maVmZm

AdH$mer¶o

ao{S>AmobharV ê$nm§Va

‘m¶H«$mo’$moZ

{Q>ìhr g§MH°$‘oam Üd{Z‘wÐU

{MÌ dAmdmOmV ê$nm§Va

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 63

Va§Jbm§~r gdm©{YH$ AgyZ Va§Jm§Mr C§Mr Ý¶yZ hmoVr nU doi H$‘r H$aV eodQ>r1 goH§$Xm§Zr ‘maë¶mda Va§JmMr C§Mr gdm©{YH$ AgyZ Va§Jbm§~r Ý¶yZ AgVo.

3. 2012 gmbr g§H$ï>r MVwWuMo M§ÐmoX¶ Am{U gy¶m©ñV ¶m§À¶m doioMm AmboI dË¶mV F$VwZwgma nS>Umam ’$aH$ {bhm.

: F$VwZwgma :

‘{hZo M§ÐmoX¶ gy¶m©ñV

OmZodmar 09.17 6.11’o$~«wdmar 09.03 6.30‘mM© 09.54 6.43E{àb 09.47 6.51‘o 10:32 7.00OyZ 10.04 7.11Owb¡ 09.24 7.19Am°JñQ> 09:17 7.13gßQ>|~a 09:07 6.53Am°³Q>mo~a 08:29 6.26Zmoìh|~a 08:43 6.04{S>g|~a 09:10 5.59

: F$VwZwgma ~Xb :

‘{hZo = 12 d F$Vw = 4 AmhoV. CÝhmim = ‘mM©, E{n«b, ‘o, {hdmim :{S>g|~a, OmZodmar, ’o$~«wdmar; nmdgmim : OwZ, Owb¡, Am°JñQ>, gßQ>|~a g§H«$‘UH$mi / ‘mÝgyZ naVrMm H$mi = Am°³Q>mo~a, Zmoìh|~a ¶mZwgma {hdmù¶mVM§ÐmoX¶ gmYmaU 9 Vo 9.30 Xaå¶mZ hmoVmo Va gy¶m©ñV 6 Vo 6.30 À¶m Xaå¶mZhmoVmo. Ë¶mZ§Va ‘mM©, E{àb, ‘o ‘Ü¶o åhUOoM CÝhmù¶mV M§ÐmoX¶ 9:30 Vo10:30 ¶m Xaå¶mZ hmoVmo Va gy¶m©ñV 6:30 Vo 7:00 ¶m Xaå¶mZ hmoVmo.nmdgmù¶mV M§ÐmoX¶ 9 Vo 10 À¶m ‘Ü¶o hmoD$Z gy¶m©ñV 6:45 Vo 7:00À¶m‘Ü¶o hmoVmo d g§H«$‘U H$mi åhUOo nmdgmim g§nyZ {hdmim gwê$ hmoÊ¶mMm H$mi¶mV {Xdgm H$S>H$ D$Z Va amÌr àM§S> W§S>r nS>Vo. ¶m H$mimV M§ÐmoX¶ 8:30

64 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

Vo 9:00 À¶m ‘Ü¶o Va gy¶m©ñV 6:00 Vo 6:30 Xaå¶mZ hmoVmo. gJù¶mV bdH$aM§ÐmoX¶ g§H«$‘U H$mimV d Ë¶mZ§Va {hdmim, nmdgmim, CÝhmù¶mV H«$‘mH«$‘mZohmoVmo d gy¶m©ñV gdm©V bdH$a {hdmim d g§H«$‘U H$mimV hmoD$Z Ë¶mZ§Vanmdgmim d CÝhmù¶mV H«$‘mZo hmoVmo.

M§ÐmoX¶ : gdm}ƒ q~Xÿ ‘o ‘{hZm - 10.32

gy¶m©ñV : gdm}ƒ q~Xÿ Owb¡ ‘{hZm - 7.19

OmZo.

’o$~«w.

