Giáo Trình Quản Trị mạng và Thiết

8/14/2019 Gio Trnh Qun Tr mng v Thit

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Thit b mng


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2.1.Cc thnh phn thng thng trn mt mng cc b ............................................182.2. Kiu 10BASE5......................................................................................................192.3. Kiu 10BASE2......................................................................................................192.4. Kiu 10BASE-T....................................................................................................202.5. Kiu 10BASE-F....................................................................................................20CHNG 2: GII THIU GIAO THC TCP/IP......................................................22

1. GIAO THC IP...........................................................................................................1.1. H giao thc TCP/IP.............................................................................................211.2. Chc nng chnh ca - Giao thc lin mng IP(v4) .............................................231.3. a ch IP .............................................................................................................231.4. Cu trc gi d liu IP ..........................................................................................241.5. Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP........................................................................251.6. nh tuyn IP ........................................................................................................252. MT S GIAO THC IU KHIN ...................................................................262.1. Giao thc ICMP....................................................................................................262.2. Giao thc ARP v giao thc RARP......................................................................263.1. Giao thc TCP ......................................................................................................273.1.1 Cu trc gi d liu TCP ....................................................................................27

3.1.2 Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP .......................................................................28PHN II: QUN TR MNG.....................................................................................30CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V BNH TUYN.................................................331. L THUYT V BNH TUYN.....................................................................331.1. Tng quan v bnh tuyn..................................................................................321.2. Cc chc nng chnh ca bnh tuyn, tham chiu m hnh OSI......................321.3. Cu hnh cbn v chc nng ca cc b phn ca bnh tuyn......................342. GII THIU V BNH TUYN CISCO.........................................................352.1. Gii thiu bnh tuyn Cisco .............................................................................352.2. Mt s tnh nng u vit ca bnh tuyn Cisco ...............................................362.3. Mt s bnh tuyn Cisco thng dng...............................................................362.4. Cc giao tip ca bnh tuyn Cisco..................................................................402.5. Kin trc module ca bnh tuyn Cisco...........................................................413. CCH SDNG LNH CU HNH BNH TUYN ...................................473.1. Gii thiu giao tip dng lnh ca bnh tuyn Cisco.......................................473.2. Lm quen vi cc ch cu hnh........................................................................503.3. Lm quen vi cc lnh cu hnh cbn................................................................533.4. Cch khc phc mt s li thng gp.................................................................604. CU HNH BNH TUYN CISCO .................................................................614.1. Cu hnh leased-line..............................................................................................614.2. Cu hnh X.25 & Frame Relay .............................................................................654.3. Cu hnh Dial-up...................................................................................................804.4. nh tuyn tnh v ng........................................................................................83

5. B CHUYN MCH LP 3..................................................................................895.1. Tng quan v kin trc b chuyn mch lp 3.....................................................895.2. nh tuyn trn b chuyn mch lp 3.................................................................915.3. Slc v cc b chuyn mch lp 3 thng dng ca Cisco...............................926. BI TP THC HNH SDNG BNH TUYN CISCO..........................95Bi 1: Thc hnh nhn din thit b, u ni thit b...................................................94Bi 2: Thc hnh cc lnh cbn................................................................................94Bi 3: Cu hnh bnh tuyn vi m hnh u ni leased-line..................................94Bi 4: Cu hnh bnh tuyn vi Dial-up..................................................................94

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Thit b phng lab ........................................................................................................95CHNG 4: H THNG TN MI N DNS ..............................................................961. GII THIU ............................................................................................................961.1. Lch s hnh thnh ca DNS .................................................................................961.2. Mc ch ca h thng DNS.................................................................................962. DNS SERVER V CU TRC C S DLIU TN MIN............................98

2.1.Cu trc csd liu ............................................................................................982.2. Phn loi DNS server v ng b d liu gia cc DNS server.........................1013. HOT NG CA H THNG DNS................................................................1054. BI TP THC HNH .......................................................................................109Bi 1: Ci t DNS Server cho Window 2000 ..........................................................109Bi 2: Ci t, cu hnh DNS cho Linux ...................................................................118CHNG 5: DCH V TRUY CP TXA V DCH V PROXY....................128MC 1: DCH V TRUY CP TXA (REMOTE ACCESS)...............................1281. CC KHI NIM V CC GIAO THC..........................................................1281.1. Tng quan v dch v truy cp t xa...................................................................1281.2. Kt ni truy cp t xa v cc giao thc s dng trong truy cp t xa ................1291.3. Modem v cc phng thc kt ni vt l..........................................................133

2. AN TON TRONG TRUY CP TXA.............................................................1352.1. Cc phng thc xc thc kt ni ......................................................................1352.2. Cc phng thc m ha d liu ........................................................................1373. TRIN KHAI DCH V TRUY CP TXA .....................................................1383.1. Kt ni gi vo v kt ni gi ra .........................................................................1383.2. Kt ni s dng a lung (Multilink) .................................................................1393.3. Cc chnh sch thit lp cho dch v truy nhp t xa .........................................1403.4. S dng dch v gn a chng DHCP cho truy cp t xa .............................1413.5. S dng RadiusServer xc thc kt ni cho truy cp t xa. ..........................1423.6. Mng ring o v kt ni dng dch v truy cp t xa .......................................1443.7. S dng Network and Dial-up Connection.........................................................1453.8. Mt s vn x l s c trong truy cp t xa ..................................................1464. BI TP THC HNH .......................................................................................147Bi 1: Thit lp dialup networking to ra kt ni Internet. truy cp Internet v giithiu cc dch v cbn.............................................................................................147Bi 2: Ci t v cu hnh dch v truy cp t xa cho php ngi dng t xa truy cpvo mng trn hiu hnh Windows 2000 server. ..................................................148Bi 3: Cu hnh VPN server v thit lp VPN Client, kim tra kt ni t VPN Clientti VPN server ...........................................................................................................151MC 2 : DCH VPROXY - GII PHP CHO VIC KT NI MNG DNGRING RA INTERNET ............................................................................................1521. CC KHI NIM.................................................................................................1521.1. M hnh client server v mt s kh nng ng dng..........................................152

1.2. Socket..................................................................................................................1531.3. Phng thc hot ng v c im ca dch v Proxy.....................................1551.4. Cache v cc phng thc cache........................................................................1572. TRIN KHAI DCH V PROXY.........................................................................1592.1. Cc m hnh kt ni mng ..................................................................................1592.2. Thit lp chnh sch truy cp v cc qui tc .......................................................1622.3. Proxy client v cc phng thc nhn thc........................................................1652.4. NAT v proxy server ..........................................................................................1693. CC TNH NNG CA PHN MM MICROSOFT ISA SERVER 2000........171



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3.1. Cc phin bn......................................................................................................1713.2. Li ch .................................................................................................................1713.3. Cc ch ci t ...............................................................................................1723.4. Cc tnh nng ca mi ch ci t .................................................................1734. BI TP THC HNH. ......................................................................................174Bi 1: Cc bc ci t cbn phn mm ISA server 2000. ....................................174

Bi 2: Cu hnh ISA Server 2000 cho php mt mng ni b c th truy cp, s dngcc dch v cbn trn Internet qua 01 modem kt ni qua mng PSTN.................176Bi 3: Thit t cc chnh sch cho cc yu cu truy cp v s dng cc dch v trnmng internet. ............................................................................................................178CH NG 6: BO MT H THNG V FIREWALL .........................................1851. BO MT H THNG........................................................................................1821.1. Cc vn chung v bo mt h thng v mng................................................1821.1.1. Mt s khi nim v lch s bo mt h thng ................................................1821.1.2. Cc l hng v phng thc tn cng mng ch yu......................................1841.1.3. Mt sim yu ca h thng .........................................................................1941.1.4. Cc mc bo v an ton mng .........................................................................1951.2. Cc bin php bo v mng my tnh.................................................................196

1.2.1. Kim sot h thng qua logfile ........................................................................1961.2.2. Thit lp chnh sch bo mt h thng.............................................................2042. TNG QUAN V H THNG FIREWALL ..2112.1. Gii thiu v Firewall .........................................................................................2082.1.1. Khi nim Firewall ..........................................................................................2082.1.2. Cc chc nng cbn ca Firewall .................................................................2082.1.3. M hnh mng s dng Firewall ......................................................................2082.1.4. Phn loi Firewall ............................................................................................2102.2. Mt s phn mm Firewall thng dng..............................................................2142.2.1. Packet filtering .................................................................................................2142.2.2. Application-proxy firewall...............................................................................2152.3. Thc hnh ci t v cu hnh firewall Check Point v4.0 for Windows ............2152.3.1. Yu cu phn cng: .........................................................................................2152.3.2. Cc bc chun b trc khi ci t: ...............................................................2162.3.3. Tin hnh ci t..............................................................................................2172.3.4. Thit lp cu hnh.............................................................................................228TI LIU THAM KHO .........................................................................................229



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Li niu

Gio trnh Qun trmng v cc thit bmng c bin son vi mc tiucung c p cc kin thc l thuyt v thc hnh qun tr ch yu cho cc hthng thit b quan trng nn tng ca mng my tnh hin i. Gio trnh

gm 2 phn :

Phn 1. Khi qut vmng my tnh : Bao gm nhng khi nim nhngha c bn nht vmng my tnh, phn loi mng my tnh, giithiu cc giao thc mng, c bit l giao thc TCP/IP. Cc c s lthuyta ra trong chng ny i hi hc vin phi nm vngcthtip thu c cc ni dung trong phn 2. Tuy vy, nu hc vin t trang bcc kin thc cbn trn hoc c o to theo giotrnh Thit kv xy dng mng LAN v WAN ca n 112 cthb qua ni dung ca phn mt v hc vo ni dung ca phn 2

gio trnh

Phn 2. Qun tr mng :y l phn ni dung chnh ca gio trnhQun tr mng v cc thit b mng bao gm 4 chng cung cp cckin thc l thuyt v knng qun tr cbn vi cc thnh phn trng

yu ca mng bao gm bnh tuyn, b chuyn mch, h thng tnmin, h thng truy cp txa, h thng proxy, h thng bc tng la(firewall). Cc ni dung bin son vknng thc hnh qun tr giphc vin c cc kin thc thc tc thbt tay vo cng tc quntr mng cho n v.

Do phm vi rng ca cng tc qun tr mng, gio trnh ny khng bao gmhtc mi ni dung ca cng tc qun tr mng. Hc vin c nhu cu nn

tham kho thm cc gio trnh khc ca n 112 nh:- Thit kv xy dng mng LAN v WAN

- Qun tr Windows 2000-NT

- Tng quan vLotus Notes Domino

- Thit kv qun tr website, portal

- Thit lp v qun tr h thng thin t

Gio trnh c bin son ln u tin nn khng trnh khi c nhng thiust. Nhm bin son rt mong nhn c cc gp tpha cc hc vin, bn

c c thhon thin ni dung gio trnh tt hn.



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Chng 1: Tng quan vcng ngh mng my tnh v mng cc b

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PHN I: KHI QUT V CNG NGH MNG

Chng 1Tng quan v cng ngh

mng my tnh v mng cc b

Mc 1: Mng my tnh

1. Gii thiu mng my tnh

1.1.nh ngha mng my tnh v mc ch ca vic kt ni mng1.1.1. Nhu cu ca vic kt ni mng my tnh

Vic ni my tnh thnh mng t lu tr thnh mt nhu cu khchquan v :

- C rt nhiu cng vic v bn cht l phn tn hoc v thng tin, hoc v xl hoc c hai i hi c s kt h p truyn thng vi x l hoc s dngphng tin t xa.

