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GetStartedwithUbuntu14.10
TableofContents
1.Introduction
Whatthisbookis
Whatthisbookisnot
WhatisUbuntu
WhyIlikeUbuntu
GettingUbuntu
HowareyougoingtoinstallUbuntu
2.InstallingUbuntu
InstallUbuntu
PreparingtoInstallUbuntu
InstallationType
TimeZone
KeyboardLayout
WhoAreYou?
InstallationComplete
3.TheUbuntuDesktop
Unity
SearchingforApplications
FileManager
Firefox
Libreoffice
UbuntuSoftwareCenter
Amazon
SystemSettings
TheUpperLeftHandCorner
4.PostInstallation
5.SystemSettings
Appearance
Wallpaper
LauncherIcon
Theme
Behavior
Workspaces
Brightness&Lock
LanguageSupport
RegionalFormats
OnlineAccounts
Security&Privacy
SecurityTab
Files&ApplicationsTab
SearchTab
DiagnosticsTab
TextEntry
Bluetooth
Color
Displays
Keyboard
TypingTab
ShortcutsTab
Mouse&Touchpad
Network
Power
Printers
Sound
WacomTablet
Backups
Details
Overview
DefaultApplications
RemovableMedia
LegalNotice
LandscapeService
Software&Updates
UbuntuSoftware
OtherSoftware
Updates
Authentication
AdditionalDrivers
Time&Date
Clock
UniversalAccess
Seeing
Hearing
Typing
PointingandClicking
UserAccounts
ChangePassword
LoginHistory
AddUserAccount
SettinganInitialPassword
DeletingaUser
6.NetworkConfiguration
Wired(Ethernet)
General
802.1x
IPv4
IPv6
IPv4Configuration
DHCP
StaticIP
NetworkProxy
7.InstallingSoftware
8.E-Mail
9.Backups
Overview
FolderstoSave
FolderstoIgnore
StorageLocation
Scheduling
10.UsingtheTerminalorCommandLineInterface(CLI)
TheTerminal
cd
ls
pwd
mkdir
rmdir
rm
uname
help
man
sudo
apt-get
CLITabs
RootDirectory
HomeDirectory
LastDirectory
FinalThoughts
AbouttheAuthor
GetStartedwithUbuntu®14.10
Copyright©2015MatthewVogel
Ubuntu®isaregisteredtrademarkofCanonicalLtd.
Linux®isaregisteredtrademarkofLinusTorvalds
Allothertrademarksusedinthisbookarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveholders.Useofanytrademarkinthisbookdoesnotconstituteanaffiliationwith/oranendorsementfromthetrademarkholder.TheuseoftheUbuntutrademarkdoesnotconstituteanaffiliationwith/orendorsementbyCanonicalortheUbuntuproject.Ratherthanputatrademarksymbolaftereveryoccurrenceofatrademarkname,weusenamesinaneditorialfashiononly,andtobenefitthetrademarkholder,withnointentionofinfringementofthetrademark.
Allinformationinthisbookispresentedonan“as-is”basis.Nowarrantyorguaranteeisprovidedandtheauthorand/orpublishershallnotbeheldliableforanylossordamage.
1.Introduction
Whatthisbookis
Thisbookisabeginner’sguidetoinstallingandusingUbuntu14.10,thenewestversionofthepopularLinuxsoftware.ThisbookisdesignedforanewLinuxorUbuntuuser.IntermediateoradvancedLinuxusersshouldnotpurchasethisbook.
Whatthisbookisnot
ThisbookisnotanexhaustiveguidetotheLinuxoperatingsystem.Iplantotacklemoreadvancedtopicsinlaterbooks.IdonotwanttooverloadanewusertoLinuxwithabunchofadvancedtopicssomygoalistokeepthisbookrelativelysimpleandgearedtowardthenewLinuxuser.
Thisbooknotprofessionallyedited.Iambasicallyaonemanshowwithafulltimejobinthenetworksecurityfield,aparttimejobteachingnetworksecurityatnight,aparttimephotographer,andparttimewriter.WhileIhavedonemybesttofindmymistakes,thisbookwillhavespellingandgrammarerrors.IfyoufindoneletmeknowandIwillmakesuretofixtheprobleminthenextedition.
WhatisUbuntu
IamnotgoingtowastealotoftimeexplainingwhatUbuntuisandwhereiscomesfrom.YoucanreadallaboutUbuntuontheirWikipediapageathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system).
IwilltellyouthatUbuntuisaformofLinuxwhichisafreeoperatingsystemthatisUnix-like.Myguessisthatyoualreadyknowthatoryouwouldnotbereadingthisbook.
WhyIlikeUbuntu
IhavebeenusingLinuxforabout11yearsandusingUbuntuforabout4years.IreallylikeUbuntu’seaseofinstallationandeaseofuseonceitisinstalled.Ubuntualsotendstoincludealotofleadingedgetechnologyintheirreleaseswhichmeansthatitrunsonalotofthenewerhardwarewithouthavingtoworryaboutinstallingspecialdrivers.
ForabeginningLinuxuseryoucannotgowrongwithUbuntu.
GettingUbuntu
YoucandownloadUbuntudirectlyfromtheirwebsiteathttp://www.ubuntu.com.OnthemainpageclickonthedownloadtabandthenclickonUbuntuDesktop.YoucanalsodownloadaServerversionandaCloudversionbuttheseversionsareoutsideofthescopeofthisbooksoIsuggestyoustickwiththeDesktopversion.
Youwillneedtochooseyourflavor,32-bitor64-bit.Theversionyouusedependsonthetypeofprocessorinyourcomputer.Mostnewcomputersare64-bit.Ifyouareusinganoldercomputeryoumayneedtousethe32-bitversion.Ifyouareunsureaboutwhatyourcomputercanusejustusethe32-bitversion.
HowareyougoingtoinstallUbuntu
TherearemanywaystouseUbuntubelowaresomeoftheoptions:
●LiveDVD
●LiveUSB
●Installtotheharddrive
●Virtualization(VirtualBoxorVMWare)
TheLiveDVDorLiveUSBallowsyoutobootintoUbuntuwithoutinstallingtheoperatingsystemtoyourharddrive,sortofliketrybeforeyoubuy.YouwillhavetheoptiontoinstalltheoperatingsystemfromtheLiveDVDorLiveUSBoncetheoperatingsystemboots.InordertobootfromaLiveDVDorLiveUSByouneedtoadjustthebootsequenceintheBIOStoallowbootingfromtheDVDorUSB.SincetherearemanytypesofBIOS,goingovertheproceduresindepthforeachonecouldtakeawholebook.
FormostsystemsyouwillneedtointerruptthebootprocessbypressingF2orF12onyourkeyboard.Therewillbeamessagethatisdisplayedforafewsecondsrightatthestartofthebootsequencethatwilltellyouwhichkeytopush.SomeBIOSalsoallowyoutochoosethebootdevicewithouteditingtheBIOS.OnceyouareintheBIOSlookforataborsectionlabeledBoot.Thisiswhereyouwillbeabletochangethebootoptions.BesuretosaveyourchangesbeforeyouexittheBIOS.
IfyouinstalltheoperatingsystemtoyourharddriveyoucaneitherusethewholeharddriveforUbuntuoryoucandualbootbetweenWindowsandUbuntuorUbuntuandanotherflavorofLinux.Dualbootingisamoreadvancedtopicthatisoutsidethescopeofthisbook.TherearenumerousresourcesontheInternetthatcanassistyouwithconfiguringyoursystemfordualbooting.Imaytackledualbootinginafuturebookbutwiththeprevalenceofvirtualizationsoftware,theneedfordualbootingisquicklydisappearing.
VirtualizationisanoptionthatallowsyoutokeepyourexistingoperatingsystemandrunUbuntuinaVirtualMachine(VM).ThisisthemethodthatIrecommendforbeginningLinuxusersunlessyouhaveanolderlaptoporPCthatyoudonotuseasyourprimarydesktop.IpersonallyrunUbuntuinaVMathomeandatschoolwhenIteach.IalsohaveadedicatedUbuntulaptop.
IfyouwanttouseVirtualizationIrecommendVirtualBox.YoucandownloadVirtualBoxforfromfromtheirwebsitehttps://www.virtualbox.org.IfyouaregoingtouseUbuntuinaVirtualMachineyoudonotneedtoburntheISOtoaDVDorUSBThumbDrive.YouonlyneedtodownloadtheISOandpointtheVMattheISOasthebootmediaandoffyougo.
NomatterwhichwayyouplantoenjoyUbuntuyouwillhavetodownloadtheISOfromtheirwebsite.
IfyouaregoingtousetheLiveDVDthenyouwillhavetoburntheISOtoaDVD,notaCD.ThesizeoftheISOistoolargeforaCD.IfyouaregoingtousetheLiveUSByouwillneedaUSBthumbdriveandautilitytocreatetheLiveUSB.ThereareseveralutilitiesontheInternetforburninganISOtoaDVDorUSBThumbDrive.
2.InstallingUbuntu
NowthatyouhaveyourISOdownloadedandburnedtoaDVD,USBThumbDrive,orloadedinaVM,youarereadytostartinstallingUbuntu14.10.ThefirstscreenyouwillseeisshowninFigure2-1.YouwillhavetheoptiontoTryUbuntuinLiveModeorInstallUbuntu.IfyouopttotrytheLiveBootmodeyouwillnotneedtofollowtheinstallationstepsandcanskiptoChapter3.JustrememberthatthenexttimeyoubootintoLiveBootmodeanychangesyouhavemadewillbelost.
