Gis for Geoscience

8/10/2019 Gis for Geoscience

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SIG Pertambangan(GIS for Geoscience)

Oleh :

Irvani

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

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Referensi :


Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1994) Geographic Information System for Geoscientists: Modellingwith GIS. Delta Print ing , Ontario, 398 p.

Harris, J.R. (ed) (2006) GIS For The Earth Sciences. GAC Special Paper 44, Geological

Associati on of Can ada, 616 p.

de By, R.A. (ed) (2000) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC educationalTexbook Series, Netherlands.

Huisman, O. And de By, R.A. (2009) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC

educational Texbook Series, Netherlands.

Mitchel, A. (1999) The ESRI guide to GIS Analysis. Volume 1: Geographic patterns &Relationships, ESRI Press, 186 pp.

Kennedy, H. (ed) (2001) Dictionary of GIS terminolog y. ESRI Press, Redlands, 116 p.

Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2001) Geographic

Informati on Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, 454 pp.

Maguir e, D. J., Goodch ild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W. (eds) (1991) Geographical in formati onsystems: principles and applications, Longman.

Zeiler, M. (1999) Modeling Our Wor ld: the ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design. ESRI Press,

Redlands, 198 p.

ESRI Homepage ( http://esri.com /index.html ) : understand ing GIS, industry applicati ons,

user conference, virtual campus, ESRI Press books

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Materi/Pokok BahasanI Pendahuluan (P.1)

II Overview of GIS (P.2)

III Map Projection and

Coordinate System (P.3-4)

IV GIS for Geoscience (P.5)

V GIS Database (P.6)

VI Theory of Spatial Analysis (P.7-9)

a. Metode AHP

b. Principle Steps

in GIS Spatial

c. GIS Processing

VII Introduction to ArcGIS or

MapInfo (P.10) (Option)

VIII Case Studies/Latihan (P.11-14)


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Geoscience Applications are Very

Difficult Tasks for GIS

1. Geoscientists require 3D modeling

2. Geo-objects are not designed but revealed by

limited samples, or by indicative data

3. Geo-objects are also highly irregular and

complex with many more parameters than

simple geometry

4. Many types of datasets involved

5. GIS is merely sof tware application for general

spatial dataSetijadji-slide



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Geoscience Activities in whichGIS can Contribute

Bonham-Carter (1994, 2000) stressed that there are at least

six core activities in Geoscience in which GIS can be

involved:

data organization,

data visualization,

spatial data search (query),

combining (integration) of d iverse data types,

data analysis, and

prediction to support decision-making based onmultip le factors of spatial information.


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GIS Modeling Levels

2D Display

3D Display (often called

2.5D)

one z value at a singl e

modeling process

stack can create volume

between surface layers, but

each sur face does not have

a thickness

3D Analysis (often

called true, solid 3D)

Surfaces may have

multiple z values for a

x,y location



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Geologic phenomena types

Geographic Field

Geographic Object

for every point a value can bedetermined

spatial analysis: qualitative

e.g., temperature, elevation,gravity field

a geographic phenomenon thatis well distinguishable, discrete,

and sharply bounded entity

spatial analysis: quantitative

boundary accuracy is matter ofconcern

e.g., lithology units, evidencemaps (low-high gravity zones)

Gravity field

Gravity cl asses

gravity high

gravity low



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Spatial Data Models (2D)

Field-based models (e.g. RASTER)

Continuous spatial phenomena

For every point in space a value of the field can

be determined

Object-based models (e.g. VECTOR)

Space is populated by well distinguishable,

discrete, bounded objects


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2D and 2.5D Data Structure Types

Vector

Represents geographic features

with lines, points, and polygons

complex data storage with many

nodes, each has an x,y coordinate

value

spatial analysis: intersection, etc

e.g., coverages and shapefiles

Raster

discrete regular, usually square, cells

or Pixels

simple data storage, regular grids

with unifor mly spaced; each cell i s

located by its row and column position

spatial analysis: maps calculation

(binary maps, weight evidence etc)

e.g., images and grids



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Vector and Raster representations of points,lines and areas

