Gerard Tobias - Universidad de Sevillacatedraendesa.us.es/documentos/jornada_superconductivi... · 2018-03-19 · Gerard Tobias ([email protected]) 13th November 2013 ... Mass

Gerard Tobias ([email protected])

13th November 2013 Cátedra Endesa Red de la Universidad de Sevilla

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

• Largest public research organization in Spain

• 126 centres

• Research Institutes spread across Spain

• Research lines: • Humanities and Social Sciences • Biology and Biomedicine • Natural Resources • Agrarian Sciences • Physic Science and Technology • Chemical Science and Technology • Materials Science and Technology • Food Science and Technology

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona

ALBA SYNCHROTRON

25th years at the UAB campus

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona

Research lines at ICMAB:

I. Biomaterials and materials for drug delivery,

therapy, diagnostics and sensing

II. Materials for energy and environment

III. Materials for information science and

electronics

IV. Methodologies for materials science and

nanotechnology

NANOTECHNOLOGY

iPod NANO TATA NANO

Why Nano?

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Outline

Nanotechnology Why?, Properties, History, Nanomaterials Applications State-of-the-art, Comercial, Technological Revolution? Energy Applications Sources, Change, Distribution, Storage, Usage

NANOTECHNOLGY - THE CONCEPT -

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Why Nano?

Titanic 1912

Early in the 21st century…

Au rotating on CNT

2,000 times smaller than a humar hair

300 nm

Motor blades

Nature 2003

Early in the 20th century…

NANOTECHNOLOGY

d ~1.5 x 10-9 m d ~1.7 x 10-1m d ~1.3 x 107 m

NANOMATERIALS NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanometric scale: 10-9 m 10-9 m = 0.000000001 m

NANO scale

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale (RSC).

1 mm ≡ 1.000.000 nano-objects

Hair Thickness ≡ 100.000 nano-objects

A 10 mg sample contains 3.000.000.000.000.000 nano-objects

NANOTECHNOLOGY

The NanoScale

NANOTECHNOLOGY

The NanoScale

The scale that holds so much interest is

typically from 100 nm down to the atomic level (aprox. 0.2 nm)

NANOTECHNOLOGY – Why Nano?

Why Nano?

Biological processes are controlled at the nanoscale Properties differ from the bulk Optical, electrical and magnetic properties, melting point, strength Tunable properties (quantized) Larger surface area - More chemically reactive

PhysRevA 1976, 13, 2287

Gold melting point

Quantum effects

Photochem. Photobio. 85, 21-32, 2009

Coloidal gold

CdSe/ZnS QDs, OceanNanotech

PL spectra Quantum Dots


1 cm

1 cm

8 cubes x 6 faces x (1x1) = 48 cm2 6 faces x (2x2) = 24 cm2 48.000 m2

10-9 m

At the Nano scale?

2 cm

Surface are of the crystal

5 x

Surface Area


Nano in Nature

Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):30, 2012

Gecko Feet

PNAS 10792, 104, 2007 Magnetotactic Bacteria

Lotus leave


Nano in Nature Halloysite clay

Buterfly wings


NANOTECHNOLOGY – History

Damascus sword, s. XVII

Nature 444, 286, 2006

Previous to the NanoEra Stained-glass window

Red color – Au NPs (Milan Cathedral 1480)

1959 Richard P. Feynman

“There’s plenty of room at the bottom”

History – Why now?

“What would the properties of materials be if we could really arrange the atoms the way we want them? They would be very interesting to investigate theoretically. I can't see exactly what would happen, but I can hardly doubt that when we have some control of the arrangement of things on a small scale we will get an enormously greater range of possible properties that substances can have, and of different things that we can do.”