InstallUbuntu
IfyouwanttoinstallUbuntujustclickontheInstallUbuntubutton.Theinstallationprocesswillnowstart.
Figure2-1.Install-InitialUbuntubootscreen
PreparingtoInstallUbuntu
ThesecondinstallscreenyouwillseewilllooklikeFigure2-2.BesuretochecktheboxesDownloadupdateswhileinstallingandInstallthird-partysoftware.Checking
thefirstcheckboxwillspeeduptheinstallationofUbuntubydownloadingupdatesinthebackgroundwhiletheinstallationistakingplace.ThesecondcheckboxwillallowUbuntutoplaythingslikeMP3files.ClickContinuetoproceedwiththeinstallation.
Figure2-2.Install-PreparingtoinstallUbuntu
InstallationType
Nextyouwillneedtochooseyourinstallationtype.YourscreenshouldlooklikeFigure2-3.ThedefaultoptionistoerasethediskandinstallUbuntu.FormostUbuntuinstallationsthiswouldbethebestchoice.
Figure2-3.Install-Installationtype
ThesecondchoicewillencrypttheUbuntuinstallationandrequireasecuritykeyorpassword,tounlockthesystemduringboot.Thisisagoodoptionforlaptopsifyouwanttoprotectsensitivedata.Ifsomeonewastostealyourlaptoptheywouldnotbeabletoaccessthesystemwithoutthesecuritykeyorpassword.
ThethirdoptioninstallsUbuntuusingLogicalVolumeManagement(LVM).LVMisanadvancedtopicthatwillnotbecoveredinthisbook,however,ifyouwanttotryitoutyoucanselectthisoption.Thereisnodangerinchoosingthisoption.
Thefourthoptionisforthoseusersthatwanttosetuptheirownpartitioning.Thisisaveryadvancedtopicthatisnotcoveredinthisbook.Choosethisoptionatyourownrisk.
OnceyouchooseyouoptionclickInstallNowtocontinuetheinstallation.
TimeZone
Onthenextscreen,Figure2-4,youwillbeaskedtochooseyourtimezone.Youcanchooseatimezonebysimplyclickingonthelocationonthemap.ThenclickContinuetocontinuetheinstallation.
Figure2-4.Install-TimeZone
KeyboardLayout
Onthenextscreen,Figure2-5,youwillbeaskedtochooseakeyboardlayout.Theinstallationshouldhavesensedyourkeyboardversionsoyouwillnotneedtochangethisunlessyoureallywantto.ChooseyourkeyboardlayoutandclickContinue.
Figure2-5.Install-KeyboardLayout
WhoAreYou?
Thenextscreen,Figure2-6,willaskyoutoenteryourname,yourcomputername,pickausername,andsetyourpassword.YoucanalsochoosetohaveUbuntulogyouinautomaticallywhenthesystembootsorrequireapasswordtologinandtoencryptyourhomefolder.
ChoosingtorequireapasswordandtoencryptyourhomefolderisthemostsecuremethodtousesoIhighlyrecommendtheseoptionsforanysystemthatyouaregoingtouseoutsideofalabortestingenvironment.Youshouldnotusetheautomaticlogonoptionasitisveryinsecure.
Figure2-6.Install-Settingupausernameandpassword
InstallationComplete
YouhavefinishedtheUbuntuinstallation,Figure2-8.ClickRestartNowtobootintoyournewUbuntu14.10system.
Figure2-8.InstallationComplete-RestartNow
3.TheUbuntuDesktop
UnityDesktop
NowthatyouhaveinstalledyourUbuntu14.10systemitistimetotakeatour.Figure3-1showstheUbuntuUnitydesktop.TheUnitydesktopfeaturesaLauncheronthelefthandsideofthescreenwhichallowsyoutolaunchsomeofthemostcommonapplicationssuchastheFileManager,Firefoxwebbrowser,LibreOffice,andthesettingsapplicationbyjustclickingontheiconforthecorrespondingapplication.
InthetoprighthandcornerofthescreenyouwillfindIndicatorssuchasthenetworkindicatorwhichisthetwoarrows,onepointingupandtheotherpointingdown,thelanguageindicator,thebatteryindicatorifyouareusingalaptop,thevolumeindicator,thetime,andtheSystemindicator.Otherindicatorscanbeaddedassoftwareisaddedtoyoursystemandinuse.
Figure3-1.TheUbuntuDesktop
SearchingforApplications
TheverytopiconontheLauncherwillbringupasearchboxthatwillletyousearchforanyapplicationinstalledonUbuntu.Figure3-2showsanexampleofwhatthesearchboxwilllooklike.
Figure3-2.SearchingforApplications
ForexampletypingFirefoxinthesearchboxwillbringuptheFirefoxapplicationwhichcanthenbelaunchedbyclickingontheFirefoxicononce.Figure3-3showsanexampleofsearchingfortheFirefoxapplication.
Figure3-3.SearchingforFirefox
FileManager
ThenexticonistheFileManagericonwhichwillbringuptheFileManagerapplication.Figure3-4showsanexampleoftheFileManager.TheFileManagerliststhelocationoffilesontheleftandtheactualfilesintheselectedlocationontheright.ThedefaultlocationwhentheFileManagerislaunchedisthecurrentuser’shomefolder.TheFileManagerworksmuchlikefilemanagersinmostotheroperatingsystems.
Figure3-4.FileManager
ThedefaultviewoftheFileManageristhegridviewwhichshowsfilesandfoldersacrossincolumnsanddowninrows.Youcanalsoswitchtolistviewwhichwillallowyoutosortbythefilename,size,type,ordatemodified.ThegridandlisticonsareintheupperrighthandcorneroftheFileManagerwindow.Figure3-4showsasexampleoftheFileManageringridviewandFigure3-5showsanexampleoftheFileManagerinlistview.
Figure3-5.FileManager-ListView
YoucanalsousethemagnifyingglassintheupperrighthandcorneroftheFileManagerwindowstosearchforafileordirectory.Clickingonthemagnifyingclassbringsupthesearchboxnearthetopofthewindow.Figure3-6showsanexampleofusingthesearch
functiontolocatetheMusicdirectory.TypingMusicinthesearchboxwillfindanyfilesorfolderswithMusicinthename.
Figure3-6.FileManager-Search
IfyouclickonadirectoryinthelefthandsideofthewindowandtheFileManagerwilldisplaythecurrentdirectoryshowintherighthandsideofthewindowsandtheparentorhigherleveldirectoriesatthetopofthefilemanagerwindow.Youcanclickonanyofthedirectorieslistedatthetopofthewindoworyoucanusethebackandforwardbuttonsintheupperlefthandcornertonavigatethroughthefilestructure.Figure3-7showsanexampleoftheDocumentsdirectory.SincetheDocumentsdirectoryisinsideoftheHomedirectoryboththeHomeandDocumentsdirectoryaredisplayedatthetopoftheFileManagerwindowastabs.
Figure3-7.FileManager-Documents
RightclickingonanyfreespaceintherighthandsideoftheFileManagerwindowwillbringupafloatingmenuthatwillallowyoutocreateaNewFolder,aNewDocument,RestoreMissingFiles,Paste,andviewthePropertiesofafileorfolder.Figure3-8showsanexampleofthemenuthatappearswhenyourightclickintheFileManager.
Figure3-8.FileManager-RightClick
Firefox
ThethirdiconistheFirefoxiconwhichwilllaunchtheFirefoxbrowser.
Libreoffice
ThenextthreeiconsareusedtolaunchLibreofficeapplications.LibreOfficeisafreeandopensourcesoftwaresuitethatincludesawordprocessor,aspreadsheetprogram,aprogramforcreatingslidepresentations,adrawingprogram,andadatabaseprogram.LibreOfficeiscompatiblewithmanydifferenttypesofofficesuitesandcanimportandexportvariousfileformats.Figure3-9showsanexampleofLibreOfficeWriter.
Figure3-9.LibreOfficeWriter
UbuntuSoftwareCenter
ThenexticonontheLauncheristheUbuntuSoftwareCenter.TheUbuntuSoftwareSoftwareCenterallowstoinstallsoftware,viewinstalledsoftware,removesoftware,viewthehistoryofinstalledsoftware,andtracktheprogressofsoftwareinstalls.
SoftwareisgroupedintocategoriesorcanbelocatedbyusingthesearchfunctionlocatedinthetoprighthandcorneroftheUbuntuSoftwareCenterwindow.Figure3-10showsanexampleoftheUbuntuSoftwareCenter.
Figure3-10.UbuntuSoftwareCenter
Onceyouhavelocatedasoftwarepackagethatyouwanttoinstall,clickontheinstallbuttontoinstallthesoftware.Figure3-11showsanexampleoftheasoftwarepackageselectedintheUbuntuSoftwareCenter.
TheUbuntuSoftwareCenterwillbecoveredinmoredetailinChapter7.
Figure3-11.UbuntuSoftwareCenter-SoftwareInstall
Amazon
ThenexticonistheAmazonicon.TheAmazoniconwillopentheUbuntuWebBrowserandtakeyoudirectlytotheAmazon.comwebsite.
SystemSettings
ThelasticononthedashboardistheSystemSettingsicon.SystemSettingswillbecoveredinChapter5.