- Chia s cc ti nguyn trn mng cho nhiu ngi s dng ti mt thi im( cng, my in, CD ROM . . .)

- Nhu cu lin lc, trao i thng tin nhphng tin my tnh.- Cc ng dng phn mm i hi ti mt thi im cn c nhiu ngi sdng, truy cp vo cng mt csd liu.

1.1.2. nh ngha mng my tnh

Ni mt cch ngn gn th mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh clp c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc ng truyn vt l v tun theo ccquy c truyn thng no .

Khi nim my tnh c lp c hiu l cc my tnh khng c my no ckh nng khi ng hoc nh chmt my khc.

Cc ng truyn vt l c hiu l cc mi trng truyn tn hiu vt l (cthl hu tuyn hoc v tuyn).

Cc quy c truyn thng chnh l cscc my tnh c th"ni chuyn"c vi nhau v l mt yu t quan trng hngu khi ni v cng nghmng my tnh.



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- Network Protocol: Tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc th truynthng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng

Cc giao thc thng gp nht l : TCP/IP, NETBIOS, IPX/SPX, . . .

1.2.4. Hiu hnh mng

Hiu hnh mng l mt phn mm h thng c cc chc nng sau:

- Qun l ti nguyn ca h thng, cc ti nguyn ny gm:

+ Ti nguyn thng tin (v phng din lu tr) hay ni mt cch ngin l qun l tp. Cc cng vic v lu tr tp, tm kim, xo, copy, nhm,t cc thuc tnh u thuc nhm cng vic ny

+ Ti nguyn thit b. iu phi vic s dng CPU, cc ngoi vi... tiu ho vic s dng

- Qun l ngi dng v cc cng vic trn h thng.

Hiu hnh m bo giao tip gia ngi s dng, chng trnh ng dngvi thit b ca h thng.

- Cung cp cc tin ch cho vic khai thc h thng thun li (v d FORMATa, sao chp tp v th mc, in n chung ...)

Cc h iu hnh mng thng dng nht hin nay l: WindowsNT,Windows9X, Windows 2000, Unix, Novell.

1.3. Phn loi mng my tnh

C nhiu cch phn loi mng khc nhau tu thuc vo yu t chnhc chn dng lm ch tiu phn loi, thng thng ngi ta phn loimng theo cc tiu ch nh sau

- Khong cch a l ca mng- K thut chuyn mch m mng p dng

- Kin trc mng

- Hiu hnh mng s dng ...

Tuy nhin trong thc t ngui ta thng ch phn loi theo hai tiu chu tin

1.3.1. Phn loi mng theo khong cch a l

Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t phn loi mng th ta c mngcc b (LAN), mng th (MAN), mng din rng (WAN), mng ton cu.

1.3.2. Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch

Nu ly k thut chuyn mch lm yu t chnh phn loi s c:mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mchgi.

Mch chuyn mch knh (circuit switched network) : hai thc th thitlp mt knh cnh v duy tr kt ni cho ti khi hai bn ngt lin lc.



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Mng chuyn mch thng bo (message switched network) : Thng bol mt n v d liu qui c c gi qua mng n im ch m khng thitlp knh truyn cnh. Cn c vo thng tin tiu m cc nt mng c thx l c vic gi thng bo n ch

Mng chuyn mch gi (packet switched network) : y mi thng

bo c chia ra thnh nhiu gi nh hn c gi l cc gi tin (packet) ckhun dng qui nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin,trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v a chch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin.Cc gi tin ca cng mt thng bo c thc gi i qua mng ti ch theonhiu con ng khc nhau.

1.3.3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng sdng

Kin trc ca mng bao gm hai vn : hnh trng mng (Networktopology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol)

Hnh trng mng: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hcm ta gi l t p ca mng

Giao thc mng: Tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc thtruyn thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng

Khi phn loi theo topo mng ngi ta thng c phn loi thnh: mnghnh sao, trn, tuyn tnh

Phn loi theo giao thc m mng s dng ngi ta phn loi thnhmng : TCP/IP, mng NETBIOS . ..

Tuy nhin cc cch phn loi trn khng ph bin v ch p dng chocc mng cc b.

1.3.4. Phn loi theo hiu hng mng

Nu phn loi theo hiu hnh mng ngi ta chia ra theo m hnhmng ngang hng, mng khch/ch hoc phn loi theo tn hiu hnh mmng s dng: Windows NT, Unix, Novell . . .

1.4. Cc mng my tnh thng dng nht

1.4.1. Mng cc b

Mt mng cc b l s kt ni mt nhm my tnh v cc thit b kt nimng c lp t trn mt phm va l gii hn, thng trong mt to nhhoc mt khu cng sno . Mng c tc cao

1.4.2. Mng din rng vi kt ni LAN to LANMng din rng bao gicng l s kt ni ca cc mng LAN, mng

din rng c th tri trn phm vi mt vng, quc gia hoc c mt lc a thmch trn phm vi ton cu. Mng c tc truyn d liu khng cao, phm via l khng gii hn



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1.4.3. Lin mng INTERNETVi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh l s ra i ca lin mng

INTERNET. Mng Internet l shu ca nhn loi, l s kt hp ca rt nhiumng d liu khc chy trn nn tng giao thc TCP/IP

1.4.4. Mng INTRANET

Thc s l mt mng INTERNET thu nh vo trong mt cquan/cngty/t chc hay mt b/nghnh . . ., gii hn phm vi ngi s dng, c s dngcc cng ngh kim sot truy cp v bo mt thng tin .

c pht trin t cc mng LAN, WAN dng cng ngh INTERNET

2. Mng cc b, kin trc mng cc b

2.1. Mng cc b

Tn gi mng cc b c xem xt t quy m ca mng. Tuy nhin, khng phi l c tnh duy nht ca mng cc b nhng trn thc t, quy

m ca mng quyt nh nhiu c tnh v cng ngh ca mng. Sau y lmt sc im ca mng cc b:

c im ca mng cc b

- Mng cc b c quy m nh, thng l bn knh di vi km.

- Mng cc b thng l shu ca mt t chc. Thc t l iu kh quantrng vic qun l mng c hiu qu.

- Mng cc b c tc cao v t li. Trn mng rng tc ni chung chtvi trm Kbit/s n Mb/s. Cn tc thng thng trn mng cc b l 10, 100Mbit/s v ti nay vi Gigabit Ethernet.

2.2. Kin trc mng cc b

2.2.1. hnh mng (Network Topology)

* nh ngha Topo mng:

Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi l t pca mng. C hai kiu ni mng ch yu l :

- Ni kiu im - im (point - to - point): cc ng truyn ni tngcp nt vi nhau, mi nt lu v chuyn tip d liu

- Ni kiu im - nhiu im (point - to - multipoint hay broadcast) : tt

c cc nt phn chia nhau mt ng truyn vt l, gi d liu n nhiu ntmt lc v kim tra gi tin theo a ch

* Phn bit kiu t p ca mng cc b v kiu t p ca mng rng.

T p ca mng din rng thng thng l ni n s lin kt gia ccmng cc b thng qua cc b dn ng (router) v knh vin thng. Khi niti t p ca mng cc b ngi ta ni n s lin kt ca chnh cc my tnh.



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- Mng hnh sao: Mng hnh sao c tt c cc trm c kt ni vi mt thitb trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch

di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch(trong vng 100m, vi cng ngh hin nay).

- Mng trc tuyn tnh (Bus):Trong mng trc tt c cc trm phn chia mt ng truyn chung

(bus). ng truyn chnh c gii hn hai u bng hai u ni c bit gil terminator. Mi trm c ni vi trc chnh qua mt u ni ch T (T-connector) hoc mt thit b thu pht (transceiver).

- Mng hnh vng

Trn mng hnh vng tn hiu c truyn i trn vng theo mt chiuduy nht. Mi trm ca mng c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip(repeater) do cn c giao thc iu khin vic cp pht quyn c truynd liu trn vng mng cho trm c nhu cu.

Mng hnh vng c u nhc im tng tmng hnh sao, tuy nhin

mng hnh vngi hi giao thc truy nhp mng phc tp hn mng hnhsao.

Hub

Hnh 1.1: Kt ni hnh sao

Hnh 1.2. Kt ni kiu bus



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d) Kt ni hn hp

L s phi hp cc kiu kt ni khc nhau,

2.3. Cc phng php truy cp ng truyn vt l

Trong mng cc b, tt c cc trm kt ni trc tip vo ng truynchung. Nu nhiu trm cng gi tn hiu ln ng truyn ng thi th tnhiu s chng ln nhau v b hng. V vy cn phi c mt phng php t

chc chia sng truyn vic truyn thng c ng n.C hai phng php chia s ng truyn chung thng c dng

trong cc mng cc b:

- Truy nhp ng truyn mt cch ngu nhin, theo yu cu. ng nhinphi c tnh n vic s dng lun phin v nu trong trng hp do c nhiutrm cng truyn tin dn n tn hiu b trm ln nhau th phi truyn li. inhnh ca phng php ny l giao thc truy cp CSMA/CD

Hnh 1.3. Kt ni kiu vng

Hnh 1.4. Mt kt ni hn hp

Hub

Hub

HUB

B chuyni cp



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- C cch trng ti cp quyn truy nhp ng truyn sao cho khng xyra xung t. in hnh phng php ny l giao thc truy cp Tokenring

3. Chun ho mng my tnh

3.1. Vn chun ho mng v cc t chc chun ho mng

Khi thit k cc giao thc mng, cc nh thit k t do la chn kintrc cho ring mnh. T dn ti tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mngmy tnh vi nhau. Vn khng tng thch lm trngi cho s tng tcgia nhng giao thc mng khc nhau. Nhu cu trao i thng tin cng lnthc y vic xy dng khung chun v kin trc mng lm cn c cho ccnh thit k v ch to thit b mng .

Chnh v l do , t chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO (InternatinalOrgannization for Standarzation) xy dng m hnh tham chiu cho vic ktni cc h thng mOSI (reference model for Open Systems Interconnection).M hnh ny l cscho vic kt ni cc h thng mphc v cho cc ngdng phn tn.

3.2. M hnh tham chiu OSI 7 lp

M hnh OSI c biu din theo hnh di y:

M hnh OSI phn chia thnh 7 lp bao gm cc lp ng dng, lp th hin,lp phin, lp vn chuyn, lp mng, lp lin kt v lp vt l. M hnh OSIcng nh ngha phn tiu (header) ca n v d liu v mi lin kt giacc lp, vic gn thm phn mo u (header) chuyn d liu t cc lp trnxung lp di v mgi l chc nng gb phn mo u chuyn d liu

ln lp trn.Lp ng dng(application)

Lp th hin(presentation)

Lp phin(session)

Lp chuyn vn(transport)

Lp mng(network)

Lp lin kt d liu(data link)

L v t l

Hnh 1.5. M hnh OSI 7 lpEbook 4 U ebook.vinagrid.com


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(physical link)

Chc nng c thca tng lp theo m hnh OSI c th tham kho chi titthm trong gio trnh Thit kv xy dng mng LAN v WAN

3.3. Cc chun kt ni thng dng nht IEEE 802.X v ISO 8802.XBn cnh vic chun ho cho mng ni chung dn n kt qu cbn

nht l m hnh tham chiu OSI nh gii thiu, ngi ta cng chun ha ccgiao thc mng cc b LAN.

