Global Studies Final Review - thehwhelper.com

Copyright Daniel Nissim 2007

Global Studies Final Review

First Semester Units

Unit One- Into to Global Studies • Time (Cyclical, Linear, BCE vs. BC) • Map projections (Peters, Interrupted, Robinson, and Mercator) • Early humans (Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution) • Migration of peoples

Unit Two- River Valley Civilizations

• Mesopotamia • Nile • Indus • Yellow I and Yellow II

Unit Three- Nomadic Invasions I

• Aryans (European Steppe/Khyber Pass) • Akkadians (Arabian Desert) • Amorites (Arabian Desert) • Hittites (Arabian Desert) • Assyrians (Mesopotamia/Arabian Desert) • Chaldeans (Nebuchadnezzar) • Persians (Steppe) • Hebrews (Arabian Desert) • Vedic Age and Epic Age

Unit Four- Axial Age in India and West Asia

• Zoroastrianism • Brahminism • Asceticism • Jainism • Buddhism • Hinduism (Synthesis)

Unit Five- Axial Age in China

• Era of Warring States • Sun Tzu’s The Art of War • Confucius (Confucianism) • Daoism • Legalism • Han Synthesis


Unit Six-Cultural Diffusion and Golden Ages • Mauryan Empire • Gupta Empire • Mahayana vs. Theravada Buddhism • Han Dynasty • Sui Dynasty • Song Dynasty • Southern Song • Shintoism • Yamato Emperors (Heian) • The Shogunate

Unit Seven-Islam

• Mohammed • Ka’aba • Allah • Hijrah • Medina • Qur’an • Umayyads • Sunni vs. Shi’a • Sufi • Abbasids • Fatimid • Five Pillars of Islam

Unit Eight-Nomads and Empires II

• Mongols (Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Marco Polo) • Mughals (Timur the Lame, Akbar, and Aurangzeb) • Ottomans (Osman, Mehmut, and Suleiman) • Sikhism • Ming Dynasty (Zheng He)

Second Semester Units

Unit Nine- Africa Before 1500 • Geography and barriers • Empires (Mali, Songhai) • Bantu Migration • City-States and trade • Natural Resources


Unit Ten- Latin America Before 1500 & The Conquest • Aztecs • Inca • Spanish conquest (Dias, Columbas, da Gama) • Prince Henry • Magellan

Unit Eleven- Imperialism in Latin America and India

• Magellan • Prince Henry • Dias and da Gama • Artolome de Las Casas • Slave trade and Triangular trade • Columbian Exchange • Mercantilism (Favorable Balance of Trade) • East India Company • Sepoy Mutiny

Unit Twelve- Imperialism in Asia • Opium War • Extraterritorial Rights • Spheres of Influence (Open Door Policy) • Boxer Rebellion • Meiji Era

Unit Thirteen- Imperialism & Nationalism in Africa

• Geopolitics • Suez Canal • Indirect vs. Direct Control • Colony, Protectorate, and Sphere of Influence • Kwame Nkrumah • Jomo Kenyatta • Mau Mau • Daniel Arap Moi • Mobutu Sese Seko • Boer War • Nelson Mandela and ANC • Apartheid • F.W de Klerk • Rwanda and Darfur

Unit Fourteen- Nationalism in Latin America

• L’Ouverture and Dessalines (Haiti) • Bolivar, San Martin, O’higgins (South America) • Hildago, Morelos, de Iturbide (Mexico)


• Dom Pedro (Brazil) • Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary • Castro and Chavez • Cuban Missile Crisis and Bay of Pigs • First, Second, and Third World Countries

Unit Fifteen- Nationalism in Asia

• Gandhi, Jinnah, Nehru • Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Benazir Bhutto • Kasmir • Partition of India • Sun Yat-Sen, Mao Zedong • Long March • 5-Year Plan, Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution • Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin • Four Modernizations • Tiananmen Square • Douglas MacArthur (Demilitarization, Diet, Article 9) • North Korea (Kim Jong Il) • Globalization

Unit Sixteen- Nationalism in the Middle East • Zionism • Suez War • Six-Day War • Yom Kippur War • Camp David Accords • Oslo/Declaration of Principles • Sunni-Shiite Conflicts • P.LO. and the Intifada

Note- The final covers topics from the entire year, but focuses more on the second semester. Also note that this study guide covers practically everything in depth. You may or may not need to know everything on this guide.






Map


Map Copy (Reprint a few times to practice locating places)


Unit One- Intro to Global Studies

Terms BCE: “Before the Common Era.” Referring to the time before Christ’s birth. CE: “Common Era.” Referring to the time after Christ’s birth. BC: “Before Christ.” Referring to the time before Christ’s birth. AD: “Anno Domini,” (“in the year of the lord”). Referring to the time after Christ’s birth. Decade: A span of ten years. Century: A span of 100 years. Millennium: A span of 1,000 years. Age/era: An undefined period of time characterized by a shared pattern of life. Cyclical Time: Time moving in circles. Linear Time: Time moving forward in a straight line from a fixed beginning to some future final event. Lunar Calendar: Based on the phases of the moon. Solar Calendar: Based on the rotation of the Earth around the sun. Ethnocentrism: The belief that one’s own ethnic group/culture is superior to others. Equator: the line of latitude midway between the North and South poles. Latitude: imaginary lines that circle the globe from east to west, measuring an area’s distance north and south of the equator. Longitude: imaginary lines that circle the globe from north to south, measuring an area’s distance east or west of the prime meridian. Prime Meridian: the line of longitude at 0° that runs through Greenwich, England. Hemisphere: half the globe. The globe can be divided into Northern and Southern hemispheres (separated by the equator) or into Eastern and Western hemispheres (separated by the prime meridian). Compass Rose: an object on the map pointing out the four primary directions: north, south, east, and west. Scale: a part of the map that tells the map’s proportion relative to the area’s actual size. Legend: a key that explains symbols, lines, and special colors on the map. Cartographer: a mapmaker Greenwich, England: A point where the prime meridian lies. Mercator Project: All of the lines of longitude are parallel, distorting the projections of the actual size. Peters Project: The lines of latitude near the poles are closer together, but it is more accurate than the mercator project in relative size of al areas. Alas, the shapes are still distorted. Primary Source: Documents written during the same time period as an event. Secondary Source: Material written about an event later.


Oral Tradition: Legends, myths, and beliefs passed on by spoken word from generation to generation. Historians: A writer, student, or scholar of history. Fossil: Evidence of early life preserved in rocks. Prehistoric: Referring to the time period before history was recorded. Artifact: Remains. Culture: People’s unique way of life. Archeologists: Scientists who learn about early people by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements. Anthropologists: Scientists who study culture. Paleontologists: Scientists who study fossils. Mary Leakey: Archaeologist who led a scientific expedition into the region of Laetoli in Tanzania in the mid-1970s. Hominid: Humans and other creatures that walk upright. Lucy: The oldest hominid ever found at 3.5 million years old. Paleolithic Age: Earlier and longer part of the Stone age lasting from 2.5 million to 8,000 B.C.E. Neolithic Age: Beginning about 8,000 B.C.E. and ending as early as 3,000 B.C.E., was the new Stone Age. Homo erectus: “Upright man,” being more intelligent and adaptable than Homo habilis. Homo sapiens: Modern humans. Nomads: People who wander from place to place, rather than making permanent settlements. Hunter-Gatherers: People whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods. Iceman’s Tool Kit: The tool kit of a 5,000 year old prehistoric traveler consisted of a six-foot longbow, 14 arrows in a deerskin case, a stick with an antler tip for sharpening flint blades, a small flint dagger in a woven sheath, and a copper ax. Cave Paintings: Pictures were used to communicate information, ideas, and history. Neolithic Revolution: The agricultural revolution causing the far-reaching changes in human life. Slash-and-Burn Farming: Farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning tress and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil. Domestication: The taming of animals. Africa: Where man began… Race: classifying people by their adaptive, physical characteristics Racism: the belief that one race is superior to another Migration: movement of people


Limitations/Problems with Sources Primary Source- just one point of view, biased Secondary Source- too general, may miss details Oral tradition- story may change over time Fossil- decompose, weathered, difficult to find Artifact- decompose, weathered, have to make educated guess What makes man human?

• Development of skills o Tools o Writing o Agriculture o Fire o Art o Beliefs

World Map

Above is a map of the world. This map is good because it has all of the elements you need to know for the test, but the one thing different in this map is that it splits the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans into North and South. Just so you know, they are just the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.


Map Projections Peters Projection

Interrupted Projection


Robinson Projection

Mercator Projection


Advantages and Disadvantages

Title Advantages Disadvantages Peters Projection • Correct areas of

landmasses and oceans

• Directions are accurate

• Africa and South American are distorted

Interrupted Projection • Correct sizes and shapes of landmasses

• Cuts make impossible to measure length across oceans

Robinson Projection • Correct sizes and shapes of most landmasses

• Accurate size of oceans and distances across land

• Distortion along edges of map

Mercator Projection • Directions accurate

• Accurate view of land masses near equator

• Distorts land near poles (Greenland and Antarctica)

Maps (In General) • Move Convenient • Distortion is inevitable

Globes • More accurate o Size o Shape o Distance in

oceans

• Difficult to transport


Early Human Migration

Agricultural Revolution



Unit Two- River Valley Civilizations

Terms

Civilization: a complex culture with advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. City: a center for trade for a larger area. Specialization: the development of skills in a specific kind of work. Artisan: skilled worker who makes goods by hand. Institution: a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community. Scribes: Professional record keepers. Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped,” a form of writing written in clay with a wedge-shaped stylus. Stylus: a sharpened reed with a wedge-shaped point. Pictograph: symbols of the objects or things they represent. Bronze Age: refers to the time when people began using bronze, rather than copper and stone, to fashion tools and weapons. Ur: one of the earliest cities in Sumer, standing on the banks of the Euphrates River, housing about 30,000 citizens. Barter: way of trading goods and services without money. Ziggurat: a pyramid-shaped monument, meaning “mountain of god.” Fertile Crescent: an arc of land that provides some of the best farming in Southwest Asia. Mesopotamia: a plain that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, meaning, “land between the rivers.” Silt: a thick bed of mud. Irrigation: the bringing of water to crop fields by means of canals and ditches. City-state: a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit. Monarch: full-time rulers who later passed on their control to their heir. Dynasty: a series of rulers from a single family. Cultural Diffusion: the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another. Polytheism: a belief in many gods. Epic: long narrative poem celebrating the deeds of legendary or traditional heroes Epic of Gilgamesh: one of the earliest works of literature describing the heroic adventures of Gilgamesh, a legendary king, and his unsuccessful quest for immortality. Social Structure: People are placed in different respects and class due to their occupation and power. Cataract: a waterfall or stretch of rapids in a river. First Cataract: the point along the Nile where the rapids became too strong for the riverboats to continue upstream southbound.


Upper Egypt: Southern part of Egypt from the First Cataract leading up to the part where the Nile spreads into many branches. Lower Egypt: Northern part of Egypt consisting of the Nile delta region, beginning about 100 miles before the Nile meats the Mediterranean. Nile Delta: a broad, marshy, triangular area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the Nile River. The richness of the soil provides a good home for many birds and other wild animals Menes: King of Upper Egypt who united all of Egypt under one ruler. Memphis: Capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Old Kingdom: Lasting from 2,660 B.C. to 2,180 B.C. Pharaohs: Egyptian god-kings. Theocracy: type of government in which the ruler is a divine figure. Ka: an eternal spirit Pyramid: an immense structure serving as a resting place after death. Great Pyramid of Giza: Largest pyramid consisting of 2 million blocks spanning 13 acres and rising 481 feet. Ra: the sun god. Osiris: the powerful god of the dead who weighed each dead person’s heart. Horus: the god of light. Mummification: embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying. Book of the Dead: scroll that contained hymns, prayers, and magic spells intended to guide the soul in the afterlife. Hieroglyphics: “sacred carving,” an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds. Rosetta Stone: polished black stone found in 1799 near the delta village of Rosetta, it was inscribed in hieroglyphics, a simpler version of hieroglyphics, and ancient Greek. Papyrus: tall reed stalks that were dampened and then pressed into paper-like sheets. First Intermediate Period: Time between the Old and Middle Kingdoms in which Egypt faced a period of weakness and turmoil. Middle Kingdom: From 2080 B.C. to 1640 B.C., strong pharaohs took control back by restoring law and order. They improved trade and transportation by creating a canal from the Nile River to the Red Sea. They conducted many other public projects to improve their irrigation and farmlands. Hyksos: “the rulers of the uplands,” the Asian nomads who came through the Isthmus of Suez into Egypt with horse-drawn chariots and took control from 1640-1570 B.C. Indian Subcontinent: The mass of land including India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Monsoons: Seasonal winds. Khyber pass: Believed to be where northern migrants entered India in the Hindu Kush Mountains.


Harappa: One of the major cities settled near the Indus where many archeological discoveries were made. Mohenjo-Daro: One of the major cities settled near the Indus. City Planning: Layout in Indus cities were of the grid system. Citadel: a fortified area containing the major building of the city. Grid System: Buildings laid out in an organized horizontal-vertical fashion. Indus Seals: Stamps and seals of carved stone were used to identify where a good has come from, in this case, Indus. Great Bath: In Mohenjo-Daro, it was probably used for ritual bathing or other religious purposes. Aryans: Nomads from north of the Hindu Kush Mountains may have been the cause of the fall of the Indus civilization. Huang He River: “yellow river.” Deposits large amounts of fertile loess that is blown by the winds from the deserts to the west. “China’s Sorrow.” Yangtze River: One of the major rivers in central China. Three Gorges Project: a project that will add a dam to China that would provide electrical power equivalent to 10 nuclear power plants. It will displace more than a million Chinese people. Middle Kingdom: China, who felt they were the center of the world. Loess: a fertile deposit of windblown soil. China’s Sorrow: The Huang He River, which in 1887 killed almost a million people. Xia Dynasty: First Chinese dynasty started around 2,000 B.C., whose ruler, Yu, had such flood-control and irrigation projects that controlled the Huang He River and allowed settlements to grow. Yu: An engineer and mathematician, who had great flood-control and irrigation projects that conquered the Huang He and allowed settlements to grow, Shang Dynasty: Lasting from 1532-1027 B.C., was the first family of rulers who left written records. They had elaborate tombs and palaces. Anyang: A capital of the Shang Dynasty, the entire city was made of wood because it was found in a forest. The wealthy lived in timber-framed houses within the walls, while the poorer lived in hovels outside of the city walls. Shang Di: the supreme god of the Shang. Oracle bone: animal bone or tortoise shell with questions scratched on them by a priest for the gods. They would use a hot poker to crack it and interpret the cracks to see the gods’ answer. Zhou Dynasty: Lasting from 1027-256 B.C., they were first to introduce feudalism. This meant, that lords or nobles were granted use of the land legally owned by the king. These local rulers had to protect the people of their area and would owe military service along with loyalty to the king. Mandate of Heaven: Approval of the gods. Dynastic Cycle: Cycle used to describe the patter of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties.


Feudalism: a political system where nobles or lords are granted the use of lands, which by law, belong to the king. In return, they must protect the people of their land and owe military service and loyalty to the king.

Civilization (life in cities)

River Valleys Fertile

Surplus

Specialization

Trade Government

Cooperation Interdependence

Record Keeping

Culture


Characteristics Tigris and

Euphrates Nile

Advanced Cities -population -city planning -name of cities

-Walled cities -Ur

-Memphis -Thebes -No walls (predictable floods) -Surrounded by desert

Specialized Workers -types of work

-farmers -artisans (metalworkers, potters) -scribes, scholars -priests

-farmers -artisans -scribes -government ministers -priests

Complex Institutions -government

-theocracy -legitimacy- marry goddess -city-state -temple servants run government -laws

-Sphinx -King Tut -Theocracy -Pharaoh (King) -Kingdom (Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt) -Dynasties -Government officials -Public Works (Pyramids -Obelisk (symbol of power) -Hatshepsut (only female ruler)

-religion and values -polytheism -Ziggurat -temple servants (rituals)

-polytheism (over 2,000 gods) -Ra (sun), Horus (sky), Isis (Ideal mother) -Ka=the afterlife; Osiris (weighs dead hearts) -Pyramids and tombs -Mummification -Book of Dead

-economy -temple economy (temple servants run economy=farms, taxes, etc.) -trade -surplus -coins

-Trade (Nubia and Mediterranean Sea) -Surplus agriculture -Scribes kept records -Public works (pyramids)

-social structure -King......goddess -Temple servants -Merchants -Artisans (skilled

-Royal class (king, queen, royal family) -Upper class (gov. officials, priests, wealthy


workers) -Peasants (farmers) -Slaves (P.O.W.,debt) *Lived outside walls

landowners, army commanders) -Middle Class (merchants, artisans) -Lower class (farmers, unskilled workers) -Slaves -Social mobility through marriage, success -Relative gender equality

Record Keeping -writing -calendar -literature -history -education

-Cuneiform -Epic of Gilgamesh -Maps -Pictographs

-Hieroglyphics -Pictographs- phonographs became ideographs -Papyrus -Book of Dead

Advanced Technology -tools -irrigation -metals -architecture -math/science

-Wheel -Irrigation -Astronomy -Chemistry -Bronze -Sail -Plow -Architecture -Number system based on 60

-Mummification -Papyrus -Numbers/math -Geometry (engineering) -Architecture (stone columns) -Calendar- floods (inundation, emergence, drought) -Medicine (pulse, splints, surgery)

What caused the decline of the civilization? -invasions -natural disasters

-Sargon of Akkad invades -Population increase causes overuse of land

-Hyskos (nomads) invade on chariots

Characteristics Indus Advanced Cities -population -city planning -name of cities

-Harappa -Mohenjo-Daro -Well planned (grid system) -Citadel


-farmers -artisans -merchants -traders -priests


-strong central government- organized cities, uniform constructions


-Little/no military (natural barriers) -religion and values -Polytheism

-Baths=purity -Bulls- cow=sacred -Yoga meditation -Mother Goddess -Afterlife -Wheel (reincarnation)

-economy -Trade (Mesopotamia) -Seals -Surplus (granaries)

-social structure -Priestly class -Aristocrats -Traders, merchants, teachers -Artisans -Farmers -Probably no slaves or poor -Relative equality (uniform housing)


-Seals -Pictographs

Advanced Technology -tools -irrigation -metals -architecture -math/science

-Plumbing -Sewage systems/toilets -Engineering -Standard bricks, weights -Chess, dice -Cloth, cotton -Pottery (glazed tiles)

What caused the decline of the civilization? -invasions -natural disasters

-Unpredictable river changed course -Over population led to overuse of land -Sudden catastrophe -Aryan (nomads) invasion


Characteristics Yellow I

Xia and Shang Dynasties

Yellow II Zhou Dynasty

Advanced Cities -population -city planning -name of cities

-Anyang -Wooden -Walls -Peasants outside walls

-Hao and Luoyang


-farmers -irrigation builders -artisans -warriors -civil servants, scribes

-farmers -irrigation builders -artisans -warriors -civil servants, scribes


-Emperor, royal court -Strong central gov.- public works projects (irrigation, palaces, tombs)

-Feudalism -King -Lords -Peasants -Mandate of Heaven and dynastic cycle concepts begin

-religion and values -ancestor worship (family important) -oracle bones -Middle Kingdom -Polytheism

-Mandate of Heaven -Ceremonies

-economy -Surplus agriculture -Increased economic activity -More trade, larger cities

-social structure -Emperor -Warrior class/nobles -Artisans, merchants -Peasants -Women (inferior)

-Emperor -Lords -Civil servants (gov. workers) -Merchants, artisans -Peasants


-Characters -Pictographs to ideographs -Oracle bones -Standard written language (unifies China), many spoken languages

-Ideographs -Scholars- education important

Advanced Technology -tools -irrigation -metals -architecture

-Jade carving -War chariots -Bronze (weapons, vessels, not tools) -Silk

- Iron (weapons, tools) -Coined money -Roads


-math/science What caused the decline of the civilization? -invasions -natural disasters

-Replaced by feudal lords -Overthrown by Zhou

-Zhou monarch killed (nomads) -Capital moved east -Period of chaos- Era of Warring States (lords fighting)

Feudalism of the Zhou Dyansty

Emperor

Lords

Peasants

Accomplishments of Old Sumer • Alcohol • Tile • Temples • Palaces • Coins • Pottery • Wheels • Arch • Astronomy • Literature • School • Maps • Time

Land

Use land Protection

Crops Loyalty

Military Loyalty Taxes/crops


Advantages and Disadvantages of Geography

Civilization Advantages Disadvantages Mesopotamia -Fertile land -Unpredictable flooding

(destructive) -Travel difficult -Man-made irrigation -barriers -No natural barriers

Nile -Predictable flooding (cycle) -Natural irrigation -Silt -Winds (Easy transport) -Natural barriers (Desert, cataracts)

-Cataracts

Indus -Tropical climate -Monsoon rains -TRADE!!! -Natural barriers (mountains) -Protection

-Tropical climate (diseases) -Monsoons unpredictable (famine) -Monsoons->flooding =destructive -River unpredictable

China -Fertile Loess -Protected by natural barriers

-Suspended river (have to build walls) -Destructive flooding (“China’s Sorrow”) -Isolated by barriers -Middle Kingdom -Unpredictable River




Unit Three- Nomadic Invasions I

Terms

Indo-European Nomads: Pastoral nomads living in the steppes of inner-Asia at the start of the first millennium B.C.E. Semitic Nomads: Pastoral nomads living in the Arabian Desert at the start of the first millennium B.C.E. Aryans: Indo-European pastoral nomadic group who lived on the steppes of southern Russia. Around 1700 B.C.E., they began to move into present day Iran. Some even reached the Indus River Valley and took over many cities. Gangetic Plain: Place where the Aryans searched for Iron ore for axes, tools, and new land. Vedas: Sacred texts split into four books including hymns to the gods, instructions on how to perform rituals, and speculation of the meaning of the universe. Not written down because the Aryans had no written language, so it was passed by song or chant from generation to generation. Vedic Age: Period in India from 1500-1000 B.C.E. Rajas: Chiefs who ruled the many Aryan groups. Kshatriya: Political leaders and warriors. Brahmin: Priests held responsible for rituals and maintaining cultural tradition. Vaishya: Traders, farmers, and craftsmen. Sudra: Served the twice-born and did all of the hard labor. Varna: The four original communities (Kshatriyas, Brahmins, Vaishyas, and Sudras) also means color. Epic Age: 1000-500 B.C.E. in India. The two important epics of the time were Mahabharata and Ramayana. Mahabharata: The story of the great civil war among several Aryan tribes. The focus is on the dispute among cousins and their allies and who had the legitimate right to rule. Dharma: Meaning to uphold; a person’s role or something’s attributes. Jati: Subcaste. Untouchables: Those without a caste because of the occupation, color, misfortune of their ancestors, or some other reason making them impure. Sargon of Akkad: Around 2350 B.C., he led his city-state of Akkad to defeat the city-states of Sumer. Akkadians: People of Akkad who were Semites, speaking a language related to Arabic and Hebrew. Empire: Brings together several people, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler. Amorites: A Semitic group of nomadic warriors who overtook Mesopotamia around 2000 B.C.