‘mM©

E{àb ‘o OyZ Owb

¡Am°JñQ

>

gßQ>|.

Am°³Q>mo.

Zmoìh

|.{S>g|.

OmZo.

’o$~«w.

‘mM©

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68 e¡j{UH$ g§X^ © A§H$ - 76

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70 e¡j{UH$ g§X © A§H$ - 76

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Vr ghm ‘wb§. ‘J ~m~m§ZrnmMM H$m gm§{JVbr?{dgabo H$m? h§! H$YrKamV bj XoV AgVrbVa ZrQ>nUo bjmV amhrbZm §? ^ y a rM § Vm |S >nm{hë¶mbm df© Pmb§Agob. ho KmUoaS>§ ZmdË¶m§ZrM R> odb§ hmoV§.{ZXmZ gmho~ bmoH$m§ZrVar {dMmam¶bm hd§hmoV§.

72 e¡j{UH$ g§X © A§H$ - 76

nmM ‘wbJo AmhoV EdT§>§ EoH$b§Am{U Jßn am{hbo. ‘wbr~Ôbhr{dMmam¶M§ Zm, åhUOo ~m~m§ZmAmR>db§ AgV§ Am{U Ë¶m§Zrgm§{JVb§ AgV§. er! {Xgm¶bm’$³V ^bo {XgVmV.

VmS>‘mS> C§M ‘wbr~ÔbMm¡H$er H$amdr BVH$shr A³H$bZmhr.

""hr H$Oar! hr YéZ nmMJmB© AmhoV. ’$³V gmS> oVrZdfm©Mr Amho'' ~m~m AJXr IwfrV ¶oD$Zgm§JV hmoVo gmho~m§Zm. ho Xþgao gmho~ hmoVo,‘mJo C o hmoVo åhUOo gmho~ bmoH$ Jm¶r‘moOÊ¶mgmR>rhr ¶oVmV?

""’$maM CÎm‘ OmVrMr Amho. XodmÀ¶mX¶oZ§ anya XÿY XoVo. BVH$s Mm§Jbr Amho...Am{U Cn¶moJrhr. ~XZmnyadmbo anya qH$‘VÚm¶bm V¶ma AmhoV, nU Amåhr H$m åhUyZ{dHy$? H$Oar Amåhr {dH$Uma Zmhr. BWoMR>odUma!''

yarMm H$OarÀ¶m Iw§Q>çmbm YabobmhmV gQ>H$bm Am{U nm¶ gai S>moUrdaAmnQ>bm. Ë¶m{Xder ~m~m {VÀ¶mda AgoH$mhr AmoaS>bo hmoVo H$s Ë¶mZ§Va b½Z hmoD$ZnmR>dUr hmoB©n¶ªV Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o ~KÊ¶mMryarMr {h§‘VM Pmbr Zmhr.

yar ZjrXma Hw§$Hy$, H$mOiâbo S>moio,XmQ> Ho$gm§Mr bm§~gS>H$ doUr, H$nmimdaM‘H$Umao Km‘mMo W|~-Aer Km~ar Kw~ar

yar! {VÀ¶m ~m~m§Mr Va Ord Om¶Mr doiAmbr hmoVr. Ë¶m§Mm ^mD$, ^yarMo ‘moR>oH$mH$m OdiM Cô hmoVo, ""Amoh! hr~m¶H$m§Mr OmV!'' yarÀ¶m ~m~m§À¶m Vm|Sy>Z~m¶H$m§§À¶m OmVr~Ôb EH$ Añgb JmdamZ{edr ~mhoa nS>br. na‘oœamZ§ {Xboë¶m énmM§àXe©Z H$aV yar ‘am¶bm A§JUmVM C^rhmoVr. Vo ~KyZ Ë¶m§À¶m A§JmMr bmhr bmhrPmbr hmoVr. Ë¶m§Zm JmdmH$S>o ZOa da H$ê$Z~KÊ¶mM§ YmS>g Pmb§ Zmhr. yarÀ¶m nmR>rdaEH$ gUgUrV aÅ>m nS>bm hmoVm.