1974 Norio Taniguchi - Coins the term “Nanotechnology” “Nanotechnology mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule”



1981 Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) - Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 -


1985 Robert F. Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard E. Smalley - Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 -

Discovery of C60 fullerenes


1991 Sumio Iijima Carbon Nanotubes 2004 Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov - Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 - Graphene

Other carbon nanomaterials

R. Smalley H. Kroto R. Curl

S. Iijima

A. Geim K. Novoselov


http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/geim.html

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/novoselov.html

NANOTECHNOLOGY – Nanomaterials

How to make it Nano

Top-down Bottom-up

Nanotechnology will allow more efficient approaches to manufacturing in a cost-effective, reduced resource use and waste

Mechanical milling Chemical Etching Electro-explosion Sonication Sputtering Laser-ablation Electron Beam Lithography

Chemical precipitation Sol-gel Aerosol Chemical Vapour Deposition Supercritial Fluid Synthesis Spin Coating Use of templates Self-assembly Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Top-down Bottom-up


How to make it Nano

Is it Nano? Characterisation

Spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, Raman, UV-vis, NMR) – bonds coordination Dynamic Light Scattering – particle size Diffraction (X-ray, neutron, electron) – structure BET (Brunauer Emmet Teller) – surface area

BULK TECHNIQUES

MICROSCOPY

Electron microscopy – TEM (transmission) SEM (scanning) Probe microscopy – AFM (atomic force microscopy), STM (scanning tunneling microscopy)

STEM (scanning transmission)


Nature 56, 354, 1991 Ressolution ∼0.08 nm

Characterisation - TEM

Pt Nanoparticles Carbon Nanotubes

Chem. Commun. 6095, 2009

Graphene


Characterisation - AFM

Gold nanoparticles


Molecules

Nanoparticles

Nanowires Nanotubes

Atomic manipulation

Surfaces Thin Films

Networks

10-9 m

0D

1D 2D

3D

Nanomaterials


Graphene - Carbon Nanomaterials

GRAPHITE

Layered Structure

CARBON NANOTUBE GRAPHENE

Hexagonal latice


Graphene Synthesis

Nature 490, 192, 2012


Graphene - Properties

PROPERTY GRAPHENE COMPARISON WITH OTHER MATERIALS

Size

1 atom thick

Electron beam lithography 20 nm thickness

Young’s Modulus ~ 1 TPa Steel 200 GPa

Density 1,8 - 2,2 g/cm3 Aluminium 2,7 g/cm3

Electrical Conductivity 0.96x106 Ω-1cm-1 Copper 0.60x106 Ω-1cm-1

Thermal Conductivity ~ 5300 W/mK Diamond 2320 W/mK Copper 429 W/mK Graphite 1000 W/mK

Thermal stability <2.000 °C vacuum 600 °C air

Metal contacts in microchips melt between 600 - 1000°C


APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Graphene

Graphene FlagShip

APPLICATIONS

EU funding 1000 M€ 10 years

Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes

Science 339, 535, 2013

APPLICATIONS

Composite Materials

Beijing Olympic Games 2008 Adidas, 400 m Jeremy Wariner USA

BMC 2006

Mercedes 2005 – antiscratch coating

APPLICATIONS

Clothes

APPLICATIONS

AgActive - Antibacterial Antibacterial

Science 309, 1215, 2005

Nanocomp Technologies Inc. has stopped 9 mm bullets with CNT fibers

(Research supported by the USA army)

Super- hydrophobic

Toiletries & Cosmetics

APPLICATIONS

TiO2 NPs Fullerene C-60

nigth cream

Food & Beverages

Liposomes

Lypo-Spheric Vitamin C

TiO2 NPs ZnO NPs

Chantecaille Nano Gold Energizing Cream

Paint

TiO2 NPs

Applications that are evolutionary rather than revolutionary

Universidad Carlos III, Acciona

SCF Technologies

Self-cleaning

Or due to Lotus effect …

APPLICATIONS

Photonic Crystals

APPLICATIONS

Periodic nanostructures that affect the motion of photons and therefore allow light manipulation These can be used for instance to guide light or to paint with no pigment (avoid toxicity)