TheUpperLeftHandCorner
Intheupperlefthandcornerofthedesktopyouwillfindseveralsystemstatusicons.ThefirsticonistheNetworkiconwhichwillbetwoarrows,onepointingupandonepointingdownwhenthesystemisconnectedviaanethernetconnection.Whenusingwirelessthenetworkconnectionwillbeawirelessicon.Figure3-12showsanexampleoftheNetworkConnectionsdropdownmenu.NetworkconnectionswillbecoveredinmoredetailinChapter6.
Figure3-12.UbuntuDesktop-NetworkConnections
ThenexticonistheLanguageStatusicon.ThedefaultisEnglishifyoupickedEnglishasyourlanguageduringtheinstallandwillbeshownasEN.Figure3-13showsanexampleoftheLanguageStatusdropdownmenu.LanguageswillbecoveredininmoredetailinChapter5.
Figure3-13.UbuntuDesktop-LanguageStatus
ThenexticonwhichistheBatteryStatusicon,mayormaynotexistonyoursystem.TheBatteryStatusicononlyappearswhenyouloadUbuntuonalaptop.Figure3-14showsanexampleoftheBatteryStatusdropdownmenu.
Figure3-14.UbuntuDesktop-BatteryStatus
ThenexticonwillbetheVolumeStatusiconwhichwilllooklikeasmallspeaker.Thesoundlevelwillbeindicatedbytheshadedlinescomingoutofthespeaker.ClickingonthespeakerwillbringuptheVolumeSettingsdropdownmenu.IntheVolumeSettingsdropdownmenuyouwillbeabletoadjusttheVolumeSettingsbymovingthesliderleftofrightandmutethesoundbyclickingonMute.YoucanalsoaccesstheSoundsSettingsfromthedropdownmenu.SoundsSettingswillbecoveredininmoredetailChapter5.Figure3-15showsanexampleoftheVolumeSettingsdropdownmenu.
Figure3-15.UbuntuDesktop-VolumeStatus
ThenexticonwillbetheTimeiconwhichisalsothetimedisplay.ClickingonthetimewillbringuptheTimeandDatedropdownmenuwhichwillincludethedate,acalendarshowingthecurrentmonth,thetimezone,andthecurrenttime.YoucanaccesstheTime&DateSettingsfromthedropdownmenuaswellasaddaneventtothecalendarbyclickingonaday.Arrowsnexttothemonthandyearwillallowyoutochangetheviewofthecalendarbutwillnotchangethesystemdate.Figure3-16showsanexampleoftheTimeandDatedropdownmenu.
Figure3-16.UbuntuDesktop-TimeandDate
ThelasticonwillbetheSystemSettingsicon.ClickingontheSystemSettingsiconwillbringuptheSystemSettingsdropdownmenu.Fromthedropdownmenuyoucandothefollowing:
●learnaboutyourcomputer
●accessUbuntuHelp
●accessSystemSettings
●lockthescreen
●switchusers
●logoutofthesystem
●suspendthesystem
●restartthesystem
●shutdownthesystem
Figure3-17showsanexampleoftheSystemSettingsdropdownmenu.
Figure3-17.UbuntuDesktop-SystemSettings
4.PostInstallation
NowthatyouhaveyourUbuntu14.10systeminstalledandyouhavehadalittletourofthedesktopitistimetogetserious.Youneedtoupdateyoursystemwiththelatestpatchesandsoftwareupdates.UbuntucomeswithaveryeasytousesoftwareupdatesystemthatwillupdateallinstalledsoftwareprovideditwasinstalledwiththeUbuntuSoftwareCenterorviaapt-getwhichisacommandlinetooltoupdateyourUbuntusystem.Moreonapt-getandthecommandlinelaterinChapter10.
ToupdateanUbuntusystemyoucanusetheSoftwareUpdater.ToaccesstheSoftwareUpdaterclickonthetopiconintheLaunchertobringupthesearchfunctionandtypeupdate.TheSoftwareUpdatershouldbeoneoftheapplicationsthatislisted.TolaunchtheSoftwareUpdaterjustclickontheicon.Figure4-1showsanexampleofsearchingfortheSoftwareUpdater.ClickontheSoftwareUpdatertostarttheupdateprocess.
Figure4-1.SearchingfortheSoftwareUpdater
Updatingsoftwareisamultipartprocess.FirsttheSoftwareUpdaterhastoupdatethe
softwaresources.Thesourcescontainalistofallthecurrentavailablesoftwareandthelatestversions.OncetheSoftwareUpdaterhasupdatedthesources,itcomparesthecurrentinstalledversionsofsoftwareagainstthecurrentlistandrecommendsupgradinganyinstalledsoftwarepackagethathasanewerversion.
YoushouldupdateyourUbuntusystemfrequently.IupdatemysystemeverytimeIuseitwhichisdaily.TheSoftwareUpdaterwillalsowarnyouwhennewupdatesareavailable.
Figure4-2showsanexampleoftheSoftwareUpdatercheckingforupdates.
Figure4-2.SoftwareUpdatercheckingforupdates
OncetheSoftwareUpdaterhasfinishedcheckingforupdatesyouwillbepromptedtoinstalltheupdates.Youcanalsochoosetoinstalltheupdatesatalatertime.Figure4-3showsanexampleoftheSoftwareUpdateraskingifyouwanttoinstalltheupdates.
Figure4-3.SoftwareUpdaterInstallUpdates
Ifyouchoosetoinstalltheupdatesyouwillhavetoprovideyourpasswordforauthentication.DuringtheUbuntuinstall,theuseraccountyoucreatedwasgivenspecialprivilegesthatallowyouraccounttouseroot(administratorinLinuxspeak)levelprivilegesbysupplyingyourpassword.Figure4-4showsanexampleoftheSoftwareUpdaterauthentication.Youwillonlybegivenrootlevelprivilegesforthetaskrequestingauthentication.
Figure4-4.SoftwareUpdaterAuthentication
Onceyouauthenticate,theupdateswillstarttoinstall.Dependinguponthenumberofupdatesrequired,thiscouldtakealittlewhiletocomplete.Makesurenottoturnoffyoursystemduringtheupdateprocessanditcancauseproblemswithyoursystem.Figure4-5showsanexampleoftheSoftwareUpdaterinstallingupdates.
Figure4-5.SoftwareUpdaterInstallingUpdates
Someupdatesmayrequireasystemrestarttotakeeffect.Ifthisisthecase,adialogboxattheendoftheupdateswillaskyouifyouwanttorestartnoworlater.Figure4-6showsanexampleoftheSoftwareUpdateraskingforarestart.
Figure4-6.SoftwareUpdaterRestart
5.SystemSettings
TheSystemSettingscanbeaccessedbyclickingontheSystemSettingsiconontheLauncherontheleftsideofthescreenorbyclickingtheSystemSettingiconinthetoprighthandsideofthescreenandchoosingSystemSettingsfromthedropdownmenu.Figure5-1showsanexampleoftheSystemSettingswindow.TheSystemSettingsaredividedintothreemainsections,Personal,Hardware,andSystem.
Figure5-1.SystemSettings
ThePersonalsectionhasthefollowingsettings:
●Appearance
●Brightness&Lock
●LanguageSupport
●OnlineAccounts
●Security&Privacy
●TextEntry
TheHardwaresectionhasthefollowingsettings:
●Bluetooth
●Color
●Displays
●Keyboard
●Mouse&Touchpad
●Network
●Power
●Printers
●Sound
●WacomTablet
TheSystemsectionhasthefollowingsettings:
●Backup
●Details
●LandscapeService
●Software&Updates
●Time&Date
●UniversalAccess
●UserAccounts
Appearance
Figure5-2showsanexampleoftheAppearancesettings.TheAppearancesettingswindowhastwotabs,LookandBehavior.IntheLooktabyoucanchoosethebackgroundcolor,chooseawallpaper,chooseadesktoptheme,andchangethesizeofthelaunchericon.
Figure5-2.SystemSettings-Appearance-Look
Wallpapers
Usingthe+and-buttonsundertheWallpaperssectionyoucanaddandremovepicturestouseaswallpaper.Youcanevenuseyourownpictures.Clickingonanyofthepicturesinthewallpapersectionwillmakethatpictureyourwallpaperonyourdesktop.
LauncherIcon
ChangingthesizeoftheLaunchericonchangesthesizeoftheiconsontheLauncherontheleftsideofthescreen.Increasingthesizemakestheiconseasiertoseeanduse,reducingthesizecreatesmoredesktopspace.
Theme
Changingthethemechangesthelookofallwindowsandmenusonthedesktop.
AschangesaremadeintheLooksectionyouwillbeabletoseetheactualchangeshappeningtothedesktopinrealtime.
Behavior
TheBehaviortaboftheAppearancesettings,Figure5-3,allowsyoutoenableAuto-Hide
oftheLauncherbaronthelefthandsideofthescreen.EnablingAuto-HidewillcausetheLaunchertodisappearwhennotbeingused.TomaketheLauncherreappearjustmoveyourmousetotheleftsideofthescreen.Youcanalsoadjusttherevealsensitivity.
YoucanrestorethedefaultBehaviorsettingsbyclickingthebuttonatthebottomlefthandsideofthewindow.
Figure5-3.SystemSettings-Appearance-Behavior
Workspaces
Workspacesarelikevirtualdesktops.Youcanhavedifferentapplicationsopenindifferentworkspacesandswitchbetweentheworkspaces.OnceenabledtheWorkspacesiconwillappearontheLauncher,Figure5-4.Figure5-5showsanexampleofWorkspacesinaction.Clickonanyoftheworkspaceswillmakethatworkspacethecurrentworkspace.Whenyouswitchfromoneworkspacetoanother,applicationsactiveinoneworkspacewillstayactiveonthatworkspaceandthenewworkspaceswillbeclear.