""Mb, AmV hmo!'' AmB©Z§ bmoQ>mânmUr ^yarÀ¶m Vm |S>mda ‘mab§ hm oV §.""H$embm Jobr hmoVrg {VWo? ‘moR>o gmho~AmboV. Vo H$m¶ Ë¶m§Zm nm{hë¶m{edm¶ Zamhdm¶bm VwÂ¶m dèhmS>m~amo~a Ambo hmoVo?Am{U hm H$m¶ AdVma H$ê$Z KoVbm¶g?

‘moR>o H$mH$mhr ZwgVo ~KV ~gbo ZìhVo.{VÀ¶m Jm |Xb obm hmV nH$S >bm,

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 73

""amUrgmho~m§Zr ZdrZ Zmdhr {bhÿZ KoVb¶§,Ho$ìhm {bhÿZ KoVbg J§? AmVm Vy ‘Zmbm¶oB©b Vg§ dmJUma H$m?''

hmVmdaÀ¶m Jm|XUmda AmB©Z§ MwbrVb§bmHy$S> bmdb§ hmoV§. yar Myn ~gbr hmoVr.yarbm dmMmM ZìhVr. Vr Va q~{X¶mbm

hm oVr...Or^hr {VbmM hm oVr. ‘obrA{^bmfmhr {VÀ¶mM ‘ZmV OmJV hmoVr.

AmB©Z§ bmoQ>mhr ’o$Hy$Z ‘mabm hmoVm,""‘mJÀ¶m Im obrV OmD$Z ‘a Om!{IS>H$sbm hmV bmdbmg Va hmV VmoSy>ZQ>mH$sZ!''

Mohè¶mda bmb-H$mù¶m a §Jm §M oAmoKi, S>mo³¶mnmgyZ nm¶mn¶ªV {Ôbobr^yar Hw$S>Hw$S>V WH$boë¶m OS> nmdbm§ZrAmOrÀ¶m ImobrH$S>o Jobr hmoVr.

q^Vrbm Q>oH$dyZ R>odbobr AmOrMrWmir, noQ>rda nS>bobr {VMr emb ~KyZ{VÀ¶m ‘ZmVb§ gJi§ Xþ:I C’$miyZ Amb§.Xþ:Im{VaoH$mZ§ AmOrÀ¶m q~{X¶mÀ¶m Vm|Sy>Z

eãXM ’w$Q>bm Zmhr. noQ>rbm {~bJyZ amÌâaS>V am{hbr. amÌ g§nVmg§nVm {VM§ Xþ:I‘wH§$ hmoV Job§.

gmh o~bm oH $ Kar J oë¶mda EH$‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmVM ‘moR>çm H$mH$m§Zr {VM§b¾ R>adb§. {JaYa {VMm nVr hmoVm. EH$‘{hZm - Ë¶m EH$m ‘{hÝ¶mâmV ^yar-yar, {~Åz>, {‘Zy ¶m gdmªnmgyZ VwQy>Z ‘mB©n¶ªV

¶oD$Z nmoMbr hmoVr. ‘moÇ>§ Jmob, bmb Hw§$Hy$Am{U VrM bm§~gS>H$ doUr. ""d{hZr,H$mOimZ§ ‘mPo S>moio Iyn Pm|~VmV.''Ë¶m‘wio JmÀ¶m d{hZrMr ~moQ>§ ’$º$ yarÀ¶mnmnÊ¶m§Zm ñne© H$ê$Z Wm§~br hmoVr.