Column Column Column

Row

Row

Row

Vectordatamodel

Rasterdatam

odel

Point Line Area

y y y

x x x

code

code

code

Key for the vector models: intemediate pointnode


polygon 1polygon 1

polygon 2polygon 2

Vertices polygon 1Vertices polygon 1

Additional vertices polygon 2Additional vertices polygon 2

NodesNodes

Arc 1Arc 1

Arc 2Arc 2

Arc 3Arc 3



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Common Data FormatsVector Formats Geography Markup Language (GML) - XML based open standard

(by OpenGIS) for GIS data exchange

Keyhole Markup Language (KML) - XML based open standard (by

OpenGIS) for GIS data exchange

Auto CAD DXF - Conto ur eleva tion plot s in A uto CAD DXF format

Shapefile - Esri's open, hybrid vector data format using SHP, SHX

and DBF files

Simple Features - Open Geospatial Consortium specificatio n for

vector data

MapInfo TAB format - MapInfo's vector data format using TAB,

DAT, ID and MAP files

National Transfer Format (NTF) - National Transfer Format

(mostly used by the UK Ordnance Survey)

TIGER -To polog ically Integrated Geographic Encoding and

Referencing

Cartesian coordinate system (XYZ) -Simple poin t cloud

Vector Product Format - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

(NGA)'s format of vectored data for large geographic databases.

GeoMedia - Intergraph's Microsoft Access based format forspatial vector storage.

ISFC - Intergraph's MicroStationb ased CAD solution attaching

vector elements to a relational Microsoft Access database

Personal Geodatabase - Esri's closed, integrated vector data

storage strategy using Microsoft's Access MDB format

File Geodatabase - Esri's file-based geodatabase format, stored

as folders in a file system. Esri also has an enterprise

Geodatabase format for use in an RDBMS.

Coverage - Esri's closed, hybrid vector data storage strategy.

Legacy ArcGIS Workstation / ArcInfo format with reduced support

in ArcGISDesktop lineup

Spatial Data File - Autodesk's high-performance geodatabase format,

native to MapGuide

GeoJSON - a lightweight format based on JSON, used b y many open

sour ce GIS packages

SOSI_Standard - a spatial data format used for all public exchange of

spatial data in Norway

Digital Line Graph (DLG) - a USGS format for vector dat a

Raster formats ADRG - National Geosp atial-Intellig ence Agency (NGA)'s ARC Digitized

Raster Graphics

BIL - Band Interleaved by Line (image format linked w ith satellite derived

imagery)

CADRG - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s Compressed ARC

Digitised Raster Graphics (nominal compression of 55:1 over ADRG)

ECRG - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s EnhancedCompressed ARC Raster Graphics (Better resolution than CADRG and nocolor loss)

CIB - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s Controlled Image

Base (type of Raster Product Format)

Digital raster graphic (DRG) -digital s can of a paper USGS topographic map

ECW - Enhanced Compressed Wavelet (from ERDAS). A compressed

wavelet format, often lossy.

Esri grid - proprietary binary and metadataless ASCII raster formats used byEsri

GeoTIFF -T IFF variant enriched with GIS relevant metadata

IMG - ERDAS IMAGINE image file fo rmat

JPEG2000 - Open-source raster format. A compressed format, allows bo th

lossy and lossless compression.

MrSID- Multi-Resolution Seamless Image Database (by Lizardtech). Acompressed wavelet format, often lossy.

netCDF-CF - netCDFfile format with CF medata conventions for earthscience data. Binary storage in open format with optio nal compression.

Allow s for di rect web-access o f subsets/aggregat ions o f maps throu ghOPeNDAP protocol.


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3D Data Structure Types

Surface rendering Equal to vectorin 2D

Volume rendering Equal to rasterin 2D

volume elements (voxels)



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Point Interpolation for surface creation and

contouring

GriddingTriangulation

Point data

ContourContour

MapMap



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Comparison Gridding and Triangulation MethodsGridding (raster) method Triangulation method

Focus Modeling continuous

phenomena

Efficient representation of a

surface

Amount o f data Few, sp arsely dist ributed

point data

Dense, relatively evenly

distributed data

Interpolation

techniques

Applied Not appl ied

Geostatist ics Applied Not applied

Honoring the original

data and position

No Yes

Contouring method Detecting a contour l ine

crossing into or intersectingthe edge of a given grid-

square and drawing the line

through t hat grid-square.