Babylonian Empire: Lasting close to 5 centuries, it was developed by the Amorites and was in the land of Sumer (Mesopotamia). Hammurabi: Leader of the Babylonian Empire from 1792-1750 B.C. Hammurabi’s Code: A set of laws (282) created by Hammurabi, which brought all of the other laws together. The code was the law over Babylonia, giving harsher punishments to the rich because they were supposed to set an example. Migrations: Movements of a people from one region to another. Hittites: An Indo-European people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 B.C. Anatolia: The southwest Asian peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey. It is also called Asia Minor. Hittite Empire: Lasting from 1650-1200 B.C., controlling Asia Minor and struggling to control Syria. Also had many inhabitants in Babylonia. Assyria: A Southwest Asian kingdom that controlled a large empire from about 850-612 B.C. Sennacherib: Assyrian king who had sacked 89 cities and 830 villages and burned Babylon. Nineveh: Assyria’s capital along the Tigris River. It was three miles long and a mile wide, and held one of the largest libraries of the time: Ashurbanipal: One of the Assyrian kings who had pride in his ability to read many languages. He had a library consisting of more than 25,000 clay tablets, some of them being dictionaries translating between languages. Medes: A Southwest Asian people who helped destroy the Assyrian Empire. Chaldeans: A southwest Asian people who helped destroy the Assyrian Empire and later took over the territory. Nebuchadnezzar: A Chaldean king who took pride in his famous hanging gardens, rising 75 feet above the Babylonian plains. His capital city, Babylon, had walls wide enough for a four-horse chariot to ride over and had a seven tiered ziggurat that was over 300 feet high. He also sent the Jews to Babylon (mass-deportation). Palestine: A region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. Canaan: Area of Palestine that was the chosen land for the Jewish people. Torah: The five books of the Jewish religion written down in scrolls and considered to be the most sacred writings. Abraham: The “father” of the Jews. Monotheism: The worship of ONE god. Covenant: Mutual promise between God and the Hebrew people. Moses: the man who led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt back to Canaan. Ten Commandments: The two tablets God “wrote” on the top of Mount Sinai, being the basis of law for the Jewish people.


Mount Sinai: Place where Moses received the Ten Commandment from God. Ethical Monotheism: Emphasis on right conduct and the worship of ONE god. Israel: Kingdom of the Jewish people under the power of Saul, David, and Solomon during the years 1020-922 B.C.E. It then split into Israel in the north and Judah in the south. Judah: The last tribe of Hebrews left after the exile. Also split into a separate kingdom in the South during 922 B.C.E. Tribute: peace money paid by the weaker power to the stronger. The Hebrews paid tribute to the Assyrians. Solomon’s Temple: A beautiful temple in Jerusalem decorated with gold and bronze and the house of the sacred Ark. Second Temple: The temple completed in 515 B.C.E. that was permitted by the consent of Cyrus, the Persian king. It was also built in Jerusalem.

Nomads People Attacked

Pattern Leaders Accomplishments

Aryans- European Steppe/Khyber Pass

Indus Salad Bowl (Caste System)

(First) Kshatriyas Then Brahmins

• Caste System • Vedas • Epics • Iron • Ganges-> Deccan

Plateau • (Conquered) •

Akkadians- Arabian Desert

Sumer city-states

Assimilate-> Empire Building

Sargon • First Empire (territory) • Power (temple -

>military) Amorites (Semites)- Arabian Desert

Akkadian Empire

Empire Building (Babylonian Empire)

Hammurabi

• Hammurabi’s Code (brings order, retribution, unifies empire)

• Code on stones around Empire

• Two sets of punishments based on class (higher and women get harsher)

• Babylon Hittites- Arabian Desert

Anatolia and parts of Mesopotamia

Empire Building/Melting Pot

________________________________

• Advanced cities (walled)

• Strong Military o Chariots (Iron)

• Own code of laws


(Babylonian Empire)

Assyrians- Mesopotamia/Arabian Desert

Babylonia and Parts of Hittites

City Crushers/ Empire Building

Ashurbanipal Sennacherib

• Tribute • Mass-Deportation

Chaldeans- Nebuchadnezzar

Assyrian Empire

Empire Building (Neo-Babylonia)

Nebuchadnezzar

• Neo-Babylonia • Gardens • Palaces • Astronomy • Mass-Deportation

Persians-Steppe

Neo-Babylonian Empire

Empire Building (Persian Empire)

Cyrus Darius

• Royal Road • Coins • Satraps • Tolerant

Hebrews- Arabian Desert

Palestine (Philistines)

City Crushers/Assimilate

Abraham Moses Saul David Solomon Prophets

• Temple • 10 Commandments • Covenant • Prophets

o Ethical Monotheism • Diaspora (Dispersal of

people)

Setting the Stage

Nomads -------------------- Settled Chariots Horses Iron Weapons Bow/Arrow Constantly Moving

Nomads (Push)

Settled (Pull)

• Military Technology • Drought • Overgrazing • Strong Leader

• Surplus food • Women and Treasures (Booty) • Weak from war/floods • Tools • Weapons


Patterns of Nomadic Invasion and Interaction A) Peaceful Co-existence

-Exchange goods nonviolently B) Nomads Invade Settled Area

Pattern 1: Settle Down and Assimilate

-slowly adopt ways of settled people, transform into agriculturalists -eventually giving up nomadic ways

Pattern 2: Pushed Back -did not change way of life for either group

Pattern 3: Hit and Run -nomads attack a city, subdue it, take what want, move on -urban area recovers, relatively unchanged, may build up defenses

Pattern 4: City Crushers -destroy the areas they invade, leave city in ruins

Pattern 5: Empire Building -move into sparsely populated areas near cities -build up power base -from power base, invade and take over cities and empires

Pattern 6: Melting Pot -invade, conquer, settle -mix ideas and values to create new society with settled and nomadic characteristics

Pattern 7: Liberation and Transformation -nomads invade, conquer and rule -after some years, settled people throw nomads out -settlers become transformed and take on nomadic values; become conquerors themselves

Pattern 8: Salad Bowl -nomads invade, conquer, settle downs -nomads remain separate from settled people -separation usually involved a division of labor


Early Varna System Later Varna System

Sudra (Workers)

Vaishyas (Herders)

Brahmins (Religious Leaders/Scholars)

Kshatriyas (Rulers/Warriors)

Aryans

Indus

Sudra (Workers)

Vaishyas (Artisans/Merchants)

Kshatriyas (Warriors)

Brahmins (Priests)

Untouchables (Unclean)


What caused the change? -They were more settled rituals became very important (Control rituals Vedas) Change- Aryans no longer nomads

Positive Caste Negative • Ban on intermarriage • Give security in group • Accept condition in life • Order in society

• Diet, water • Marriage • Funeral • Gods worshipped • Where live • Friends • Occupation

• Intermarriage is not allowed

• No social mobility • No equality

o Restricted Freedom • Little incentive

Affirmative Action in India- “Reservation System” (new law- expand number of required spots in college

Positive Negative • Gives opportunity for lower peoples • Help modernize India • Help end poverty • Help education • Promotes diversity

• Takes away spots for upper peoples • Makes students aware of others

caste • Strengthens caste divisions • Kids will get into college with little

ability Hebrews

Chaos Order - Prophets upset

-not help poor -not keep covenant -note enough righteous actions (justice)

- Predict attack Punishment (came true)

Mass Deportations

- Prophets preach -bad things happen to good people -keep faith -righteous actions -stay true to covenant and 10 Commandments Ethical Monotheism -1 god (All powerful) -moral or righteous actions


2000 B.C.- God commands Abraham to take his people to Canaan.

1650 B.C.- Descendents of Abraham move to Egypt.

1300-1200 B.C.- Hebrews begin their “exodus” from Egypt.

1020B.C.- Hebrews unite and form the kingdom of Israel.

962 B.C.- King David is succeeded by his son Solomon.

922 B.C.- Kingdom splits into two, Israel and Judah.

722 B.C.- Assyrians conquer Israel.

586 B.C.- Chaldeans attack Jerusalem and destroy Solomon’s Temple.

515 B.C.- Second Temple is completed..

Ten Commandments

1. I am the Lord thy God. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.

2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaver above…

3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.

4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy…

5. Honor thy father and thy mother. 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false

witness against they neighbor. 10. Thou shalt not covet they

neighbor’s house, thou shalt not covet they neighbor’s wife…

Hagar Abraham Sarah

Ishmael Isaac

Arabs

Mohammed

12 Tribes


Essay Question: How can a ruler govern a large empire to establish stability and properity? Alternatives Possible Results Use military force to add new territories and collect tribute.

Resentment leads to rebellion and my produce instability.

Divide territories into provinces with local governors or use civil service.

It becomes easier to govern diverse cultures and populations,

Allow local self-government and tolerate local customs.

Loyalty to empire and its leaders grows.

Encourage adoption of empire’s religion, language, and culture.

People identify with dominant culture, which promotes unity.

Build roads and other communication channels.

The empire is unified, which makes expansion and control easier and promotes trade.

King Cyrus King Darius Both

- Ordinary: did not get buried in glorified tomb

- Died in battle protecting his empire

- Merciful (kind) - Allowed Jews to

rebuild temple

- Respected conquered people (religion, language, property)

- Warrior leader

- Could not conquer Greece

- Divided empire into 20 provinces

- Satrap ruled each local province

- “King’s eyes and ears” looked over satraps

- Each province had an army leader and a tax collector

- Royal road spanned from Susa to Sardis

- Unified coin system - Lots of trade


Unit Four- Axial Age in India and West Asia

Terms: Zoroastrianism

Dualism: two radically different principles. Ahura Mazda: Force of good. Represented by light and fire. Ahriman: Force of evil. Represented by darkness. Ethical Dualism: two radically different principles where one is good and the other is bad.

Axial Age Axial Age: Sixth century BCE, age of philosophers. Axle: central spoke that a wheel revolves around. Axial Idea: central idea that a society revolves around. Philosopher: lover of wisdom; teachers who began to seek new answers to problems in society.

Brahminism Rama: Eldest son of the King, was banished from the kingdom at his father’s demand. He followed his father’s wish and did not even return at the calling of Bharata, the brother chosen to be king. Bharata: Stepson of the King, he was appointed king at his mother’s demand. When he learned of this, he went to Rama and told him that he should take the place as king. Rama said no and Bharata promised to save the spot for Rama when he would return from his exile. The King: Followed his promise of allowing his wife any two wishes, he banished his eldest son Rama and appointed his stepson Bharata as king. Sita: Wife of Rama, she followed Rama on his exile and was a loyal, good wife. She even proved her purity to her husband when she was saved from the evil King of Lanka.

Asceticism Asceticism: “self-denial” ; withdrawing from all pleasure of the senses and giving away all material possessions. Ascetic: a person who withdraws from all pleasure of the senses and who gives up all their material possessions. Brahman: the substance that makes up the entire universe. Atman: an individual’s essence. Moksha: the experience of Oneness. Upanishads: “to sit down in front of” ; the collected writings of the learned ones. Samsara: the idea of rebirth. Karma: the measure of one’s actions either good or bad. Dharma: a person’s role and duty in society.

Jainism Mahavira: “great hero” ; Kshatriyan prince of Magadha who was the father of Jainism


Jainism: religion founded by Mahavira that believed everything was composed of Jiva and that one’s goal was to free the Jiva from things so that it can go back to its natural form. Karma: the sum of good or bad actions Ahimsa: do no harm to any living thing. Jina: a person with absolute control over their senses Vira: a brave warrior. Doctrine of Maybe: Maybe something looks that way to you from your point of view, but it might look different to someone else. Orthodox Jains: devout Jains who wore masks and carried brushes to prevent killing any creatures.

Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama: Prince who lived in Kapilavastu, was the founder of Buddhism. Enlightenment: wisdom. Enlightened One: Buddha; one who has seen wisdom. Four Noble Truths: 1) Everything in life is suffering and sorrow. 2) The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world. 3) The way to end all suffering is to end all desires. 4) The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial. Eightfold Path: Right views, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Middle Way: the noble Eightfold Path. Nirvana: the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment. Sangha: first being a community of Buddhist nuns and monks, but later becoming referred to as the entire religious community. Three Jewels: “I take refuge in Buddha. I take refuge in the laws. I take refuge in the community.” Stupas: sacred mounds said to contain the relics of Buddha.

Hinduism Brahmanism: Dominant religion of early India. Divided people into castes, where the highest caste, Brahmins, performed rituals. (Polytheistic). Hinduism: Religion that combines the beliefs of Jainism, Buddhism, and Brahmanism. It has four goals and four stages for one to complete in order to reach moksha or the detachment from samsara. Dharma: a role, occupation, or job. One’s duty/responsibility. Artha: surviving and succeeding. Kama: pleasure and delight. Kamasutra: a textbook that includes the 64 arts that an ideal mother should be able to do, including word games, home decoration,


storytelling, music, cooking, flower arranging, entertainment, and several other skills. Moksha: Oneness and the releasing from samsara. Guru: a teacher. Brahma: The creator. Vishnu: The preserver. Shiva: The destroyer. Ganesh: People pray to him to remove obstacles. Kids draw his elephant nose on their tests for help. Hanuman: Represents the ideal servant.

Western Religions Eastern Religions Judaism, Islam, and Christianity Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism

(India) Monotheism=belief in one god Monism=everything is one universal

substance (Brahman/Jiva) God is separate/above from the people.

god

people

“God” and the people are ONE substance.

Brahman

Time is linear. BC AD

Time is cyclical.

Reincarnation

Ethical Behavior Ex- 10 Commandments

Less clear line between right/wrong and good/bad Ex- Dharma (Caste, Gender) Doctrine of Maybe


Chaos

Order


Religion Chaos Order Zoroastrianism -people lose faith in

sacrifices and magi (priests) -still had wars, famine, oppressive leaders, floods, death and disease -violence

-Zoroastrianism (Ethical Dualism) Good VS. Evil Vision-Day Vision-Night Ahura Mazda Ahriman Create- truth, wisdom Falsehood, ignorance -Free Will (Choose what you want)

Asceticism- (Early Hinduism)

-Brahminism -resent Brahmin power -Kshatriyas want more power -Vaishyas want more status -Rituals -Useless -Extravagant -Wasteful

-Follow your dharma to build good karma to reach moksha, the union of atman and brahman, and escape samsara. -ascetic lifestyle -karma helps explain unfairness in life -hopes

Jainism- Mahavira

-Violence -Wars -Sacrifices -Brahminism -Power -Corrupt -Rituals

-Goal: Free Jiva -Ahimsa (non-injury) -thoughts -actions -Doctrine of Maybe -Tolerance (Accept differences of opinion -Self control (desire) -Ascetic lifestyle -Good Karma

Choose good deeds, be righteous, just, chaste, compassionate, charitable, promote education, care for cattle, don’t pollute, place dead on raised platform Go to heaven- Eternal Bliss

Choose bad deeds, sacrifices, fasting, rituals, traditional gods (OLD POLYTHEISM) Go to hell- Pain and Suffering

Avoid Conflict


Buddhism- Siddhartha

-Brahminism -Sacrifices -Power -Corruption -Suffering -CASTE

-Goal: Nirvana (enlightenment -4 noble truths -8 fold path -Middle Way (=) NO CASTE (dharma) -Anyone can achieve Nirvana -No sacrifices -No priests

Notes on Zoroastrianism

Influences on Christianity, Judaism, and Islam • Heaven, Hell • Satan, angels • Armageddon • Free Will • Pray 5 times a day

Why Accepted?

• Made it easier to face injustices in life• Reward comes at end of life • Those who obey the rules are saved and go to heaven • You have control

How it Spread?

• Darius, King of Bactria, made it the official religion • Persian Kings


- - Influences --- Evolution


Notes on Asceticism

How Successful?-Not very - Elites: literates (Upanishads)

o $ for ascetic lifestyle - Did not appeal to average people

Notes on Jainism

How Successful?-Not very - Difficult

o Ascetic o Ahimsa o Doctrine of Maybe

- Elite- $ to be ascetic

Jobs - Not farmers, warriors - Had to be merchants - Vegetarians

Notes on Buddhism

What Siddhartha Saw 1. Old Age 2. Sickness 3. Death 4. Wandering Holy Man

What Mara tempted Siddhartha with

1. Kama- Pleasure 2. Artha- Power 3. Dharma 4. Moksha

4 Noble Truths

1. All life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by desire. 3. There is a way out of suffering. 4. The way to extinguish desire is to follow the eightfold path.

Eightfold Path

1. Right Understanding: Know the truth of the Four Noble Truths 2. Right Purpose: Have the urge to follow the path and reach nirvana


3. Right Speech: Do no lie or slander anyone and do not say things that are unkind

4. Right Conduct: Do not kill, steal, lie or be unchaste or drink 5. Right Livelihood: Choose an occupation that serves humanity and

does not harm life 6. Right Effort: Have self-control, especially over your thoughts. Strive

for the good 7. Right Awareness: Have psychological insight into your own motives

and deeds. Do not be moved by either joy or sorrow 8. Right Concentration: Ponder deeply and meditate until you

experience nirvana

How Successful?-Very - Lower caste, women

• No caste • Middle Way • You are in control, no priests • Simple, easy

Notes on Hinduism

• Everything is Brahman and gods are just representations of Brahman. People pray to them not as the goal, but in search of the goal.

• One must overcome their ignorance to the fact that their atman is one with the universal Brahman to reach Moksha.

Missionaries Trade



Zoroastrianism Brahminism Asceticism Jainism Buddhism Hinduism Founder(s) Zoroaster or

Zarathustra Brahmins (No one founder)

Ascetic, upper caste (No one founder)

Mahavira- anti-brahmin

Siddhartha Synthesis by Brahmins

What was founder upset with in society?