‘moR>çm H$mH$m§Zr {JaYabm {VM§ ZmdH$m¶ gm§{JVb§ hmoV§ H$moU OmUo. Am{UË¶mbm Ë¶m Zmdm~Ôb BVH$m amJ H$m hmoVm‘mhrV Zmhr. {Od§V hmoVm Vmon¶ªV ‘mB©Z§Ë¶m§À¶m Vm|Sy>Z "Eo!' AerM hmH$ EoH$brhmoVr. hçm Jmoï>rM§ ‘mB©bm ’$mag§ dmB©Q>dmQ>b§ Zmhr. Or Jmoï> {VÀ¶m ‘Zmbm bmJbr

Vr hmoVr "H$Oar'. {JaYaÀ¶md{S>bm§Mr hr ‘mJUr ~m~mH$er YwS>H$mdUma? Ë¶m§ZrN>mVrda XJS> R>odyZ {VMrXm oar {JaYaÀ¶m ‘m oR >çm^mdmÀ¶m hmVr gmondbrhmoVr.

‘mB© amÌ§{Xdg {VÀ¶m‘aUmMr BÀN>m H$ar. H$Oar‘oë¶mda EH$ ZdrZ "H$Oar'

74 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

AmUyZ {JaYaZ§ Iw§Q>çmbm ~m§Ybr Voìhm‘mB©bm OmoaXma aSy> ’w$Q>b§ hmoV§. ‘mB©À¶mXþImdboë¶m öX¶mV Vmo Iw§Q>m Ogm H$mhr hOmamooJm nmS>V Imobda OmD$Z éVbm hmoVm.

""hçm ZmdmMmM gJim Ioi Amho aoa‚mmo! EH$ "H$Oar' Zgob Va ~mOmamVXÿYM {‘iUma Zmhr. AmVm ~K H$g§ ‘UmZrXÿY {dH$b§ OmB©b.'' ñdm{‘ËdmMm Jd© Am{Ug‘¥Õ ^{dî¶mÀ¶m H$ënZoZ§ {JaYaÀ¶m OS>AmdmOmV nmoaH$Q>nUmMr Or PmH$ hmoVr{VZ§ AmYrM ‘oboë¶m q~{X¶mbm OUy H$mhrAmUIrZM Imobda aoQ>b§.

Am{U ‘J hr na§nam Aer Aì¶mhVMmby am{hbr H$s amO|Ðbm ZmVy Pmbo Var"H$Oar' H$mhr ‘obr Zmhr. nU AmO BV³¶mdfmªZ§Vahr H$moUr "H$Oar!' Aer hmH$‘mabr H$s Vm|S>mVyZ qH$Mmir ~mhoa nSy>Z¶o åhUyZ ‘mB©bm AmQ>moH$mQ> à¶ËZ H$amdobmJVmV. Am{U Vr AmUIrZM åhmVmarhmoD$Z OmVo.

nwéfm§Mr ‘moOXmX H$am¶bm gmho~ bmoH$¶oV am{hbo, Jm¶r ‘moOm¶bmhr ¶oV am{hbo.Joë¶m H$mhr dfmª‘Ü¶o EH$XmoZdoim yarMrhr JUZm Ho$br Jobr. JUZm Pmbr ZmhrVr ’$º$ "q~{X¶m'Mr.

""AmOr! AmB©!'' YwirZ§ ‘mIbobmA‚my Ymnm Q>mH$V ñd¶§nmH$KamÀ¶m XmamdaYS>H$bm. Mohè¶mdaÀ¶m YwirV Aly§ZrOUyH$mhr JmdâmVë¶m nmD$bdmQ>m aoIë¶mhmoË¶m.

""AmB©, Ë¶m gmho~m§Zm naV KoD$ZAmbmo¶.'' ""H$moUmbm ao? Am{U naVAmUb§¶g åhUOo?'' ""Vo...'' H$m H$moUmgR>mD$H$, "gmho~' hm eãX EoH$ë¶m~amo~a‘mB©À¶m nm¶m§Zr BV³¶m dfmªZ§Va OUyH$mhr’w$emê$Z œmg KoVbm. ~Ky Xo Var, gmho~...Amoh@...!