APL 90, 093102, 2007

APPLICATIONS

Nanoelectronics

Nature 454, 495, 2008

Lighter and more resistant than silicon-based devices

APPLICATIONS

Flexible displays Miniaturization of computer chips (2016 - 22nm)

Nanosensors

APPLICATIONS

Mass sensor with a CNT resonator Detection limit = 10-24 g

Nat. Nanotech. 7, 301, 2012 Michigan State University, 2013

Graphene resistance decreases upon exposure to 5% ethanol vapor

Biomedicine

Dentistry

Implants

Scaffolds for tissue engineering

Drug delivery

Sensors

Diagnosis

Therapy

Towards personalized medicine

APPLICATIONS

Biomedicine – Drug Delivery o Improve delivery of poorly soluble drugs o Targeted delivery (reduce side-effects) o Co-delivery of two or more drugs (combinatory therapy) o Controlled delivery (pH, T, external stimuli) o Multifunctional nanoparticles (drug, contrast agent, …)

APPLICATIONS

Nanomedicines on the market or in clinical trials Product name Supplier Technology Indications Nanocarrier Status

Myocet Cephalon Liposomal doxorubicin

Breast cancer Liposome Approved

Oncaspar Enzon PEG-asparaginase Cancer-acute lymphocytic leukemia

Polymer Approved

Feridex Bayer SPION dextran coating

Liver imaging Iron oxide nanoparticles

Approved

Abraxane Abraxis Albumin-paclitaxel nanoparticles

Breast cancer Albumin nanoparticles

Approved

Aurimmune CytImmune Sciences

Gold coated TNF-PEG particles

Solid Tumors Gold nanoparticles

Phase II

AuroShell Nanospectra Biosciences

Silica nanoparticles- gold coating

Solid Tumors Silica nanoparticles

Phase I

BioVant BioSante Calcium phosphate -vaccine adjuvant

Vaccine adjuvant

Calcium phosphate nanoparticles

Phase I

APPLICATIONS

Periods of technological revolutions that developed in different regions throughout the world that correspond to the regions of global power for the given time period

A new Technological revolution?

First technological revolution (1780 to 1840) - steam engine, the textiles industry and mechanical engineering. Centered in the UK.

Second technological revolution (1840 to 1900) - railways, electricity, and the steel industry. Centered in England, Germany and the United States.

Third technology revolution (1900 to 1950) - electrical engines, heavy chemicals, automobiles, and mass production of consumer durables. Largely based in the USA.

Fourth technology revolution (1950 to present) - synthetics, organic chemicals, and computers. Pacific Basin, Japan, and the United States have been the epicenters.

Fifth technological revolution (present to …) - nanotechnology. Centered in ??

C. Perez, Technological Revolution and Financial Capital (Edward Elgar Publishing 2003)

APPLICATIONS – 5th Technological revolution?

J Nanopart Res 2009

Patents


Is Nanotechnology the 5th Technological Revolution?

J Nanopart Res 2009


Patents Who will be the leaders in the 5th Technological Revolution?

PRC - People’s Republic of China

Top 15 Assignees in 2011 Nanotechnology Patent Literature


Jordan, et al., Nanotechnology Patent Survey: Nanotechnology Law & Business 122 (Fall 2012)

Patents

Who will be the leaders in the 5th Technological Revolution?

APPLICATIONS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

ENERGY APPLICATIONS

1. Energy Sources

2. Energy Change

3. Energy Distribution

4. Energy Storage

5. Energy Usage

Role of Nanotechnology in the Energy chain

ENERGY APPLICATIONS – 1. Sources

1. Energy Sources

Regenerative Photovoltaics – Thin films, flexible Biomass Energy – Nanosensors, controlled release of pesticides and nutrients Wind Energy – Wear and corrosion protection, nanocomposites lighter blades Geothermal – Wear resistant drilling equipment Hydro-/Tidal power – Corrosion protection

Wear and corrossion protection for oil and gas drilling equipment Catalyst for impurity removal

Nanocomposites radiation shielding and protection Cleaning of radionuclide spillage

Fossil Fuels

Nuclear

Regenerative – Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics Transform solar energy into electricity Price of silicon has risen by 500 % since 2004 Alternative and cheaper technologies are needed


More solar energy strikes the earth on a single day than the world’s population uses in a year.