Figure5-4.Workspacesiconinthelauncher
Figure5-5.Workspaces
Brightness&Lock
TheBrightness&Locksettings,Figure5-6,allowyoutoadjustthetimeUbuntuwillwaitbeforeturningoffthescreenandlockingthescreen.Youcanalsoenableanddisabletherequirementtoprovideapasswordtounlockthescreen.Lockingthescreenautomaticallyafterashortperiodofinactivityandrequiringapasswordtounlockthescreenisconsideredagoodsecuritypracticeandshouldnotbeturnedoff.
Figure5-6.SystemSettings-Brightness&Lock
LanguageSupport
Languagesupportallowsyoutoinstallotherinputlanguagesforyourkeyboard.Beforeyoucaninstalladditionallanguagesupport,youwillneedtocompletetheLanguageSupportinstallasitisnotfullyinstalledbydefault,Figure5-7.
Figure5-7.SystemSettings-LanguageSupport-Install
OncetheLanguageSupportisfullyinstalledyoucanselectInstall/RemoveLanguagestochoosethelanguagetoinstall,Figure5-8.
Figure5-8.SystemSettings-LanguageSupport
SelectthelanguageyouwanttoaddthenclickApplyChanges,Figure5-9.
Figure5-9.SystemSettings-LanguageSupport-Install/RemoveLanguages
RegionalFormats
TheRegionalFormatstab,Figure5-10,allowsyoutocontrolthewaythatnumbers,dates,andcurrencyisdisplayedonyoursystem.
Figure5-10.SystemSettings-LanguageSupport-RegionalFormats
OnlineAccounts
TheOnlineAccountssettings,Figure5-11,allowyoutointegrateyouronlineaccountswithvariousUbuntuprograms.Forexample,Shotwellisadigitalpicturemanagerwhich
canbesetuptouploadphotosdirectlytoyourFacebook,Flickr,orGoogleaccounts.UsetheplusontheleftsidetoaddanonlineaccountyourUbuntusystem.ForsecurityreasonsIdonotrecommendusingonlineaccounts.Irecommendthatyouprovideausernameandpasswordeachtimeyourapplicationswanttoaccessanaccount.
Figure5-11.SystemSettings-OnlineAccounts
Security&Privacy
SecurityandPrivacyareseriousconcernstomostpeoplewhoareactiveontheInternet.TheSecurity&PrivacysettingsallowyoutocontroltheSecurityandPrivacysettingsonyoursystem.
TheSecurity&Privacysettingshasfourtabs:
●Security
●Files&Applications
●Search
●Diagnostics
SecurityTab
TheSecuritytab,Figure5-12,allowsyoutoenableanddisabletherequirementtoprovideapasswordwhenwakingfromsuspendmodeandwhenreturningfromablankscreen.
Youcanalsoconfiguretheamountoftimeascreenhasbeenblankforbeforeapasswordisrequired.
RequiringapasswordforbothWakingfromsuspendandReturningfromblankscreenaregoodsecuritypracticesandshouldnotbedisabled.
Figure5-12.SystemSettings-Security&Privacy-Security
Files&ApplicationsTab
TheFile&Applicationstab,Figure5-13,allowsyoutoselectwhichapplicationstotrackusagefor.Sinceapplicationscanbeconfiguredtoautomaticallylogonusingausernameandpassword,trackingtheusagewillallowyoutoseeifanyoneisusingtheapplicationswithoutyourpermission.
Figure5-13.SystemSettings-Security&Privacy-Files&Applications
SearchTab
TheSearchtab,Figure5-14,allowsyoucontroltheinclusionofonlinesearchresultswhensearchinginDash,whichisthetopiconontheLauncher.Withonlinesearchturnedon,Ubuntuwillprovideanswersthatwillincludeonlineresults.Turningonlinesearchoffwilldisablethisfeature.Iprefertodisablethisfeatureasitmakeforcleanersearchresults.
Figure5-14.SystemSettings-Security&Privacy-Search
DiagnosticsTab
TheDiagnostictab,Figure5-15,allowsyoutocontrolwhatinformationissentfromyoursystemtoCanonical,themakersofUbuntu,whenthereareerrorswiththeoperatingsystem.BydefaultUbuntuwillaskforpermissionanytimeittriestosendanerrorreport.
Figure5-15.SystemSettings-Security&Privacy-Diagnostics
TextEntry
TheTextsettingsapplywhenyouhavemorethanoneinputlanguageinstalled.InFigure5-16,theinstalledlanguagelistedisjustEnglisheventhoughlanguagesupportforotherlanguagesmayhavealreadybeeninstalled.Clickingthe+undertheInputsourcestouse:menuwillallowyoutoaddadditionallanguageinput.Youcanalsodefinethekeycombinationsthatwillallowyoutotogglebetweeninputmethods.TheSuperkeyisthelogokeyonmostkeyboards.ClickingontheKeyboardSettingslinkinthebottomrighthandcornerwilltakeyoutothekeyboardsettings.
Figure5-16.SystemSettings-TextEntry
Bluetooth
TheBluetoothsettings,Figure5-17,allowyoutocontrolBluetoothifitispartofyourinstalledhardware.YoucanturnBluetoothonandoffandcontrolthevisibilityofyourBluetoothdevice.Forsecuritypurposes,IrecommendturningoffBluetoothwhennotneeded.
Figure5-17.SystemSettings-Bluetooth
Color
TheColorsettings,Figure5-18,allowyoutocontrolthecolorprofileofyourmonitor.
Figure5-18.SystemSettings-Color
Displays
TheDisplaysettings,figure5-19,allowyoutosettheresolutionandrotationofyourdisplay.Youcanalsoscalethemenuandtitlebarsmakingtheiconslargerorsmallerdependinguponyourpreference.Youcandetectconnecteddisplays.Ifyouhavemultipledisplaysconnectedtoyoursystemyoucanchoosetohavethelaunchervisibleonallalldisplaysoronlyaselectdisplay.
Figure5-19.SystemSettings-Displays
Keyboard
TypingTab
TheTypingTab,Figure5-20,allowsyoutocontrolthedelayandspeedofrepeatingletterswhenholdingakeyonthekeyboard.Youcanalsocontroltheblinkingspeedofthecursor.TheTextEntrylinkinthebottomlefthandcornerofthescreenwilltakeyoutotheTextEntrysettings.
Figure5-20.SystemSettings-Keyboard-Typing
ShortcutsTab
TheShortcutsTab,Figure5-21,allowsyoutocontrolkeyboardshortcuts.Youcaneditdefaultshortcuts,removeshortcuts,oraddyourownshortcuts.
Figure5-21.SystemSettings-Keyboard-Shortcuts
Mouse&Touchpad
TheMouse&Touchpadsettings,Figure5-22,allowsyoutocontroltheprimarybutton,thedoubleclickspeed,andthepointerspeedofthemouse.Youcanalsotestyoursettingsbyclickingthebuttonintheupperrighthandcornerofthewindow.
Figure5-22.SystemSettings-Mouse&Touchpad
Network
TheNetworksettings,Figure5-23,willbecoveredinmoredetailinChapter6.
Figure5-23.SystemSettings-Network
Power
ThePowersettings,Figure5-24,allowyoutocontrolthefollowing:
●batteryusagewhenusingalaptop
●suspendtimeforalaptopordesktop
●visibilityofthebatterystatusinthemenubar
TherewillalsobeabatterychargeleveldisplayatthebottomofthewindowwhenUbuntuisinstalledonalaptop.
Forthefirsttwooptionsyouhavechoicesforbatterypowerandpluggedin.
Figure5-24.SystemSettings-Power
Printers
ThePrintersettings,Figure5-25,allowyouaddanddeleteprintersfromyoursystem.ToAddaprinterclicktheAddbutton.
Figure5-25.SystemSettings-Printers
Mostprinterswillbeauto-detectedbyUbuntuandwillincludethecorrectname.InFigure5-26,theprinterisconnectedviaaUSBcable.Youcanalsoaddanetworkprinter.Networkprintersarebeyondthescopeofthisbook.
Onceyourdeviceisselected,pressForward.
Figure5-26.SystemSettings-Printers-SelectDevice
Ubuntuneedsaprinterdriverfortheprintertofunctionproperly,Figure5-27.Youcanchoosefromtheprinterdatabase,provideaprinterdriver,orsearchforadriverontheInternet.
IfyouchoosefromthedatabaseyouwillhavetoselectthemanufactureandclickForwardthenselecttheappropriatedriver.
Figure5-27.SystemSettings-Printers-ChooseDriver
Thelaststepistoprovideadescriptionoftheprinter,Figure5-28.Allofthedetailsshouldbeauto-populatedbutyoucanalwaysmodifythedescriptionifyouwant.
ClickApplytoaddtheprinter.
Figure5-28.SystemSettings-Printers-DescribePrinter
Youwillbeaskedifyouwanttoprintatestpage,Figure5-29.
Figure5-29.SystemSettings-Printers-PrintTestPage
Nowthatyourprinterhasbeenadded,Figure5-30,youarereadytoprint.
Figure5-30.SystemSettings-Printers
Sound
TheSoundsettingsOutputtab,Figure5-31,allowsyoutocontroltheoutputsettingsforthesoundcard.Youcancontrolthefollowing:
●outputvolume
●mute
●louderthan100%
●balance
●fade
●subwoofer
●soundvolumeinthemenubar
YoucanalsochoosewherethesoundwillbeplayedthroughiftherearemultipleoutputsandtestthesoundbyclickingtheTestSoundbutton.