-Violence -Empire

- Anti-Brahmin - Anti-Sacrifice

-Brahmin -Corruption -Sacrifices -Luxuries

-Luxuries: desire -Caste System -Suffering

People leaving for Buddhism and Jainism

Text(s) Avesta Vedas and Epics (Ramayana and Mahabharata)

Upanishads Doctrine of Maybe

Sutras Bhagavad Gita Mahabharata also Vedas, Ramayana, Upanishads

Goal Be with Ahura Mazda “Heaven”

Stable Sociey dharma

Moksha Free Jiva (force in all material things)

Nirvana (Enlightenment)

-Moksha -Artha (4 goals) -Kama -Dharma

How does one reach the goal? (Important Beliefs)

Free Will Follow good- resistance (ethical dualism)

Dharma Caste System Polytheistic Rituals

Dharma Karma Escape samsara when reached moksha (Brahman and Atman are one) -Ascetic Lifestyle

-Self Control of senses -Jina=someone with absolute control over senses -Ahimsa -Vegetarianism -Merchants -Doctrine of Maybe -Ascetic

-Believe in 4 noble truths -Follow the 8 fold path -Compassion (kama) -Middle Way

4 Yogas -Devotion gods -karma indifference -4 stages

Who would be attracted to this religion?

Brahmins Upper Caste Merchants Anti-Caste Equality Lower caste Women

People who didn’t like strict Buddhist & Jainist rules



Unit Five- Axial Age in China

Terms: Zhou Dynasty: Ruling the middle kingdom (China) from the 12th-3rd century B.C.E. It gave territorial control to feudal lords who in turn, paid taxes and loyalty to the Zhou. Era of Warring States: 441-221 B.C.E. Feudal lords fight amongst each other for territory and power. Zhou control is non-existent. Ethics of war are broken and new rules are less-gentlemen like. The Art of War: A guide, written in the middle of the 5th century B.C.E., on how one can carry a successful war campaign. Sun Tzu, its author, suggest alternatives to fighting and how one can win war without warfare. Sun Tzu: Author of The Art of War Confucius: Born in 551 B.C. to a poor family, he was a scholar who held many ideas on how the government should be run and how people should interact. The 5 Relationships: 1) Ruler and subject, 2) Father and son, 3) Husband and wife, 4) Older brother and younger brother, and 5) Friend and friend. Filial Piety: Children’s respect for their parents and elders. The Analects: Collecting writings of Confucius’ teachings recorded by his students. Mencius: One of Confucius’ disciples who spread his ideas. Bureaucracy: a trained civil service; those who run the government. Laozi: Founder of Dasoism, he wrote a book called Dao De Ching (The Way of Virtue). It was legend that he was held in his mother’s womb for 62 years and came out with a head of white hair. It is believed that he was born some time in the sixth century B.C. Dao De Ching: The Way of Virtue, written by Laozi. It describes how the universal force of Dao (“the Way”) guides all things. Dao: universal force that guides all things; “the Way” I Ching: A book of oracles that people used to answer ethical or practical problems. The reader would throw a set of coins, determine the results, and then read the corresponding oracle; “The Book of Changes” Yin: represents the feminine qualities in the universe. Yang: represents the masculine qualities in the universe. Legalism: Government should use laws to end civil disorder. Hanfeizi and Li Si: Two founders of Legalism. Qin Dynasty: Erected in the third century B.C., its first ruler was Shi Huangdi followed by his son. It was overthrown by Han peasants in 202 B.C.


Shi Huangdi: “First Emperor” ; Assumed command at the age of 13, he was the first, and strongest emperor of the Qin Dynasty. He set forth projects such as a new road system and the Great Wall of China. “Strenghtening the trunk and weakening the branches”: All the noble families were brought to the capital while Shi Huangdi seized the land and divided it into 36 administrative districts. He sent officials of the Qin Dynasty to govern these districts. Autocracy: a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner. Great Wall: Spanning 1,400 miles, it forced invaders to go halfway through Tibet to enter China. Shi Huangdi forced labor open the people to construct the wall or they would die. Ch’angan: Capital of the Han Dynasty under Liu Bang. Liu Bang: First emperor of the Han Dynasty ruling from 202 B.C.-195 B.C. when he died. “The People of Han”: how the Chinese referred to themselves under the rule of the Han. Han Synthesis: A combination of Confucian, Taoist, and Legalist philosophies to create a rule where China could be united under a fair rule. 6 Ministries: Appointments (fill government positions), revenue (tax collection), ceremonies (facilitate and supervise all public outings), punishments, war, and public works (supervising of irrigation project and maintenance of defensive wall and the canals).

Breakdown Nomadic

Invasions Settlement and Chaos

Axial Age (Order)

Synthesis

Yellow River Shang Dynasty

-Zhou (not really nomads) -Mandate of Heaven -Feudalism

-Era of Warring States -Breakdown of Zhou Dynasty

-Confucianism -Daoism -Legalism (Qin Dynasty)

HAN DYNASTY

Human

Nature If good, how corrupted? If evil, how controlled?

Methods/Means to Goal

Role of Leader and Government

Relationship between Individual and Society

Legalism Hanfeizi Li Si

Evil Control- -Harsh laws -Rewards/ punishments

Fa- Laws- rewards/ punishments Shih- Power- Strong Central

Leader- all powerful (autocracy) -Rule by force

Society (Gov.) > Individual- Must Obey


-Strong Gov.

Government Shu- Methods- spies, ministers, etc.

-Gov. says right and wrong Splinter

Confucianism Analects

Good (except nomads) Corrupted by -Greed -Selfishness -Power -Poor morals

Perfection -Ren and Li -Be a chunzi -Family -Filial Piety -5 relationships

Rule by moral example, not force, laws (nomads) -Early Zhou (Chunzi) Phoenix

Family (Society) > Individual

Daoism Lao Tzu’s Dao De Ching

Good Corrupted by -Action -Imbalance -Not in nature -Not in lower path -Greed -Selfishness -Power -Poor Morals

Dao -Harmany with nature -Balance- yin/yang -Wu Wei -Lower Path

Passive -Leave people alone -Best gov. is no or very little gov.

Individual > Society

Confucianism Foudner- Confucius (Kung Fu Tzu)/ Mencius Texts- Analects Ren/Jen- Appropriate feelings, thoughts attitudes (virtues, compassion, modesty) Li- Appropriate actions (manners, ceremonies) Status was determined by: Gender, education, age, birth order, not wealth Scholars Farmers Artisans Merchants 5 Basic Relationships

1. Ruler and Subject 2. Fater and Son 3. Husband and Wife 4. Older brother and Younger brother 5. Friend and friend

Filial Piety- respect for parents/elders • Parents provide, teach Li and Ren • Kids- respect, provide in old age, repay • Family basis of society

Chun-Tzu- Ideal Leader

Superior vs. Inferior


• Modeled after early Zhou Leaders • By education, not birth (Social Mobility)

Leaders should rule by: moral example. Not force, not laws. Daoism (Taoism) Founder- Laozi (Lao Tzu) Texts- Dao De Ching Dao- “the Way” The Way (Monism)- Universal force

• Moral path that humans should follow Harmony- Goal: man and nature Interdependent Yin-Yang

• Yin- Feminine: earth, dark • Yang- Masculine: heaven, light • Harmony of Opposites (A little Yin in Yang and a little Yang in Yin)

Wu Wei- action by non-action do nothing (glass of muddy water) relax and let problems solve themselves Legalism Founders- Li Si and Hanfeizi Fa- Law- Bring order/harmony

• Need laws because people are bad • Virtue, morals, rituals not enough • System of Punishment/System of Rewards

Shih- Power • Strong, centralized government • People will obey out of fear

Shu- Methods in Art of Government • Appoint ministers • Spies • Put down threat revolts with FORCE

How a government based on Legalism would operate • 1 ruler- act like a dictator (autocracy) • Strict Laws • Punish/Reward • Taxes, forced labor

Splinter

Focus- war- defense Farming


• Put down revolts Shi Huangdi and Qin

Strengths Weaknesses -Unifies China -Stops fighting -Great Wall of China -Peace and trade -Standardized money, measurements, weights, roads -Divides Empire into 36 districts -Spies -“Strengthening trunk, weakening branches”

-Forced labor -Burned Confucian books -Killed Confucian scholars -Harsh Punishments

Philosophy Problems trying

to solve Solution Who would be

attracted? Confucianism -Chaos, war,

violence, poor leaders, decline in morals

-Moral Example (Ren, Li, 5 relationships, Filial Piety -Family works Society Works

-Peasants, scholars -NOT nobles, warriors

Daoism -War, violence, poor leaders (lords)

-Get in harmony -Seek lower path -Look within find Dao -Float with Dao

-Peasants (Importance of nature/lower path) -NOT nobles, soldiers, merchants

Legalism -Era of Warring States: war, chaos, corruption

-Strong Central Government -Force, laws, fear, punishments

-Rulers and Soldiers -Shi Huangdi (First Emperor)


What ideas were taken from Legalism? (Government)

What ideas were taken from Confucianism? (Values)

What ideas were taken from Daoism? (Culture)

Government -18 provinces -6 ministries -Revenue (taxes) -Ceremonies -Punishments -War -Public Works -Appointments Economy -Standardized -Coins, weights, axles, writing, roads Communications -Roads -Canals -Writing

Emperor- power, loving father -rule by moral example -rule justly -delegate power Family- base of society: filial piety, 5 relationships, ren and li, ancestor worship Laws and military are only for nomads (non-chinese) Social Structure -Scholars: Government -Peasants (farmers) -Artisans -Merchants -Soldiers Social Mobility -Examination System

Practice Daosim on weekends -relax, harmony, Dao, Wu Wei, nature Reverence for nature influences art Warfare -Only use military for defense -Don’t use force on your own people

Han Synthesis

Lasted 400 years




Unit Six- Cultural Diffusion and Golden Ages

Terms Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta gained the throne in 321 B.C. and was held until the death of Asoka in 232 B.C. At its height, it spanned most of India except the south, and even went past the Indus River in the northwest. Chandragupta: The first emperor of Maurya, he killed the Nanda king to assume control. He took control in 321 B.C. and gave it up in 301 B.C. He practiced Jainism until he died in 298 B.C. of starvation. Arthasastra: One of Chandragupta’s advisors, Kautilya, wrote this ruler’s handbook outlining how to rule a large empire. Asoka: Third emperor of Maurya, he was sympathetic. He took the throne in 269 B.C. and held it until he died in 232 B.C. After 100,000 soldiers died in Kalinga, he turned to Buddhism to solve his problems. He turned to nonviolence and ruled with the good of the people in mind. Tamil: The language spoken by the three unconquered kingdoms of Maurya in the south of India. It is also used to refer to the people in that region. Gupta Empire: Chandra Gupta I was married into power in 320 C.E. and his family held power until the death of Chandra Gupta II in 415 C.E. Chandra Gupta II: The third emperor of the Gupta Empire, he defeated the Shakas and gained their territory. He trade with the Mediterranean people and strengthened the empire through acts of diplomacy and marriage alliances. Patriarchal: Family headed by the eldest male. Matriarchal: Family headed by the eldest female. Bodhisattvas: Potential Buddhas who give up chance of nirvana and work to save humanity through good works and self-sacrifice. Mahayana Buddhism: Buddha is revered as a god. Bodhisattvas help others reach nirvana. More social Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism: Traditional Buddhism. Also called “Hinayana.” Silk Roads: Caravan routes where people from China brought silk to trade with people in the west (West Asia and Rome). Middlemen: Go-betweens in business transactions. Lotus Sutra: Buddhist text which told of the rich man whose house caught on fire. He had three young children playing games inside the house, totally unaware of the danger they were in. The father called out to the children, telling them that three magnificent chariots were waiting outside. The children stopped their games, and rushed outside right before they were consumed by flames. This teaches of the ignorance people (children with games) have toward life and their impending doom (fire). Buddhists (father) want to help people to safety (enlightenment) by the Three Jewels (three magnificent chariots).


Fa-hsien and Hsuan-tsang: Chinese monks who went to India to learn more about Buddhism. They studied Indian culture and life and translated Buddhist texts to Chinese. Hsuan-tsang translated 74 books that were highlighted in his book The Journey to the West Sui Dynasty: Used Buddhism to unify China. The dynasty rebuilt many destroyed stupas and created many Buddhist monasteries. Emperor Wen: First emperor of the Sui Dynasty, he promoted Buddhism in China. He first built 5 Buddhist monasteries at the foot of sacred mountains. He also made sure that all Buddhist temples and stupas were repaired at the sites of battle. He also sent 601 monks out to retrieve and overlook the construction of Buddhist relics in stupas. 111 stupas were made and dedicated at the same time and same date throughout China to show its unity. Sui Dynasty: Sui Wendi, the first emperor began his rule in 589 and eventually the next emperor lost power in 618. The greatest achievement of this dynasty was the Grand Canal, which connected the Huang He and Yangtze Rivers. Their demise was their overtaxing and overworking of people. Grand Canal: Made by Sui Dynasty, it connected the Huang He and Yangtze Rivers. It connected the northern cities to the rice producers of southern China. Empress Wu: Only woman ever to have imperial rule of China. She really gained power in 660, but didn’t officially control China until 690, under Tang rule. Song Dynasty: Lasting from 960-1279, Song Taizu gained control. Under Song control, China made many leaps in technology and innovation. Southern Song: Hangzhou served as the capital of this smaller empire from 1127-1279. Although smaller in size, this empire had many great years of economic success. Movable Type: Individual characters arranged in frames to be used over and over. Gentry: Scholarly- officials and their families. Footbinding: The feet of upper class girls were bound by cloth at a very young age. Eventually, the arch in her foot was broken and everything was curled except the big toe under. This created a “lily-foot,” which made women crippled for life. Such women represented the wealth and prestige of her family. Archipelago: Group of islands. Shinto: “way of the gods.” The Japanese religion in which people respected (recognized and revered) the force of nature and the worship of their ancestors. They also believed in kami, which is the divine spirits that are present in nature. Kami: Divine spirits that were present in nature. A beautiful piece of nature was considered to be a home of kami.


Yamato Emperors: Clan that assumed control in the fifth century. They claimed to be descendents of the sun goddess Amaterasu. Eventually, in the seventh century, the claimed themselves as emperors of Japan. Rising Sun: The flag of Japan (red circle surrounded by white) shows how the Japanese are descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu. Prince Shotuku: Serving in place of his aunt, he converted to Buddhism. He sent out teams of up to 600 scholars, painters, musicians, and monks starting in 607 to China. They were to study the Chinese culture and bring back ideas for Japan. He set up a centralized government for Japan and also tried to institute an examination system, but the latter failed. Heian: Modern day Kyoto. There was a period of time from 794-1185 where the noble families lived and ruled in Heian. Lady Murasaki: Female poet who wrote The Tale of Genji, said to be the world’s first novel. It told of the life of a prince in the imperial court. Fujiwara Family: Ruling family in the 11th century where the central government power began to fall and feudal landowners began to dominate lands. The countryside was lawless and very dangerous at the time. Samurai: “one who serves.” A loyal bodyguard of a lord who lived by the Bushido. Bushido: “the way of the warrior.” Code by which a samurai lived by. A samurai was expected to demonstrate uncontrolled courage, reverence towards the gods, fairness, and generosity to the weaker people. An honorable death was greater than living a long life. Shogun: “supreme general of the emperor’s army.” Had control over officials, judges, taxes, armies, and roads. Daimyo: “great lords.” A military governor assigned to a province by the shogun. Kamakura: the military headquarters of the shogun. Zen Buddhism: The emphasis on spirituality through meditation and self-discipline made it widely revered by the samurai. Kyoto: Place where the emperor ruled from. First known as Heian.


Buddhism

Buddhist Age: 4th 8th century (Half the world was Buddhist) Universal Religion

1. Divine being (god) 2. Intermediaries- people between people and god 3. Salvation is open to anyone who believes 4. Offers hope for those who seem hopeless 5. Answer questions about suffering and evil

Reasons for spread of Buddhism

• Nomadic invasion chaos • Leaders adopted Buddhism

Ashoka- built stupas, sent missionaries Nomadic leaders in China gain legitimacy

• Missionaries • Traders (Silk Road/Indian Ocean)

Mahayana Buddhism

(New) Theravada Buddhism

(Old) Translation Great Vehicle Also called Hinayana

means “Lesser Vehicle” Divine Being Buddha is god No gods (Buddha is

saint) Salvation or Goal Nirvana (China- heaven

“pure land”) Nirvana

Intermediaries “Helpers”

Bodhisattvas None

How to reach salvation?

Rituals, Prayers, Buddha, Bodhisattvas

Meditation

Virtue or Highest Value Helping Others Compassion

Wisdom0

Ideal Figure Bodhisattva- brink of nirvana return to teach others

Arhat- reaches nirvana on own

View of Man Community- help others Individual View of Religion Religion should be

relevant to life and for the everyday person

Religion is a full time job for monks

Liberal or Conservative Liberal- accept others teachings, open to women

Conservative- strict interpretation of teachings of the Buddha

Where spread? China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam

India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia


Golden Age- A time of unusually great artistic and scientific achievement in a culture. Generally occurs in a time of peace and prosperity.

Gupta (India)

Literature

Kalidasa (Poet)

Trade India in the

Middle

Silk Road

Art

Astronomy

Solar Calendar

Earth is round Mathematics

PI=3.1416 Concept of Zero

Decimal System

Arabic Numerals

Medicine

Inoculations C-sections performed

Plastic Surgery

Printed Medicinal Guides 500 healing

plants identified

1,000 diseases classified


Han (China)

Silk Road

Han Synthesis (Religion)

Art

Inventions

Territories

Government

Chinese landscape painting

Improved Ships (Stern Post

Rudder) Horse Collar

Improved Plow

Wheelbarrow

Silk Making

Watermills

Paper 105 B.C.E.

Education

Started Public Schools

Connected Han to Roman Empire

Improved life

Trade improves

Just exporting (Favorable

balance of trade) Civil Service

Bureaucrats

Confucian scholar-gentry

Controlled lots of land

Colonized

Korea

Vietnam

Manchuria


Golden Age of Foreign Relations

Tang (China)

Open attitude towards all religions

Perfect Imperial Examination

System

Technologies

Urban, High Culture

Reestablish safety of Silk

Road

Status of Women

Spread Buddhism in

China

Block Printing

Porcelain

Gunpowder Mechanical

Clock

Good Foreign Relations

Japan

Korea

Persia

Footbinding

Break feet of girl at 3 years old

Show status of family

Empress Wu

Only female empress who

ruled on her own

Spread Buddhism

Constructed temples


Song (China)

Creation of urban, merchant, middle class-

used paper money

Technology

Agriculture

Rice Cultivation

Increased Population

Terraced Farming

Moveable type

Better Education Cheaper and

more available books

Magnetic Compass

China major sea power


Heian (Japan)

Noble Class

Influences from China

Arts and Literature

Lady Murasaki Shikibu

Code of Bushido

Buddhism (Zen) Artistic Styles

Writing

Not Chinese civil service system

Wrote in Japanese kana, not the Chinese

kanji like the men

Simplicity

Fidelity Politeness

Virility

Growth of large landed estates

Elaborate court life (highly

refined ETIQUETTE) Ideas from China

flourish

The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon

The Tale of Genji by Lady

Murasaki Shikibu (1,000 Pages)


NOT A GOLDEN AGE

Sui (China)

Emperor Wen

Grand Canal

Spread Buddhism

People overtaxed and overworked


Han Empire

Ruler Objectives How Objective were Accomplished

Liu Bang -Destroy rivals’ power -Win popular support

-Centralized government -Lowered taxes and softened punishments

Empress Lü -Keep control of throne -Naming infant after another as emperor

Wudi -Expand Chinese Empire -Appoint qualified people to government jobs

-Waged war -School and examinations of Confucian teachings

Wang Mang -Restore order and bring the country under control

-Took imperial rule for himself -Minted new money -Set up public granaries to feed poor -Took away land from large landowners and redistributed it to those that had lost their land

Situation or Event Result(s)

Paper is invented. -Books more widely available -Spread Education -Bureaucracy expanded

Government makes techniques of silk production a closely guarded secret.

-Chinese commerce expanded across Silk Road (Rome, Western Asia, and India)

Territorial expansion brings people of many cultures under Chinese rule.

-Exchange of ideas/culture -Food -Animals -Fashions

Gap between rich and poor increases.

- Wang Mang tries to balance land to decrease gap.


Indian Ocean Trade

Who? Merchants Missionaries

What?

Goods o Cloth, spices, metals

Buddhism (Theravada) Hinduism

Where When?

Starts with Mauryan Gupta (200 B.C.E )

Why? Trade ($$$) Spread Religion

How?