""{H$Vr JmoS> ‘wbJr Amho.'' gmho~mÀ¶mñdamVë¶m b{S>dmi ào‘mZ§ A§JUmVë¶mCÝhmV OmJm H$ê$Z KoD$Z ~¡R>H$ ‘mabr.emaXmMr VrZ ‘wbm§À¶m nmR>rda Pmbobr -gdmªV YmH$Q>r ‘wbJr hmoVr - Xe©Zm.‘wbrÀ¶m d{S>bm§Zr ho Zmd Hw$Ry>Z emoYyZH$mT>b§ hmoV§ H$moUmg R>mD$H$. Xe©Zm, ghm‘{hÝ¶mMr, Jmob-Jmob, ‘moR>çm-‘moR>çmS>moù¶m§Mr, gmdirer - Xe©Zm.

""{hbm ôQ>m¶bm Va naV ¶m¶bmMnm{hOo hmoV§!''

{~Mmè¶m A‚m yZ § Ooìhm gJù¶m‘mUgm§Mr ~oarO Ho$br Voìhm AmB©OdiPmonboë¶m Xe©Zmbm {dgê$ZM Jobm, Ë¶m‘wiod{S>bm§Zr Ë¶mbm ’$Q>H$mab§. åhUyZ VaA‚myÀ¶m S>moù¶mVyZ {dhra aob BVHo$ Alygm§S>bo hmoVo. AmdmO H$aV Zmhr, MmbVZmhr H$s H$mhr ImV Zmhr. hçm EdT>çmemdrVâ ‘wbrMr JUVr H$am¶Mr gmho~m§ZmH$m¶ JaO Amho ho H$mhr A‚mybm g‘Ob§Zmhr. åhUyZ Ë¶mZ§ AmB©À¶m gmdù¶m,~mhþbrgma»¶m nSy>Z amhUmè¶m Xe©Zmbm‘moOb§ ZìhV§.

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 75

""AmB© åhUmbr H$s Vr ‘wbJr Amho.''A‚my Amnë¶m dmJÊ¶mM§ g‘W©Z H$am¶bmbmJbm Voìhm Ë¶mÀ¶m d{S>bm§~amo~a C^mAgbobm H$„mMm ZmVy JaObm, ""‘J?gmho~m§Zr {H$Vr ‘mUg§ AmhoV Ag§ {dMmab§hmoV§ Zm? Vr œmg Va KoVo Zm? {Vbm‘moOUma Zmhrg? JmT>d Hw$R>bm! Om, YmdVOm Am{U gm§JyZ ¶o H$s Xe©Zm nU AmhoåhUyZ. AOyZ {d{harn¶ªVM nm oMboAgVrb.''

A‚myMo dS>rb hoS>‘mñVa hmoVo, Ë¶m‘wioH$mhrVar ‘hÎdmM§ H$m‘ Agob Agm {dMmaH$ê$Z gmho~ CbQ>çm nmdbr naV Ambo.""h§, ~mobm ‘mñVa!'' ""‘wbmMr MyH$ Pmbr,Ë¶mMr ~hrU, AOyZ Iyn bhmZ Amho Zm,Ë¶m‘wio...!'' ""hmo, hmo H$mhrVar gm§JVhmoVm Iam!... åhUOo Vwåhmbm Mma ‘wb§AmhoV. H$mhr haH$V Zmhr. bJoM XþéñVrH$ê$Z Q>mH$Vmo. Zmd H$m¶ {hM§?'' gmho~a{OñQ>a CKSy>Z E§Q´>r XþéñV H$am¶bm bmJbo.

‘mB©À¶m œmgmMr J{V dmT>br. Zmd?Zmd {b{hUma? hçm drVâ ‘wbrM§? ‘mB©MrnUVr Amho Vr! ""Xe©Zm.'' ‘wbrÀ¶md{S>bm§Zr gm§{JVb§. gmho~m§Zr AJXr hiwdmagwamV naV åhQ>b§, ""Xe©Zm, Ia§M, ZmdAJXr ‘wbrbm gmOog§ Amho. R>rH$ Amho.Vw‘À¶m KaÀ¶m§À¶m g§»¶oV EH$m ‘wbrMrâ KmbVmo.''