Figure5-31.SystemSettings-Sounds-Output
TheInputtab,Figure5-32,allowsyoutocontrolthesoundinput.Youcancontrolthefollowing:
●wheretorecordsoundfrom
●inputvolume
●soundvolumeinthemenubar
Thereisalsoaninputleveldisplayatthebottomofthewindow.
TheOutputvolume,Mute,andAllowlouderthan100%remainatthetopofthewindowandtheShowsoundvolumeinthemenubarstaysatthebottomofthewindownomatterwhattabyouareon.
Figure5-32.SystemSettings-Sounds-Input
TheSoundEffectstab,Figure5-33,allowsyoutocontrolthevolumeofthealertsound.Thisisthesoundthecomputermakeswherethereisanerrororsomeotherissue.Youcanalsomutethesound.
Figure5-33.SystemSettings-Sounds-SoundEffects
TheApplicationstab,Figure5-34,allowsyoutocontrolthevolumeofanapplicationthatisplayingsounds.Inthisexample,RhythmboxisplayingsoundsotheRhythmboxshows
upwithavolumesliderbarandmutecheckbox.
Figure5-34.SystemSettings-Sounds-Applications
WacomTablet
TheWacomtabletsettings,Figure5-35,showsinformationaboutanyattachedWacomtablets.
YoucanmodifytheperformanceoftheWacomtabletbyadjustingthefollowingitems:
●TrackingMode
●Left-HandedOrientation
●EraserPressureFeel
●TopButton
●LowerButton
●TipPressureFeel
Youcanalsomapthetablettothemonitorbyclickingthebuttonontherighthandsideofthewindow.
Figure5-35.SystemSettings-WacomTablet
Backup
Backingupisagoodideatokeepfromlosingimportantfilesandbeingabletorestorefilesthatarelostoraccidentallydeleted.Figure5-36,showstheBacksettings.BackupswillbecoveredininmoredetailinChapter9.
Figure5-36.SystemSettings-Backup-Overview
Details
TheDetailssettingsshowinformationregardingyourUbuntusystem.
Overview
TheOverviewsection,Figure5-37,showsthebasicdetailsofyourUbuntusystem.Thefollowingitemscanbeviewed:
●Devicename
●Memory
●Processor
●Graphics
●OSType(32-bitor64-bit)
●Disksize
Figure5-37.SystemSettings-Details-Overview
DefaultApplications
TheDefaultApplicationssection,Figure5-38,allowsyoutocontrolwhatthedifferentdefaultapplicationsareforvariousfunctionsandmedia.Thefollowingfunctionsandmediacanbeset:
●Web
●Calendar
●Music
●Video
●Photos
Nexttoeachfunctionormediatypeisadropdownmenuthatallowstospecifyadefaultapplication.
Figure5-38.SystemSettings-Details-DefaultApplications
RemovableMedia
TheRemovableMediasection,Figure5-39,allowsyoucontrolwhatyousystem,doeswithdifferenttypesofmedia.Thefollowingtypesofmediacanbecontrolled:
●CDAudio
●DVDVideo
●Musicplayer
●Photos
●Software
Foreachtypeofmedia,thedropdownmenuontherightwillallowyoutochoosewhatactiontotakewhenthatparticulartypeofmediaisonremovablemediaandconnectedtothesystem.ThedefaultforthemediaisAskwhattodo.ThedefaultforSoftwareisRunSoftware.Otheroptionsinclude:
●Openwithanapplication
●DoNothing
●OpenFolder
Figure5-39.SystemSettings-Details-RemovableMedia
YoucanalsoadjustthesettingsforothertypeofmediabyclickingontheOtherMediabutton.Figure5-40showsforthelistingoftheothermedia.
Figure5-40.SystemSettings-Details-RemovableMedia-OtherMedia
Allowingmediaandsoftwaretolaunchautomaticallywhenremovablemediaisconnectedtoasystemisnotagoodsecuritypractice.Tomitigatetherisk,youcanstopthisbehaviorbycheckingtheNeverpromptorstartprogramsonmediainsertioncheckboxatthebottomofthewindow,Figure5-41.
Figure5-42.SystemSettings-Details-RemovableMedia-Neverprompt
LegalNotice
TheLegalnoticesection,Figure5-43,containsvariouslegalnoticespertainingtotheuseoftheUbuntuoperatingsystem.
Figure5-43.SystemSettings-Details-LegalNotice
LandscapeService
LandscapeService,Figure5-44,isasystemmanagementapplicationthatallowsanadministratortomonitorandadministeranUbuntunetwork.LandscapeServiceisoutsidethescopeofthisbook.
Figure5-44.SystemSettings-LandscapeClient
Software&Updates
Software&Updatessettingsareusedtocontrolsuchthingsaswheresoftwareandupdatesforyoursystemaredownloadedfrom,whattypeofsoftwaretoinstall,andwhentocheckforupdates.
UbuntuSoftware
TheUbuntuSoftwaretab,Figure5-45,controlswhattypeofsoftwarewillbedownloadedfromtheInternet.Thetabhasthefollowingtypes:
●Main-Canonicalsupportedfreeandopen-sourcesoftware
●Universe-Communitymaintainedfreeandopen-sourcesoftware
●Restricted-Proprietarydriversfordevices
●Multiverse-Softwarerestrictedbycopyright,inotherwordsnotfreeandopen-source
●Sourcecode
Youcanalsocontrolwhichcountryandserverupdatesaredownloadedfrom.Choosingaserverclosetoyourcurrentlocationcanimprovethedownloadperformance.
AttheverybottomofthescreenyoucanalsochoosetoinstallsoftwareupdatesfromtheCD-RomthatwasusedtoinstallUbuntu,however,thisisnotidealasthesoftwareontheCD-Romwillmostlikelybeoutofdate.
Figure5-45.SystemSettings-Software&Updates-UbuntuSoftware
OtherSoftware
TheOtherSoftwaretab,Figure5-46,allowsyoutochoosetoaddCanonicalPartnersandIndependentthird-partysoftwaredevelopers.
Figure5-46.SystemSettings-Software&Updates-OtherSoftware
Updates
TheUpdatestab,Figure5-47,controlsthetypesofupdatestoinstall,whentocheckforupdates,whentodisplaysecurityandregularupdates,andwhentodisplaytheavailabilityofnewversionsofUbuntu.
Thefollowingtypesofupdateareavailable:
●Importantsecurityupdates-Theseupdatesshouldbeinstalledassoonaspossible.
●Recommendupdates-Theseupdatesshouldbeinstalledbutdonothavepotentialsecurityissue.
●Pre-releasedupdates-Notrecommended
●Unsupportedupdate-UpdatesforsoftwarenotsupportedbyCanonical
Figure5-47.SystemSettings-Software&Updates-Updates
Authentication
TheAuthenticationtab,Figure5-48,showsthecurrentauthenticationkeysfortrustedsoftwaresources.Thesekeysareusedtoverifythatsoftwareandupdatesarecomingfromtrustedandverifiedsources.Youcanimportanddeletekeysfromthistab.
Figure5-48.SystemSettings-Software&Updates-Authentication
AdditionalDrivers
WhenUbuntudetectshardwarethatmayhaveaproprietarydrivesitwillbedisplayedintheAdditionalDriverstab,Figure5-49.Youwillbetoenableanddisabletheuseofproprietarydriversonthistab.
Figure5-49.SystemSettings-Software&Updates-AdditionalDrivers
Time&Date
TheTime&Datetab,Figure5-50,allowsyoucontrolwhattimezoneyoursystemtimeissetto.Thetabhasaninteractivemapthatallowsyoutochooseyourtimezonebyclickingonthelocationonthemap.Thismapisthatsamemapthatwasusedtosetthetimezoneduringtheinstallationprocess.
YoucanalsochoosetosetthesystemtimemanuallyorsetthetimefromtheInternetviatheNetworkTimeProtocol(NTP).UsingNTPisthemostaccuratewaytosetthetimeonyoursystem.
Ifyouchoosetosetthetimemanuallythetimecontrolsatthebottomofthewindowswillbeactivated.
Figure5-50.SystemSettings-Time&Date
Clock
TheClocktab,Figure5-51,allowsyoutocontrolthebehavioroftheclock.Youcancontrolwheretheclockisdisplayedandtheformatoftheclock.
Figure5-51.SystemSettings-Time&Date-Clock
UniversalAccess
TheUniversalAccesssettingsareforuserswhorequireassistivetechnologiestointeractwithandcontroltheirsystems.
Seeing
TheSeeingtab,Figure5-52,allowsyoutoturnonahighcontrastscreen,largetext,ascreenreader,andabeeponcapsandnumlockforeasierviewingandtoassistpeoplewhohavedifficultyviewingthescreen.
Figure5-52.SystemSettings-UniversalAccess-Seeing
Hearing
TheHearingtab,Figure5-53,allowsyoutoturnonVisualAlertsforpeoplewhohavedifficultyhearing.Youcanchoosetohavethewindowtitleflashortheentirescreen.Youcanalsotesttheflash.
Figure5-53.SystemSettings-UniversalAccess-Hearing
Typing
TheTypingtab,Figure5-54,allowsyoutoturnonStickyKeys,SlowKeys,andBounceKeys.Thistabalsoallowsyoutoenabletheabilitytoturnaccessibilityfeaturesonandoffusingthekeyboard.