Boats (junks) use monsoon winds

Mahayana Buddhism Ideas from Taoism Ideas from Confucianism

-Minimize Nirvana Emphasize Pure Land (Paradise, Heaven) -Rituals, ceremonies, temples -Writings (sutras) translated to Chinese -Bodhisattvas- Guanyin- “Goddess of Mercy”

-Combine Dao/harmony with Nirvana/enlightenment -Combine lower path and yin and yang with Middle Way

-Confucius becomes Bodhisattva -Name temples after Confucius -Filial Piety includes helping family/parents reach nirvana

India Middle East and Africa

Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia

China


Japan


Zen Buddhism Self-discipline Nature Satori- self understanding

o Meditation Koams- riddles Against Symmetry (Tea ceremony, flower arranging)




China/Japan


India



Unit Seven- Islam

Terms: Bedouins: Nomadic people of Arabia who eventually became Islamic. Ka’aba: Place believed where Abraham had worshipped. When Mohammed prayed there with the people, it became a place of pilgrimage for Muslims around the world. Allah: The one and only God worshipped in Islam. Hijrah: The migration of Mohammed, creator of Islam, and his followers out of Mecca to Yathrib later known as Medina. Medina: Yathrib, place where Mohammed, creator of Islam, migrated to. Qur’an: Holy book of Islam. Mosque: Islamic place of worship (temple). There are no priests are religious composers, rather, the people pray together. Hajj: The pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims must make at least once in their life. Sunna: Mohammed’s way of life believed to be the proper Muslim life. Shariah: Law that regulates family life, moral conduct, business, and community life of the Muslims. Caliph: “successor” or “deputy.” Used in relation to those who rule after Mohammad. Abu-Bakr: First of the “rightly guided” caliphs who ruled from 632 until he died 2 years later. He set the grounds by using military force to regain authority. People of the Book: Jews or Christians who have the belief in one God. This is the name given to them by the Muslim people. Jizya: Poll tax paid by every adult male. Umayyads: Family that gained control in 661 and set up a hereditary succession until they lost power in 750. They moved the capital of the empire to Damascus and surrounded themselves with wealth and privilege. Shi’a: “Party” of Ali. They believed that the caliph had to be a relative of Mohammad. Sunni: Followers of Mohammad’s example. These were those who went along with the Umayyads control. Sufi: Those who live in poverty and devote to a spiritual path. They would try to gain direct contact with God by meditating or chanting. These people later became missionaries, spreading the Qur’an and Muslim tradition. Abbasids: Held control of the Islamic Empire from 750-1258. They killed everyone in the Umayyad family except a prince who fled. In 762, they move the capital to Baghdad, a good trade center. They also created a bureaucracy with taxation on land, import, exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth.


Al-Andalus: Muslim state formed by Abd al-Rahman, a Umayyad prince, and the Berbers, Muslims from North Africa. Fatimid: Family that took control after the Abbasids. They were named after Mohammad’s daughter, Fatima. Sakk: Letters of credit offered by banks in the Muslim Empire. Pronounced “check” in Europe. Cordoba: Having a population of half a million, this city had a mixture of Muslims, Jews, and Christians creating and atmosphere that attracted scientists and doctors along with philosophers and poets. It had 27 free schools, 700 mosques, and 70 libraries. House of Wisdom: A combination of a translation center, academy, and library in Baghdad opened by Caliph al-Ma’mum in the early 800s. Al-Razi: Greatest physician in Islam and probably the greatest from 500-1500. He was a Persian scholar who wrote an encyclopedia called the Comprehensive Book, taking works from Greece, Syria, Arabia, and India and his own. He also wrote the Treatise on Smallpox and Measles that was translated into many different languages. He believed that people would heal quickly by breathing fresh air. He set up slabs of meat around Baghdad and those who rotted the slowest indicated the freshest air, so that is where a hospital was made. Al-Jabr: Mathematician Al-Kharizmi, born in the late 700s in Baghdad, studied India and wrote a textbook in the 800s trying to explain “the art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quantity.” This was that art he studied. Ibn-Rushd: A Muslim philosopher in Cordoba who related Aristotle’s and Plato’s work to views of Islam in the 1100s. Moses Ben Maimon: Jewish philosopher and physician who was opposed by many but his book, The Guide of the Perplexed, connected religion, science, and philosophy. Ibn Khaldun: He was the individual who introduced ideas of sociology, economics, politics, and education in his six-volume masterpiece, named Moquddimah by Arnold Toynbee in the 20th century, and showed how these ideas blended to make historical and social change. Also, he established principles on writing about history that required historians to scrutinize all of the fact that they presented in their works. Calligraphy: Art of beautiful handwriting.


The Prophet Mohammed CAUSE

What were Mohammed’s revelations? He believed that the only God, Allah, spoke to him through the angel Gabriel and told him that he was a messenger of God.

EFFECTS Why were Mohammed’s ideas unpopular in Mecca?

- People believed that ideas would lead to neglect of tradition Arab gods - Feared Mecca would lose its position as a pilgrimage center

In what way(s) was the Hijrah a turning point? - Many converted to Islam - Mohammed gained legitimacy, power, and support

Why was Mohammed’s return to Mecca important? This return greatly increased the Muslim population, and it showed how Mohammed had grown stronger over the years.

Beliefs and Practices of Islam

CAUSE What does Islam teach its followers? That Allah is the one and only God, there is good and evil, each person is responsible for their own actions.

EFFECTS How does carrying out the Five Pillars and other laws of Islam affect the daily lives of Muslims? It compromises their time because they have to pray five times a day. They are also constantly reminded about religion during the day. How did observing Islamic teachings create unity among Muslims? Following the same teachings brought common unity to people with once less concrete beliefs. They prayed together and connected to Allah together. How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews? It accepted Christians and Jews as “people of the book.”



How Islamic Rulers Came to Power

Expand- Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Persia Expand- extend to North Africa and Spain Caliphs not elect, but hereditary Supported by Sunnis Criticized for caring more about wealth and luxury -Lose touch with roots of Islam

OVERTHROWM BY ABASSIDS

Umayyad II 756-1031

Capital: Cordoba, Spain

Abbasid 750-1258

Capital: Baghdad

Fatimid 908-1171

Capital: Cairo, Egypt

- Created by only Umayyad Prince who survived the revolution and fled to Spain.

- Control Spain and North Africa

- Golden Age

- Large Empire o Move

Capital o Bureaucracy o Taxes

- Islam spread to East and West Africa

- Trade flourish bonds and sakks (checks)

- Golden Age*

- Abbasid had trouble controlling entire empire

- Broke away because saw Abbasids as corrupt, not protecting trade routes, and increasing taxes

- Named after Fatima, Mohammed’s daughter

Sunni Islam Shia Islam

Majority or Minority? Majority Minority Who shoud succeed Mohammed?

Abu Bakr and Umayyad family “best leaders”

Ali and his family because related to Mohammed

View of first 4 caliphs Legitimate Illegitimate Role of Caliphs Political and Religious role

Spread Islam Political- caliph Religious and Spiritual- Imam

View of World Allah Triumphs World is a dark, dangerous place

First 4 Caliphs 632-661 C.E. Capital: Mecca

Abu Bakr Omar

Uthman Ali*

Umayyad 661-750 C.E. Capital: Damascus


View of Mohammed Religious leader and Statesman

Identify with his suffering and persecution

Where located today Everywhere else Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria

Muslim Achievements

Category Achievements Medicine - Al-Razi’s Comprehensive Book and Treatise

on Smallpox and Measles o Believed that cleaner air allowed quicker

recovery Philosophy and Religion - House of Wisdom

- Ibn Rushd relates Aristotle’s and Plato’s work to Islamic views

- Moses Ben Maimon’s The Guide of the Perplexed

Art and Architecture - Calligraphy - Styles of architecture borrowed from Rome

and Syria - Decorative arts including woodwork, ceramics,

glass, and textiles Math and Science - Scientific Observation and Experimentation

- Al-Khwarizimi creates Algebra - Ibn al-Haytham’s Optics describes how rays of

objects are picked up by our eyes/ - Many advances in charting stars, comets, and

planets Literature - House of Wisdom

- Bedouin poets write of desert life - Qur’an is the standard - Sufician poetry centered around mystical

encounters with God. - The Thousand and One Nights collection has

many stories borrowed from India and Persia


Muslim Golden

Age

Science

Medicine

Architecture and Cities

Learning

History Art

Literature

Math

Trade

Astronomy

Scientific Process

Astrolabe

Disease transported by airborne organisms

Patients should be quarantined, then treated

Hospital

Removing Cataracts Surgically

Cordoba

Baghdad

Scholars

Parks, gardens, mosques, baths

Dome & Arches

Mecca Pilgrimage

Paper

Spread Learning

Scholars sent out to find ancient texts

Translated Greek texts

Renaissance

House of Wisdom

Scholars

Libraries

Ibn Khaldun Calligraphy

Artistic Writing

Paper

Books more available

Poetry

Arabic Books translated copied, and spread

1,001 Nights

Ibn al-Haytham

Optics

Greek Works

India Arabic Numerals

Algebra Engineering

Trigonometry

Ideas, good, peoples, and pilgrims

Large, open routes

Hajj spreads great trade to Mecca

Middle between China and Europe


Unit Eight- Nomads and Empires II

Terms: Mongols:

Pastoralist: Herders of domesticated animals who travel to feed their animals. Clan: A group of nomads who traveled and lived together because of a common tie in an ancestor that they descended from. Yurts: The portable felt tents that the Asian nomads lived in. Genghis Khan: “universal ruler” ; Born Temujin, he was the first ruler of the Mongol empire. After his father was killed when he was nine, he went on a ruthless rampage when he grew of age. He killed all of the Tatars that had killed his father except the women and very young children. Combined with his organizational, strategy, technological, and cruelty skills, he conquered a great expanse of land from China to the eastern parts of Europe. The Khanates: After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol empire split into four different Khanates. There was the Great Khan of Mongolia and China, the Khanate of Chagatai in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate of Persia, and the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia. Kublai Khan: Founder of the Yuan dynasty in China, he united it. He was different than his ancestors in the fact that he did not destroy culture, but embraced it. He embraced the Chinese culture and set up home there. He failed to ever capture Japan, but he still helped China open to trade and foreigners such as the Indians and Persians. After he died, the Mongol rule soon fell. Marco Polo: Venetian trader who traveled to China at the age of 17 with his father and uncle in 1275. He served Kublai Khan for 17 years loyally. He returned home in 1292. Kamikaze: the “divine” wind that saved the Japanese from the Mongol fleet in the Sea of Japan.

Mughals: Mughul: The people who invaded India and made an empire in 1526. Translated, this means Mongol. Delhi Sultanate: Turkish led empire based in Delhi, ruling from the 13th to 16th centuries with 33 different sultans (rulers) ruling from Delhi, one of whom was Timur the Lame who massacred Delhi. Timur the Lame: One of the sultans of the Delhi Sultanate who completely destroyed Delhi in 1398. Babur: The leader of the Mughal Empire, he won with 12,000 soldiers against the 100,000 of the sultan of Delhi in 1526. It was believed by legend that he could leap a wall holding a man under each arm. He also wrote poetry and love gardens and art. Akbar the Great: Grandson of Babur, he ruled India from 1556 to 1605. He was tolerant of other religions by marrying two Hindus, a Christian, and a Muslim and he ended the tax (jizya) on non-Muslims. He also


founded the “Divine Faith,” a mix of Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, and Sufism. He also could not read. Jizya: Tax on non-Muslims, mostly Hindus. Divine Faith: A religion created by Akbar, which combined ideas from Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, and Sufism. The religion disappeared with the death of Akbar in 1581. Urdu: A mix of Hindi, Arabic, and Persian, this language came from the soldiers of the Mughal armies. Today, it is the official language of Pakistan. Hindi: Language spoken by the common people of the time, it was a combination of Persian and a local language. It is still one of the most spoken languages in India today. Jahangir: Son of Akbar he was the “Grasper of the World.” He married the Persian princess Nur Jahan, who really controlled the state affairs because he was a weak ruler. He was overthrown by his son Khusrau. Nur Jahan: Persian princess wife of Jahangir, she controlled the state affairs. She enjoyed tiger hunting, horseback riding, writing poetry, and designing clothes, which still influence Indian fashion styles. Most of all, she was an excellent politician. Shah Jahan: Son of Jahangir, he was supported by his mother Nur Jahan to take the thrown after the rebellion of her other son, Khusrau. He gained power by assassinating anyone who opposed him. He had love of two things, beautiful buildings and the wife of his arranged marriage set up by his mother, Mumtaz Mahal, her niece. This marriage was arranged for political reasons. After giving birth to her 14th child, Mumtaz died at the age of 38 in 1631. He was overcome with sorrow, so he had 20,000 workers work 22 years to build her the most beautiful tomb, the Taj Mahal. Made of marble and jewels, it is one of the most beautiful sites in the entire world. He also built the Red Fort at Delhi and finished the Peacock Thrown, which was lost to Nadir Shah in 1739. Sikhs: A nonviolent religious group composed of Buddhist, Hindu, and Sufi ideas. Khusrau turned to them for protection after rebelling against his father, Jahangir. Mumtaz Mahal: Wife of Shah Jahan, when she died at age 38 giving birth to her 14th child, he was overcome with grief. A beautiful tomb was built in her honor made of marble and many jewels. This is the Taj Mahal. Taj Mahal: Tomb built in honor of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shah Jahan. It took 20,000 workers 22 years to build this beautiful structure with a marble down and slender towers. It was also decorated with jewels. Aurangzeb: Ruling from 1658-1707, he succeeded his father Shah Jahan. He turned away from the rule of his ancestor Akbar, and was not tolerant to other religions. He tried to erase the gains of the Hindu people under his ancestors. He was a rigid ruler who appointed censors to make sure people followed Islamic laws


(outlawing drinking, gambling, and other vices) and also made sure they prayed at the proper times. Although he expanded the empire to its greatest size, he lost some control. He had to fight off breakaways and imposed heavy taxes to pay for these battles. After he died, the empire was drained of many resources and eventually fell.

Ottomans: Ghazis: Warriors of Islam. Infidels: People who did not believe in Islam. Osman: The great ghazi prince who was the founder of the Ottoman Empire. He was none by those in the west as Othman and his followers were Ottomans. He began with a small state in Anatolia in 13000 1326 and was expanded by his successors. Timur the Lame: Conqueror from Samarkand who alleged to be a descendent of Genghis Khan. Although never proven, he was still as ruthless as Khan. He tore through and conquered Russian and Persia, and he destroyed Baghdad. He moved through northern India and left rubble in his path. He moved through Delhi and made a pyramid of the skulls of the inhabitants that he had killed. In the west, he destroyed the Ottoman forces in Anatolia at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. He took their sultan back to Samarkand with him in an iron cage where he died in captivity. Timur died three years later while trying to take over China. Mehmut the Conqueror: Son of Murad, he gained power of the Ottoman Empire in 1451 at the age of 21. He immediately wanted to take over Constantinople of the Byzantine. He readied a fleet of 125 ships and 100,000 foot soldiers over two years. After that, in April of 1453, he attacked. The troops of Constantinople were no match for the Ottoman, and they took the city. Mehmut went to the Hagia Sophia on the Bosporus, one of the most important churches of the Eastern Christian world and forbade anyway from destroying it. He found a soldier there hacking away at the marble floors and had him killed. With the help of the Jews, Christians, Muslims, Turks, and non-Turks, the city was rebuilt. Selim the Grim: He came into power in 1512 by killing his father and brothers. He then had all of his nephews killed. All of them except of his sons. He was a great sultan who in 1514, defeated the Safavids in Persia at the Battle of Chalidran. He moved south into Syria and Palestine and North Africa. He conquered Mecca, Medina, and Cairo. Suleiman the Lawgiver: Son of Selim, he extended the Ottoman Empire to its greatest bounds. He conquered the city of Belgrade in 1521. He also conquered the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. He went along the North African and conquered everything to the Moroccan border. He also conquered Hungary, but the Empire stopped there because they were never able to push past Vienna, Austria. He was known as the Lawgiver because of the many reforms he issued. He followed Islamic law. He refined the system of taxation and reduced the government bureaucracy.


Janissaries: The elite force of 30,00 salves taken from the conquered Christian territories under the devshirme policy. They were converted to Islam and traded to be soldiers. The brightest ones became high government officials. Devshirme: The sultan’s army would take boys from their families, give them an education, convert them to Islam, and train them as soldiers. Millets: Nations. The Christians and Jews under Suleiman were allowed to follow their own religious laws while still under the Ottoman rule.


Mongol Impact Short Term Impact

(Direct Impact) Long Term Impact (Indirect Impact)

Western Europe -never invaded (funeral) -Crusaders lose Holy Land

-trade routes w/China open up -Interest in exploration -not destroyed don’t have to rebuild

Eastern Europe/Russia

-Destruction -Pay tribute to Khan -Golden Horde 300 years

-Will always fear invasion (paranoid) Cold War -Never fully recover from destruction

Middle East/Islamic Empire

-Destruction -Destroy caliph/Abassids -Only Egypt spared (Funeral)(Mamaluks)

-Never reach Golden Age again -Become intolerantforce Jews and Christians to convert to Islam

India -Not invaded -Protected by Himalayas

-Golden Age- Mughal Empire

China -Destruction Yuan Dynasty -Kublai- rebuilds China (Silk Road, Grand Canal, economy increased) -Adopts Chinese ways in gov., Confucianism, Culture -Mongol Peace

-Chinese people resented foreign rule -Next Dynasty- Ming -Will turn inward and will not interact with foreigners -Isolationist Behind

Japan -Not invaded -Protected by Kamikaze winds

-Don’t have to rebuild

Hurt Help

-Massacred many cities -Destroyed irrigation systems like those of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys -Mongols were the ones who spread the Bubonic Plague?

-Spread ideas and inventions such as gunpowder from China to Europe along trade rates -Trade flourished -Brought peace to the lands of Asia and parts of Europe

Golden Age




Accomplishments of Muhgals

• Religious freedom • Fair bureaucracy (no restrictions on higher positions) • Todar Mal creates effective taxation policy • Cannon warfare • Hindi • Urdu


• Miniatures • Akbarnamah (“Book of Akbar”) • Poet Tulzi Das retells the Ramayana as the Ramcaritmanas • Akbar period architecture

o Massive, yet graceful structures decorated with intricate stonework

o Capital city of Fatehpur


Zheng He The voyages of Zheng He were amazing. The size of the trips were

remarkable, the size of the ships were unfathomable, and the number of people on these voyages was remarkable. Some voyages consisted of 40-100 ships that could be over 400 feet long carrying 27,000 people! That is like a city living on water!

Should Ming continue Zheng He’s voyages?

Yes NO -Tribute -Respect from other countries -Maintain control in Pacific -Maintain technology

-Waste money on Merchant plunders -No threat at sea -No incentives -Self-sufficient -Goes against Confucian values -A lot of money -Not necessary -Overtax -Scholars Oppose

-It was decided that Zheng He’s voyages would end. This was a crucial decision in China’s history, slowing down their development as a world super power.

Ottomans

Ruler Accomplishments Osman - Founder of the Ottoman Empire

- Started state in Anatolia from 1300-1326 Mehmet II - Conquers Constantinople

- Showed compassion for Hagia Sohpia church in Bosporus

- Let people of Constantinople practice whatever religion they pleased.

Selim the Grim - Defeated Safavids of Persia at the Battle of


Chaldiran in 1514 - Captured Mecca, Medina, and Cairo

Suleiman the Lawgiver - Conquered city of Belgrade in 1521 - Captured island of Rhodes in Mediterranean in

1522 - Conquered people of North African coast up to

Morocco - Took Hungary - Followed Islamic law - Simplified the system of taxation and reduced

the government bureaucracy. - Mosque of Suleiman commissioned by him.