Source: solar-wirtschaft


Roll to roll - large production process of polymer solar cells


Regenerative – Wind Energy

Lotus-effect

Lotus-effect TiO2 NPs coating

Nano-solutions

Nanocomposites

WS2 nanoparticles

Nanocomposite elastomer

Fuel storage, for start-up

MNT Network


ENERGY APPLICATIONS – 2. Change

2. Energy Change

Gas Turbines Wear and corrosion protection of blades (ceramic, intermetallic nano-coatings)

Thermoelectrics

Fuel Cells

Hydrogen Generation

Combustion Engines

Electrical Motors

Nanosturctured compounds for efficient thermoelectrical power generation.

Nano-membranes and electrodes for efficient fuel cells

Nano-catalysts for more efficient generation

Wear and corrosion protection of engine components, NPs as fuel additive

Wear and corrosion protection, superconducting components

Thermoelectric materials provide: Electricity under a temperature gradient Cooling when passing current PbTe doped with Ag and Sb

AgSbTe2 domines in the PbTe matrix

Same stoichiometry Same XRD diffraction pattern

Effect of nanostructuring on AgPbmSbTem+2

Nanocrystals of AgSeTe2

Different ZT

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 9177 (2005)

Thermoelectrics


Cooling of automobile seats Waste heat to elecricity Body heat – portable electronics (long term)

Thermoelectrics

Nat. Nanotech. 8, 471, 2013

ENERGY APPLICATIONS – 2. Change Desired material properties - Good electric conductivity - Low heat conductivity

Nano-catalysts

High surface area Efficient hydrogen generation Optimized fuel production (reforming, refining)


MoS2 catalysts are use to remove sulphur impurities at oil refineries

Nat. Nano. 1, 3, 2006

MoS2

ENERGY APPLICATIONS – 3. Distribution

3. Energy Distribution

Power Transmission High-Voltage Transmission - Nano-fillers for electrical isolation Superconductors - Nanoscale interface design for loss-less power transmission CNT Power Lines - Based on carbon nanotubes Wireless Power Transmission - by electromagnetic waves (long term)

Smart Grids

Heat Transfer

Nanosensors for intelligent and flexible grid management for highly descentralised power feeds

Efficient heat in and out-flow based on nano-optimized heat exchangers and conductors in industries and buildings (e.g CNT composites, graphene)

Power Transmission - CNT Power Lines Expected Features 10x Copper Conductivity 6x Lighter Stronger Than Steel Zero Thermal Expansion Key Grid Benefits Reduced Power Loss Low-to-No Variations in Voltage Lightweigth Higher Current-Carrying Capacity SWNT Technology Benefits Type Specific High Purity Low Cost Scalable Processing

2005 – NASA granted 16 M$ to RICE University

Electric loss of Conventional Power Grid 5-10%


Science 318, 1892, 2007 Science 304, 276 2004

Power Transmission - CNT Power Lines


But… there are different types (properties) of CNTs

CNT power lines…

Metal

Metal or Semiconductor

Metal or Semiconductor


Power Transmission - CNT Power Lines – State-of-the-art

Sci. Rep. 1, 83, 2011

I2-doped DWNTs • Electrical resistivity ~10-7 Ω.m.