StickyKeysallowstheuseofkeysuchasAlt,Ctrl,orShiftbypressingthekeyonceanditwillremainactivewithouthavingtoholdthekey.Thishelpsreducestrainonthehandswhentypingforalongperiodoftime.
SlowKeyscreatesadelaybetweenwhenakeyispressedandwhentheinputisaccepted.Thekeymustbeheldforthespecifieddurationbeforetheinputisaccepted.
BounceKeysallowsyoutoconfiguretheignoringofrepeatedrapidpressingofthesamekey.
Figure5-54.SystemSettings-UniversalAccess-Typing
PointingandClicking
ThePointingandClickingtab,Figure5-55,allowsyoutoenableMouseKeys,SimulatedSecondaryClick,andHoverClickaswellandaccesstheMouseSettingsbyclickingthelinkinthebottomrighthandcorner.
MouseKeysallowsyoutousethenumberpadonyourkeyboardtocontrolthemousepointerviceusinganactualmouse.
SimulatedSecondaryClickallowsyoutoconfigurethemousetointerpretholdingamousebuttonasdoubleclickviceasingleclick.
HoverClickallowsyoutoconfigurethemousetotriggeraclickwhenyouhoveroveranareaofthescreensuchasahyperlink.
Figure5-55.SystemSettings-UniversalAccess-PointingandClicking
UserAccounts
TheUserAccountssettings,Figure5-56,allowsyoutocreatenewusersandadministeranddeleteexistingusers.IntheupperrighthandcornerofthewindowistheUnlockbutton.Priortomakinganychangestoauseraccountyouwillneedtoclickthisbuttonandprovideyourpassword.
Figure5-56.SystemSettings-UserAccounts
Theusernamesarelistedontheleftwiththeinformationforthehighlighteduserontheright.Foreachuserthefollowinginformationisprovided:
●Username
●Accounttype
●Language
●Password(hidden)
●AutomaticLogin
●LastLogin
ChangePassword
Tochangeauserspasswordclickonthe5dotsnexttoPasswordwhichwillbringupthepasswordchangedialogbox,Figure5-57.Ifyouarechangingthepasswordforthecurrentaccountinuseyouwillneedtoprovidethecurrentpasswordaswellasthenewpassword.Clickingthesmallgearsontherightofthenewpasswordtextboxwillcreatearandompassword.
Asyouenterthenewpasswordthepasswordstrengthbarwillindicatethestrengthofthepassword.Forsecuritypurposesyouwanttoalwayscreateastrongpassword.Clickingonthelinkinthelowerlefthandcornerwillopenabrowserwindowwithatutorialonhowtocreateastrongpassword.
OnceyouaredoneenteringthenewpasswordandconfirmingthepasswordbyenteringinagainyouclickChangetochangethepassword.
Figure5-57.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-ChangingPassword
LoginHistory
Foreachaccountthereisahistoryofsystemaccess.HighlightinganaccountandclickingthehistorybuttoninthebottomrighthandcornerofthewindowwillbringuptheLoginHistorydialogbox,Figure5-58.
Usingthearrowbuttonsontherightandleftonthetopofthedialogboxyoucanpagethroughthehistoryoneweekatatime.
Figure5-58.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-History
AddUserAccount
Toaddauseraccountpressthe+buttonunderthelistofuseraccountsontherightsideoftheAccountsettingswindow.TheAddAccountdialogboxisshowinFigure5-59.TheAddAccountdialogboxallowsyoutochoosewhattypeofusertoadd,astandarduseroranadministrator,fillinthefullname,andspecifyausername.
Figure5-59.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-AddAccount
Figure5-60showstheAddAccountdialogfilledinwithadummyaccount.ClicktheAddbuttontoaddtheaccount.
Figure5-60.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-AddAccountfilledin
SettinganInitialPassword
ThenewaccountwillnowbedisplayedontheleftoftheUserAccountssettingswindows,Figure5-61.Bydefault,newaccountsaredisableduntilapasswordisset.Tosetthepassword,makesuretheUserAccountssettingsisunlocked,upperrighthandcorner,andthenclickonAccountDisabledtobringuptheChangingpassworddialogbox,Figure5-62.
Figure5-61.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-NewAccount
Thisdialogboxisalittledifferentfromthedialogboxyougetwhenchangingthepasswordonanaccountthatalreadyhasapassword.Sincethisistheinitialpasswordforthenewaccountyouwillnotbeaskedforthecurrentpassword,justthenewpasswordandtoconfirmthepassword.Youalsohavethefollowingoptionsinthedropdownmenuatthetopofthedialogbox:
●Setapasswordnow
●Loginwithoutapassword
●Disablethisaccount
Thedialogboxalsocontainsthepasswordstrengthmeter,thegearstocreatearandompassword,theShowpasswordcheckbox,andalinktothehelppagetochooseastrongpassword.
Figure5-62.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-ChangePassword
Onceauser’spasswordisset,clicktheChangebutton,Figure5-63,tochangethepassword.
Figure5-63.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-Setapassword
Nowthattheinitialpasswordhasbeensettheuseraccountisenableandreadyforuse,Figure5-64.
Figure5-64.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-NewAccountpasswordset
DeletingaUser
Todeleteauseraccountpressthe-buttonunderthelistofuseraccountsontherightsideoftheAccountsettingswindow.TheDeleteAccountdialogboxisshowinFigure5-65.Youwillhavethreeoptions:
●DeleteFiles
●KeepFiles
●Cancel
Figure5-65.SystemSettings-UserAccounts-Deleteanaccount
6.NetworkConfiguration
Wired(Ethernet)
TheNetworkSettingsscreenisshowinFigure6-1.ForthemostpartthereislittletononetworkconfigurationrequiredforyourUbuntusystemunlessyourequiremoreadvancedconfigurationssuchasstaticIPaddressesorVPNconnections.OutoftheboxUbuntuwillauto-detectEthernetconnectionsandobtainanIPaddressfromaDynamicHostControlProtocol(DHCP)server,mostlikelyyourwirelessrouter,automatically.Thesameistrueofwirelessconnections,however,apasswordmayberequiredtoaccessawirelessnetwork.
ThemainNetworkSettingsscreenwillshowthatyourcomputerisconnected,thehardwareorMACaddress,theIPaddress,DefaultRouteorDefaultGateway,andtheDNS.TherearealsobuttonsontherightturningAirplanemodeonandoffandturningthenetworkconnectiononandoff.
Figure6-1.NetworkSettings-Wired
InFigure6-2,thenetworkconnectionhasbeenturnedoffsoallofthecorrespondingnetworkinformationisgone.Theonlyinformationdisplayedisthehardwareaddresswhichisnotdependentuponthenetworkconnection.
Figure6-2.NetworkSettings-Disconnected
Toconfigureanetworkconnection,clickonthenetworkconnectionnameandthenclicktheOptionsbuttoninthebottomrighthandcorner.Figure6-3showstheoptionsontheEthernettabfortheWirednetworkconnection.Onthisscreenyoucaneditthenameoftheconnection,clonetheMACaddress,andadjusttheMTU.Alloftheseitemsareadvancedconfigurationoptionsandwillnotbecoveredinthisbook.Idonotrecommendchanginganythingonthisscreenotherthantheconnectionnameifyoureallywantto.
Figure6-3.NetworkSettings-EthernetTab
General
Figure6-4showstheGeneralTaboftheNetworkSettings.OnthistabtherearecheckboxesforautomaticconnectionsforbothnetworksandVirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)aswellasallowingordisallowingalluserstoconnecttothenetwork.FormostuserstheseoptionswillnotbechangedunlessyouareusingaVPN.
Figure6-4.NetworkSettings-General
802.1x
Figure6-5showsthe802.1xSecuritytaboftheNetworkSettings.801.1xisaprotocolthatallowsauthenticationofdevicesattemptingtoconnecttoaLocalAreaNetwork(LAN)andisbeyondthescopeofthisbook.Unlessyouareconnectingtoanetworkthatrequires802.1xauthenticationyouwillnormallynotchangeanyofthesettingsonthistab.Ifyoudoneedtoconnecttoan802.1xprotectednetwork,consultyournetworkadministratorforthepropersettings.
Figure6-5.NetworkSettings-802.1xSecurity
IPv4
Figure6-6showstheIPv4SettingstaboftheNetworkSettings.Onthistabyoucan
configureAutomatic(DHCP)orstaticIPv4addressesforyournetworkconnection.MostuserswillutilizeDHCPtoobtainanIPaddressandwillnotneedtomakeanychangestothistab.
Figure6-6.NetworkSettings-IPv4Settings
IPv6
Figure6-7showstheIPv6SettingstaboftheNetworkSettings.IPv6isareplacementforIPv4buthasnottakenholdasfastaswasoriginallyexpected.OnthistabyoucanconfigureAutomatic(DHCP)orstaticIPv6addressesforyournetworkconnection.MostuserswillutilizeIPv4fortheirnetworkconnectionsandwillnotneedtomakeanychangesonthistab.IPv6isoutsidethescopeofthisbook.
Figure6-7.NetworkSettings-IPv6Settings
IPv4Configuration
MostofyournetworkconnectionswillbeutilizingIPv4.Figure6-8showstheIPv4SettingstaboftheNetworkSettingswiththeconnectionmethodsdisplayed.Oftheoptionsdisplayed,thetwomostcommonsettingsareAutomatic(DHCP)andManual.
DHCP
TheAutomatic(DHCP)settingisthedefaultsettingandisthesettingusedbymostusers.WhenutilizingDHCPallofthenecessarynetworkparametersareprovidedoverthenetwork,eitherwiredorwirelessbyaDHCPserverandnoconfigurationisrequiredbytheuser.