""A‚my, hçmM gmho~m§Zr Zmd {dMmab§hmoV§ H$m?'' BÀN>m AgyZhr ‘mB© {VÀ¶m

AmdmOmVbm Amdoe XS>ny eH$br Zmhr.A‚my AOyZhr Ymnm Q>mH$V hmoVm nU AmVmË¶mMo Aly Wm§~bo hmoVo. Ë¶mZ§ "hmo' åhUyZ‘mZ S>mobdbr. ‘mB© AJXr Ord ImD$Znm¶ AmoT>V A§JUmV Ambr. ""hçm?''gmho~m§Zr {VÀ¶mH$S>o {ZX}e H$aV {dMmab§.

nU ‘mB©bm g‘moaMm gmho~ {XgVMZìhVm. {VÀ¶m ZOaog‘moa EH$ C§M,JmoamJmo‘Q>m gmho~ Vaibm. bmb {S>PmB©ZM§gw§Xa Hw§$Hy$ aoIbob§. Km‘mZ§ {Ôbob§ gmdi§H$nmi, H$mOimÀ¶m ~marH$ aofoV ~§{XñV,Km~abobo XmoZ S>moio, ñdV:À¶mM ^mamZ§Ìmgbobr H$‘aoÀ¶mhr Imbn¶ªV PwbUmarbm§~, OmS> doUr- hçmVb§ H$mhrM ZìhV§AmO. nU Ë¶m{Xder Oo ZìhV§ Vo hmoV§AmO - AmO q~{X¶m hmoVr.

doS>rMm hçm ZmdmMm ‘moh H$YrM H$mgwQ>bm Zmhr? yar, ‘mB©, {~Åz> qH$dm {JaYaM§"Eo'! - H$moUV§hr Zmd AmVm Mmbb§ AgV§.hçm Zmdm{edm¶ gJi§ Am¶wî¶ H$mT>b§hmoV§ ‘mB©Z§. ‘J?

‘J? hçm Zmdm{edm¶ Ord OmUmahrZmhr ‘mB©Mm. ‘oë¶mdahr q~{X¶m {VbmOmiV amhrb. ^yar, {~Åz>, bmS>r, ‘rZynmR>rda nS>Umè¶m àË¶oH$ YnmQ>m, X§Sw>³¶m‘wio‘moSy>Z nSy> Z¶o åhUyZ {VMr H$miOr KoVhmoVr - q~{X¶m! yarbm eoVmda Om¶MrqH $dm ‘rZ ybm g y¶ © CJdÊ¶mn yduMñd¶§nmH$KamV OmÊ¶mMr A{O~mV BÀN>mZgm¶Mr. e³¶ AgV§ Va {~Åz>Z§ m§S>çm§H$S>o

76 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

boIH$ : aodm ¶wZwg, ^m¡{VH$ emómMr{ÛnXdrYa, EH$bì¶, B§Xÿa ¶oWo {dkmZ JQ>mVH$m‘ H$aVmVAZwdmX : àrVr Ho$iH$a, nmbH$ZrVr JQ>mVgh^mJr