- Cc chun IEEE 802.x v ISO 8802.x

IEEE l t chc i tin phong trong lnh vc chun ho mng cc b vi n IEEE 802 vi kt qu l mt lot cc chun thuc h IEEE 802.x ra i .Cui nhng nm 80, t chc ISO tip nhn h chun ny v ban hnh thnhchun quc t di m hiu tng ng l ISO 8802.x.

IEEE 802.: l chun c t kin trc mng, kt ni gia cc mng v vic quntr mng i vi mng cc b.

IEEE 802.2: l chun c t tng dch v giao thc ca mng cc b.

IEEE 802.3: l chun c t mt mng cc b da trn mng Ethernet niting ca Digital, Intel v Xerox hp tc xy dng t nm 1980. Cc chun quinh vt l nh 10BASE5, 10BASE2, 10BASE-F,

IEEE 802.5: l chun c t mng cc b vi topo mng dng vng (ring)dng th bi iu vic truy nhp ng truyn.

IEEE 802.11: l chun c t mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LAN) hinang c tip tc pht trin.

Ngoi ra trong h chun 802.x cn c cc chun IEEE 802.4, 802.6, 802.9,802.10 v 802.12



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Mc 2: Cc thit b mng thng dng vcc chun kt ni vt l

1. Cc thit b mng thng dng

1.1. Cc loi cp truyn1.1.1. Cp i dy xon (Twisted pair cable)

Cp i dy xon l cp gm hai dy ng xon trnh gy nhiu chocc i dy khc, c th ko di ti vi km m khng cn khuych i. Gii tntrn cp dy xon t khong 3004000Hz, tc truyn t vi kbps n viMbps. Cp xon c hai loi:

- Loi c bc kim loi tng cng chng nhiu gi l STP ( ShieldTwisted Pair). Loi ny trong v bc kim c th c nhiu i dy. V l thuytth tc truyn c tht 500 Mb/s nhng thc t thp hn rt nhiu (cht155 Mbps vi cp di 100 m)

- Loi khng bc kim gi l UTP (UnShield Twisted Pair), cht lngkm hn STP nhng rt r. Cap UTP c chia lm 5 hng tu theo tc truyn. Cp loi 3 dng cho in thoi. Cp loi 5 c th truyn vi tc 100Mb/s rt hay dng trong cc mng cc b v va r va tin s dng. Cpny c 4 i dy xon nm trong cng mt v bc

1.1.2. Cp ng trc (Coaxial cable) bng tn cs

L cp m hai dy ca n c li lng nhau, li ngoi l li kim loi. ,Kh nng chng nhiu rt tt nn c th s dng vi chiu di t vi trm metn vi km. C hai loi c dng nhiu l loi c trkhng 50 ohm v loi ctrkhng 75 ohm.

Hnh 1.6. Cp UTP Cat. 5

Hnh 1.7. Cp ng trc



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Di thng ca cp ny cn ph thuc vo chiu di ca cp. Vi khong cch1km c tht tc truyn t 1 2 Gbps. Cp ng trc bng tn csthngdng cho cc mng cc b. C th ni cp bng cc u ni theo chun BNCc hnh ch T. VN ngi ta hay gi cp ny l cp gy do dch t tn trongting Anh l Thin Ethernet.

Mt loi cp khc c tn l Thick Ethernet m ta gi l cp bo. Loiny thng c mu vng. Ngi ta khng ni cp bng cc u ni ch T nhcp gy m ni qua cc kp bm vo dy. C 2m5 li c nh du ni dy(nu cn). T kp ngi ta gn cc tranceiver ri ni vo my tnh.

1.1.3. Cp ng trc bng rng (Broadband Coaxial Cable)

y l loi cp theo tiu chun truyn hnh (thng dng trong truynhnh cp) c di thng t 4 300 Khz trn chiu di 100 km. Thut ng bngrng vn l thut ng ca ngnh truyn hnh cn trong ngnh truyn s liuiu ny ch c ngha l cp loi ny cho php truyn thng tin tung t(analog) m thi. Cc h thng da trn cp ng trc bng rng c th truyn

song song nhiu knh. Vic khuych i tn hiu chng suy hao c th lm theokiu khuych i tn hiu tng t (analog). truyn thng cho my tnh cnchuyn tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t.

1.1.4. Cp quang

Dng truyn cc xung nh sng trong lng mt si thu tinh phn xton phn. Mi trng cp quang rt l tng v

- Xung nh sng c thi hng trm km m khng gim cung sng.

- Di thng rt cao v tn s nh sng dng i vi cp quang ckhong1014 1016

- An ton v b mt, khng b nhiu in t

Ch c hai nhc im l kh ni dy v gi thnh cao.

Cp quang cng c hai loi- Loi a mode (multimode fiber): khi gc ti thnh dy dn ln n

mt mc no th c hin tng phn x ton phn. Cc cp a mode cng knh khong 50

- Loi n mode (singlemode fiber): khi ng knh dy dn bng bcsng th cp quang ging nh mt ng dn sng, khng c hin tng phn xnhng ch cho mt tia i. Loi ny c ng knh khon 8m v phi dng

Hnh 1.8. Truyn tn hiu bng cp quang



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diode laser. Cp quang a mode c th cho php truyn xa ti hng trm kmm khng cn phi khuych i.

1.2. Cc thit b ghp ni

1.2.1. Card giao tip mng (Network Interface Card - NIC) l mt card c cm trc tip vo my tnh trn khe cm mrng

ISA hoc PCI hoc tch hp vo bo mch ch PC. Trn c cc mch ingip cho vic tip nhn (receiver) hoc/v pht (transmitter) tn hiu ln mng.

Ngi ta thng dng t tranceiver ch thit b (mch) c c hai chc nngthu v pht.

1.2.2. B chuyn tip (REPEATER )

Nhim v ca cc repeater l hi phc tn hiu c th truyn tip chocc trm khc bao gm c cng tc khuych i tn hiu, iu chnh tn hiu.

1.2.3. Cc b tp trung (Concentrator hay HUB)

HUB l mt loi thit b c nhiu u cm cc u cp mng. Ngi tas dng HUB ni mng theo kiu hnh sao. u im ca kiu ni ny ltng c lp ca cc my khi mt my b s c dy dn.

C loi HUB thng (passive HUB) l HUB chm bo chc nngkt ni hon ton khng x l li tn hiu. HUB chng (active HUB) lHUB c chc nng khuych i tn hiu chng suy hao.

HUB thng minh (intelligent HUB) l HUB ch ng nhng c khnng to ra cc gi tin mang tin tc v hot ng ca mnh v gi ln mng ngi qun tr mng c th thc hin qun tr tng

1.2.4. Switching Hub (hay cn gi tt l switch)L cc b chuyn mch thc s. Khc vi HUB thng thng, thay v

chuyn mt tn hiu n t mt cng cho tt c cc cng, n ch chuyn tnhiu n cng c trm ch. Do vy Switch l mt thit b quan trng trong ccmng cc b ln dng phn on mng. Nh c switch m ng trnmng gim hn. Ngy nay switch l cc thit b mng quan trng cho php tu

bin trn mng chng hn lp mng o VLAN.

Hnh 1.9. LAN Switch ni hai Segment mng



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1.2.5. Modem

L tn vit tt t hai t iu ch (MOdulation) v gii iu ch(DEModulation) l thit b cho php iu ch bin i tn hiu s sang tnhiu tng t c th gi theo ng thoi v khi nhn tn hiu tngthoi c th bin i ngc li thnh tn hiu s.

1.2.6. Multiplexor - DemultiplexorB dn knh c chc nng t hp nhiu tn hiu cng gi trn mt

ng truyn. B tch knh c chc nng ngc li ni nhn tn hiu

1.2.7. Router

Router l mt thit b dng ghp ni cc mng cc b vi nhau thnhmng rng. Router thc s l mt my tnh lm nhim v chn ng cho ccgi tin hng ra ngoi. Router c lp v phn cng v c th dng trn ccmng chy giao thc khc nhau

2. Mt s kiu ni mng thng dng v cc chun2.1.Cc thnh phn thng thng trn mt mng cc b

- Cc my ch cung cp dch v (server)

- Cc my trm cho ngi lm vic (workstation)

- ng truyn (cp ni)

- Card giao tip gia my tnh v ng truyn (network interface card)

- Cc thit b ni (connection device)

Hai yu tc quan tm hng u khi kt ni mng cc b l tc

trong mng v bn knh mng. Tn cc kiu mng dng theo giao thcCSMA/CD cng th hin iu ny. Sau y l mt s kiu kt ni vi tc 10 Mb/s kh thng dng trong thi gian qua v mt s thng s k thut:

Chun IEEE 802.3

Kiu 10BASE5 10BASE2 10BASE-T

Kiu cp Cp ng trc Cp ng trc Cp UTP

Tc 10 Mb/s

di cp ti a 500 m/segment 185 m/segment 100 m kt HUB

S cc thc thtruyn thng

100 host /segment 30 host / segment S cngca HUB



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2.2. Kiu 10BASE5

L chun CSMA/CD c tc 10Mb v bn knh 500 m. Kiu ny dngcp ng trc loi thick ethernet (cp ng trc bo) vi tranceiver. C th ktni vo mng khong 100 my

Tranceiver: Thit b ni gia card mng v ng truyn, ng vai tr lb thu-pht.

2.3. Kiu 10BASE2

L chun CSMA/CD c tc 10Mb v bn knh 200 m. Kiu ny dng

cp ng trc loi thin ethernet vi u ni BNC. C th kt ni vo mngkhong 30 my

Hnh1.11: Ni theo chun 10BASE2 vi cp ng trc v u ni BNC

Hnh 1.10. Kt ni theo chun 10BASE5



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2.4. Kiu 10BASE-T

L kiu ni dng HUB c cc ni kiu RJ45 cho cc cp UTP. Ta cth mrng mng bng cch tng s HUB, nhng cng khng c tng qunhiu tng v hot ng ca mng s km hiu qu nu tr qu ln .

Hin nay m hnh phin bn 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T bt u cs dng nhiu, tc t ti 100 Mbps, 1000Mbps

2.5. Kiu 10BASE-F

Dng cab quang (Fiber cab), ch yu dng ni cc thit b xa nhau, todng ng trc xng sng (backborn) ni cc mng LAN xa nhau (2-10km). Hin nay cng c cc phin bn 100BASE-F v 1000BASE-F vi tc truyn d liu cao hn 10 v 100 ln

Hnh 1.12: Ni mng theo kiu 10BASE-T vi cp UTP v HUB



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Chng 2- Gii thiu giao thc TCP/IP

21

Chng 2Gii thiu giao thc TCP/IP

1. Giao thc IP1.1. H giao thc TCP/IP

S ra i ca h giao thc TCP/IP gn lin vi s ra i ca Internet mtin thn l mng ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency) do BQuc phng M to ra. y l b giao thc c dng rng ri nht v tnh mca n. Hai giao thc c dng ch yu y l TCP (Transmission ControlProtocol) v IP (Internet Protocol). Chng nhanh chng c n nhn v

pht trin bi nhiu nh nghin cu v cc hng cng nghip my tnh vi mc

ch xy dng v pht trin mt mng truyn thng mrng khp th gii mngy nay chng ta gi l Internet.

n nm 1981, TCP/IP phin bn 4 mi hon tt v c ph bin rngri cho ton b nhng my tnh s dng h iu hnh UNIX. Sau nyMicrosoft cng a TCP/IP tr thnh mt trong nhng giao thc cn bnca hiu hnh Windows 9x m hin nay ang s dng.

n nm 1994, mt bn tho ca phin bn IPv6 c hnh thnh vi scng tc ca nhiu nh khoa hc thuc cc t chc Internet trn th gii citin nhng hn ch ca IPv4.