Notes • Ottomans relied heavily on Cannon warfare and when they could not bring

them to attack Vienna, they lost and could not move on • Ottoman rule eventually declined because of pattern of rulers killing sons

leading to a series of poor, corrupt, and weak leaders. INDIA

Mughal Empire CHINA Ming Dynasty

MIDDLE EAST Ottoman Empire

1)Geography territory strategic locations

-Live by body of water (middle) -Himalayan Mountains protect

-They were behind the Great Wall of China -Tribute lands (Korea) -Deserts

-Constantinople (Great Location) -Middle between Asia and Europe

2)Military Army Navy Recruitment

-Ashoka rule by non-violence -Strong military under Akbar -Chandragupta had Arthasastra

-Used Military to protect against Mongols -Zheng He’s Expeditions

-Cannon warfare -Took over Constantinople -Devshirma -Janisaries -Fight in the name of Allah

3)Economy wealth trade imports vs. exports

-Land owned distributed after death -tax good (Akbar) -tax bad (Shah Jahan) -Farming went bad -tax bad (Aurangzeb) -Silk roads -Spices, silks, cattle exported

-China isolated -out- porcelain and silk -lots of smuggling -Gov. control trade -Self sufficient -Confucian morals go against trade

-Good strategic waterways -Universal Language (Arabic) -Dinar currency universal -Sakkhs (checks)


-Monsoon winds (Indian Ocean Trade)

4)Technology key inventions

-Plumbing -Engineering -Bricks -Cotton -Pottery -Math (Pi and Decimal system)

-Movable type -Gun powder -Porcelain (China) -Mechanical clock -Magnetic compass -Paper money -Silk and Iron

-Wheel -Irrigation -Maps -Astronomy -Chemistry -Astrolabe -Cannons -medicine

5)Culture Art Literature

-Monuments -Taj Mahal -Plant and Animal studios -Art albums -GUPTA

-Han, Tang, Song -Calligraphy -Culture not influenced by outside -Landscape painting

-Velvet -Calligraphy -Poetry -Minarets -Silk and Textiles -Muslim Golden Age

6)Government bureaucracy taxes

-Bureaucracy -Monarchy -Changing taxes

-Bureaucracy -Exam System -Scholars -Confucian teachings (left in past)

-Suleiman the Lawgiver(Divon and Millet) -Theocracy

7)Society Social class Social Mobility tolerance

-No social mobility -Caste system -Tolerance- Akbar’s four wives

-Scholars farmers Artisans MerchantsSoldiers -Social mobility through exam system -Intolerant

-Social mobility through conversion to Islam -Millet-“nation”-tolerance -Islam-Unify


Unit Nine- Africa Before 1500

Terms: Sahara: Desert in northern Africa spanning from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, covering an area about the size of the United States. Some of the desert consists of sand dunes, but most of it is just flat, barren wasteland. Savannas: The grassy plains of Africa covered with tall grasses and acacia trees, it consumes three-fifths of the continent. The savannas are strong in agricultural production, making sorghum, millet, rice, wheat, and corn. Sahel: “coastline,” this is the area at the southern edge of the Sahara desert. Over time, Sahel decreases in size because of the desertification of the land. Desertification: Steady process of drying soil. Extended Family: Family including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. Clan: A group of people that share a common ancestor. Animism: Religion based on the belief in spirits in animals, plants, natural forces, and the souls of dead ancestors. Griots: African storytellers who memorize history, literature, and culture because it is not written down. Sundiata: The first great ruler of the Mali Empire, he took over Ghana and the trading cities of Kumbi and Walata. He was an able ruler who appointed administrators to take care of Mali’s finances, defense, and foreign affairs. Ruling from the capital at Niani, he encouraged agriculture and the gold-salt trade was revitalized. He died in 1255. Mansa Musa: One of the next great rulers of the Mali Empire, he was believed to be a grandnephew of Sundiata. He was skilled in military conquests and held royal control of the gold-salt trade. Under his rule, the empire doubled in size. To control this large empire, he split it up into provinces and selected governors, ruling fairly and efficiently. Being a devout Muslim, he want about his Hajj to Mecca from 1324 to 1325. Once he returned, he set about making new mosques in the cities of Timbuktu and Gao, which are trading cities. Timbuktu: An important trading city under the Mali Empire, it attracted Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders, and scholars because of its mosques and universities. Ibn Battu: A historian who traveled much of the Muslim world. When he arrived in Mali, he was not afraid of being robbed. He praised the people for their study of the Qur’an, but were displeased by their lose practice of Islam. He was also proud of the justice of the empire. Mali Empire: From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The


fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well. Songhai Empire: Based in Gao, this was an empire splitting from the Mali after its decline. With rulers like Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammed the lasted for many years. Their fall however, was caused by their inability to modernize in warfare, and were unable to beat the canon and gunpowder warring Moroccans with their swords and spears. They fell in 1591.

Questions on Africa

1. How does Africa’s size and coastline compare to Europe’s? Africa is three times larger than Europe, but because Africa’s coastline has very few harbors, ports, or inlets, its coastline is actually shorter than that of Europe. 2. How has the tsetse fly affected human and animal life in Africa? The tsetse fly has prevented Africans to raise cattle donkeys, and horses near the rainforests. This insect is carries a deadly disease which can cause death in livestock and cause sleeping sickness in humans. This prevented Europeans from ever colonizing the tsetse-infested territories. 3. Why is farming difficult in Africa? The changing seasons from rainy to dry is difficult for plants crops to survive. In the dry seasons, the crops don’t get enough water and dry out, but in the rainy season, they are flooded with water. Also, during the wet season, mudslides uproot plants. 4. Describe the lifestyle if pastoral herders like the Masai. The pastoral herders of Africa are nomads, who drive their domesticated cattle, goats, and/or sheep to water and good pastures during the dry season. The Masai, a group of pastoral herders, still measures ones wealth by the size of ones herd.

5. What allowed the Berbers of North Africa to increase trade with the

kingdom of Ghana in the 3rd century CE? The camel allowed the Berbers to travel much longer distances than before. About 60 miles a day, a camel could go ten days without water, twice as long as the previous pack animals. This made the journey along the Sahara easier and increased trade.

6. What were the main items of trade and where did they come from? Of all the items traded, gold and salt where the most important. The Gold came from the forest region located south of the savanna between the Niger and Senegal rivers. They were in deep shafts that could be up to 100 feed deep. The salt came from the Sahara desert.


7. How was trade regulated by the king? (List 3 ways)

The king would tax goods coming through the territory of Ghana. The king also made sure that his royal officials confirmed that all traders weighed goods fairly and followed the law in business. Finally, another trade regulation of the king was that the king was the only person allowed to won gold nuggets. This kept the price of gold from falling.

8. How did trade influence the religious beliefs and communication with West Africa? Traders from the North brought ideas of Islam to West Africa. Ghana’s rulers converted to Islam and it became an accepted religion of the empire, although not all people followed it. This opened Ghana and successive empires to communication with the Muslim world, full of traders.

9. What caused the decline of Ghana? When the Muslim Almoravids ended the siege on Ghana in 1076, Ghana was weak. Their gold-salt trade was messed up, and Ghana could never again regain its former power. It fell because of this attack.

10. How did the monsoons help change the existing villages of East

Africa into bustling seaports? The monsoon winds created a fast transport link between the East African coast and India. The winds made trade easier between the two regions and East African villages took advantage of this and grew into large seaports.

11. How did Kilwa’s location contribute to its wealth and power? Since Kilwa was as far south as Indian traders could sail in one monsoon season, other cities south of Kilwa had to trade there. This meant great profits for Kilwa.

12. What was the importance of the Portuguese conquest of Sofala, Kilwa, and Mombasa? The Portuguese came into these trading cities and took over them. This means they took profits away from these people and they also left them with a great Portuguese influence.

13. What were the geographical advantages of Great Zimbabwe? It had fertile lands that were well watered. They were suited for successful farming and cattle herding.

14. How did the Muslims influence the development of East African cities?


Muslim traders brought Islam with them to the cities of East African. Increased trade meant a greater spread of Islam and soon, even small towns had a mosque. Muslims were in charge of government, usually led by a Muslim Sultan.

15. How is Swahili and example of cultural diffusion and synthesis? Swahili is a blend of Arabic and the native Bantu language. The influence

of Arabic is an example of cultural diffusion, while the blending with Bantu is an example of synthesis.

Africa’s Geography

Advantages Disadvantages -Congo River Basin -2,720 miles long -Cover 99% of Congo -Great Rift Valley -Agricultural Production -Cocoa -Coffee -Corn -Rice -Fruit -Wheat -Tobacco -Ethnic Diversity -Rich natural resources -DIAMONDS -Hydroelectric Power -Rainforests -Ecotourism -Natural Barriers -Large Animals adapt to coexist with humans

-Volcanoes -Mt. Nyiragongo -Kill many and leave refugees -Mt. Kilimanjaro melting -Rivers have cataracts and waterfalls -Unnavigable -Equator -Natural barriers like desert and rainforest make transportation difficult -Refugees -Land locked countries (no coast) -Mud slides destroy roads and bridges during raining season -Water cleanliness? -Limited trees -Small coastline -Traffic and pollution -Unsanitary open sewers -Cholera, AIDS, Guinea worm, Leprosy -Difficult to introduce and expand new crops (climate zones act as a barrier to spread) -Few domesticatable animals Tsetse fly -Easy mutation of disease to human form -Desertification and Deforestation -Poor soil- leaching



Unit Ten- Latin America Before 1500 & The Conquest

Terms: Maya

Tikal: A great Mayan city in present day North Guatemala. There was a spectacular pyramid, Pyramid IV, which rose 212 ft, the tallest structure in the Americas until 1903. Glyph: 800 of these symbols represented either words or syllables Codex: A bark-paper book used to record historical events. Popul Vuh: A book of the Highland Mayans that tells of their version of the story of creation. Ball Court: A stone-sided playing field where Mayans played games that maintained the cycles of the sun and moon and also brought rain. The object of the game was to keep the ball in motion. This was a metaphor for the movement of the sun, moon, and stars.

Aztecs Teotihuacan: A city-state whose ruins are near Mexico City. It was the first major civilization of central Mexico, which began planning in the first century A.D. In the sixth century, it reached its peak. With a population of 125,000 and the giant 200-foot tall Pyramid of the Sun, it was truly amazing. Its major trade item was obsidian, a green or black rock that was used to make sharp weapons. Eventually, this great city-state fell in 750 and no one knows what happened. Its name means “City of the Gods.” Pyramid of the Sun: Pyramid found in ancient Teotihuacan, it was 200-feet tall and had a base larger than that of the Great Pyramid in Egypt. Obsidian: A hard, glassy green or black rock traded by the Teotihuacan people who found it in the Valley of Mexico. It was used to make razor sharp weapons. Toltecs: People who set up a new power around 900 based in Tula by present-day Mexico City. Like the other civilizations of Mesoamericans, they constructed temples and pyramids and carved tall pillars in the form of armed warriors. They were a warrior people who worshipped a fierce god who demanded blood and human sacrifice from his people. One Toltec king, Topiltzin, tried to move the people away from praying to him, to another god of peace, Quetzalcoatl. Well, there were many people opposed to this and they overthrew Topiltzin and Quetzalcoatl. The Toltec empire once spread as far as the Yucatan, influencing the Mayans. But, by 1200, their rule had ended. Triple Alliance: The alliance formed in 1428 between the three city-states of Texcoco, Tlacopan, and Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan: The starting place of the Aztec people as pointed out by their sun god, Huitzilopochtli. It was founded in 1325, a small island in Lake Texcoco.


Market of Tlatelolco: The economic cent of Tenochtitlan, it was a huge center for trade. 60,000 people a day would come and trade a wide variety of goods from gold, silver, and copper to leather and bone. Items were traded by measurement, not weight. Great Temple: Temple of Tenochtitlan where many people were sacrificed for the sun god, Huitzilopochtli. Chinampas: Farm plots along the marshy edges of Lake Texcoco. Huitzilopochtli: Sun god of the Aztec people, he told them of a place where an eagle perched on a cactus, holding a snake in its mouth. This place was Tenochtitlan. Montezuma II: Aztec ruler in 1502 who began to dmand more tribute money and more sacrificial victims. He reduced the number of government officials and eventually the Spanish came along and with them, the end of Aztec civilization. Quetzalcoatl: Toltec god of peace who was a Feathered Serpent. He merged with Topiltzin and when Topiltzin was overthrown it was said that Quetzlcoatl traveled across the sea eastward on a raft of snakes and return one day and bring a new reign of light and peace.

Inca Pachacuti: After defeating the Chanca, he took rule of the Incan Empire in 1438. He expanded the empire to some of its largest bounds including all of Peru. Quechua: The official language of the Incan Empire. Cuzco: Capital of the Incan Empire, it was a great city. Composed of temples, plazas, and palaces, all roads in the empire led here. Ayllu: A group of people all working to reach one goal for the common good. They might build irrigation canals and agricultural terraces. Also, they might store food and supplies to save for hard times. Mita: Required labor tribute of the people of the Incan empire. Quipu: Accounting device used by the Incans. It was a string with knots in it to record data. The position of the knots indicated numbers while the color indicated a subject.

Spanish Conquest Colonies: Lands controlled by another nation. New World: Amerigo Vespucci claimed that the land the explorers had found was not Asia, but was a new world. Ferdinand Magellan: Backed by the Spanish, he took a fleet of five ships and 230 men around the southern tip of South America. Supplies ran low, but they reached the Philippines. Unfortunately, he was killed because of his involvement in a local war and only 18 men from the original crew survived and returned to Spain three years later. Conquistadors: The Spanish explorers. Atahualpa: Ruler of the Incan empire of the time when Pizarro came to modern day Peru. He was strangled by the Spanish after he was captured.


Geography

Densely Populated Location Reasons Why Mexico City -Valley between mountains

-Natural Barriers -Good for farming -Mexico Oil drilling

Rio de la Plata -Connects to agricultural ares (Pampas and Gran Chaco) -Mouth of River -Port for trade

Lima -On the coast -Fishing and Trade -Copper and Gold -llamas of Peru (native)

Venezuela -On the coast -Fishing and trade -Petroleum and Natural Gas -Plains

Puerto Rico -Tourism -Trade with other Islands and coast -Agriculture

Sparsely Populate

Location Reasons Why Amazon Rainforest -Rainforest

-Hard agriculture Patagonia -Mountains and Cold

-Few Resources Chile -Mountains and Desert

-Difference in climates

Advantages Disadvantages -Coasts (trade and fishing) -River networks=trade Amazon, Rio de la Plata -Natural Barriers=protection -Good agricultural land/climate- Pampas, Llanos, Mato Grasso, Gran Chaco -Amazon rainforest- rich flora and fauna; ecotourism -Natural resources- oil and minerals -Tropical cash crops- bananas, coffee, sugar, rubber, etc.

-Central America- no major rivers -Natural barriers isolate -Poor agricultural land- deserts, mountains, highlands -Natural disasters- earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, typhoons -Tropical areas- poor soil -Extremes- climate, topography -Deforestation


Ancient Civilizations

Decline of Each Civilization

Maya- Historians believe that the Mayan civilization could have declined for three reasons. One reason is a possible war among the city-states. Another reason is the possibility of a Toltec invasion. The last reason could be over population leading to over-farming=less food famine. Aztecs- When Montezuma II came into power, the Aztec empire began to fall apart. He demanded more tribute and more people to sacrifice. This caused uproar among other provinces and they rebelled. So the military had to put them down. He also reduced the number of government officials. With domestic problems going crazy, it was not good news when outsiders came. He was unsure if these outsiders were enemies, or the god Quetzalcoatl. So, he greeted them with open arms and was shocked when they attacked. The Spanish overtook the Aztec because of their superior steel weapons, disease, and horses. Inca- When Huayna Capac died, his sons (Atahualpa and Huascar) started a civil war over who should rule. When Atahualpa won, the empire was in bad shape. Eventually the Spanish arrived and attacked the weakened Incans. Killing Atahualpa, the Spanish demoralized the Incan people and had no trouble destroying them.


Maya

Environment • Lowlands in north • Dry scrub of Yucatan

Peninsula • Dense jungles of South

Mexico • Highlands in south • Cool, cold covered mts

• Corn (maise)

Urban centers • Tikal • Copan • Palenque • Uxmal • Chichen Itza • Giant pyramids, temples, palaces,

and elaborate stone carvings • Thousands of people lived outside

city walls • Market • City-States

Economy • God-King center for trade • Independent city-states trade

(salt flint, feathers, shells, honey, cotton textiles, and jade ornaments)

• Cocoa beans sometimes served as currency

Social Structure -God-king -Noble class (priests and leading warriors) -Merchants and Artisans -Peasants (Majority- Live outside walls)

Religion • God-king center for religious

ceremonies (holy) • Gods inhabit 13 layers of sky &

9 layers of the underworld • Gods of corn, war, and death

(good/evil- polytheistic) • Gods represent directions and

colors • Each day was a different living

god (made calendar to help determine)

• Prayer and blood offerings • Human sacrifices

Achievements • Advanced agriculture (planting above swamps and on hillside terraces) • Pyramid IV of Tikal (212 ft) • 260-day religious calendar • Solar year lasting 365.242 day • Number system (base 20)

o Shell=0/Dots=1-4/Bar=5 • Glyphs represent syllables or words (Codexes) • Popul Vuh

Sacrifice Sacrifice was the giving of blood for the nourishment of the goods. Giving blood brought tulel (soul). On the specialist of occasions, the king would cut his foreskin and let blood drip on paper strips. When burned, the people believed they could see gods in the rising smoke.


Aztecs

Environment • Lake Texcoco • Sierra Madre Mountains • Cinampas • Yucatan • Valley of Mexico

Government • God-King

o Montezuma • Theocracy • Empire

o 38 provinces o Let people maintain rule,

customs, religion o Sacrifice

Economy • Cotton and Gold • Tribute • Obsidian (All types of goods)

Social Structure -Nobles (lords, warriors, priests) -Commoners (Merchants, artisans, farmers, non-Aztec peasants) -Slaves -Social Mobility (warriors, priests) -No charity for poor- sold into slavery

Religion • Polytheistic • Huizilopochtli- war/sun god • Tlaloc- rain god- Great Temple • Quetzalcoatl- god of civilization/learning

(Legend is that he traveled across sea and would come back to bring back a new era of light)

• Human Sacrifice (World was going to end if sacrifice was not maintained) o Intimidate other tribes o Maintain social order through fear o Religious insecurity- please the gods

Achievements • Tenochititlan (twin temples) • Chinampas • Roads and Causeways

Military -Strong military


Incas

Environment • Andes Mountains • Cuzco Valley

Government • Strict Control (What you wear,

how you work, who you marry…)

• Quipu Economy

• Plant surplus

Social Structure -Peasant class (ayllu=no freedom) -Elite class (11 royal families) -People dress alike except for ruler and high elites.

Religion • Polytheistic • Descendents of Sun god, Inti • Mummies (after life) • Moon, star gods • Mountains control weather • Sacrifices (voluntary) • Viracocha creator god • Women (mamakuna) and men

(yamacuna) serve temple

Achievements • Terraced Farming • Irrigation • Precise Construction • Machu Picchu • Roads • Messengers

Military -Only use when necessary

Weaknesses -Smallpox erupts -Civil war -Atahualpa’s kindness underestimates Spanish power -Road System -Military


Note: Christopher Columbus came to the Americas in search of a new route to Asia. He found America instead, but thought it was Asia. Also note that the

Portuguese found Brazil and used it as a sugar cane growing center for its Sugar industry in Europe. (Look in Textbook for more info on the Conquest of the

Americas)


Unit Eleven- Imperialism in Latin America and India

Terms Bartolomeu Dias: Portuguese explorer who wanted “to serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” In 1488, he sailed to the southern tip of Africa and with the help of the storm, was moved to the other side of the continent. Prince Henry: Prince of Portugal who had great interest in exploration. He set up a navigation school where mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains perfected their trade. His motives for exploration were spices and the expansion of the Christian faith. Vasco da Gama: Portuguese explorer who, in 1498, sailed past the southern tip of Africa and all the way to Calicut, India. He brought back spices such as pepper and cinnamon and returned from their 27,000 mile journey in 1499. Treaty of Tordesillas: Treaty stating that Spain and Portugal had to honor the Line of Demarcation, which was set up stating lands east of the line were Portugal’s and lands west of the line were Spain’s. Colonies: Lands controlled by another nation. New World: Amerigo Vespucci claimed that the land the explorers had found was not Asia, but was a new world. Ferdinand Magellan: Backed by the Spanish, he took a fleet of five ships and 230 men around the southern tip of South America. Supplies ran low, but they reached the Philippines. Unfortunately, he was killed because of his involvement in a local war and only 18 men from the original crew survived and returned to Spain three years later. Reconquista: The Spanish recapture of Spain from the Muslims where the Spaniards lived among the Muslims and imposed upon them their Spanish culture. Peninsulares: Spanish settlers to the Americas. They were mostly men. Mestizo: A mixed Spanish and Native American race. Encomienda: This was a farming system where Spanish landlords received the rights to the natives’ labor from Spanish authorities. The natives would farm, ranch, or mine. The holders of these plots promised Spanish rulers that they would act fairly and respect the workers. Unfortunately, many did not follow this and they abused their workers. Bartolome de Las Casas: Dominican monk opposed to the use of natives in the encomienda system. They Spanish abolished this system in 1542 and used African slaves as he had said. Soon after, he realized his mistake and was also opposed to the use of Africans. Atlantic Slave Trade: The buying and selling of African slaves to work in the Americas. Triangular Trade: The transatlantic trading network where three different entities traded their most abundant item in return for something they


need. One example of triangular trade was between Europe, Africa, and the West Indies. Europe would send manufactured goods to Africa, pick up African slaves and bring them to the West Indies, and then pick up sugar, coffee, and tobacco and bring them back to Europe. Another triangular trade was between the New England Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. Rum and other goods were traded from New England to Africa, where slaves were picked up and dropped off in the West Indies, and finally, where sugar and molasses were sent back to the New England colonies. Middle Passage: The voyage from Africa to the West Indies trading African slaves. This was considered the middle passage because it was considered the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle. Olaudah Equiano: An African man sent from West Africa to the West Indies in 1756 when he was 11. He recounted his awful experience on the ship, telling of the stench and how he was treated poorly. Eventually, he was freed and went to England to rally against slavery. Columbian Exchange: The global transfer of foods, plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe during the colonization of the Americas. Commercial Revolution: The culmination of new wealth through colonization and trade during the 16th and 17th centuries. Capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit. Joint-Stock Company: A company owned by a number of people pooling their wealth for a common purpose. Each individual pays a certain share and profits are split accordingly. Mercantilism: Theory that a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth. A nation could increase wealth by obtaining as much gold and silver as possible or establish a favorable balance of trade. Favorable Balance of Trade: Trade where a country exports more goods than it imports. Robert Clive: Once an East India Company employee, he soon became an army officer winning many victories over the French. In 1756, he was called in to defeat Muslim forces at Plassey. He then moved on to drive the Dutch and French from Bengal, which eventually lead to his appointment as governor of Bengal. In Bengal, he believed the company would have to take direct control, and so it did. Diwan: Officials responsible for tax collection. They would bribe company officials to stay in office, and put pressure on zamindars to collect larger sums of money from the peasants. Zamindar: Person who actually collected taxes from peasants and were allowed to keep a portion of the money they collected. Princely States: Area controlled by Native rulers spanning 562 states ranging in size from a few hundred acres to as large as Hyderabad State (as large as France).