TheManualsettingallowsfortheassignmentofastaticIPaddresstothenetworkadapter.ThismaybeneededincertainsituationswhereaDHCPserverisnotinuse.YouwillneedtoobtaintheIPaddress,networkmask,gatewayIP,andDNSIPfromyournetworkadministratorinordertocompletetheconfiguration.
Figure6-8.NetworkSettings-IPv4-Method
StaticIP
Figure6-9showstheIPv4SettingstaboftheNetworkSettingswiththeManualMethodselected.OnceselectedtheAddressessectionwillbecomeeditable.ClicktheAddbuttonontherightandyouwillbeabletoentertheIPaddress,Netmask,andGatewayforthisconnection.YouwillalsoneedtoaddaDNSserverIP.
OncecompletepressSavetosavetheconnectionconfiguration.
Figure6-9.NetworkSettings-IPv4-StaticIPaddress
OncetheconfigurationissavedyouwillbetakenbacktothemainNetworkSettingsscreen,Figure6-10,whichwillshowthechangesyouhavemade.
Figure6-10.NetworkSettings-WiredwithstaticIPaddress
NetworkProxy
ANetworkProxyisaserverthatsitsinbetweencomputersonanetworkandtheInternetandactsasanintermediaryforthecomputers.TheproxywillhidetheinternalIPaddressesofthecomputersonthenetworkandcanbeusedtofilterwebtraffic.
TheNetworkProxysettings,Figure6-11,allowyoutoconfigureaNetworkProxy.YouwillhavetocontactyournetworkadministratortofindoutifyournetworkusesaNetworkProxy.MosthomenetworksdonotuseaNetworkProxy.
ThefirstconfigurationoptionistheMethodwhichwillbeManualorAutomatic.
Figure6-11.NetworkSettings-NetworkProxy
TheManualconfigurationmethod,Figure6-12,allowsfortheconfigurationofanHTTP,HTTPS,FTP,andSocksproxies.
●HTTPisfornormalwebtraffic.Thisisanywebsitethatstartwithhttp:\intheURL.
●HTTPSisforencryptedSSL/TLSsessions.Thisisanywebsitethatstartwithhttps:\intheURL.
●FTPforistheFileTransferProtocolandisusedtotransferfilesbetweencomputers.
●SocksHostisaSOCKSserverthatproxiesTCPandUDPconnections.ASOCKSproxycanhandlemorethatjustHTTP,HTTPS,andFTP.
Figure6-12.NetworkSettings-ProxySettings-Manual
TheAutomaticconfigurationmethod,Figure6-13,allowsfortheconfigurationofa
NetworkProxybyprovidingaconfigurationURLthatwilltellyoursystemwheretopulltheconfigurationinformationfrom.YouwillhavetocontactyournetworkadministratortofindoutifyourconfigurationURL.
Figure6-13.NetworkSettings-ProxySettings-Automatic
7.InstallingSoftware
UbuntuSoftwareCenter
OneofthethingsIreallylikeaboutLinuxandespeciallyUbuntuistheamountoffreesoftwarethatisavailable.Inthepast,youwouldhavetosearchtheInternetforsoftwaretoinstallonyourLinuxsystemandgothroughverydifficultinstallationprocedures.TheUbuntuSoftwareCenter,Figure7-1,makesthetaskoffindingandinstallingsoftwareonyoursystemasnap.
TheUbuntuSoftwareCentermainscreencontainsalistofsoftwarecategoriesonthelefthandside,alistofnewsoftwareinthemiddle,andtabsonthetopforAllSoftware,Installed,History,andProgressaswellasasearchbarinthetoprighthandcorner.
Figure7-1.UbuntuSoftwareCenter
ClickingthedownarrownexttotheAllSoftwaretab,Figure7-2,bringsupadropdownmenuthatshowsthesubcategoriesofsoftware,ProvidedbyUbuntu,CanonicalPartners,andForPurchase.Clickingonanyofthesemenuitemswillshowasubsetoftheavailablesoftwareassociatedwiththatcategory.
Figure7-2.UbuntuSoftwareCenter-AllSoftware
AtthebottomoftheUbuntuSoftwareCenterscreenyoucanfindthetopratedsoftware,Figure7-3.
Figure7-3.UbuntuSoftwareCenter-TopRated
TheHistorytab,Figure7-4,willshowthehistoryofsoftwareinstallations.Thelistwillshowthedateinstalled,thesoftwarepackagename,andthetimeinstalled.
Figure7-4.UbuntuSoftwareCenter-History
InstallingSoftware
Onceyouidentifyasoftwarepackageyouwanttoinstall,highlightthesoftwarepackageandclicktheinstallbuttonontherighthandside,Figure7-5.YoucanalsoclickontheMoreInfobuttontoseeadditionalinformationaboutthesoftwarepackagebeforeyouinstallthesoftware.
Figure7-5.UbuntuSoftwareCenter-Install
Figure7-6and7-7showtheMoreInfoscreenaboutapopularsoftwarepackagenamedVLCwhichisamediaplayer.IfthisisthesoftwarepackageyouwanttocanclicktheInstallbuttonontherighthandsidetostarttheinstallation.
Figure7-6.UbuntuSoftwareCenter-MoreInfo
Figure7-7.UbuntuSoftwareCenter-MoreInfo
Beforethesoftwarecanbeinstalledyoumustauthenticatebyprovidingyourpassword,Figure7-8.
Figure7-8.UbuntuSoftwareCenter-Authentication
Onceauthenticatedtheinstallationwillbegin,Figure7-9,andshowthestatusoftheinstallwithastatusbarontherighthandside.
Figure7-9.UbuntuSoftwareCenter
Oncetheinstallationiscompletethesoftwarewillshowasinstalled,Figure7-10,andtheInstallbuttonwillchangetoaRemovebuttonwhichcanbeusedtoremovethesoftwarepackage.
Figure7-10.UbuntuSoftwareCenter
8.E-mail
Whilemostpeopletodaytendtogettheire-maileitherontheirsmartphonesorviaawebmailservice,somepeoplestillliketogettheiremailviaemailsoftwareontheirdesktoporlaptop.UbuntucomeswithanemailclientnamedThunderbird.WhiletherearenumerousotheremailclientprogramsoutthereIamonlygoingtocoverThunderbirdinthisbook.
TofindThunderbird,openasearchandtypethunandtheThunderbirdMailiconshouldappear,Figure8-1.ClickontheThunderbirdMailicontoopentheemailprogram.
Figure8-1.Thunderbird-Search
IfthisisthefirsttimeyouhaverunThunderbirdyouwillhavetoconfiguretheemailprogramtofetchyouremailfromyourISPoremailprovider.Thunderbirdwillalsogiveyoutheoptionofsettingupanewemailaddresswithgandi.netifyouwantto,Figure8-2.Youhavetheoptionofskippingthisstepandusingyourexistingemailaccountorconfiguringyouremailclientlater.
Figure8-2.Thunderbird-Newemailaddress
Ifyouchoosetocontinuewiththeconfiguration,youwillbeaskedforname,emailaddress,andpasswordforyouremailaccount,Figure8-3.Youwillalsohavetheoptionofallowingthesoftwaretorememberyourpasswordtomakeaccessingyouremailaccounteasier.ForsecurityreasonsIdonotrecommendselectingthisoption.
Figure8-3.Thunderbird-MailAccountSetup
WhenyouclickContinue,thesoftwarewilllookinit’sISPdatabaseforconfigurationinformationandmaypresentyouwithanoptionforIMAPorPOP3,Figure8-4.
IMAPisaprotocolthatallowsaccesstofoldersonaremoteemailserver.Theemailisstoredontheserverandyouremailclientcanaccesstheemailwhenonlineandwillretainanofflinecopywhennotconnected.Whenconnectedtheemailclientwillsynchronizewiththeremoteserversothattheserverandtheemailclienthavethesameinformation.
POP3isaprotocolthatpullsacopyoftheemailfromtheserverandstoresitonthelocaldesktoporlaptop.Theemailclientonlyconnectstotheservertoretrievetheemail.
Thereisalsotheoptionformanualconfigurationofyoure-mailaccounts.
Figure8-4.Thunderbird-IMAPorPOP3
Oncetheconfigurationisdoneandiftheusernameandpasswordarecorrect,youwillbepresentedwithyouremail,Figure8-5.
Figure8-5.Thunderbird
9.Backups
Backingupisagoodideatokeepfromlosingimportantfilesandbeingabletorestorefilesthatarelostoraccidentallydeleted.TheBackupssettingsallowyoutoconfigurebackupsforyoursystem.
Overview
TheOverviewtab,Figure9-1,allowsyourestorefromapreviousbackupandtoscheduleafuturebackup.Youcanalsoturnbackupsonandoffbyusingthesliderontherighthandside.
Figure9-1.SystemSettings-Backup-Overview
FolderstoSave
IntheFolderstosavesettings,Figure9-2,youcanaddandremovefolderstoincludeinyourbackup.Bydefaultyourhomefolderisaddedtothebackup.
Figure9-2.SystemSettings-Backup-Folderstosave
FolderstoIgnore
TheFolderstoignoresettings,Figure9-3,allowsyoutoexcludefoldersfromthebackup.BydefaulttheTrashandDownloadsfolderfromyourHomefolderisexcludedfrombackups.