Khc vi m hnh ISO/OSI tng lin mng s dng giao thc kt ni

mng "khng lin kt" (connectionless) IP, to thnh ht nhn hot ng caInternet. Cng vi cc thut ton nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP, tng lin mngIP cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng "vt l" khcnhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring , X.25...

Giao thc trao i d liu "c lin kt" (connection - oriented) TCPc s dng tng vn chuyn m bo tnh chnh xc v tin cy vic traoi d liu da trn kin trc kt ni "khng lin kt" tng lin mng IP.

Cc giao thc h trng dng ph bin nh truy nhp t xa (telnet),chuyn tp (FTP), dch v World Wide Web (HTTP), thin t (SMTP), dchv tn min (DNS) ngy cng c ci t ph bin nh nhng b phn cu

thnh ca cc hiu hnh thng dng nh UNIX (v cc hiu hnh chuyndng cng h ca cc nh cung cp thit b tnh ton nh AIX ca IBM, SINIXca Siemens, Digital UNIX ca DEC), Windows9x/NT, Novell Netware,...

1.2. Chc nng chnh ca giao thc lin mng IP (v4)



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Hnh 2.1 M hnh OSI v m hnh kin trc ca TCP/IP

Trong cu trc bn lp ca TCP/IP, khi d liu truyn t lp ng dng

cho n lp vt l, mi lp u cng thm vo phn iu khin ca mnh m bo cho vic truyn d liu c chnh xc. Mi thng tin iu khin nyc gi l mt headerv c t trc phn d liu c truyn. Mi lpxem tt c cc thng tin m n nhn c t lp trn l d liu, v t phnthng tin iu khin headerca n vo trc phn thng tin ny. Vic cngthm vo cc header mi l p trong qu trnh truyn tin c gi lencapsulation. Qu trnh nhn d liu din ra theo chiu ngc li: mi lp stch ra phn headertrc khi truyn d liu ln lp trn.

Mi lp c mt cu trc d liu ring, c lp vi cu trc d liu cdng lp trn hay lp di ca n. Sau y l gii thch mt s khi nimthng gp.

Stream l dng s liu c truyn trn csn v s liu l Byte.

S liu c trao i gia cc ng dng dng TCP c gi l stream,trong khi dng UDP, chng c gi l message.

Mi gi s liu TCP c gi lsegmentcn UDP nh ngha cu trcd liu ca n lpacket.

OSI

Application

Presentation

Session

Transprort

Network

Data link

Physical

Application

SMTP FTP TELNET DNS

TCP UDP

IP

ICMP

ARP

IGMP

RARP

Protocols defined by the underlying networks

TCP/IP



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Lp Internet xem tt c cc d liu nh l cc khi v gi l datagram.B giao thc TCP/IP c th dng nhiu kiu khc nhau ca lp mng dicng, mi loi c th c mt thut ng khc nhau truyn d liu.

Phn ln cc mng kt cu phn d liu truyn i di dng ccpackets hay lccframes.

Application Stream

Transport Segment/datagram

Internet Datagram

Network Access Frame

Hnh 2.2: Cu trc dliu ti cc lp ca TCP/IP

1.2. Chc nng chnh ca - Giao thc lin mng IP(v4)Trong phn ny trnh by v giao thc IPv4 ( cho thun tin ta vit IP

c ngha l cp n IPv4).

Mc ch chnh ca IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnhlin mng truyn d liu. IP cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau:

- nh ngha cu trc cc gi d liu l n v cscho vic truyn d liutrn Internet.

- nh ngha phng thc nh a ch IP.

- Truyn d liu gia tng vn chuyn v tng mng .

- nh tuyn chuyn cc gi d liu trong mng.

- Thc hin vic phn mnh v hp nht (fragmentation -reassembly) cc gid liu v nhng / tch chng trong cc gi d liu tng lin kt.

1.3. a ch IP

Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits (i vi IP4) c tch thnh 4 vng(mi vng 1 byte), c thc biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc

phn hoc nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c duchm tch gia cc vng. a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt host

bt k trn lin mng.

Khun dng a ch IP: mi host trn mng TCP/IP c nh danh duynht bi mt a ch c khun dng

Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con ca lin mng c th khc nhau,ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp k hiu A,B,C, D, E. Cc bit u tinca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0-lp A; 10 lp B; 110lp C; 1110 lp D; 11110 lp E).

Hnh 2.3: Cchnh a chTCP/IP



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24 Hnh 2.5: Cu trc gi dliu TCPIP

Subneting

Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c thc chia thnh nhiu mngcon (subnet), lc c tha thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mngcon. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c thi vi 3 lp A, B, C nhsau:

Hnh 2.4: Bsung vng subnetid

Tham kho chi tit thm trong gio trnh Thit kv xy dng mng LANv WAN

1.4. Cu trc gi dliu IP

IP l giao thc cung cp dch v truyn thng theo kiu khng lin kt(connectionless). Cc gi d liu IP c nh ngha l cc datagram. Midatagram c phn tiu (header) cha cc thng tin cn thit chuyn dliu (v da ch IP ca trm ch). Nu a ch IP ch l a ch ca mt trmnm trn cng mt mng IP vi trm ngun th cc gi d liu sc chuyn

thng ti ch; nu a ch IP ch khng nm trn cng mt mng IP vi myngun th cc gi d liu sc gi n mt my trung chuyn, IP gateway chuyn tip. IP gateway l mt thit b mng IP m nhn vic lu chuyncc gi d liu IP gia hai mng IP khc nhau.

Netid Subnetid hostid Lp A

Netid Subnetid hostidLp B

Netid Subnetid hostidLp C

0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31

0 7 8 15 16 23 24 26 27 31

VERS HLEN Service type Toltal length

Identification Flags Fragment offset

Time to live Protocol Header checksum

Source IP address

Destination IP address

IP options (maybe none) Padding

IP datagram data (up to 65535 bytes)

Bit 0 Bit 31

Header



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1.5. Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP

Mt gi d liu IP c di ti a 65536 byte, trong khi hu ht cctng lin kt d liu ch h trcc khung d liu nh hn ln ti a ca gid liu IP nhiu ln (v d di ln nht MTU ca mt khung d liuEthernet l 1500 byte). V vy cn thit phi c cch phn mnh khi pht v

hp nht khi thu i vi cc gi d liu IP.Original IP packet 1. fragment 2.fragment

P dng cMF (3 bit thp ca trng Flags trong phn u ca gi IP) vtrng Flagment offset ca gi IP ( b phn on) nh danh gi IP lmt phn on v v tr ca phn on ny trong gi IP gc. Cc gi cng trong

chui phn mnh u c trng ny ging nhau. CMF bng 1 nu l gi uca chui phn mnh v 0 nu l gi cui ca gi c phn mnh.

1.6. nh tuyn IP

C hai loi nh tuyn:

- nh tuyn trc tip: nh tuyn trc tip l vic xc nh ng ni gia haitrm lm vic trong cng mt mng vt l.

- nh tuyn khng trc tip. nh tuyn khng trc ti p l vic xc nhng ni gia hai trm lm vic khng nm trong cng mt mng vt l v vvy, vic truyn tin gia chng phi c thc hin thng qua cc trm trunggian l cc gateway.

kim tra xem trm ch c nm trn cng mng vt l vi trmngun hay khng, ngi gi phi tch ly phn a ch mng trong phn a chIP. Nu hai a ch ny c a ch mng ging nhau th datagram sc truyni trc ti p; ngc li phi xc nh mt gateway, thng qua gateway nychuyn tip cc datagram.

04 05 00 2000

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

05 06 checksum128.82.24.12

192.12.2.5

Data1980 byte

04 05 00 1500

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

05 06 checksum128.82.24.12

192.12.2.5

Data1480 byte

04 05 00 520

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

05 06 checksum128.82.24.12

192.12.2.5

Data

Hnh 2.6: Nguyn tc phn mnh gi dliu



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2. Mt s giao thc iu khin

2.1. Giao thc ICMP

ICMP ((Internet Control Message Protocol) l mt giao thc iu khinca mc IP, c dng trao i cc thng tin iu khin dng s liu, thng

bo li v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca b giao thc TCP/IP. V d:

- iu khin lu lng d liu (Flow control).

- Thng bo li : v d "Destination Unreachable".

- nh hng li cc tuyn ng: gi tin redirect- Kim tra cc trm xa: gi tin echo

V d khun dng ca thng ip ICMP redirect nh sau:

2.2. Giao thc ARP v giao thc RARP

Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chngbit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x giaa ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) c xy dng chuyn i ta ch IPsang a ch vt l khi cn thit. Ngc li, giao thc RARP (Reverse Address

ApplicationTransport

InternetNetworkAccessInternet

Network

ApplicationTransport

InternetNetworkAccess Internet

Network

Gateway Gateway

Network A Network B Network C

Host A1 Host C1

Hnh 2.7:nh tuyn gia hai h thng

0 7 8 15 16 31

type (5) Code(0-3) Checksum

a ch IP ca Router mc nh

IP header (gm option) v 8 bytes u ca gi d liu IP ngun



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C ththam kho ni dung chi tit cc trng trong gio trnh Thit kvxy dng mng LAN v WAN

Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt host truy nhp vo cc dch v caTCP cung cp thng qua mt cng (port) nh sau:

Mt cng kt hp vi mt a ch IP to thnh mt socket duy nhttrong lin mng. TCP c cung c p nh mt lin kt logic gia mt cpsocket. Mt socket c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc socket xa khcnhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia hai trm cn phi thit lp mt lin ktTCP gia chng v khi kt thc phin truyn d liu th lin kt sc gii

phng. Cng ging nhcc giao thc khc, cc thc thtng trn s dngTCP thng qua cc hm dch v nguyn thu (service primitives), hay cn gil cc li gi hm (function call).

3.1.2 Thit lp v kt thc kt ni TCP

Thit lp kt ni

Thit lp kt ni TCP c thc hin trn csphng thc bt tay babc (Tree - way Handsake) hnh sau. Yu cu kt ni lun c tin trnhtrm khi to, bng cch gi mt gi TCP vi cSYN=1 v cha gi tr khito s tun t ISN ca client. Gi tr ISN ny l mt s 4 byte khng du vc tng mi khi kt ni c yu cu (gi tr ny quay v 0 khi n ti gi tr232). Trong thng i p SYN ny cn cha s hiu cng TCP ca phn mmdch v m tin trnh trm mun kt ni (bc 1).

Mi thc th kt ni TCP u c mt gi tr ISN mi s ny c tngtheo thi gian. V mt kt ni TCP c cng s hiu cng v cng a ch IP

c dng li nhiu ln, do vic thay i gi tr INS ngn khng cho cc ktni dng li cc d liu c (stale) vn cn c truyn t mt kt ni c vc cng mt a ch kt ni.

Khi thc th TCP ca phn mm dch v nhn c thng ip SYN, ngi li gi SYN cng gi tr ISN ca n v t cACK=1 trong trng hp snsng nhn kt ni. Thng i p ny cn cha gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trmtrong trng hp s tun t thu bo rng thc th dch v nhn c gitr ISN ca tin trnh trm (bc 2).