Suttee: Hindu custom allowing a widow to commit ritual suicide by throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. Thugee: The practice of offering human sacrifice to Kali, Shiva’s wife and the goddess of destruction. East India Company: Trading Company set up by the British centered on trade in the east (India). They eventually moved into politics and came to control parts of India. Sepoy: Indian soldiers. “Jewel in the crown”: What Britain considered India to be, the most valuable of all of its colonies. Sepoy Mutiny: Rebellion of the sepoy (Hindu and Muslim) after they learned that the cartridges of their new Enfield rifles were sealed with beef and pork fat and that they would have to bite of the seal to use these cartridges. When the British jailed the soldiers who refused to use these cartridges rebellion stirred and on May 10, 1857, it began by the sepoy marching into Delhi and capturing it. Their rebellion soon moved to northern and central India as well. This rebellion was eventually put down by the inability of the Hindus and Muslims to unite. Raj: Parts of India under direct British rule. Also referring to the British rule over India from 1757-1947. During this time, India was divided into 11 provinces and about 250 districts. Ram Mohun Roy: “Father of Modern India,” he pushed for a more modern India. He wanted to stop widow suicide because he saw it as a murderous act. He also wanted child marriages and the rigid caste system, two parts of religious life, separated so that India could be modernized. He felt that if they did not, India would continue to be controlled by outsiders. He was pushed to do many of this after witnessing his sister throw herself on the funeral pyre of her husband, burning alive.

Exploration

Motives Technology - Heroes (Fame) - Fairy tale (Marco Polo) - Trade (gold and spices) - Evade taxes and middlemen - Christianity

- Navigation school - Maps - Navigate winds


Imperialism- a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, and.or socially.

Formal imperialism- Direct control political control (colony) Ex:SPLA Informal imperialism- Indirect Control economic/social (country stays independent) Ex: British East India Co.

Colony- a land controlled by a distant nation.

Types of colonies 1. Settlement colonies

a. Temperate climate (moderate or mild) b. Low population densities before settlers arrived c. US, Canada, parts of Latin America, Australia, New Zealand,

South Africa 2. Slave Plantation Colonies

a. Hot- cash crops like sugar b. Small indigenous (native) population c. Brazil, Southern US, Caribbean

3. Trading/tributary/monopoly colonies a. Hot b. Coastal, large population densities (trading posts) c. India, Southeast Asia, coastal Africa

Colonialism- the process of taking and having colonies Monopoly- a group’s exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods. Cash crops- crops that are raised for export and for sale rather than for one’s own use (coffee, tobacco, sugar, cotton) Mercantilism- an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining colonies. Large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought (favorable balance of trade). Government controlled the economy!

Internal Slavery (Africa) External Slavery (America) - Africans enslave Africans - Not hereditary - Not racial - Not as harsh - More like family - Familiar culture - Some rights

- Europeans enslave Africans - Hereditary - Racial - Harsh punishments - Unfamiliar culture - No rights


- Buy Freedom Impact on Africa Triangular Trade Mercantilism Mother Country Impact: mother country gains wealth (gold/silver). Colony tries to smuggle. Colony depletes natural resources.

A Vicious Cycle More slaves

More guns

More Wars

- Weaken gov.- open to European colonization

- Lose large part of pop, (best and brightest)

- Economy focused on slave trade, not on cash crops or industry- economically behind

- Disrupt families and culture

Americas

Europe

Africa

Cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses Manufactured goods (guns)

Slaves (Middle Passage)

Colony

Protection, Manufactured goods

Raw materials (gold, silver, and sugar) Can only trade with mother country. No manufacturing.

Favorable balance of trade Export > Import


Colonial Government

Spanish King and Queen

Council of Indes (in Spain)

Viceroy/Governor (peninsulares in LA)

Administrators, Judges

Large Bureaucracy (taxes/tribute)

Cacique (local ruler)

Colonial Social Structure (Racial)

Peninsulares- born in Spain (Iberian Peninsula) Viceroy, Judges

Creoles- Born in L. A. Priests, Lesser gov jobs

Mestizos- mixed Sp & NA

Artisans, small merchants, workers

Mulatto- mixed Sp & Africa

Native American Encomienda

African Slaves Plantations

Social mobility through: a)marriage b)child birth in Spain


Colonial Labor Systems

Encomienda (“entrustment”)

A Spanish settler is given land and entrusted with the workers and labor.

family

cacique

Encomiendado Landlord Forced labor

Spanish

food

taxes labor

Protection, housing, religion

After de Las Casas objections, ends in 1542.

Hacienda (“estate or ranch”)

family

food labor

haciendado landowner

$- wages, loans

Wage<loan

Like sharecropping in US. Problem- debt (free wage labor turns to debt peonage)

Plantations

labor Plantation Owner

No wages, no control over labor. Sugar, sugar sugar- Brazil, Caribbean. Ended in 1888 in Brazil.


The Columbian Exchange

Positive Negative

- Spread of new foods to Europe, Africa, and Asia

- Spread of new foods to the Americas.

- Spread of new livestock to the Americas.

- Increased wealth for European nations.

- Increased wealth for Joint-Stock companies.

- Spread of disease to the Native American people.

Catholic Church

Advantages Disadvantages - Some priests (de Las Casas)

protested abuses of N.A. - Missions: Schools, hospitals,

help poor - Christianity blended with native

beliefs (syncretism) ex. Virgin of Guadalupe, Day of Dead

- Unity of Church and State o No tolerance

- Largest landowner in L.A.- N.A. worked land on haciendas

- Church allied with Spanish gov - Forced conversions

(Inquisitions) used methods of Reconquissta when Christians retook Spain from Muslims

Note: First inquisition during Reconquista.


INFROMAL IMPERIALISM Trading posts, joint stock companies

(CRISIS)

FORMAL IMPERIALISM Colony

India British East India Company Miniature Gov

- Governor - Legislative council - Army - Collect taxes

(Muhgals weaker)

Crisis

Sepoy Mutiny 1857

India becomes formal colony of Britain Government structure: King and Parliament (BR) Viceroy 11 provinces 250 districts civil service (British/Indians) sepoys

British Strategy in India

1. Divide and conquer a. Hindu/Muslim rivalries b. Caste/social rivalries c. Regional rivalries (princely states)

2. Work with local rulers- rajas, Muhgal rulers, zamindars a. Give $, gifts, protection

3. Weaker local rulers and take advantage of them a. Make them puppets

4. Move in from coast to interior 5. Economic investments- foster transportation and trade

a. Railroads, machinery, roads 6. Assimilate Indias

a. Educate elite civil service


Positive Effects of Imperialism

on Latin America Negative Effects of Imperialism on

Latin America Political

Unify L.A. Civil service

Aztec & Inca Empires collapse Caciques weak Taxes Spanish take land

Economic Columbian Exchange -tech. like wheel - animals like horses -crops like sugar, bananas Increased agricultural production

Encomienda and slavery- forced labor Haciendas – like sharecropping Peasants in debt, no land Mines – use up all gold, silver Cash crop economy (not self sufficient) Mercantilism – no manufacturing, can’t trade with anyone else L.A. Spain Raw materials Gold, silver, sugar Manufactured goods

Social

Missions – schools Hospitals Help poor Social mobility Assimilation End human sacrifices New culture develops – mix N.A., Sp. & African

N.A. population declines – disease Assimilation Sp. Culture Christianity – forced conversions & Inquisition Sp. Language Loss of culture Made to feel inferior Harsh punishments and abuse of


N.A. and African slaves

Positive Effects of Imperialism on India

Negative Effects of Imperialism on India

Political British unified 2/3 of India Established an efficient civil service (best jobs to British)

End of Mughal Empire Muslim and local rulers lose power Abolish diwans Zamindars become tax collectors and landlords for British

Economic Develop infrastructure -RR, roads, etc.

High taxes Cash crop economy Lose local industry – esp. textiles Artisans lose skills No longer self sufficient India Britain Spices, cotton, silk, (opium to China) Manufactured goods, cloth/ Textiles, machines, metals, RR

Social Education – British language and culture – Trained elite class

Civil service provided social mobility Assimilation Abolish suttee (widow suicide) Abolish thugee (human sacrifice)

Assimilation - European culture pushed on

Indians - Made to feel inferior Increased tensions -religious -caste -regional


Key Spanish Explorers (Columbus, Magellan) Portuguese Explorers (Dias, Da Gama, Cabral)


Unit Twelve- Imperialism in Asia

Terms: China:

Manchus: The people of Manchuria. Qing Dynasty: When the Manchus invaded China in 1644 and took power, they formed this dynasty. Lasting 260 years, Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet were all a part of China. Kanxi was their first leader, but under his grandson, Qian Long, they experience their greatest success. Kangxi: Manchu who was the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty in 1661. He reduced government expenses and lowered taxes. He gained the support of Chinese intellectuals by giving them government positions. He also enjoyed the Jesuits at the court. They would inform him of the latest developments in science, medicine, and math in Europe. He would also “tour” the lands of China to see the troubles of the people. Once, he led an attack group of 80,000 to victory over the Mongols. Kowtow: Chinese ritual showing submission to the emperor by kneeling in front of him and touching your head to the ground nine times. Kermit Kingdom: Used to refer to North Korea because of their strict isolationism. Guangzhou: At one time, this was the only port of China that allowed trade with foreigners. It was exempt from all Chinese law after the US and other foreign citizens gained extraterritorial rights. Opium War: War between the British and Chinese in 1839 caused by the introduction of Opium to China by the British. This war was fought at sea and the steampowered British fleet dominated the outdated Chinese one. Treaty of Nanjing: Signed in 1842, this treaty gave Britain the island of Hong Kong. Extraterritorial Rights: Given to the US and other foreign countries, this allowed them to trade at five Chinese ports that were exempt from Chinese law. Hong Kong: “Fragrant harbor” given to the British from the Chinese after the Treaty of Nanjing. It has several centers of trade and commerce including Hong Kong City and Kowloon. Taiping Rebellion: Rebellion of the Chinese people against China led by Hong Xiuquan. He had mystical visions and wanted to save the world, beginning with China. He had dreams of a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.” Here, all Chinese would share China’s wealth and no one would be poor. Men and women would be equals. They took over Nanjing as their capital with over one million people. Soon though, imperial troops local militias, and British and French forces attacked them and ended their rebellion by 1864.


Hong Ziuquan: Leader of the Taiping Rebellion. He had mystical visions and wanted to save the world, beginning with China. He had dreams of a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.” Here, all Chinese would share China’s wealth and no one would be poor. Men and women would be equals. Dowager Empress Cixi: Ruler of China who still believed in traditional values, but pushed reforms like the self-strengthening movement, which would update China’s educational system, diplomatic service, and military. She served two terms, coming back in 1899 after her nephew wanted too extreme reforms. Self-Strengthening Movement: Movement that would allow the Chinese education system, diplomatic service, and military to improve. Sphere of Influence: An area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and investment. Open Door Policy: Policy initiated by the United States in 1899 that allowed all of China to be open to all foreign traders. This was made so that no one nation would set up colonies and have total control over an area. Guangxu’ Hundred Days of Reform: This was reaction to their humiliating loss of Power. The emperor, Guangxu, began to enact many reforms starting in June 1898. Among them were ways to modernize China including overhauling its educational system, strengthening the economy, modernizing the military, and streamlining the government. This was all seen to be extreme and Empress Cixi came back into power and reversed all of this. Boxer Rebellion: Starting as a secret organization called The Society of Harmonious Fists, these people were usually peasants or workers who were against the foreigners and Chinese Christians. In the spring of 1900, the marched into Beijing chanting “Death to the foreign devils!” They took hold of the European section and held it for months until a force of 20,000 foreign troops defeated them. Although they were defeated, this created a sense of nationalism among China.

Japan: Toyotomi Hideyoshi: War general under Nobunaga who continued to try to unify Japan. By 1590, he had most of Japan under control with brute force combined with shrewd political alliances. He invaded Korea in 1592 seeking to move on and control China. He never conquered Korea and died in 1598. Tokugawa Shogunate: Started by Tokugawa Ieyasu, this was a line of shogun ruling out of Edo (Tokyo) from 1600-1867. Kabuki: Japanese dramatic theatre in which actors in elaborate costumes, using music, dance, and mime, performed scenes about modern urban life. Haiku: Japanese style of poetry composed of a 5-7-5-syllable pattern in 3-line verse. It does not express ideas, but presents images.


Closed Country Policy: Japan’s policy of banning foreign missionaries and traders to Japan. The only port where trade could commence was Nagasaki, where Chinese and Dutch merchants were the only ones allowed to trade. This allowed Japan to have the favorable balance of trade. Commodore Perry: American who in 1853 brought a fleet of four ships into Tokyo Harbor with a letter for the Tokugawa shogun from U.S. President Millard Fillmore. The letter asked for the Japanese to open their ports so that U.S. ships could dock and re-supply with water and coal. Perry threatened the Japanese that he would return the next year with a much larger fleet awaiting their response. Treaty of Kanagawa: This was the treaty signed in response to President Fillmore’s letter. In 1854, this treaty opened two ports where American ships could re-supply. It further stipulates that the United States could set up an embassy in Japan. Meiji Era: From 1867 to 1912, this was the ruling era under the emperor Mutsuhito. Meiji means “enlightened rule.” Russo-Japanese War: War that broke out in 1904 when Japan launched a surprise attack against the Russian navy. Japan drove the Russians out of Korea winning many battles and capturing a majority of Russia’s Pacific fleet. The war ended by the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth stipulating that Russia would move out of Manchuria and away from Korea and giving Japan the captured territories. Annexation: The inclusion of a territory under the ruling of a greater nation. Zaibatsu: Private company that produces goods for Japanese government.

China

How did Manchu rulers gain the respect of the Chinese people? They upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs and social structures. They also made the country’s frontiers safe and restored China’s prosperity.

How were traditional styles reflected in Chinese culture? Technique was valued over creativity in art. Technical skill along with experimentation led to porcelain. Dramas were enjoyed in rural China where literacy rates were low. Also, plays with Chinese history and heroes helped unify China by creating a national culture.

What restrictions did the Manchus place on foreign trade? Foreigners would have to trade at special ports and pay tribute. They would also have to perform a kowtow ritual before the emperor.

Why did the Chinese accept the Dutch and reject the British as trading partners? The Dutch respected these restrictions, but the British refused to perform the kowtow ritual.


Was Self-Sufficient!!! • Agriculture- Produced large amounts of rice, maize, sweet potatoes

and peanuts • Rich Natural Resources- slat, tin, silver, and iron mines. • Manufacturing- silks, cottons, porcelain.

Mongol Ming Qing (Manchu) (Huan) Internal Problems • Famine • Flooding • Political corruption • Increase population • Struggle of reforms

-reaction to Mongols -farming not trade -SELF-SUFFICIENT -Great Wall -Isolation (End Zheng He’s voyages) -Distrust outsiders -First Europeans were Portuguese missionaries

-Keep Chinese (Assimilate traditions) -ponytail (queue)


PATTERN OF IMPERIALISM IN ASIA INFORMAL IMPERIALISM →

(CRISIS)

FORMAL IMPERIALISM

China Containment system / Canton system (contain foreigners to trade in Canton and restrict where they live) Chinese strategy – resist imp. - be isolationist - be self-sufficient

→ Crisis

Opium Wars

Still informal (Qing Dynasty still in control but greatly weakened) Spheres of influence

Japan Portuguese & Dutch traders and missionaries Tokugawa isolation -missionaries – Seclusion Act -1 port (Nagasaki) for Dutch “closed country policy”

→ Crisis

Commodore

Perry’s threat of force

Meiji Restoration - Westernize (modernize) - Become Imperial power

(China, Korea, SE Asia)


IMPERIALISM IN ASIA BRITISH/ EUROPEAN STRATEGY IN CHINA

Goal – Free trade (trade without restrictions) Problem – China had the favorable balance of trade

- China didn’t need or want goods from Europe, little incentive to trade China Europe Tea, silk, porcelain Silver and gold Solution – Opium Result – Series of unequal treaties like Nanjing Treaty which forces China to: -pay for damages (reparations) -open more ports -give up territory like Hong Kong - lower tariffs (tax on imports) - give extraterritorial rights to Europeans (allowed to follow own European laws in China - take out loans - give concessions to RR, mines, etc. - give Europeans spheres of influence Help put down rebellions like Taiping & Boxer Rebellions

- this forced China to give up more in unequal treaties

JAPAN’S STRATEGY TO RESIST WESTERN IMPERIALISM 1. Tokugawa Isolation - strictly limit foreign trade and contact - Seclusion Act - closed country policy - be self-sufficient 2. Learn from China’s mistakes - Japan decides to modernize politically, economically, and socially (China only reluctantly modernized their economy) - Japan controls modernization 3. If you can’t beat them, join them - Japan becomes an imperial power (Korea, China, SE Asia)

Favorable balance of trade


Positive Effects of Imperialism on

China Negative Effects of Imperialism on

China Political Some reform/ modernization

Liberals– support reform/modernization Conservatives – oppose reform/ mod. Reform movements: Taiping Rebellion (peasant revolt) - equality (no soc. st., exams,

men=women) - share wealth, no poverty - put down by Qing & foreigners Self Strengthening movement - improve education, diplomatic

service, & military manufacture - supported by Qing - problem – increase trade

imbalance Guangxu’s 100 Days of Reform - new ed. System strengthen ec.,

modernize mil., streamline gov’t - put down by scholars & empress Boxer Rebellion - end Qing - end foreign influence, esp.

missionaries - put down by foreigners

Qing Dynasty weakened Spheres of influence – regions in which foreign powers had special economic and political privileges such as: - control trade - business concessions – foreign

company has right to operate business in the sphere; ex. – mines, RR

- loans & investments tensions between conservatives and liberals over reform and modernization Reform efforts put down

Economic Develop infrastructure

China became dependent on Europeans - loans - business investments - technology - military assistance - manufactured goods China Europe Raw materials Tea, minerals, silk, porcelain Loan payments Opium Manufactured goods Business investments


Loans Social Some reform/ modernization

Christian missionaries

Hunger and poverty Social tensions Christian missionaries Opium addiction

Positive Effects of Modernization on

Japan Negative Effects of Modernization on

Japan Political

Military dictatorship under shogun end Write Constitution – emperor & Parl. Modernize military Imperialistic -Korea - China (spheres of influence)

Small group of advisors held real power Militarism & Imperialism lead to WWII

Economic West & China Japan Silk, manufactured goods, Investments in China Food, natural resources End feudalism Industrialization - RR, mines, ships Builds infrastructure FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE

Human cost of industrialization -working conditions Lacks natural resources

Social Modernization – send people abroad to learn new ways Education for all Equality social structure Own land

Loss of traditional culture -clothing -hair -food


-Stays true to traditional values

-Loses Opium Wars to Britain and other conflicts -Gives foreign nations more trading ports, extraterritorial rights, and spheres of influence -Accepts that reform is necessary too late

-Have strong Traditional values -At first, resist change -Oppose Western powers

-Understands modernization is necessary -Adapt German government and military discipline -Adapt British navy -Strengthens industries -Increase military power and technology -Becomes empire builder (Korea, Taiwan, and Sino Japanese and Russ-Japanese Wars) Japan was better off because they accepted foreigners and learned from them. They modernized by adapting foreign ways. They then strengthened their military and began to expand and prosper, while China declined.