Figure9-3.SystemSettings-Backup-Folderstoignore
StorageLocation
TheStorageLocationsettings,Figure9-4,allowyoutospecifythelocationtostorethebackup.
Figure9-4.SystemSettings-Backup-StorageLocations
Scheduling
TheSchedulingsettings,Figure9-5,allowyoutoschedulewhenyouwantyourbackuptooccurandhowlongtokeepbackups.
Figure9-5.SystemSettings-Backup-Scheduling
10.UsingtheTerminalorCommandLineInterface(CLI)
WhilethisbookisabeginnerbookandmostLinuxbeginnersdonotneedtoaccesstheterminal,nobookonLinuxwouldbecompletewithoutasomediscussionoftheterminalorcommandlineinterface(CLI).
TherealpowerofLinuxisfoundintheterminal.Itisatextbasedinteractiveshellthatallowsyoutoentercommandsandgivesyoudirectaccess,withtheproperpermissions,totheconfigurationfilesthatmakeLinuxrun.IfyoureallywanttobeaLinuxguruthenyouhavetobecomecomfortableinthecommandline.
InthisbookIamjustgoingtotouchonafewbasiccommands.
TheTerminal
Figure10-1showsanexampleoftheterminalwindow.YoucanopenaterminalwindowbypressingCtrl+Alt+torsearchingfortheterminalapplications.
Anytimeyouopenaterminalwindowyouwillgetaterminalprompt.Theterminalpromptincludesbasicinformationaboutyoursystem.Thefirstpartisyourusernamefollowedbythe@symbol.Nextisthehostnameofyoursystemfollowedby:~$thenaflashingsquare.
Youusetheterminalbytypingcommandsthatyouwanttheinteractiveshelltoexecute.
Figure10-1.Theterminal
cd
Thefirstcommandwewilldiscussiscdwhichstandsforchangedirectory.Figure10-2showsanexampleofchangingtoadirectorynamedmyfolder.
Figure10-2.CLI-cd
ls
Anotherusefulcommandislswhichstandsforlist.Thelscommandisusedtolistthecontentsofadirectory.InLinuxafolderiscalledadirectory.
Figure10-3showsexamplesofthelscommandbeingused.Inthefirstexamplethelscommandonly.Thisgiveslistofthefilenamesonly.
Thesecondexampleusesthelscommandwiththe-laoptions.The-characterisusedtospecifyanoptionoroptionstousewiththecommand.Inthisexamplethe-lstandsforlonglistandthe-astandsforshowallfilesincludinghiddenfiles.Sincetherearetwooptionsyoucancombinetheoptionsanduseasingle-character.
Figure10-3.CLI-ls
pwd
Thepwdcommandisusedtoprintthecurrentworkingdirectory.Thisallowsyoutoseewhereyouareinthefilesystem.Figure10-4showsanexampleofusingthepwdcommand.
Figure10-4.CLI-pwd
mkdir
Inanyfilesystem,youwillwanttobeabletomakeadirectoryorfoldertoholdyourfiles.Themkdircommandwillallowyoutomakeadirectoryorfolder.Figure10-5showsanexampleofusingthemkdircommandtomakeanewdirectorynamedmynewfolder.
Figure10-5.CLI-mkdir
Figure10-6showsanexampleofputtingseveralofthecommandtogether.Thepwdcommandisusedtofindthecurrentlocation.Thecurrentdirectoryisthe/home/matt/myfolder/mynewfolderdirectory.Tomovebackonelevelto/home/matt/myfolder,usethecdcommandwiththe../operatorwhichmeansgobackonelevel.Thepwdcommandisusedagaintoverifythelocation.
Figure10-6.CLI-pwdandcd
rmdir
Inordertoremoveadirectoryorfolderyoucanusethermdircommand.Figure10-7showsanexampleofusingthermdircommandtoremovethemynewfolderdirectory.Beforeyoucanremovethedirectoryitmustbeemptyunlessyouusethe—ignore-fail-on-non-emptyoption.Youcanalsousethermcommandwiththe-roptiontoremovenon-emptydirectories.
Figure10-7.CLI-rmdir
rm
Thermcommand,remove,canbeusedtoremovefileordirectories.Figure10-8showsanexampleofusingthermcommandtoremoveafilenamedmyfile1.
Figure10-8.CLI-rm
Thermcommandcanalsousethewildcardcharacter*todeletemorethanonefileatatime.Figure10-9showsanexampleofusingthermcommandtodeleteallfilesthatstartwithmyfileandendwithanycharactersbyusingmyfile*.
Figure10-9.CLI-rmwithwildcard
uname
TheunamecommandisusedtodisplayinformationaboutyourUbuntusystemsuchasthehostname,version,andthecurrentdateandtime.Figure10-10showsanexampleofusingtheunamecommandwithoutanyoptionsandwiththe-aoptionwhichlistsallinformationunameprovides.
Figure10-10.CLI-uname
help
Thehelpcommandcanbeusedtogetalistingoftheshellcommandsandtheiroptions.Thereistoomuchtexttofitinonescreenwhenusingthehelpcommandsoyoucanusethe|characterandthemorecommandtomaketheoutputfitintothecommandlinewindows.Pressingthespacebarwilltakeyouforwardonepage.Youcanalsousethelesscommandinplaceofmorewhichwillallowyoutoscrollbackandforththroughtheoutput.Presstheqkeytoexitwhenusingmoreandless.
Ifyouknowthecommandyouwanthelpwithyoucanusehelpcommandwiththecommandname.Forexamplehelpexitwillshowyoujustinformationabouttheexitcommand.
Figure10-11.CLI-help|more
man
Themancommandisusedtoviewthemanualpageforaspecificcommand.Youusethemancommandbytypingmanandthenameofthecommandyouwanttogetinformationabout.Forexample,manls.Figure10-12showsanexampleofthemanpageforthelscommand.Youcanscrolldownandupthroughthemanpageandpressqatanytimetoquit.
Figure10-12.CLI-manpage
sudo
Thesudocommandallowsyoutoelevateyourprivilegestoroot,administratorinLinuxspeak,inordertoexecuteasinglecommand.Thisisamuchmoresecuremethodofusingrootprivileges.Youshouldavoidlogginginasrootasmuchaspossibleforsecurityreasons.
Tousethesudocommandyoujustputitinfrontofthecommandthatyouwanttorunwithrootprivileges.Youwillhavetosupplyyourpasswordinordertoexecutethecommand.
apt-get
Theapt-getcommandisusedtoupdateandinstallsoftwarefromthecommandline.Thisismypreferedmethodforupdatingmysystemandinstallingsoftware.
Theapt-getcommandwiththeupdateoptionwillrefreshallofthesourcesandlookforanynewsoftware.Figure10-13and10-14showexamplesofthiscommand.NoticeinFigure10-13thatthesudocommandisusedandapasswordisrequested.ThisisrequiredtoupdatesoftwareonaLinuxsystem
Figure10-13.CLI-apt-getupdate
Figure10-14.CLI-apt-getupdatesources
Oncethesourceshavebeenupdated,youcanissuetheapt-getcommandwiththeupgradeoptiontoinstallanyupdates.Theapt-getcommandwillonlyupdateinstalledsoftware.
Figure10-15showsanexampleoftheapt-getupgradecommandbeingused.Beforesoftwareisupdatedyouwillhavetopressytoagreetocontinue.
IperformanupdateandupgradeeachtimeIusemyLinuxsystemtomakesurethat
systemisup-to-date.
Figure10-15.CLI-apt-getupgrade
Theapt-getcommandwiththeinstalloptioncanalsobeusedtoinstallsoftware.Youjustfollowtheinstalloptionwiththenameofthesoftwarepackagetostarttheinstall.Youmayormaynothavetoanswerytostarttheinstalldependinguponthesoftwarepackage.Makesuretouseapt-getupdateandapt-getupgradebeforeinstallinganysoftwaretomakesureyouhaveallofthelatestupdatesforyoursystem.
CLITabs
Whileyouareperformingtheupgradethecommandlinewillbetiedupandcannotbeused.OnewayaroundthisistoopenanewtabbyclickingonFile-OpenTab,Figure10-16.Thenewtabwillappeartotherightofthecurrenttabandwillautomaticallygetthefocus,Figure10-17.Youcanswitchbetweentabsbyclickingonthetab.
Figure10-16.CLI-OpenTab
Figure10-17.CLI-Tab
RootDirectory
TheLinuxoperatingsystemisbuiltoffoftherootdirectorywhichholdsalloftheotherdirectoriesinthesystemIfyouwanttogettotherootdirectoryusethecd/command.Figure10-18.The/designatestherootdirectory.
Figure10-18.CLI-rootdirectory
HomeDirectory
Usingthecd~commandwilltakeyoutoyourhomedirectory,Figure10-19.
Figure10-19.CLI-homedirectory
LastDirectory
Usingthecd-commandwilltakeyoutothelastdirectorythatyouwerein,Figure10-20.
Figure10-20.CLI
FinalThoughts
Iwouldliketothankallofmyreadersforpurchasingthisbookandgivingmeachance.Ihopethatyoufoundwhatyouwerelookingfor.
PleasekeepyoureyesopenformyfutureLinuxandNetworkSecuritybooks.
AbouttheAuthor
MattVogelworksinthefieldofandteachesNetworkSecurity.HeholdsCISSP,CISSP-ISSMP,CEH,andMCSEcertifications.HeisadedicatedLinuxusersandusesLinuxinhisNetworkSecurityclasses.HelivesinVirginiaBeach,Virginiawhereheworksforthegovernment.