Interpolating values on each

triangular face, and joiningstraight-line contours across

triangles

Geographic analysis Spatial coincidence

Proximity

Surface analysis

Dispersion

Elevation, slope, aspect

calculation

Volume calculations1717


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Example TIN vs Gridding

Regional heatflow point data of Sundaland, SE Asia

TIN orGridding ?



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Example TIN vs Gridding

Regional heatflow map of Sundaland, SE Asia

Such very limited, sparse point data for a regional study is

better modeled using gridding (right picture) than triangulation

(middle picture)


Interpolation methods

Inversed Distance Weighted (IDW)

Natural Neighbors (NN)

Moving Average

Spline

Trend Surface

Kriging (Geostatistics)

2020



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3D Data Structure Types

Surface rendering Equal to vectorin 2D

Volume rendering Equal to rasterin 2D

volume elements (voxels)


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Several ArcGIS Extensions for Geoscience

1. ArcPad for field data capture

2. Survey Analyst

3. Geostatistical Analyst

4. Spatial Analyst

5. 3D Analyst



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Geostatistical Analyst : advanced surfacemodeling tools


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Spatial Analyst : raster-based map algebra



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3D Analyst : bui lding surfaces and 3Dvisualizations (2.5D Analysis)


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1. Remote sensing processing

2. Solid 3D modeling

3. Geophysical processing

4. Geological cross-section

But, several applications that are related with

Geoscience are not available with GIS such as



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Summary

Current GIS is capable to fulfill most of

Geoscientists desires, but several applications

are not yet supported by GIS.

At this moment, the most effective way is by

using specialized software already available andfinding a way to integrate those applications to

our GIS


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Implementation Strategy of

Deployment of Full-Scale GIS

System for Geoscience



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For the best benefits for Geoscience applications,

we need to combine GIS and several specialized

systems (according to the needs) as follows

1. GIS is used as the core system (integrator), in

which it is fundamentals for:

a. Data capture

b. Data management

c. Query, spatial analysis

d. Visualization and map generation


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2. Specialized Non-GIS systems (remote sensing,

geophysical, 3D modeling) are linked to GIS

as :

a. Extensions to GIS

b. Different system but share common data

formats



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Examples of integration ways between GISand specialized software

Appl ication Company/

developer

Name of

package

Way o f in tegration

to GIS

Environmental

analysis

Earthsoft EQuIS An extension to

ArcView and ArcGIS

Geologic modeling Rockware Inc. RockWare suite

of applications

Shapefile and interface

through EQuIS

Geologic, chemistry,

and geotechnical

modeling

CTech Development

Corp.

EVS Shapefile and

extension to ArcView

and ArcGIS

Geophysical images

Geosoft Inc.

Earth Resource

Mapping Inc.

Oasis Montaj

ER Mapper

GeoTIFF image form at

Remote sensing

images

Lei ca Geosyst ems ERDAS GeoTIFF and Image

Analysis for ArcGIS

extension


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Mobile/Wireless

Mobile

Devices

ArcIMS

NetworkNetwork

TCP/IP, HTTP, XMLTCP/IP, HTTP, XML

Arc GIS

Extensions

3D Analyst

Geostatistical Analyst

Spatial Analyst

ArcGIS

Arc Explorer GIS Desktops

ArcReader

Clients

Java Viewer

HTML Viewer

Developer Tools

ArcObjec ts

MapObjects

ArcIn foArcEd itor

ArcVi ew

Specialized

Modules

Business Partners

Solutions

Data model, topolo gy

Vectors (geologic map,culture, leases)

Networks

Production data, geochemistry, pipelines

Surveys

(seismic, gravity, borehole)

Imagery (geophysics , gridded

surfaces, remote sensing)

CAD

GIS Servers

Geodatabase

ArcPad

Arc SDE

Remote s ensing

Geophysics

Cross section

Solid 3D

Mine-pit design

Groundwater

Geochemistry

Environment

The Best System

for Geoscience


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Example of the implementation of an integratedsystem for GeoscienceThe integration of satellite image, subsurface geology, facilities, borehole datasets,

and subsurface geochemical datasets. Developed by integration of ArcGIS and

EQuIS from EarthSoft. Animation is created using ArcScene 3D Analyst

Animation


Terima Kasih


Documents

Gis for Geoscience