China Japan


Unit Thirteen- Imperialism and Nationalism in Africa

Terms: Geopolitics: An interest in or taking of land on account of its strategic location or products. Muhammad Ali: Egyptian leader who fought to gain control of Syria and Arabia. He then shifted the agriculture in Egypt to the cash crop cotton. This negatively affected the peasants because they lost the use of their old lands and now had to plant cotton. Isma’il: Grandson of Muhammad Ali who supported the construction of the Suez Canal that would connect the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Money had to be borrowed from France and the Egyptians worked hard to build it, but the canal was eventually finished. He also supported irrigation projects and communication networks, but the deficit started to combine and eventually, Egypt could not pay the $450 million dollars it owed to European bankers. Suez Canal: Canal supported by Isma’il. French money funded the production of this canal by Egyptian workers. It opened in 1869 and was a great success. Unfortunately, this was the beginning of the Egyptian debt to the Europeans. Crimean War: War between the Ottomans, French, and British and the Russians in 1853. The Russians attacked the Ottomans seeking to take some of their land, but the French and British sided with the Ottomans to fight off the Russians. The Ottomans eventually won with the help of the French and British, but they still continued to lose power. On another note, this was the first war in which women had established positions as army nurses, led by Florence Nightingale, and also, the first war to be covered by newspaper correspondents. David Livingstone: Scottish minister who traveled deep into Africa with the help of African guides searching for the source of the Nile. After years after his late 1860s departure he never showed up, and people thought he was dead. But in 1871, Hendry Stanley, an American newspaper reporter, found Livingstone on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Henry Stanley: A hired American newspaper reporter who found David Livingstone on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. He came back to Africa in 1879 and helped arrange treaties in 1882 between locals chiefs in the Congo River Valley and King Leopold II of Belgium. These treaties gave Belgium control of their territories. Social Darwinism: Those who are fittest for survival enjoy wealth and success and are considered to be superior to others. Maxim Gun: Invented in 1889, it was the first ever automatic machine gun. Berlin Conference: Conference arranged in 1884-1885 to assure fair division of lands in Africa. They established that any European country could control lands in Africa if they showed proper claims. The


unclaimed land was divided up without thought of tribal division/conflicts. Colony: A country or area that is internally governed by a foreign nation. Protectorate: A country or area that has its own internal government, but is under the control of a foreign power. Sphere of Influence: An area where an outside power states exclusive investment or trading rights. Economic Imperialism: An independent but underdeveloped nation controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments. Indirect Control: Control where the foreign nation relied on the existing political rulers to control the country or territory. Direct Control: Control where the foreign nation directly intervened and took control of the area themselves. Paternalism: Policy where when one nation views the weaker as a child, it governed them, providing for their needs, but taking away their rights. Assimilation: The policy where foreigners could be absorbed into another culture/society. Negritude Movement: Started by the French-speaking Africans and West Indians this was a movement celebrating African culture, values, and heritage. The movement believed that the black experience was unique. One leader of the movement, Leopold Senghor later became the president of Senegal. Kwame Nkrumah: After studying in America, he came back to his land of the Gold Coast and pushed for independence through nonviolent protests. Eventually, they were freed in 1957, and he became the first prime minister and then president-for-life. The country was now Ghana, and through Ghana, Nkrumah pushed this idea of a “United States of Africa,” an Africa run by the Africans for the Africans. He established the Pan-African Congress in 1945 leading to the formation of the Organization of African Unity in 1963. Nkrumah eventually lost power in 1966 when he went to China. Pan-African Congress: Started by Kwame Nkrumah, this was a meeting of Africans first held in Manchester, England in 1945. The next meeting was held in Africa in 1958. Organization of African Unity: An establishment founded after the Pan-African meeting in 1963 aimed to create a sense of unity among Africans. Jomo Kenyatta: Having a Kikuyu education in London, he gained control of the independent Kenya in 1963 as the president. His goal was to unite the different peoples of Kenya, but he unfortunately died in 1978.


Mau Mau: Secret society of Kenya made up of Kikuyu farmers. Their goal was to frighten the white farmers, not fight them in a war. They eventually turned to violence. Daniel Arap Moi: Taking over Kenya after Kenyatta, he did a poor job. Many died under his rule in protests and the corruption of his rule terrible. Thousands of people were left homeless and many were killed in ethnic conflicts. Opposition to his rule made him make the country a little more democratic. Mobutu Sese Seko: Rebel leader who defeated the ruling Lumumba of the Congo and gave him to his rival Tshombe, who killed him. Tshombe then ruled, but he too was overthrown by Mobutu who finally gained power in 1965. Mobutu now ruled Zaire for 32 years. He drained Zaire of his wealth and resources until he was finally overthrown in 1997 by Laurent Kabila. Mobutu died in September 1997. Shaka Zulu: Leader of the Zulu, he led highly disciplined warriors to establish a large centralized state. Boers: Dutch for “farmers” these were the Dutch descendents living in South Africa. Great Trek: This was the movement of Boers in the 1830s out of the Cape Colony heading a little north. They had to do this because the British were upset and totally disagreed with the Boer views on slavery, so the Boers moved to escape this. Boer War: War between the British and Boers in 1899 considered to be the first modern “total” war. The Boers launched a commando assault with guerilla tactics, while the British would burn Boer farms and imprison women and children in concentration camps. The British eventually won this war and the Boer republics had to join the Union of South Africa in 1902. Union of South Africa: Conglomerate of states ruled by the British in the south. It was combined into one country under their rule. National Party: Party in Africa that promoted Afrikaner nationalism. They were the white mans’ party. Afrikaner: A Dutch South African. Apartheid: Group of laws that limited black peoples rights and separated blacks from whites. Homeland: Lands given to blacks outside of the cities. The blacks where only given 13% of the land, while they dominated 75% of the population. Nelson Mandela: African activist who lead the ANC, but was imprisoned for 27 years for his opposition. Eventually he was released and was let to run in the Presidential election of South Africa in 1994. He won and as president, he continued to fight for equality in South Africa. ANC: African National Congress formed by blacks in 1912 to fight for their rights.


Soweto Riots: In 1976, riots in the school of the black township of Soweto resulted in the deaths of 600 students. Steve Biko: A popular protest leader who was beaten to death in 1977 while he was in custody. Desmond Tutu: A South African bishop who fought against apartheid by asking foreign nations not to do business with South Africa. International Boycott: This was the restriction or in most cases boycott of South Africa. Foreign nations would not trade with South Africa or they imposed certain trade restrictions. In the 1960s, South Africa was not allowed to compete in the Olympic games. F.W. de Klerk: Elected President in 1989, his goal was to change South African and end its isolation. He legalized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990. During his term, the apartheid laws were repealed and trade restrictions among foreign nations were eased. In 1994, he allowed the first ever universal elections. In which people of any race could vote. He also allowed Nelson Mandela to run against him. Inkatha Freedom Party: Rival party of the ANC who threatened to disrupt the 1994 elections. Genocide: A deliberate and systematic attempt to annihilate a racial group or nation. Hutu: Race of Rwandans making up the majority of the population as farmers. When Belgium took control, Hutus were considered to be inferior to the Tutsis. Tutsis: Race of Rwandans making up a minority of the population as cattle owners. When Belgium took control, Tutsis were considered to be superior because they seemed “European” because of their tallness and thinness. They were given positions of power. Identity Cards: Cards issued to all Rwandans with their photo and race. The cards were used in the genocide to determine if the person in question should be killed. Pacification/Hammering: The beating down of Africans so they stop resisting.

Ghana Tactics used by Nkrumah: Nonviolent protests

Nkrumah’s reforms: -New roads -New Schools -Better & more health care -“United States of Africa”?

Problems: -Spent too much money on reforms hurt country -“United States of Africa” could never happen with all the division

Kenya Tactics used by Mau Mau: Frighten white farmers then fight.

Kenyatta’s reforms: -Unite ethnic and language groups

Problems: -People don’t want to unite

Zaire Mobutu’s rule: Problems:


How independence gained: -Lumumba gain independence from Belgium -Mobutu overthrow -Tshombe gains power -Mobutu overthrow -Mobutu holds power

-Looted and robbed the country of billions of dollars

-People lose money -Government corrupt -Mobutu eventually overthrown by Kabila after 32 years of rule

Analogy of Cartoon Doctors:

• England • Italy • Spain • France • Russia • Germany

Patient: Ottoman Empire Sickness: weakness of Ottoman Empire

• Weak sultans • Corruption • Financial problems (corruption, inflation, unemployment) • Behind in technology • Military resist reform/modernization • Greece/Serbia break away

Amputation: Imperialism Why do they want to amputate?

• Geopolitics o Mediterranean Sea o Red Sea o Black Sea (Crimean War)

• Trade • Oil


Imperialism in Egypt In early 1800s, Egypt decides to break way from Ottoman Empire. The question: to modernize or not to modernize?

Muhammad Ali: • Cash crop- cotton (peasants lose land, self sufficiency)

Ismail (grandson)

• Loans for o Suez Canal o Irrigation Projects o Communication network o Schools o Docks o Industry

Problems:

Increased DEBT! Result: sell shares in Suez Canal to Britain to get money Britain gains financial control over canal and country. Peasant Revolt Result:

• Britain send in troops and put down revolt • Britain occupy Egypt • Not formal colony- Protectorate (weak country controlled by a

stronger country) Significance

France: Takes Algeria Germany: Calls Berlin Conference

Pattern in Egypt: Informal Crisis Informal -France helps build Suez Canal Suez Crisis (more British Control) -Britain gives loans (DebtRevolt) Egypt becomes

Protectorate of Br. Br. Occupies Egypt for 70 years


Reasons for Imperialism: • Rivalries • Market Opportunities • Spread of Christianity


Imperialism of Nigeria Nationalism-belief that people should be loyal to nation (tribe, religion, political) rather than King/Empire. Problems since Independence

• O.A.U.- ineffective • Corruption- Mobutu • Economic Projects Debt • Civil wars

o Ethnic tensions (genocide) o Black/Wite o Power

Chiefs Give Up: -Land -Power to mine, farm etc. -Settle Disputes -Go To war -Interact with others

Chiefs Receive: -Money $$$ -Protection -Self rule

Attitudes: -Paternalistic -Better -Laws

Ghana Kenya Independence

-British -Tried to use nonviolence -Leaders (jail & 1st president) -WWII veterans

Self Determination

-Kwame Knrumah -Boycotts and Strikes -Pan Africanism the unity and cooperation of all African peoples -NONVIOLENCE

-Jomo Kenyatta -Armed Uprising- Mau Mau attack white farmers -“Land & Freedom Party” White settlers -VIOLENCE


Coup d'état- military overthrow Dictators- rigged elections (1 Party) “Big Men” Little Experience with democracy Poorly prepared for independence Poverty The Struggle for South Africa

• Dutch (Boers) landing in 1652 (Trading post, Mediterranean climate) • British take over cape Colony (1806-1814

o Boers conflict with British • The Great Trek (1836-1838) • Shaka Zulu (1785-1828) • Boers clash with the Xhosa tribes • Boers create independent states- “Boer States” (Natal, Orange Free State,

Transvaal) • Diamond Mines • Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)-British • Paul Kruger (1825-1904)-Boer • Boer-British tensions increase • The Boer War (1899-1900) Boers vs. British British win • Union of South Africa, 1910 (Cape Colony & 3 Boer States) • Pattern in South Africa • The road to apartheid

o 1912- ANC African National Congress is formed to fight discrimination

o 1913- Afrikaners (descendants of Boers) form National Party to preserve their identity under British rule

o 1948- National Party comes to power and adopts a policy of apartheid

Formal Informal Cape Colony Boer War Union of South Africa Independent country Part of British Commonwealth


Rwanda Imperialism- Tutsis power over Hutus Independence (1962)- Hutus come to power - Tutsis fleeRebel Groups Tutsi Rebels attack (1990) Civil War President H (Hutu)- peace deal plane shot down by Hutus, but Tutsis blamed genocide (Hutus Tutsis Tutsi Rebels capture capital/country Hutus Leave RECONCILIATION

- Trials - Re-education camps - Divisionism banned - No identity

Sudan • Colony of England (Divide and Conquer) • Divided ethnically and politically

North Muslim Arab South Christian African

• North given power after independence o Civil War o Peace Treaty (South get concessions)

West (Muslim and African)(Darfur) are jealous

Genocide (Gov. attack people in Darfur by sending janjaweed)


Unit Fourteen- Nationalism in Latin America

Terms: Peninsulares: Men born in Spain who held the top positions in Latin America. Creole: Spaniards born in Latin America holding lesser positions than Peninsualres. Mestizo: A person of mixed European and Indian ancestry. Mulatto: A person of mixed European and African ancestry. Peonage: System where workers are given wages that are not enough to pay for their needs and end up in an endless cycle of debt, living almost as if a slave for life. Caudillos: Simply put, dictators. Reformers: Such reformers as Domingo Sarmiento of Argentina wanted to improve the country and work towards a better country, but these reformers were usually followed again by caudillos. Monroe Doctrine: Issued by President James Monroe in 1823, this document stated that the Americas were off limits to future European colonization (imperialism). Jose Marti: Cuban revolutionist who fought for independence. He was originally exiled to Spain for his rebel ideas, and he eventually made his way to New York City where he became a writer spreading his revolutionary ideas. Long story short, he raised a rebel army in New York and the headed to Cuba where he died early in the fight for Cuban independence. Cuba eventually got its independence in 1901. Spanish-American War: The fight for Cuban independence originally started out as Cuba vs. Spain. With the United States’ economics ties to Cuba, they decided to stop the brutality of Spain and free Cuba. They joined the fight against Spain in 1898 and after four months, the tired Spaniards gave up. As a result, Cuba was given its independence in 1901 and the US intervened in its government. Panama Canal: Canal constructed by the United States and supported by their president, Theodore Roosevelt. For helping Panama gain their independence, they gave the US a ten-mile-wide area to build the canal. The Americans worked on the canal for the next 10 years and it eventually opened in 1914. This canal cut a journey that was once 13,000 miles long in half. Roosevelt Corollary: As a stipulation added by President Roosevelt in 1904, this added upon the Monroe Doctrine stating that the US could act as “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere. First World: The United States and its allies. Second World: The Soviet Union and its allies. Third World: Developing countries, some newly independent, with no alignment with either superpower. Nonaligned nations: Nations that did not support any of the world’s two superpowers.


Fulgencio Batista: Cuban dictator supported by the United States who was eventually overthrown my Castro. Fidel Castro: Born to a privileged life, he became involved in politics while at the University of Havana. He originally tried to overthrow Batista in 1953, but failed. He eventually reached his goal though in 1959. At first, many of Castro’s reforms improved the economy, health care, literacy, and conditions for women. But Castro was a harsh dictator who would kill his opponents in the “elections.” He eventually sought to nationalize the economy, bring profits to Cuba. Bay of Pigs: Invasions of anti-Castro Cuban exiles landing in the Bay of Pigs in April 1961. This operation was arranged by the CIA and approved by President Kennedy who would not send in U.S. planes to support. Cuban Missile Crisis: In 1962, Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba. When John F. Kennedy got wind of this, he felt that his was a threat and asked Cuba to prevent the installation of more missiles. Cuba refused and a lot of hostility spurred between the two parties. This crisis eventually ended with an agreement for the U.S. not to invade Cuba and a few stipulations of Cuban rule to be added. Castro was given lots of help from the Soviet Union. In exchange, he supported Communist revolutions in Latin America and Africa by sending in Cuban troops. Oil Diplomacy: The sale of oil at a cheaper price to help poorer countries. Petro-ist States: Country whose economy is based on the export of oil and has little democracy. When oil prices go up, democracy decreases in these countries.

Three Types of Independence Movements 1. A true revolutionary uprising in which the ruling class was violently and

totally overthrown and driven out by the people. 2. Civil wars with criollos fighting on both sides along with other South

Americans (This was much like the American War for Independence). 3. Independence was achieved easily, with little or no fighting. Few changes

to place in these cases except that Spanish and Portuguese royal officials disappeared and were replaced by local citizens (usually the criollo landowners and traders).


Independence Movements in Latin America Haiti (Satin-Domingue) South America Mexico Brazil

Leaders and supporters. Identify their social class.

-Toussaint L’Ouverture (ex-slave) -General Dessalines (ex-slave)

-Simon Bolivar (creole) -Jose de San Martin (creole) -Bernado O’Higgins (Peninsulares)

-Miguel Hidalgo (Mestizo) -Jose Maria Morelos (Mestizo) -Agustin de Iturbide (Creole)

-Dom Pedro (Royalty)

Reasons for independence movement. Type of independence movement.

-Type 1 -Freedom from slavery -Want more power/rights -French Revolution gives them ideas of “Liberty” and “Equality” -Napoleon -Brutal Methods

-Type 2 -Want freedom from Spain -Want control of government -Creoles resent Peninsulares

-Type 1 Type 2 -Freedom from Spain -Want more rights/power -Oppose encomienda -Poor treatment -Creoles fear lose power

-Type 3 -Brazil wants to be independent because they have their own uniqueness

Why was it successful? List factors.

-Toussaint was a skilled general -Slave army outnumbered French -Violent (destroy plantations, kill whites)

-Bolivar’s surprise attack -Great leadership of Bolivar and Martin -Large combined force under Bolivar

-Creoles actually gained independence because they feared the loss of privileges so they united and free Mexico -Supported by lower classes (Indians & Mestizos) -Skilled leaders

-It was a very peaceful quest for independence -Dom Pedro asked to rule who turns down power? -Petition

What problems were encountered?

-Toussaint L’Ouverture captured and put in prison in the French Alps because French believed he was planning another uprising. He died ten moths later -Rebuild economy after independence -Today, poorest country in Western Hemisphere

-Bolivar was defeated many times and had to go into exile twice -Martin could not push Spanish forces from Lima and Peru because he did not have enough troops -Large territory difficult to control

-Hidalgo’s and Morelos forces were defeated -Creole ally with Spain to put down revolution, but then hijack revolution

-None, it was a peaceful transition


The Four Bases of Power Caudillo-dictator

“Strongman” Church Latifundia-landowners

Criollos Foreigners

-Got power by military force -No democracy -Set aside constitution -Election often rigged -Golpe d’estado (coup) Spoils system/support of followers -Corruption

-Major landowner -Mestizo and Indian peasants work land (encomienda/sharecropping) -Controlled education -Spiritual role- religious ceremonies -Temporal rule- landowner, hospitals, charities, schools -use social services to manipulate the people (Indian and Mestizo) -No separation of Church and State

-Peasants raised crops in exchange for food, clothing, shelter -Peasants under tight control -Not modernize -Cash crop farming -Peasants lose self-sufficiency and go into debt -No middle class

-Foreign companies in L.A.- cash crops, mines, etc. -Support gov. that protect their investments and oppose economic and social change -Provide jobs to larger pool of unskilled labor



Should the U.S. end its embargo of Cuba?

Yes No -Our embargo has made the already terrible living conditions of Cubans worse. -Cuba’s economy struggles because it cannot export goods to U.S. -Cuban people cannot get American products easily. -Americans travel is restricted to Cuba. -The Cold War is over and Cuba is not a threat. -We are using a lot of resources to enforce the embargo, which could be used towards securing our nation against terrorism.