• Specific conductivity (conductivity/weight) > Cu, Al

• High current-carrying capacity of 104, 105 A/cm2

Not yet 108 A/cm2 Armchair Quantum Wire


Power Transmission - CNT Power Lines – State-of-the-art

Sci. Rep. 1, 83, 2011


ENDESA Novare program Superconducting Cable 30 m long 3.200 A (vs 600 nowadays); 24 kV; 138 MVA

Source: ICMAB-CSIC

Power Transmission - Superconductors


4. Energy Storage

Electrical Energy Batteries – Nanostructured electrodes and separator-foils; flexible load management in power grids (short term). Supercapacitors – Nanomaterials for electrodes for higher energy densities

Chemical Energy Hydrogen – Nanoporous materials (organometals, metal hydrides, C-nanomaterials); applications in fuel cells. Fuel Tanks – Gas tight tanks with polymer nanocomposites to improve efficiency in transport and storage Fuel Reforming/Refining – Nano-catalysts for optimized fuel

Thermal Energy Phase Change Materials – Encapsulated PCM, absorve/release heat through a phase transition Adsorptive Storage – Nano-porous materials (e.g. zeolites)

ENERGY APPLICATIONS – 4. Storage

Electrical Energy – Batteries

Sony 2005 Chemisty of batteries along the years

Commercial Batteries

→ In bulk – isolating material → Nanoparticles covered with carbon – new generation of batteries –

Graphite anode replaced by tin nanopaticles coated with amorphous carbon Higher capacity

LiFePO4 (nanostructured cathode)


Nat. Mater. 4, 366 (2005)

Electrochemical behaviour of α-Fe2O3 in bulk and as nanoparticles

Reversible intercalation of 0.6 Li per Fe2O3 (20 nm)

Irreversible transformation with 0.05 Li per Fe2O3

Electrical Energy – Batteries


5. Energy Usage (Saving)

Thermal Insulation

Light/Air Conditioning

Industrial Processes

Lighting

Lightweight Construction

Nanoporous foms and gels (aerogels, polymer foams) for insulation of buildings, industrial processes.

Intelligent management of light and heat flux in building by electrochromic windows, mirror arrays, IR-reflectors

Nano-composites (CNTs, graphene, aerogels, polymer composites, etc.)

Substitution of energy intensive processes based on nanotech process innovations (catalysts, sensors, etc.)

Energy efficient lighting systems (e.g. LED, OLED)

ENERGY APPLICATIONS – 5. Usage

Thermal Insulation

Aerogels

Characteristics High efficient insulating materials Extremely lightweight 99% of pore volume Typically made from silicon, carbon, polymers or ceramics Applications Outside facedes of buildings Industrial processes


Light/Air Conditioning – Electrochromic windows

Nanoparticles-in-glass composite material Windows that controllably and selectively absorb visible light and near-infrared light (heat). Optical transparency can be tuned independently of the near-infrared transparency

Nature, 500, 323, 2013 Absence of voltage Voltage Higher voltage


NANOTECHNOLOGY

5th Technological revolution?

Gerard Tobias ([email protected])

13th November 2013 Cátedra Endesa Red de la Universidad de Sevilla


NANOTECHNOLOGY

Carbon Nanotubes

PROPIEDAD

NANOTUBO MONOCAPA

COMPARACIÓN CON OTROS MATERIALES

Tamaño

0,4 – 1,4 nm diámetro

Litografía de haz electrónico - líneas de 20 nm de ancho

Módulo de Young ~ 1 TPa Acero 200 GPa

Densidad 1,33 a 1,40 g/cm3 Aluminio 2,7 g/cm3

Transporte de corriente 1013 A/m2 1000 veces mayor que Ag, Cu Transmisión de calor ~ 2000 W/mK Diamante 2320 W/mK

Cobre 429 W/mK Estabilidad térmica 2.800 °C en el vacío;

500 °C en aire Los alambres metálicos en microchips funden entre 600 y 1000°C


Transform solar energy into electricity Price of silicon has risen by 500 % since 2004 Alternative and cheaper technologies are needed


Efficiencies: Silicon – 25 % Polymer – 10 % QDs – 40%

Stack solar cell

More solar energy strikes the earth on a single day than the world’s population uses in a year.

Source: solar-wirtschaft

Documents

Gerard Tobias - Universidad de Sevillacatedraendesa.us.es/documentos/jornada_superconductivi... · 2018-03-19 · Gerard Tobias ([email protected]) 13th November 2013 ... Mass