Tw>§Hy$Zhr nm{hb§ ZgV§ Am{U"Eo!' EoHy$ ¶oVmM {JaYaÀ¶mZì¶m ZìhmirÀ¶m ~m¶H$moZ§drQ>M ’o$Hy$Z ‘mabr AgVr.nU Ë¶m ‘oë¶m q~{X¶mZ§ H$YrZmhrhr åhUy {Xb§ Zmhr. ZmhråhUyZ OmUma Hw$R>o. {JaYaÀ¶mBÀN>obm {Z‘yQ>nUo gm‘moar OmVam{hbr Vr. a‚mygH$Q> AmR>{Û{ÛVo {Xdo ¶Wme³VrAmnë¶m nXamÀ¶m AmS>moembmgm§^miVhr am{hbr Am{U"H$Oar' E oH y $Z E oH y $Z àË¶ oH$ d oirhmoaniVhr am{hbr. ^yarÀ¶m S>moù¶mVrbEHo $H$m Aly‘ wi o àË¶ oH$ d oir ‘mB ©Vi‘im¶Mr Voìhm Ogo H$mhr EH$m OmS>ema{OñQ>aÀ¶m nmZm§VyZ {V[a{‘arZ§ ~mhoa ¶oD$Zq~{X¶mMo hmV Vo Aly ~ioM Wmondm¶Mo.‘mB©M§ dm§PmoQ>§ ‘Z Am{U gmho~mM§ a{OñQ>a¶m{edm¶ q~{X¶mbm WmamM Hw$R>o hmoVm?EH$sH$Sy>Z {ZKyZ Xþgarn¶ªV nmoMÊ¶mMm añVmhoM Og§ H$mhr ‘mB©M§ Am¶wî¶ Pmb§ hmoV§.

""hçm H$moU?'' gmho~m§Zm dmQ>bob§H w $V yhb gmh{OH$M hm oV § . BV³¶mgwaHw$Ë¶m§‘YyZ S>moH$mdUmè¶m XmoZ S>moù¶m§‘YoBVH$s M‘H$ gmho~m§Zr H$Yr nm{hbr Zgob.A‚myÀ¶m ~m~m§ZrM CÎma {Xb§, ""AmOrAmho ‘mPr - ‘mB©.'' EH$X‘ gamB©VnUo‘mB© ~mobbr, ""Zmhr... q~{X¶m.'' dfmªZwdf}ZH$iVnUo Ho$boë¶m àVrjoZ§Va EH$XmM§ ho

Zmd ‘mB©À¶m AmoR>mda Amb§ Ia§, nU {VbmñdVm:MmM AmdmO AmoiIy Ambm Zmhr.

""q~{X¶m...'' gmho~m§Zr nwÝhm {VM§Zmd Cƒmab§ nU ‘mB©bm ’$º$ Ë¶m§Mo AmoR>MhbVmZm {Xgbo. H$mZm§Zr Oer H$mhr hoZmd Z EoH$Ê¶mMr enW KoVbr hmoVr. EoH$b§AgV§ Va ‘ê$ZM Jobr AgVr ‘mB©. AmOrJoë¶mZ§Va, AmO... ñdV:À¶mM earamM§AmoP§ Pmë¶mgmaIr, q^Vrbm Q>oHy$Z C^rAgbobr ‘mB© hiyhiy q^Vrbm {MH$Qy>ZImbr ~gbr. {Vbm WmoS>§M Hw$R>o Om¶M§hmoV§?

e¡j{UH$ g§X © 68 ‘YyZ gm^ma

e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76 77

Amnë¶m Amgnmg {XgUmè¶m’w$bnmIam§‘Yo bmB‘ ~Q>aâbm¶ hm Zoh‘r{XgUmam àH$ma Amho. ho ’w$bnmIê$ AmH$mamZoWmoS>o ‘moR>o AgVo. ho ’w$bnmIê$ XmoZ pñWVrV{XgVo, EH$ n§I {‘Qy>Z KoD$Z ~gbobo qH$dmMmar n§I ngê$Z ~gboboo.

Ooìhm bmB©‘ ~Q>aâbm¶Mo n§I {‘Q>boboAgVo Voìhm Ë¶mÀ¶m XmoZ ew§{S>H$m, ‘moR>oS>moio Am{U nmR>r‘mJrb AirgmaIm ^mJ{XgVmo. ¶mM pñWVrV Ë¶mÀ¶m S>mo³¶mdarbbm§~Q> Cnm§J {XgVo. Ë¶mÀ¶m ~§X n§ImÀ¶m

bmB©‘ ~Q>aâbm¶

ImbÀ¶m mJmV H$mù¶m amImS>r n¥ð> mJmdaS>moiçmgmaIm EH$ ‘moR>m {R>nH$m AgVmo.