-If we lift the embargo now, we would send the wrong message to the Castro regime. -Embargo forces a reduction in the size of the Cuban military. -Helps restrict the flow of money to the Cuban government who would use this money not to help their people, but to be used for other wrong things

Cuba

Liberal Conservative -Castro -Help poor -Nationalist first -Land Reform -Profits stay in Cuba -Oppose foreign influence -Soviets: Communist Second

-Batista -Elite -Corrupt Caudillo -Favored Foreign Investment -Sugar -Tourism

US Policy w/ Castro: -Try to overthrow (Bay of Pigs) but failed -Isolating embargo -One foot policy

Positive: -Good health care and education -Jobs

Negative: -Lack of modernization/ communication -Poverty -Economy (cash crops) -Soviet Union -Tourism -Not modernize economy -Caudillo (corrupt) -Totalitarianism government -Gov total control -Elections, press, speech


-Oil and Telecommunications -Bolivarism

-Caudillos -Little freedoms -Help poor -Social and Economic reforms -Land -Education, health -Nationalize -Liberals -Hate US imperialism -Cult of Personality

-Soviets

Fidel Castro Hugo Chavez


Unit Fifteen- Nationalism in Asia

Terms: Indian National Congress: Also known as the Congress party, it was mostly compromised of Hindus. This political party said to represent all of India, but many Muslims believed that it only had Hindu interests in mind. Muslim League: Founded by Muhammed Ali Jinnah in 1906 to protect the interests of Muslims in India. Mohandas K. Gandhi: Also called Mahatma (“Great Soul”) he was an Indian rights activist who spent many years as a lawyer in South Africa protecting black rights. To gain independence, Gandhi sought not to fight, but to disobey civilly, known as civil disobedience. He opposed all violence and when the Muslims and Hindus began to fight with each other, he began to protect the Muslims a little. Because of this, he was assassinated on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu extremist who though Gandhi was too kind to the Muslims. Civil Disobedience: Satyagraha, this is the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law. Indians would refuse to do certain things peacefully to oppose the British. They did not buy British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, and vote in elections. Rowlatt Act: Passed in 1919, this allowed the British ruling government to jail any protester without trial for a maximum of two years. Amritsar Massacre: 10,000 Hindus and Muslims met to protest the Rowlatt Act. These people were unaware of the ban of public meetings and the British, led by General Reginald Dyer, began to shoot on the people. 400 Indians were killed with another 1200 left wounded. This raised great anger among millions of Indians. Mahatma: “Great Soul,” used to refer to Gandhi. Satyagraha: The Indian word for civil disobedience. Homespun (Khadi): Clothes that people spun by themselves instead of buying the British clothes. Salt March: Led by Gandhi, this 240-mile walk was a protest to British rule because they were only allowed to buy salt from the British. So, they walked to the sea and began collecting seawater and let it dry, leaving salt. Government of India Act: Passed in 1935 by the British Parliament, this provided local self-government in India and limited democratic elections. Quit India: Launched by the Congress Party in 1942, it was intended to drive Great Britain out of India. Congress Party: Another name for the Indian National Congress. (See Above) Muhammed Ali Jinnah: Founder of the Muslim League who sought to represent Muslim interests. He believed that the Congress Party did not represent the Muslims, so he created the Muslim League. He


fought for a separate state for Muslims and this was eventually Pakistan. Partition: The division of India into two nations, Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. Jawaharlal Nehru: First Prime Minister of India in office for 17 years. In office, he had to deal with the Indian-Pakistani conflict over Kashmir. As Prime Minister of India, he led an alliance of independent nations that were not aligned with either the United States of the Soviet Union. He reorganized the states of India by language, pushed for industrialization, and promoted social reforms. He tried to give both the lower castes and women more rights. He died in 1964. Indira Gandhi: Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, she took her dad’s spot as Prime Minister of India after he died. She lost office, but then returned in 1980 when she faced her biggest problem ever. Sikh terrorists were pushing for an independent Sikh state. They were based in the Golden Temple at Amritsar, the most important Sikh religious building. This was there base of operations where they would attack and come back to. Gandhi ordered troops to take over the temple, and they did, killing 500 Sikhs and destroyed sacred property. She was gunned down four months later by her two Sikh bodyguards. Rajiv Gandhi: Son of Indira Gandhi who took office after she was assassinated. When he came into office in 1984, he called for new elections and won by the largest margin in any of his family’s elections. His party lost power in 1989 however because they were accused of corruption. Finally, in 1991 while he was campaigning he was killed by a bomb that was carried by a female terrorist from Sri Lanka. She was opposed to many of his policies. Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of the assassinated Ali Bhutto, she was Prime Minister of Pakistan for two terms. Disorder struck, and she was taken out of office in 1996. Kashmir: Territory with a Hindu ruler, but a predominant Muslim population at the time of the conflict between India and Pakistan. These two nations fought over the territory, but were stopped by a U.N. ordered cease-fire in 1949. Pakistan was given a third of Kashmir, while India was given the rest. In 1962, China seized a part of Kashmir. Again in 1972, India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir. They settled a new truce, but still to this day, there is tension between the two nations. Tamil: A Hindu people of southern India and northern Sri Lanka. They began to fight for an independent Tamil state in Sri Lanka in 1981. Rajiv Gandhi of India sent in aide to disarm the rebels, but it was ineffective and the troops were pulled back. Still to this day, a civil war goes on between the Tamils and Sri Lankans. Harijan: “Children of God.” The name given to the lowest caste by Mohandas Gandhi. Kuomintang: Chinese nationalist party led by Sun Yixian. They pushed for nationalism and modernization.


Sun Yixian: Nationalist leader who, in 1912, overthrew the last Qing emperor. As leader of China for six weeks him pushed the “Three Principles of the People.” They are nationalism, people’s rights (democracy), and people’s livelihood (economic security for all Chinese people). He then gave up his rule to Yuan Shikai. When Shikai died, chaos reigned and Yixian tried to reorganize the Kuomintang. But soon there was a greater threat to their power, the Communists. Sun helped set up a Kuomintang government in Southern China and there, they had to give in to the influence of Lenin and Communism. Sun began to model his government after Lenin’s and that is how he left it when he died in 1925. Mao Zedong: He began his political career as a young schoolteacher studying at the Being University who protested the European Imperialism. In 1921, he was among the group that helped organize the Chinese Communit Party. He survived Jiang’s mass communist killings by fleeing to the countryside. There, to gain support of the peasants he gave portions of the land that the Communist had won among the local farmers. Mao’s vision was of a rural country where peasants could be the true revolutionary force. Mao was no “swimming in the peasant sea” where he recruited peasants in his Red Army and trained them in guerrilla warfare. When Jiang sent 700,000 against his 100,000, he knew they were outnumbered so they began to flee. This was called the Long march. Only 10,000-30,000 of them survived and they hid out in caves. May Fourth Movement: National movement of workers, manufacturers, shopkeepers, and professionals who demonstrated the Chinese people’s commitment to the goal of creating a strong, modern government. Sun Yixian and his Kuomintang also agreed with the ideas of this movement, but could not strengthen central rule on their own. Long March: Retreat of the Communists from the nationalist army of Jiang. They climbed mountains and crossed swamplands. They fought big battles and minor skirmishes. They had to sleep sitting back-to-back to keep from sinking in the mud. In the end, only 10,000-30,000 of the original 100,000 fled safely. They settled in caves in Northwestern China. Agrarian Reform Law of 1950: Mao Zedong takes all of the land from the landlords and divides it equally among the peasants. Over one million landlords were killed by Mao’s forces because they resisted the policy. 5-Year Plan: Plan established by Mao Zedong setting high productions for industry. China reached those targets and more. Their output of cement, coal, and electricity doubled and steel production quadrupled. Communes: Government forced collective farms of peasants. On average, they spread 15,000 acres with over 25,000 people. The


communes destroyed the family. By 1958, there were 26,000 of these collective farms. Production Battalions: Organized group of peasants under the leadership of a company and squad leaders who worked the land together. These people ate together in communal dining rooms, slept in communal dormitories, and raised their children in communal nurseries. “Great Leap Forward”: Plan that called for the larger collective farms or communes. This turned out to be a bad plan and more of a great leap backward. Poor planning coupled together with the insufficient “backyard industries” hurt growth. This program was discontinued in 1961. “Backyard Industries”: Personal steel production in one’s own backyard. Red Guards: High school and college student militia unit who led the Cultural Revolution. They shut down colleges and schools fearing the intellectual threat of the mind. Their targets were those who were more privileged or those resisted Mao’s regime. Cultural Revolution: Uprising led by the Red Guards. The goal of this revolution was to create an equal society of peasants and workers. This revolution targeted the privileged like intellectuals and those who resisted Mao’s regime. Intellectuals could “purify” themselves by doing hard labor in a remote village, but thousands of people died in jail or were executed. Zhou Enlai: Chinese ruler who succeeded Mao Zedong. He was one of the original Communist movement leaders and supported the Cultural Revolution. He wanted to open up China to the rest of the world so he made efforts to reach out to the United States. In 1972, he met with President Richard Nixon and Mao Zedong to work out some sort of trade agreement. He died in 1976. Deng Xiaoping: Chinese ruler who succeeded Zhou Enlai. He was one of the last of the “old revolutionaries” left from the Long March. He promoted a set of goals that he called the Four Modernizations. The goal behind these changes was to make progress in agriculture, defense, industry, and science and technology. Following this, he started a program of economic reforms called the “Second Revolution.” Farmers no longer lived on communes. They were leased land and to pay rent, they had to meet a food quota. From there, they could plant any other crops they wanted to sell for a profit. This system helped food production increase 50% from 1978-1984. From here, reform moved to industry. Small private businesses were allowed to legally operate. This allowed for greater freedom to set production goals for the managers of large state-owned industries. He also allowed foreign technology and investment. One mistake in his career was when he sent in the military to put down protestors in Tiananmen Square. Hundreds were killed and thousands were left wounded. Deng Xiaoping eventually died in 1997.


Four Modernizations: Brought about by Deng Xiaoping, these called for advances in agriculture, defense, industry, and science and technology. These were reached through economic and industrial reforms. Tiananmen Square: In 1989, over 100,000 students crowded China’s Tiananmen Square in protest of Communism and corruption. They wanted democracy and for Deng Xiaoping to step down. Over a million people had now joined the protest when Xiaoping decided to use force. Many left and only 3,000 were left against the force of 250,000 troops. The protestors fell back on their 33 foot statue named the “Goddess of Democracy” (supposed to be like Statue of Liberty). When forces attacked on June 4, 1989, they did not only go to Tiananmen Square, they attacked everywhere in Beijing. Hundreds were killed and thousands more were injured. About 10,000 people were arrested. The government covered up this atrocity by claiming that a small group of criminals was plotting against the government. The government had to crush the riot. Jiang Zemin: Chinese ruler succeeding Deng Xiaoping. He faced many criticisms for his lack of military experience. The world began to demand democracy of China from him, and he admitted to China’s past mistakes, but China was never made into a democracy. Pearl Harbor: American naval base in Hawaii where a Japanese surprise attack took place on December 7, 1941. The damage was devastating. In only 2 hours, the Japanese had taken down 18 ships, 8 of which were battleships making up almost the entire U.S. Pacific Fleet. Over 2,400 Americans were killed and another 1,000 were wounded. Kamikaze Pilots: Japanese pilots who would dive in for a bombing and then crash their plane purposely to take out their enemy while giving up their life. Their motivation for doing this is that they were doing this for the emperor. Hirohito: Emperor of Japan during the American intervention after the Japanese defeat. Douglas MacArthur: Commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific, he believed in a method of “island-hop” past Japanese strongpoints. He would take islands that were poorly defended, but were still close to Japan. Using air power, they would cut off supplies to Japan. “Hit ‘em where they ain’t, let ‘em die on the vine,” he said. He lead the allied forces to many victories including that of the Battle of Guadalcanal. After the Japanese defeat he was the supreme commander for the Allied powers and head of the U.S. occupation of Japan. He sought to demilitarize Japan, bring Democracy by decreasing the power of the emperor, make a new constitution, and change many other things. Demilitarization: The breaking down of a military power.


Diet: The elected two-house Parliament of Japan. They had the power to choose the prime minister. Article 9: Stipulation added by the Allied occupants stating that Japan could no longer declare war, only fight back if attacked. Outsourcing/Offshoring: The movement of jobs or companies factories that were once in the United States to foreign countries because it is cheaper to operate. Numbers Gap: Insufficient number of engineers and scientists coming out of the US. Education Gap: Our education is falling behind. Globalization: Process in which countries around the world are brought together/interconnected culturally and economically through advanced technology.

Note- India and Pakistan were given independence at midnight on August 15, 1947.


-Jawarlal Nehru -Advocated industrialization -Promoted “Green Revolution” increase yield w/modern tech make India self-sufficient -Mixed economy (mix of capitalism and socialism) -Non aligned movement (neutral in Cold War) -Social reforms (untouchables and women) -Indira Gandhi -Continues Nehru’s policies -Faced corruption charges and internal rebellion -Birth control movement -Assassinated in 1984 (Sikhs) -Rajiv Gandhi -Some reform of economy and gov. -Also faced rebellion -Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning (Tamils) -DEMOCRACY WORKS -A.D. Vajpayee -BJP: Hindu nationalist party -Increased tensions Hindus-Muslims Test nuclear weapons -Increase tensions India-Pakistan -Manmohan Singh -Economic reforms -Problems -Overpopulation -Economic development -Hindu-Muslim tensions -Gender issues dowry killings -Caste bias discrimination against untouchables continues -Political leaders assassinations -Consumer culture -Rising middle class -1991 economic reforms: -Cut red tape -Encourage foreign investment -Reduce government control of industries and prices -Good education system -English language -Per Capita GDP- $3,700

-Jinnah is first ruler -Pakistan is not ready for independence in 1948 -Strong Muslim fundamentalism -Allies w/US in Cold War -Bhutto overthrown by General Zia -DEMOCRACY IS NOT WORKING --Benazir Bhutto -Corruption -General Pervex Musharaff -Coup d’etat -Secular gov, against Islamic fundamentalists -US ally in the “War on Terror” -Problems -Economic development -Political instability/military dictatorship -Hindu-Muslim tensions -Gender issues honor killings -Terrorism

India Pakistan

-The Kashmir dispute




Mao’s Revolution Deng’s Revolution

-Equality -Violence -Class struggle

-Capitalism -Western ideas -Fought for economic development -$$$ -“To be rich is glorious.” -“It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice.”

China: The Problems of Independence

Agriculture Industry Political Unity & Social Control

Diplomacy

Mao Zedong 1949-1976

Agrarian Reform Las -Land peasansts -Land collectivization Communes -no private prop. -infrastructure

5 Year Plan Great Leap Forward -mismanagement -famine

Cul. Revolution -cult of personality -Education & literacy up -Family down

-Isolation -Nuclear weapons Nixon

Deng Xiaoping 1976-1997

4 Modernizations -Sideline business -Rent land

4 Modernizations -incentives -small businesses -private businesses -foreign trade and investment

Tienanmen Square -Students pro-democracy -1 Child Policy

-Open up China -foreign trade and investment

Jiang Zemin 1997-2003 Hu Jintao 2003-Today

Migration Farms Cities

Economy growing F.B.T. Pollution

Political reform? Human Rights Google

-Taiwan -Trade -1 China


Post-War Japan


North Korea Nuclear Club

• United States • Russia • Great Britain • France • China • India • Pakistan • Israel


• North Korea (Tested October 9th, 2006) 1. When and where divided?- After World War II. Split at 38 degrees Latitude-

(North Korea and South Korea) 2. How did war star there?- June 25, 1950- North Korea invades South Korea. 3. How did the U.S. get involved?-Came in during UN intervention also want to

contain communism. 4. What was the U.S. strategy?- Surprise attack and then trap the enemy with a

surprise land at their rear flank. 5. How did the war end?- UN and North Korea sign cease-fire agreement ending

fighting and dividing Korea tat bout 38 degrees latitude again. 6. What were the effects of the war?- Millions dead. Still Communism vs.

Democracy.


Unit Sixteen: Nationalism in the Middle East

Terms: Zionism: The belief that Jews should have a national homeland in Palestine. Suez War: This crisis started in 1956 in response to the Egyptians loss of U.S. and British financial support to build the Aswan Dam. Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser sent in his troops to regain control of the Suez Canal that the French and British were controlling for their business interests. In response, the British and French allied with the Israelis providing air support. The Israelis easily defeated the Egyptians, but pressure from the US and the Soviet Union forced the Israelis to withdraw and allowed the Egyptians to take back the canal. Golda Meir: Zionist who moved from the U.S. to live on a Plestinain kibbutz in 1921. Changing her name from Myerson to Meir, she served as ambassador to the Soviet Union, minister of labor, foreign minister, and eventually prime minister of Israel. She was prime minister during the dreaded Yom Kippur War in 1973. A truce was agreed upon after weeks of fighting, ending the war. Hosni Mubarak: Leader of Egypt who took control after anwar Sadat’s assassination in 1981 by a group of Muslim extremist opposed to his peace treaty. Although all of this tension existed, Mubarak still maintained peace with Israel. Yasir Arafat: Leader of the PLO. He met with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin making to Oslo Peace Agreement, which gave Palestinians self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Again, he met with the new Israelis Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in 1997 to work out a partial withdrawal of Israelis from Hebron, on the West Bank. PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization led by Yasir Arafat. They opposed the Israelis in many ways either by arms or civil disobedience. One civil disobedience movement was called the inifada. Intifada: Palestinian civil disobedience movement of “uprising.” Palestinians took place in boycotts, demonstrations, attacks against Israelis soldiers, and rock throwing by unarmed teenagers. This started in 1987 and still continues on and off. Mustafa Kemal: Led the Turkish nationalist overthrow of the Ottoman sultan in 1922. He then became the president of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. To modernized Turkey, he separated Islamic laws from the nation’s laws. He modeled the new legal system off of European law and also some U.S. law. Women had more right under his rule. They were allowed to vote and hold public office. Finally, Kemal’s last reform was government-funded programs to industrialize Turkey and to bring about great economic growth. He died in 1938 known as Ataturk, “father of the Turks.” Ataturk: Meaning “father of the Turks.” This is the name the Turkish people have given Mustafa Kemal.


Reza Shah Pahlavi: Leader of Persia who sought to modernize the country by making public schools, building roads and railroads, extending women’s rights, and promoting industrial growth. He held all of the power of the country that he later called Iran in 1935. Ibn Saud: Descendant of the powerful Arabian family, he sought to unify Arabia in 1902. He later named this country Saudi Arabia in 1932. The country’s law was heavily rooted in Arab and Islamic traditions. Custom, family ties, and religion were the base of loyalty to the Saudi government. An example of an Islamic law was the ban of alcoholic drinks. Saud also sought to modernize Saudi Arabia by bringing in foreign modern technologies such as radios and telephones. Still, these modernizations would have to be religiously acceptable. Ayatollahs: Conservative Muslim leader’s of Iran such as Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini. Ayatollah Khomeini: Leader of the religious opposition of the shah of Iran. He helped forced the shah out of Iran in 1979 and then banned Western influences. He made the country’s law Islamic law. To show his opposition to the Western influences, he supported the seizure of the U.S. embassy in Tehran and the holding of hostages for 444 days. Khomeini tried to get other countries to overthrow their secular governments. He encouraged Muslim fundamentalists, strict believers of Islam. One of their neighbors, Iraq, had a secular government. Not only this, but they were led by the opposing Muslim group, the Sunni. War erupted for 8 years and it eventually ended in 1988 ceasefire demanded by the UN. Millions of Iranians and Iraqis were killed. Secular: Not being religious. In government, this is the separation of religion and state. Muslim Fundamentalists: Strict Islamic believers. Mujahideen: Afghani rebels who fought from their mountain strongholds. Sectarian: Describes division and discrimination pertaining to a certain religion. Insurgency: An organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict.


Causes Actions Effects

-Jews want national state -Britain wants to keep support of Jews and Arabs

Britain issues the Balfour Declaration.

-Formation of Jewish state decades later -Anger of Arabs

-Jews push for national state -UN recommends partition of Palestine

Independent Israel created

-Arabs angered that Jews given most land -Invasion of Arab nations on Israel right after independence

-Egypt wants control of Suez Canal back -Egypt angry by loss of financial support from US and Britain

The 1956 Arab-Israeli war breaks out

-Egypt regains Suez Canal -Still hurt bad by Israel

-Egypt, w/ help of other Arab nations, tension w/ Israel

The 1967 Six-Day War begins

-Israel militarily occupies old city of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and the West Bank

-Arabs want to attack Jews on Yom Kippur to surprise

The 1973 Yom Kippur War begins

-Arab nations regain control of some of lost land -Relations between Israelis and Arabs still tense

-Tensions between Israelis and Arabs -Hostile ending to Yom Kippur War

Sadat and Begin sign the Camp David Accords

-Sadat assassinated by Muslim extremist -Egypt gets Sinai Peninsula, promise peace w/ Israel

-Palestinians upset w/ the occupation of the Israelis and their settlements

Rabin and Arafat issue Declaration of Principles

-Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist -Self-rule granted to parts of West Bank and Gaza Strip



Balfour Declaration



Palestinian Authority

Legislature Judicial Hamas

Executive P.L.O Prime Minister Obstacles to Peace

• Radicals • Refugees- back • Israeli settlements • Land • Jerusalem • Water

Iran

Reza Shah Pahlavi

-Monarchy -Pro-West -Informal Imperialism -Spheres of Influence -Concessions

Mossaddeq -Nationalist -Elected Prime Minister in 1951 -Nationalized the foreign oil companies -Got rid of corrupt military officials -Was toppled in a coup aided by the American CIA in 1953 -The Shah of Iran is returned to power


Ethnic Groups of Iraq Kurds- Sunni- North Arabs- Sunni- Minority (Hussein)- Middle Shiite- Majority- South

Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

-Pro-West -Still a lot of poverty -Brutal suppression of dissidents -Secular -Women did not have to cover themselves (freedoms) -Meets with US presidents

Ayatollah Khomeini How does he change Iran?

-Became an Islamic scholar/religious leader (studied in Qom). -Spoke out against Shah -Kicked out of Iran in 1978 -Comes back in 1979 after Shah leaves -A theocracy is created -Holds hostages for 444 days -Iran ruled by Shariah, Islamic law -Iranian foreign policy to support groups opposed to Israel

Today- Ahmadinejad