Tin trnh trm tr li li gi SYN ca thc th dch v bng mt thngbo tr li ACK cui cng. Bng cch ny, cc thc th TCP trao i mt cch

tin cy cc gi tr ISN ca nhau v c th bt u trao i d liu. Khng cthng ip no trong ba bc trn cha bt k d liu g; tt c thng tin traoi u nm trong phn tiu ca thng ip TCP (bc 3).



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Hnh 2.8: Qu trnh kt ni theo 3 bc

Kt thc kt ni

Khi c nhu cu kt thc kt ni, thc th TCP, v d c th A gi yucu kt thc kt ni vi FIN=1. V kt ni TCP l song cng (full-duplex) nnmc d nhn c yu cu kt thc kt ni ca A (A thng bo ht s liu gi)thc th B vn c th tip tc truyn s liu cho n khi B khng cn s liu gi v thng bo cho A bng yu cu kt thc kt ni vi FIN=1 ca mnh. Khithc th TCP nhn c thng ip FIN v sau khi gi thng ip FIN

ca chnh mnh, kt ni TCP thc s kt thc.

TCP_ATCP_B

Syn, Seq=x

Syn, Seq=yAck(x+1)

Ack(y+1)

a) thit lp kt ni

TCP_ATCP_B

Fin, Seq=x

Ack(x+1)

Fin, Seq=y,

Ack(x+1)Ack(y+1)

b) Kt thc kt ni



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Chng 3- Tng quan vbnh tuyn

30

PHN II : QUN TR MNG

Qun tr mng li (network administration) c nh ngha l cccng vic qun l mng li bao gm cung cp cc dch v h tr, m bomng li hot ng hiu qu, m bo cht lng mng li cung cp ngnh ch tiu nh ra.

Qun tr h thng (system administration) c nh ngha l cc cngvic cung cp cc dch v h tr, m bo s tin cy, nng cao hiu qu hotng ca h thng, v m bo cht lng dch v cung cp trn h thng ngnh ch tiu nh ra.

Mt nh ngha khi qut v cng tc qun tr mng l rt kh v tnhbao hm rng ca n. Qun tr mng theo ngha mng my tnh c thc

hiu khi qut l tp bao gm ca cc cng tc qun tr mng li v qun trh thng.

C th khi qut cng tc qun tr mng bao gm cc cng vic sau:Qun tr cu hnh, ti nguyn mng : Bao gm cc cng tc qun l

kim sot cu hnh, qun l cc ti nguyn cp pht cho cc i tng s dngkhc nhau. C th tham kho cc cng vic qun tr c th trong cc ti liu,gio trnh v qun tr h thng windows, linux, novell netware ...

Qun tr ngi dng, dch v mng: Bao gm cc cng tc qun lngi s dng trn h thng, trn mng li v m bo dch v cung cp c tin cy cao, cht lng m bo theo ng cc ch tiu ra. C th thamkho cc ti liu, gio trnh qun tr h thng windows, novell netware, linux,unix, qun tr dch v cbn th tn in t, DNS...

Qun tr hiu nng, hot ng mng : Bao gm cc cng tc qun l,gim st hot ng mng li, m bo cc thit b, h thng, dch v trnmng hot ng n nh, hiu qu. Cc cng tc qun l, gim st hot ngca mng li cho php ngi qun tr tng hp, d bo s pht trin mngli, dch v, cc im yu, im mnh ca ton mng, cc h thng v dch vng thi gip khai thc ton b h thng mng vi hiu sut cao nht. C ththam kho cc ti liu, gio trnh v cc h thng qun tr mng NMS, HP

Openview, Sunet Manager, hay cc gio trnh nng cao hiu nng hot ngca h thng (performance tuning).

Qun tr an ninh, an ton mng: Bao gm cc cng tc qun l, gim stmng li, cc h thng m bo phng trnh cc truy nhp tri php, ctnh ph hoi cc h thng, dch v, hoc mc tiu nh c p thng tin quantrng ca cc t chc, cng ty hay thay i ni dung cung cp ln mng vidng xu. Vic phng chng, ngn chn s ly lan ca cc loi virus mytnh, cc phng thc tn cng v d nh DoS lm t lit hot ng mng hay



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dch v cng l mt phn cc k quan trng ca cng tc qun tr an ninh, anton mng. c bit, hin nay khi nhu cu kt ni ra mng Internet trnn thityu th cc cng tc m bo an ninh, an ton c t ln hng u, c bit lvi cc cquan cn bo mt ni dung thng tin cao (nh bng, cc cquanlu tr, cc cc bo in t, tp on kinh t mi nhn...).

Trong phn 2 ca gio trnh ny s tp trung nghin cu su v mt skin thc, k nng cbn v thng dng nht v qun tr mng. Tuy nhin, ccni dung trnh by ti phn 2 s khng bao hm ht c cc ni dung khiqut trn do s phc tp phong ph ca bn thn mi ni dung cng nh giihn v thi gian bin son. Vi mc tiu cung cp cc k nng ph bin nhtgip cho cc hc vin tip cn nhanh chng vo cng tc qun tr mng mng c nhim v cquan, cng ty giao cho. Phn 2 ca gio trnh s baogm :

- Tng quan v bnh tuyn trn mng

- H thng tn min DNS

- Dch v truy cp t xa v dch v proxy- Firewall v bo mt h thng

Hc vin cng c th tham kho b sung thm kin thc v qun trmng vi cc gio trnh v mng cc b, gio trnh v th tn in t, gio trnhv cc hiu hnh Windows, Linux, Unix l cc ni dung bin son trong bcc gio trnh phc vo to cho n 112.



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Chng 3

Tng quan v bnh tuyn

Chng ba cung cp cc kin thc cbn v bnh tuyn trn mng vcc b chuyn mch l p 3. Cc thit b ny l mt phn thit yu ca mngmy tnh hin i v l cc thit b h tng ct li. Cc minh ha tng tn vcu trc ca cc sn phm hng Cisco s gip hc vin nm vng cc l thuyth thng c bit l l thuyt nh tuyn. Phn ni dung cng b sung cc knng cu hnh hot ng ca thit b trn cc giao thc mng WAN khc nhaunh Frame Relay, X.25...

Chng ba i hi cc hc vin cn c cc kin thc skhi v cc giaothc trn mng din rng nh Frame Relay, X.25..., cc kin thc va ch

lp 2, lp 3.

1. L thuyt v bnh tuyn

1.1. Tng quan v bnh tuyn

Bnh tuyn l thit bc s dng trn mng thc thi cc hotng x l truyn ti thng tin trn mng. C th xem bnh tuyn l mtthit b my tnh c thit kc bit m ng c vai tr x l truynti thng tin trn mng ca n v do n cng bao gm cc CPU, tri tim cami hot ng, b nhROM, RAM, cc giao ti p, cc bus d liu, hiuhnh v.v...

Chc nng ca bnh tuyn l nh hng cho cc gi tin c truynti qua bnh tuyn. Trn cscc thut ton nh tuyn, thng tin cu hnhv chuyn giao, cc bnh tuyn s quyt nh hng i tt nht cho cc gitin c truyn ti qua n. Bnh tuyn cn c vai tr x l cc nhu cutruyn ti v chuyn i giao thc khc.

Vai tr ca bnh tuyn trn mng l m bo cc kt ni lin thnggia cc mng vi nhau, tnh ton v trao i cc thng tin lin mng lm cnc cho cc bnh tuyn ra cc quyt nh truyn ti thng tin ph hp vi cuhnh thc t ca mng. Bnh tuyn lm vic vi nhiu cng nghu nimng din rng khc nhau nh FRAME RELAY, X.25, ATM, SONET, ISDN,

xDSL... m bo cc nhu cu kt ni mng theo nhiu cc cng ngh v chun mc khc nhau m nu thiu vai tr ca bnh tuyn th khng th thchin c.

1.2. Cc chc nng chnh ca bnh tuyn, tham chiu m hnh OSI

M hnh OSI c hc chng 1 gm 7 lp trong bao gm:

- 3 lp thuc v cc lp ng dng

o lp ng dng



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o lp trnh by

o lp phin

- 4 lp thuc v cc lp truyn thng

o lp vn chuyn

o lp mngo lp lin kt d liu

o lp vt l

i vi cc lp truyn thng:

- Lp vn chuyn: phn chia / ti thit d liu thnh cc dng chy dliu. Cc chc nng chnh bao gm iu khin dng d liu, a truy nhp, qunl cc mch o, pht hin v sa li. TCP, UDP l hai giao thc thuc h giaothc Internet (TCP/IP) thuc v lp vn chuyn ny.

- Lp mng: cung cp hot ng nh tuyn v cc chc nng lin quankhc cho php kt hp cc mi trng lin kt d liu khc nhau li vi nhaucng to nn mng thng nht. Cc giao thc nh tuyn hot ng trong lpmng ny.

- Lp lin kt d liu: cung cp kh nng truyn ti d liu t qua mitrng truyn dn vt l. Mi c t khc nhau ca lp lin kt d liu s ccc nh ngha khc nhau v giao thc v cc chun mc kt ni m botruyn ti d liu.

- Lp vt l: nh ngha cc thuc tnh in, cc chc nng, thng trnhdng kt ni cc thit b mng mc vt l. Mt s cc thuc tnh cnh ngha nh mc in p, ng b, tc truyn ti vt l, khong cchtruyn ti cho php...

Trong mi trng truyn thng, cc thit b truyn thng giao tip vinhau thng qua cc h giao thc truyn thng khc nhau c xy dng datrn cc m hnh chun OSI nhm m bo tnh tng thch v mrng. Ccgiao thc truyn thng thng c chia vo mt trong bn nhm: cc giaothc mng cc b, cc giao thc mng din rng, giao thc mng v cc giaothc nh tuyn. Giao thc mng cc b hot ng trn lp vt l v lp linkt d liu. Giao thc mng din rnghot ng trn 3 lp di cng trong mhnh OSI. Giao thc nh tuyn l giao thc lp mng v m bo cho cc hotng nh tuyn v truyn ti d liu. Giao thc mngl cc h cc giao thccho php giao tip vi lp ng dng.

Vai tr ca bnh tuyn trong mi trng truyn thng l m bo chocc kt ni gia cc mng khc nhau vi nhiu giao thc mng, s dng cccng ngh truyn dn khc nhau.

Chc nng chnh ca bnh tuyn l:

- nh tuyn (routing)

- Chuyn mch cc gi tin (packet switching)



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nh tuyn l chc nng m bo gi tin c chuyn chnh xc ti ach cn n. Chuyn mch cc gi tin l chc nng chuyn mch s liu, truynti cc gi tin theo hng nh trn cscc nh tuyn c t ra. Nhvy, trn mi bnh tuyn, ta phi xy dng mt bng nh tuyn, trn chr a ch cn n v ng i cho n. Bnh tuyn da vo a ch ca gitin kt hp vi bng nh tuyn chuyn gi tin i ng n ch. Cc gi tinkhng c ng a chch trn bng nh tuyn s b hu.

Chc nng u tin ca bnh tuyn l chc nng nh tuyn nh tngi ca n cng l chc nng chnh ca bnh tuyn lm vic vi cc giaothc nh tuyn. Bnh tuyn c xp vo cc thit b mng lm vic lp3, lp mng.