Ooìhm ho ’w$bnmIê$ Mmar n§I ngê$Z~gVo Voìhm Ë¶mÀ¶m n§Im§Mr Xþgar ~mOyAmnë¶mbm {XgVo Am{U Amnë¶mbmdoJi§M gm¢X¶© ~Km¶bm {‘iV§. H$mù¶m,amImS>r a§JmÀ¶m n§Im§da gmoZoar {ndù¶ma§JmMo {R>nHo$ ’$maM AmH$f©H$ {XgVmV.S>mo³¶mOdiÀ¶m n§Imdarb mJmda H$mù¶m{ndù¶m a§JmMo Mm¡H$moZ OUy ~wÕr~imMmnQ>M CbJS>ë¶mgmaIo dmQ>Vo. n§ImÀ¶m

boIH$ : {H$emoa n§dma AZwdmX : Á¶moVr Xoenm§S>o

78 e¡j{UH$ g§X^© A§H$ - 76

~mhoarb Q>moH$mH$S>rb ~mOybm Agbobo nm§T>ao{R>nHo$ ~KyZ gw§Xaer Pmba bmdë¶mgmaIr{XgVo. H$mio qH$dm nm§T>ao {R>nHo$ R>amdrH$A§Vamda (symmetrical) H«$‘mZ o{XgVmV. n§ImÀ¶m ‘mJrb ~mOyg Ho$ear/{ndù¶m/{Zù¶m a§JmMo {R>nHo$ ‘moan§ImgmaIo{XgVmV.

’w$bnmIamÀ¶m ~mhoarb gm¢X¶m©dê$ZAmnU AmVm Ë¶mÀ¶m OrdZmVrbAdñWm§H$S>o OmD$¶m.¶m ’w$bnmIamMr A§S>remoYU§ ho WmoS>§ H$R>rU H$m‘ Amho. H$R>rUEdT>çmgmR>r H$s A§S>r AmH$mamZo IynMN>moQ>r AgVmV. Á¶m PmS>mÀ¶m nmZmda Airnmogbr OmB©b Aem R>amdrH$ PmS>m§daMVr A§S>r KmbVmV. ‘r ~obnÌmÀ¶m PmS>mdabmB‘ ~Q>aâbm¶Mr A§S>r ~{KVbr AmhoV.¶mMr A§S>r qb~y OmVrÀ¶m PmS>mda emoYm.EImXdoir Vwåhmbm Ë¶mÀ¶m nmZm§da hrA§S>r ~Km¶bm {‘iy eH$Vrb. H$Xm{MV

¶m‘wiohr ¶mbm bmB‘ ~Q>bâbm¶ åhUVAgVrb.

’w$bnmIamÀ¶m OrdZmVrb XþgarAdñWm åhUOo bmdm© (S>t^). AmnU Ë¶mbmAir ¶m Zmdo AmoiIVmo. ’w$bnmIamMrAir nmZmda EImÚm njmZ o KmUHo$ë¶mgmaIr {XgVo. åhUyZ ¶mbm "~S>©{S´>qnJ bmdm©' Ag§ åhQ>b§ OmV§.

’w$bnmIamMr Air {haì¶m a§JmMr,‘moR>çm AmH$mamMr Am{U OdiOdi~moQ>mEdT>r OmS>rbm {XgVo. Air nmZm§ZmHw$aVSy>Z ImVImV gaH$V AgVo.

’w$bnmIamMr ¶mÀ¶m nwT>Mr AdñWmH$mofmMr AgVo. ho H$mof nmofH$ PmS>m§À¶mAmOy~mOybm {XgVmV. darb {MÌm‘YoAmnë¶mbm Hw$aVS>boë¶m nmZmImbr EH$H$mof {MH$Q>bobm {XgVmo.

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