Bng 3-1:Tngng chc nng thit b trong m hnh OSI

L p 3 Lp mng

L p 2 Lp lin kt d liu

L p 1 Lp vt l

Chc nng khc ca bnh tuyn l cho php s dng cc phng thctruyn thng khc nhau u ni din rng. Chc nng kt ni din rngWAN ca bnh tuyn l khng th thiu m bo vai tr kt ni truynthng gia cc mng vi nhau. Chc nng kt ni mng cc b, bt k bnhtuyn no cng cn c chc nng ny m bo kt ni n vng dch v camng. Bnh tuyn cn c cc chc nng m bo hot ng cho cc giaothc mng m n qun l.

1.3. Cu hnh cbn v chc nng ca cc b phn ca bnh tuyn

Nh ni phn trc, bnh tuyn l mt thit b my tnh cthit kc bit m ng c vai tr x l truyn ti thng tin trnmng. N c thit k bao gm cc phn t khng th thiu nh CPU, b nhROM, RAM, cc bus d liu, hiu hnh. Cc phn t khc ty theo nhu cus dng c th c hoc khng bao gm cc giao tip, cc module v cc tnhnng c bit ca hiu hnh.

CPU: iu khin mi hot ng ca bnh tuyn trn c s cc hthng chng trnh thc thi ca hiu hnh.

ROM: cha cc chng trnh tng kim tra v c th c thnh phncbn nht sao cho bnh tuyn c th thc thi c mt s hot ng ti

thiu ngay c khi khng c hiu hnh hay hiu hnh b hng.RAM: gi cc bng nh tuyn, cc vng m, tp tin cu hnh khi chy,

cc thng sm bo hot ng ca bnh tuyn khc.

Flash: l thit b nh/ lu tr c kh nng xo v ghi c, khng mtd liu khi ct ngun. Hiu hnh ca bnh tuyn c cha y. Tythuc cc bnh tuyn khc nhau, h iu hnh sc chy trc tip t



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Flash hay c gin ra RAM trc khi chy. Tp tin cu hnh cng c thclu tr trong Flash.

Hiu hnh: m ng hot ng ca bnh tuyn. Hiu hnhca cc bnh tuyn khc nhau c cc chc nng khc nhau v thng cthit k khc nhau. Mi bnh tuyn c th chy rt nhiu hiu hnh khc

nhau ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng c th, cc chc nng cn thit phi c cabnh tuyn v cc thnh phn phn cng c trong bnh tuyn. Cc thnhphn phn cng mi yu cu c s nng cp v hiu hnh. Cc tnh nngc bit c cung cp trong cc bn nng cp ring ca hiu hnh.

Cc giao tip: bnh tuyn c nhiu cc giao ti p trong ch yubao gm:

- Giao ti p WAN: m bo cho cc kt ni din rng thng qua ccphng thc truyn thng khc nhau nh leased-line, Frame Relay, X.25,ISDN, ATM, xDSL ... Cc giao tip WAN cho php bnh tuyn kt ni theonhiu cc giao din v tc khc nhau: V.35, X.21, G.703, E1, E3, cp quang

v.v...- Giao tip LAN: m bo cho cc kt ni mng cc b, kt ni n ccvng cung cp dch v trn mng. Cc giao ti p LAN thng dng: Ethernet,FastEthernet, GigaEthernet, cp quang.

2. Gii thiu v bnh tuyn Cisco

2.1. Gii thiu bnh tuyn Cisco

Slc v bnh tuyn

Bnh tuyn Cisco bao gm nhiu nn tng phn cng khc nhau c

thit k xy dng cho ph hp vi nhu cu v mc ch s dng ca cc giiphp khc nhau.

Cc chc nng x l hot ng ca bnh tuyn Cisco da trn nntng ct li l hiu hnh IOS.

Tu theo cc nhu cu c th m mt bnh tuyn Cisco s cn mt IOSc cc tnh nng ph hp. IOS c nhiu phin bn khc nhau, mt s loi phncng mi c pht trin ch c thc h trbi cc IOS phin bn minht.

Cc thnh phn cu thnh bnh tuyn

Hnh 3.1:Cc thnh phn ca bnh tuyn Cisco



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- RAM: Gi bng nh tuyn, ARP Cache, fast-switching cache, packetbuffer, v l ni chy cc file cu hnh cho bnh tuyn. y chnh l ni lugi file Running-Config, cha cu hnh ang hot ng ca Router. Khi ngngc p ngun cho bnh tuyn, b nhny s tng gii phng. Tt c ccthng tin trong file Running-Config s b mt hon ton.

- NVRAM: non-volatile RAM, l ni gi startup/backup configure, khngb mt thng tin khi mt ngun vo. File Startup-Config c lu trong ny m bo khi khi ng li, cu hnh ca bnh tuyn sc tng a vtrng thi lu gi trong file. V vy, phi thng xuyn lu file Running-Config thnh file Startup-Config.

- Flash: L ROM c kh nng xo, v ghi c. L ni cha hiu hnhIOS ca bnh tuyn. Khi khi ng, bnh tuyn s tc ROM npIOS trc khi np file Startup-Config trong NVRAM.

- ROM: Cha cc chng trnh tng kim tra.

- Cng Console: c s dng cu hnh trc tip bnh tuyn. Tc d liu dng cho cu hnh bng my tnh qua cng COM l 9600b/s. Giaodin ra ca cng ny l RJ45 female.

- Cng AUX: c s dng qun l v cu hnh cho bnh tuynthng qua modem d phng cho cng Console. Giao din ra ca cng ny cngl RJ45 female.

- Cc giao din:

o Cng Ethernet / Fast Ethernet

o Cng Serial

o Cng ASYNC ...

2.2. Mt s tnh nng u vit ca bnh tuyn Cisco

- C kh nng tch hp nhiu chc nng x l trn cng mt sn phmvi vic s dng cc module chc nng thch hp v IOS thch hp.

- D dng trong vic nng cp bnh tuyn Cisco c v phn mm lnphn cng do d dng p ng cc nhu cu thay i, m rng mng, png cc nhu cu pht trin v ng dng cng ngh mi.

- Tng thch v d dng mrng cho cc nhu cu va dch v ngycng gia tng trn.

- Tnh bn vng, an ton v bo mt.

2.3. Mt s bnh tuyn Cisco thng dngBnh tuyn Cisco 2500

- Bnh tuyn Cisco 2509

- 01 cng console, 01 AUX

- 02 cng serial tc ti 2Mbps: kt ni leased-line, X.25, FrameRelay...



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- 01 Ethernet tc 10Mbps giao din AUI: cn thit c u chuynRJ45/AUI khi kt ni vo cc mng switch/hub thng thng.

Hnh 3.2: Bnh tuyn Cisco 2501

- 01 cng Async cho php kt ni n 08 modem V34/V90. S dng mtcp kt ni Octal kt ni cc modem n bnh tuyn.



- 02 cng serial tc ti 2Mbps: kt ni leased-line, X.25, FrameRelay...

- 01 Ethernet tc 10Mbps giao din AUI: cn thit c u chuynRJ45/AUI khi kt ni vo cc mng switch/hub thng thng

Cisco ngng sn xut cc bnh tuyn Cisco dng 2500.

Bnh tuyn Cisco 1600


-Bnh tuyn Cisco 1601

-01 cng console

-01 cng serial tc ti 2Mbps: kt ni leased-line, X.25, FrameRelay...

-01 Ethernet tc 10Mbps giao din AUI v RJ48 (Female Socket forRJ45 connector)

-01 serial slot: c th s dng cho cng Serial th 2, card ISDN BRI




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-Bnh tuyn Cisco 1603

-01 cng console

-01 cng ISDN BRI giao din S/T: kt ni ISDN tc 2B+D, khi sdng Vit nam cn c thm mt b tip hp NT1 u ni vo mng ISDN.

-01 Ethernet tc 10Mbps giao din AUI v RJ48 (Female Socket forRJ45 connector)

-01 serial slot: c th s dng cho cng Serial, card ISDN BRI

Bnh tuyn Cisco 1700




- 01 FastEthernet tc 10/100Mbps giao din RJ48 (Female Socket forRJ45 connector)

- 02 WAN slot: c th s dng cho cng Serial, card ISDN BRI...

Hnh 3.6: Bnh tuyn Cisco 1751- Bnh tuyn Cisco 1751



- 02 WAN slot: c th s dng cho cng Serial, card ISDN BRI...

- 01 Voice slot: ch cho php cm cc card voice



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Bnh tuyn Cisco 2600



- 01 cng console, 01AUX

- 01 Ethernet tc 10Mbps giao din RJ48 (Female Socket for RJ45connector)

- 02 serial slot: c th s dng cho cng Serial, card ISDN BRI, cardvoice...

- 01 network module slot: c th s dng module Async, Sync/Async,Channelized E1, PRI ...





- 02 serial slot: c th s dng cho cng Serial, card ISDN BRI, cardvoice...

- 01 network module slot: c th s dng module Async, Sync/Async,Channelized E1, PRI ...

Bnh tuyn Cisco 3600




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- Bnh tuyn 3620


- PCMCIA slot

- 02 network module slot: c th s dng module Async, Sync/Async,Channelized E1, PRI, Ethernet/FastEthernet, Voice, VPN ...

- Khi kt ni vi mng LAN cn thit c mt Network module c cngEthernet/FastEthernet


- Bnh tuyn 3661


- PCMCIA slot

- 01 FastEthernet tc 100Mbps

- 06 network module slot: c th s dng module Async, Sync/Async,Channelized E1, PRI, Ethernet/FastEthernet, Voice, VPN ...

- 02 module ngun, h trv d phng ln nhau, m bo v mt cungcp ngun in cho bnh tuyn. C th thay th module ngun m khngcn phi tt in ton b bnh tuyn.

2.4. Cc giao tip ca bnh tuyn Cisco

- Cng Console

o Tc c th 11500Bps, lm vic tc 9600Bps

o Dng cho cu hnh cho bnh tuyn Cisco

o S dng cp Console kt ni- Cng AUX

o Tc 11500Bps

o S dng cho qun tr/cu hnh t xa qua modem V34/V90

o C th s dng cu hnh trc tip s dng cp Console

o Ch lm vic sau khi bnh tuyn Cisco khi ng hon ton



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o C th cu hnh AUX lm vic nh mt ng kt ni dphng

- Ethernet/FastEthernet

o Tc 10Mbps/100Mbps giao din AUI hoc RJ45

o Dng cho u ni trc tip vo mng LAN

o Tun theo cc chun ca IEEE802.3

- Serial

o Tc kt ni ti 2Mbps

o Dng cho kt ni mng WAN

o C kh nng kt ni theo nhiu chun giao din khc nhau V35,V24, X21, EIA530... bng vic s dng cc cp ni

- ISDN

o Tc 2B+D

o Dng cho kt ni mng ISDN s dng cho Dialup Server hockt ni d phng

o C cc giao din U hoc S/T, giao din S/T cn thit c thit bNT1 kt ni vo mng

- Async

o Giao din truyn s liu khng ng b

o Dng cho kt ni vi cc h thng modem V34/V90

o S dng cp kt ni Async (Octal Cable) ni ti 08 modem.Octal cable thng c giao din RJ45 v cn c chuyn i RJ45-DB25 ph

hp vi giao din ca modem2.5. Kin trc module ca bnh tuyn Cisco

Cc bnh tuyn c kin trc module

Cc bnh tuyn Cisco thng dng c gii thiu phn trc huht l c kin trc module tr bnh tuyn 2500 khng c tip tc snxut.

Ngoi cc bnh tuyn c kin trc module c bit, cn c cc bnhtuyn khc:

- 1600: 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605

- 1700: 1710, 1720, 1721, 1750, 1751, 1760- 2600: 2610, 2160XM, 2611, 2611XM, 2612, 2613, 2620, 2620XM,

2621, 2621XM, 2650, 2650XM, 2651, 2651XM, 2691

- 3600: 3620, 3631, 3640, 3661, 3662

- 3700: 3725, 3745

Tnh tng thch dng ln v thay th



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Cc bnh tuyn c kin trc module ca Cisco c thit k sdng chung mt kho cc card giao tip v module chc nng khc nhau.

Cc card giao tip c s dng cho bt k mt bnh tuyn no ckhe cm tng thch. Tng thch ph bin nht l card giao tip Serial. Cardgiao tip serial c th s dng trn bt k bnh tuyn no. Mt s card giao

tip khc nh card voice s yu cu v cu hnh phn cng v phn mm tithiu. Cc card giao tip c s dng cho cc bnh tuyn 1600, 1700 c ths dng cho cc bnh tuyn 2600, 3600.

B nh tuyn 2600, 3600, 3700 cho php s dng cc module chcnng khc nhau. Mt module chc nng c th ch bao gm mt chc nng nhmodule Async, module Serial, cng c th bao gm nhiu chc nng hay baogm cc khe cm cho card giao ti p khc nh module NM-1E- c 01 cngEthernet v 02 khe cm cho bt k mt loi card tng thch no. Vic lachn module ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng c th. Cc module cng c sdng gia cc bnh tuyn. Mt s module yu cu cu hnh ti thiu v phncng v phn mm. Bnh tuyn 1600 v 1700 khng cho php s dng cc

module nh cc bnh tuyn 2600, 3600.

Mt s module thng gp

Hnh 3.11: Module Ethernet/FastEthernet



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Bng 3-2:Mt sloi module Ethernet/FastEthernet

Loi moduleS

cngLAN

S khe cm WAN

Single-Port Ethernet 1 NoneFour-Port Ethernet 4 None

Single-Port Ethernet Mixed Media 1 Two WAN interface card slots

Dual-Port Ethernet Mixed Media 2 Two WAN interface card slots

Single-Port Ethernet and Single-PortToken Ring

1/1 Two WAN interface card slots

Single Port Fast Ethernet 1 None

Hnh 3.12: Module Ethernet c khe cm WAN

Bng 3-3: Mt sloi module c khe cm WANTn module Loi module

NM-1FE2W/NM-1FE2W-V2 1 10/100 Ethernet, 2 khe cm WAN

NM-2FE2W/NM-2FE2W-V2 2 10/100 Ethernet, 2 khe cm WAN

NM-1FE1R2W 1 10/100 Ethernet, 1 4/16 Token Ring,



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2 khe cm WAN

NM-2W 2 khe cm WAN

Bng 3-4: Gii hn slng module trn cc bnh tuyn

2600 2691 3620 3631 3640 3660 3725 3745

NM-1FE2W/NM-1FE2W-V2

N/A 1 2 N/A 4 6 2 4

NM-2FE2W/NM-2FE2W-V2

N/A 1 2 N/A 4 6 2 4

NM-1FE1R2W N/A 1 2 N/A 4 6 2 4

NM-2W 1 1 1 N/A 3 6 2 4

Hnh 3.13: Module 4 cng serial

- Module 4 cng serial

- H trtng lu lng 8Mbps: c th s dng tc ti a 8Mbps trnmt cng hoc mi 2Mbps cho 4 cng.

- Kt ni vi modem theo cc chun V.35, X.21, EIA/TIA-232,EIA/TIA530... s dng cc cp ph hp

- S dng cho u ni leased-line, Frame Relay, X.25 ...



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Hnh 3.14: Module 8 cng Sync/Async

- Module 8 cng Sync/Async

- Tc kt ni trn mi cng thp (ti a 128Kbps)

- C th s dng hai chng b v khng ng b. C th s dngcho modem quay s.


- S dng cho u ni leased-line, Frame Relay, X.25, modem quay s...

Hnh 3.15: Module 16 cng Async

- Module 16 cng Async

- Kt ni khng ng b s dng cho modem quay s.

- Kt ni vi modem theo cc chun EIA/TIA-232 s dng cp Octal



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Hnh 3.16: Module v card ISDN BRI

Bng 3-5: Mt sloi module ISDN BRI tc 2B+D (128+16Kbps)

Loi module M t

NM-4B-S/T 4 cng ISDN BRI giao din S/T

NM-4B-U 4 cng ISDN BRI giao din U (tch hp b tip hp NT1)

NM-8B-S/T 8 cng ISDN BRI giao din S/T

NM-8B-U 8 cng ISDN BRI giao din U (tch hp b tip hp NT1)

Bng 3-6: Mt sloi card giao tip ISDN BRI tc 2B+D (128+16Kbps)

Loi card M t

WIC-1B-S/T-V2 1 cng ISDN BRI giao din S/T

WIC 1B-U-V2 1 cng ISDN BRI giao din U (tch hp b tip hp NT1)

Hnh 3.17: Card giao tip Serial



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- Card mt v hai cng giao tip Serial

- Kt ni ng b tc n 2Mbps


- S dng cho u ni leased-line, Frame Relay, X.25, modem quay s...

3. Cch sdng lnh cu hnh bnh tuyn

3.1. Gii thiu giao tip dng lnh ca bnh tuyn Cisco

Giao tip dng lnh

Giao tip dng lnh CLI (Command Line Interface) khc vi cc giaotip ha GUI (Graphic User Interface) l giao tip c bit c Cisco thitk cho php ngi dng, ngi qun tr lm vic vi cc thit b ca Ciscothng qua cc dng lnh trc tip.

Vi giao ti p dng lnh, ngi dng, ngi qun tr c th trc tipxem, cu hnh cc thit b ca Cisco thng qua cc lnh ph hp. c th sdng c giao tip dng lnh, ngi dng phi nm vng c cc lnh, cctham s lnh v cch s dng cc lnh.

Mi thit b ca Cisco u c rt nhiu cc lnh, cc b lnh i km tuynhin ngi s dng, ngi qun tr khng nht thit phi hiu ht ton b cclnh trong mi thit b m ch cn hiu, nm vng mt s lnh cn thit cho ccmc ch s dng c th.

Giao ti p dng lnh ca Cisco cung c p cho ngi dng kh nng sdng trgip trc tuyn. iu c ngha l trong qu trnh lm vic vi thit

b thng qua giao tip dng lnh, ngi dng c th lit k cc lnh, xem li

ngha s dng ca n hay thm ch xem cc thng s lnh.Lu : khi s dng giao tip dng lnh cu hnh thit b, sau khi lnh

c thc thi (n phm Enter) cc hot ng ca bnh tuyn snh hngngay lp tc bi lnh thc thi . Mt cho nhng v d l khi ang thc hincu hnh t xa thng qua telnet, nu thay i a ch ca bnh tuyn, s lptc mt kt ni n bnh tuyn v ch c th thc hin cu hnh bnhtuyn trc tip t cng console. iu ny c ngha cn thit phi rt cn thn vchc chn cng nh thc hin ng trnh t mi khi thc hin cu hnh bnhtuyn.

V d v giao tip dng lnh nh sau:Router#config terminal

Router(config)#interface s0/0

Router(config-if)#encapsolution ppp

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.100.5 255.255.255.0

Cc kh nng thc hin cu hnh bnh tuyn Cisco



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-Cu hnh bnh tuyn trc tip t cng console: l phng php sdng mt cp console thng qua mt phn mm kt ni trc tip cng COMnh HyperTerminal ca WINDOWS truy nhp vo bnh tuyn sau cuhnh bnh tuyn theo giao thc dng lnh. Phng php cu hnh ny cs dng nhiu nht v trong hu ht cc trng hp. Cc bnh tuyn s dngln u cng phi c cu hnh bng phng php ny.

-Cu hnh bnh tuyn thng qua truy nhp t xa telnet: truy nhp t xati bnh tuyn vi telnet ch c th thc hin c khi bnh tuyn c cu hnh vi t nht mt a ch mng, c mt khu bo v v my tnh sdng cu hnh bnh tuyn phi c kh nng kt ni c vi bnhtuyn thng qua mi trng mng. Sau khi kt ni c ti bnh tuyn, sdng giao din dng lnh cu hnh bnh tuyn.

-Cu hnh bnh tuyn s dng tp tin cu hnh lu tr trn my chTFTP: trong mt s trng hp, tp tin cu hnh cho bnh tuyn c thclu tr trn my ch TFTP, bnh tuyn c cu hnh sao cho sau khi khing s tm kim tp tin cu hnh trn my ch TFTP thay v s dng tp tin

cu hnh lu tr trong NVRAM. C th s dng lnh copy ti tp tin cuhnh t my ch TFTP v bnh tuyn.

-Cu hnh bnh tuyn thng qua giao din WEB: ch thc hin csau khi bnh tuyn c cu hnh vi a ch IP v cho php cu hnh quagiao thc http.

Sdng giao tip dng lnh

thc hin vic kt ni my tnh vi bnh tuyn, ngi ta dng cpconsole ca Cisco, mt u cm trc ti p vo cng CONSOLE ca bnhtuyn, u kia cm vo cng COM ca my tnh, c th s dng cc uchuyn i DB9/RJ45 hoc DB25/RJ45 khi cn thit.

Phn mm giao tip gia my tnh v bnh tuyn thng dng nht lHyperTerminal c ci t sn trong cc phin bn WINDOWS.



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Hnh 3.18: Sdng HyperTerminalkt ni n bnh tuyn

Chn ng cng COM kt ni vi cp console tin hnh ci t ccthng s lm vic. Tc kt ni thng qua cng COM ca my tnh v cngCONSOLE ca b nh tuyn l 9600b/s (hnh 3.19). Chn OK, bm phmEnter, ca s lm vic xut hin du ln hn ">" sau tn ca ca bnh tuyn,ngha l vic kt ni hon tt (hnh 3-20).

Hnh 3.19: Xc lp cc tham scho kt ni



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Hnh 3.20: Kt ni ti bnh tuyn thnh cngSau khi kt ni thnh cng, s dng cc lnh ca bnh tuyn

xem, kim tra, cu hnh v bt li cc hot ng ca bnh tuyn.

Sdng du ? truy cp thng tin trgip

- nh du ? ngay st sau cu lnh cha hon chnh s hin th cc lnhc th bt u t cc t cha hon chnh g

- nh du ? sau cu lnh mt k t trng s hin th cc tham s c thca cu lnh

- Khi cu lnh khng c s hin th mt bo li

Sdng TAB ngay st sau cu lnh cha hon chnh s hin th cu lnhhon chnh

3.2. Lm quen vi cc ch cu hnh

Ch ngi dng

Bao gm cc tc v ph bin ch yu gm nhng lnh kim tra trngthi hot ng ca bnh tuyn, trng thi cc giao tip, cc bng nh tuynv.v... v mt s lnh kim tra kt ni mng nh ping, traceroute, telnet v.v.... ch ny khng c php thay i cc cu hnh bnh tuyn. Chngi dng khng cho php xem xt su n cc hot ng ca bnh tuynm trong qu trnh khai thc, vn hnh, ngi qun tr phi cn thit s dngch qun tr thc hin. Biu hin ca ch ngi dng l du ln hn,>, sau tn bnh tuyn:Router>

Router>?

Exec commands:

Session number to resume



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access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry

access-profile Apply user-profile to interface

clear Reset functions

connect Open a terminal connection

disable Turn off privileged commands

disconnect Disconnect an existing network connectionenable Turn on privileged commands

exit Exit from the EXEC

----- cc lnh c b bt -----

ping Send echo messages

ppp Start IETF Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

resume Resume an active network connection

rlogin Open an rlogin connection

show Show running system information

slip Start Serial-line IP (SLIP)

systat Display information about terminal lines

telnet Open a telnet connection

terminal Set terminal line parameters

traceroute Trace route to destination

tunnel Open a tunnel connection

udptn Open an udptn connection

where List active connections

x28 Become an X.28 PAD

x3 Set X.3 parameters on PAD

Ch qun trBao gm hu ht cc lnh ca ch ngi dng v cc lnh ch dnh

cho ngi qun tr. Ch c th cu hnh bnh tuyn ch ny. Trong qutrnh khai thc, vn hnh, hiu r hoc khi c s c xy ra, ngi qun tr cth s dng cc lnh debug lm r thm thng tin cn thit. c trng choch qun tr l biu hin ca du thng, #.Router>en

Password:

Router#

Router#?

Exec commands: Session number to resume

access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry

access-profile Apply user-profile to interface

access-template Create a temporary Access-List entry

archive manage archive files

bfe For manual emergency modes setting

cd Change current directory



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clear Reset functions

clock Manage the system clock

configure Enter configuration mode

connect Open a terminal connection

copy Copy from one file to another

debug Debugging functions (see also 'undebug')----- cc lnh c b bt -----

traceroute Trace route to destination

tunnel Open a tunnel connection

udptn Open an udptn connection

undebug Disable debugging functions (see also 'debug')

upgrade Upgrade firmware

verify Verify a file

where List active connections

write Write running configuration to memory, network, orterminal

x28 Become an X.28 PAD

x3 Set X.3 parameters on PAD

Ch cu hnh ton cc

L ch cu hnh cc tham s ton cc cho bnh tuyn.

C rt nhiu cc cu hnh ton cc nh cu hnh tn bnh tuyn, cu hnh tnv mt khu ngi dng, cu hnh nh tuyn ton cc, cu hnh danh sch truynhp v.v... Biu hin ca ch cu hnh ton cc nh sau:Router#

Router#config terminal

Router(config)#hostname RouterA

Ch cu hnh giao tip

Ch cu hnh giao tip l ch cu hnh cho cc giao tip ca bnh tuyn nh giao tip Serial, giao tip Ethernet, giao tip Async...

Ch cu hnh giao tip cho php ngi qun tr mng thit lp cctham s hot ng cho mi giao tip nh cc giao thc mng c s dng trngiao tip, a ch mng ca giao tip, gn cc danh sch truy nhp cho giao tipv.v... Mt v d v ch cu hnh giao tip nh sau:Router#


Router(config)#interface s0/0

Router(config-if)#encapsolution ppp

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.100.5 255.255.255.0

Router(config-if)#



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Ch cu hnh nh tuyn

L ch cu hnh cc tham s cho cc giao thc nh tuyn. Cc giaothc nh tuyn c cu hnh c lp vi nhau v u c thc hin chcu hnh nh tuyn nh v d sau:Router#


Router(config)#router rip

Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0

Router(config-if)#

Ch cu hnh ng kt ni

Ch cu hnh ng kt ni l mt ch cu hnh c bit s dng thit lp cc tham s mc thp cho giao tip logic trong in hnh l cctham s thit lp cho cc kt ni modem quay s.Router#config terminal

Router(config)#line 33 48

Router(config-line)#modem inout

Router(config-line)#modem autoconfig discovery

Router(config-line)#

Bng 3-7:Mt sch cu hnh v thhin

Ch cu hnh Th hin

Global Router(config)#

Interface Router(config-if)#

Subinterface Router(config-subif)#

Controller Router(config-controller)#

Map-list Router(config-map-list)#

Map-class Router(config-map-class)#

Line Router(config-line)#

Router Router(config-router)#Route-map Router(config-route-map)#

3.3. Lm quen vi cc lnh cu hnh cbn



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Enable: dng vo ch qun tr. Sau khi thc hin lnh enable,ngi dng phi cung cp mt khu qun trng thc sc lm vic ch qun tr, mt khu khng c php nhp sai qu 3 ln.Router>

Router>en

Password:Password:

Password:

% Bad secrets

Router>en

Password:

Router#

Router#

Router#disa

Router>

Disable: thot khi ch qun tr v ch ngi dng.

Setup: thc hin khi to li cu hnh ca bnh tuyn ch cuhnh hi thoi. Sau y l mt v d v s dng lnh setup. Ch hi thoiny cng c thc hin tng i vi cc bnh tuyn cha h c tp tincu hnh hay ni cch khc c NVRAM khng cha thng tin.

Router#setup

--- System Configuration Dialog ---

Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: y

At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.

Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.

Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.

Basic management setup configures only enough connectivity

for management of the system, extended setup will ask you

to configure each interface on the system

Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: n

First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: n

Configuring global parameters:

Enter host name [Router]:

The enable secret is a password used to protect access to

privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, after

entered, becomes encrypted in the configuration.

Enter enable secret []:

The enable password is used when you do not specify an

enable secret password, with some older software versions, and

some boot images.

Enter enable password []:123456



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!

interface Serial0/1

no shutdown

encapsulation ppp

ip address 192.168.100.5 255.255.255.0

dialer-list 1 protocol ip permitdialer-list 1 protocol ipx permit

!

end

[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.

[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.

[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.

Config: cho php thc hin cc lnh cu hnh bnh tuyn. Sau lnhconfig, qun tr mng mi c th thc hin cc lnh cu hnh bnh tuyn.

Trnh t thc hin cu hnh cho mt bnh tuyn c thc th hin nh sau- t tn cho bnh tuynRouter#config terminal

Router(config)#

Router(config)#hostname RouterABC

RouterABC(config)#

- t tn mt khu b mt dnh cho ngi qun trRouterABC(config)#enable secret matkhaubimat

RouterABC(config)#

- t tn mt khu cho ch qun tr. Mt khu ny ch s dng khi cuhnh bnh tuyn khng c mt khu b mt dnh cho qun tr.RouterABC(config)#enable password matkhau

RouterABC(config)#

- Cu hnh cho php ngi dng truy cp t xa n bnh tuynRouterABC(config)#line vty 0 4

RouterABC(config-line)#login

RouterABC(config-line)#password telnet

RouterABC(config-line)#

- Cu hnh cc giao tipRouterABC(config)#interface ethernet 0

RouterABC(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

RouterABC(config-if)#no shutdown

RouterABC(config-if)#

- Cu hnh nh tuynRouterABC(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.2

RouterABC(config)#



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Copy: lnh copy cho php thc hin cc sao chp cu hnh ca bnhtuyn i/n my ch TFTP, sao chp, lu tr, nng cp cc tp tin IOS ca bnh tuyn t / ti my ch TFTP.

c th lu bn sao cu hnh hin hnh ln my ch TFTP, s dng lnhcopy rumng-config tftp nhc trnh by di. Tip theo l tin trnh ngcli vi vic ti tp tin cu hnh t my ch TFTP v bnh tuyn.

- Nhp lnh copy runing-config tftp

- Nhp a ch IP ca my ch TFTP ni dng lu tp tin cu hnh

- Nhp tn n nh cho tp tin cu hnh

- Xc nhn chn la vi tr li yes

Lnh copy dng lu tp tin cu hnh ln my ch:Router#copy running-config tftp

Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.5

Name of configuration file to write [Router-config]?cisco.cfg

Write file cisco.cfg to 192.168.1.5? [confirm] y

Writing cisco.cfg !!!!! [OK]

Router#

Lnh copy dng ti tp tin cu hnh t my ch:Router#copy tftp running-config

Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.5

Source filename []? cisco.cfg

Destination filename [running-config]?

Show: l lnh c dng nhiu v ph bin nht.

Lnh show dng xc nh trng thi hin hnh ca bnh tuyn. Cc lnhny gip cho php c c cc thng tin quan trng cn bit khi kim tra viu chnh cc hot ng ca bnh tuyn.

- show version: hin th cu hnh phn cng h thng, phin bn phnmm, tn v ngun ca cc tp tin cu hnh, v nh chng trnh khi ng.

- show processes: hin th thng tin cc qu trnh hot ng ca bnhtuyn.

- show protocols: hin th cc giao thc c cu hnh.

- show memory: thng k v b nhca bnh tuyn.

- show stacks: gim st vic s dng stack ca cc qu trnh, cc th tcngt v hin th nguyn nhn khi ng li h thng ln cui cng.

- show buffers: cung cp thng k v cc vng bm trn bnh tuyn.



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- show flash: th hin thng tin v b nhFlash.

- show running-config: hin th t p tin cu hnh ang hot ng ca bnh tuyn.

- show startup-config: hin th tp tin cu hnh c lu tr trn NVRAMv c a vo b nh hot ng khi bt ngun b nh tuyn. Thng

thng running-config v startup-config l ging nhau. Khi thc hin cc lnhcu hnh, running-config v startup-config s khng cn ging nhau, cu hnhhot ng (running-config) cn phi c ghi trli NVRAM sau khi kt thccu hnh bnh tuyn.

- show interfaces: thng k cc giao tip ca bnh tuyn. y l mttrong cc lnh c s dng nhiu nht cho bit trng thi hot ng ca ccgiao tip, s liu thng k lu lng, s lng cc gi tin li v.v...

Hnh 3.21: Lnh show

Router#show interface s0/0

Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up

Hardware is PowerQUICC Serial

Description: 2M link to the Internet

Internet address is 192.168.100.5/24

MTU 1500 bytes, BW 2048 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,

reliability 255/255, txload 248/255, rxload 84/255

Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set

Keepalive set (10 sec)

Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never

Last clearing of "show interface" counters never

Input queue: 0/75/12/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total outputdrops: 2383688

Queueing strategy: weighted fair

Output queue: 24/1000/64/2383671 (size/max total/threshold/drops)

Conversations 5/184/256 (active/max active/max total)



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Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)

5 minute input rate 677000 bits/sec, 161 packets/sec

5 minute output rate 1996000 bits/sec, 395 packets/sec

106754998 packets input, 2930909441 bytes, 0 no buffer

Received 68850 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles

51143 input errors, 30726 CRC, 20248 frame, 0 overrun, 0ignored, 169 abort

319791176 packets output, 1669977392 bytes, 0 underruns

0 output errors, 0 collisions, 125 interface resets

0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

0 carrier transitions

DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up

Hnh 3.22: Lnh show interfaceRouter# show version

Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software

IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.1(2), RELEASESOFTWARE (fc1)

Copyright (c) 1986-2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Compiled Tue 09-May-00 23:34 by linda

Image text-base: 0x80008088, data-base: 0x807D2544

ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

Router uptime is 1 week, 1 day, 1 minute

System returned to ROM by power-on at 13:29:57 Hanoi Thu Jul 31 2003

System restarted at 20:24:22 Hanoi Tue Sep 2 2003

System image file is "flash:c2600-i-mz.121-2.bin"

cisco 2620 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x102) with 26624K/6144Kbytes of memory

.

Processor board ID JAD04340ID8 (2733840160)

M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49

Bridging software.

X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.

1 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)

2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)

32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.

8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

Configuration register is 0x2102

Hnh 3.23: Lnh show version



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